Working of Institutions PPT - Class 9
Working of Institutions PPT - Class 9
CHAPTER-4
WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS
MAIN CONTENTS
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
• An office memorandum is a communication
issued by an appropriate authority stating
the policy or decision of the government.
• The government issues hundreds of orders
everyday on different matters and one such
order was issued on August 13, 1990.
• It had a number and is known by that: O.
M. No. 36012/31/90-Est (SCT), dated
13.8.1990.
• It said that 27 per cent of the vacancies in
civil posts and services under the
Government of India are reserved for the
Socially and Educationally Backward
Classes (SEBC).
WHO ISSUED THE MEMORANDUM? (DECISION MAKERS)
Major decisions involve major functionaries in our country and not just
the signatories on the Order like:
B.P.MANDAL
Election Manifesto-1989
NEED OF A PARLIAMENT
Executive
Executive- A body of
persons having authority
to initiate major policies, Executive can be
make decisions and further divided into:
implement them on the Political Executive
basis of the constitution Permanent Executive.
and laws of the country.
EXECUTIVE CAN BE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO POLITICAL & PERMANENT
EXECUTIVE
POLITICAL PERMANENT
EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE
Elected by the people for a specific period Known as ‘Civil Servants’ and are appointed for long-term. They are
appointed by the government for the work under political executive
They are more powerful. They take all the final decisions.
They are less powerful. They do not take decisions. Instead they assist
political executives in carrying out day-to-day administration.
PRIME MINISTER
*The Prime Minister is the head of the government and chairs Cabinet meetings.
*The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers and All ministers
work under his leadership.
Supreme Court controls the judicial It is not under the control of the
administration in the country. Its decisions Legislature or the Executive. The Judges
are binding on all other courts of the do not act on the direction of the
country. It can take up any dispute government or according to the wishes of
• Between citizens of the country the party in power.
• Between citizens and government
• Between two or more state governments
• Between governments at the union and
state level
POWERS OF THE JUDICIARY