AC Lab Manual R22

IIB.Tech.
ECEI-Semester R22 AnalogCircuitsLaboratoryManual
Shadan College of Engineering and Technology
Analog Circuits Laboratory Manual
ECE IInd Year - I Semester
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
(AffiliatedtoJawaharlalNehrutechnologicaluniversity&RecognizedbyAICTE)
Peerancheru, Hyderabad-500091
II B.Tech ECE I-Sem R22 AnalogCircuitsLaboratoryManual
Vision of Institution–SCET
 SCET develops confident and young into dynamic Engineers equipped with skills,
knowledge, values and an attitude to contribute to the society.
Mission of Institution- SCET

 SCET is committed to providing a challenging, enriching, safe and supportive technical
learning environment through its core values of responsibility, respect and compassion. 
 Fosters intellectual, spiritual and personal development of young so that they develop
the tools necessary to lead meaningful lives.
 Offers academic curriculum along with an extensive co-curricular program with the
support of dedicated staff who ensure that students identify their strengths and develop
their skills such as teamwork, leadership, creativity and entrepreneurship.
 Develops independent, adaptable thinkers with a passion for learning, courage to take
risks and initiative to apply what is learned.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Vision
 ECE department en visions developing technically competent and meritorious
engineers with a keen sense of social responsibility.
Mission
 To provide a challenging and value-basededucation,enrichingknowledgeofyoungengineers

in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
 To strive for the intellectual and personal development of young to build a healthy society
by improving the quality of life through the application of Electronics.
 Toinculcateself-confidence,teamwork,leadership,andentrepreneurshipinstudentsthrough
curricular, co-curricular and extracurricular activities.
 To develop adaptable thinking and the ability to apply the techniques of communication
innovatively in a realistic environment for the current and future technological
requirements.
Programmable Educational Objectives of ECE Department(PEO’S)

Upon completion of the program, electronic engineers will be able to:
PEO1:Solvecomplexproblemsbyusingtheirexpertiseinanalyzinganddeveloping potential models
using modern scientific tools.
SCET, Peerancheru, Hyderabad- 2

91
PEO2:Prioritizetheirprofessionaldevelopmentthroughinterpersonal,leadership,and social skills,

catering to the needs of society with ethics and integrity.
PEO3:Exhibitsustainedlearningadaptingto changingprofessional needs.
Program SpecificOutcomes ofECEDepartment(PSO’S)

PSO1:Abletodesign,developandanalysessystemsinthefieldofElectronics,
Communications
&Networking, Signal&Imageprocessing,VLSItechnologyandEmbeddedsystems.
PSO2:Demonstrateexpertiseintheuseofsoftwareandhardwarerequiredinreal-life applications.
DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering
ProgramOutcomes(POs)
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problemsand
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Applyethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineeringcommunityandwithsocietyatlarge,suchas,beingabletocomprehendand

91
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and abilityto engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

91
Shadan College Engineering and Technology

(approvedbyAICTEandaffiliatedtoJNTUH)
Peerancheru, Hyderabad – 500091, Telangana.
JAWAHARLALNEHRUTECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYHYDERABAD
II Year B.Tech.ECE I - Sem LTPC0021

ANALOG CIRCUITS LABORATORY
Index
S No. List of experiments Page No.
1. Perform an experiment to choose Q-point for a Transistor that operate inactive region and 6
observe the effect of external Load resistance on Q-point.
2. Design a Self bias Circuit and determine the Q-point of the Transistor and its Stability 10
factor by both simulation and realization with hardware components.
3. Obtain the I/O Characteristics of CE, CB, CC amplifiers. Calculate h-parameters from the 13
Characteristics.
4. Design and Simulate a Common Drain Amplifier with voltage divider bias and determine 18
the Stability factor.
5. Obtain the Drain and Transfer characteristics of CD, CS amplifiers of JFET.Calculate gm, 22
rd from the Characteristics.
6. By experiment prove that the voltage gain of Emitter Follower Circuit is one. 27
7. Design a Common Emitter Amplifier with a gain of 30db and Bandwidth of 10KHZ and 32
plot the frequency response practically.
8. Design a two stage RC Coupled amplifier and prove that gain is increased and analyze the 40
effects of coupling capacitance.
9. Practically prove that the Darling ton pair has high input impedance. 47
10. Draw the high frequency response of common emitter transistor amplifier and calculate 50
fα, fβ and gain bandwidth product.
11. Design a cascade amplifier for a given specifications 58
12. Design four topologies of feedback amplifiers and draw the frequency response of them 63
with and without feedback.
13. Design an RC phase shift oscillator circuit and derive the gain condition for oscillations 81
practically for given frequency.
14. DesignaColpittsoscillatorcircuitforthegivenfrequencyanddrawtheoutputwaveform. 85

91
Index
Page Expt. No. Date NameoftheExperiment Remarks

No.
EXPERIMENTNO-1
Q-POINT FOR A TRANSISTOR(OPERATEINACTIVEREGION)
AIM:
PerformanexperimenttochooseQ-pointforaTransistorthatoperateinactiveregionand observe
the effect of external Load resistance on Q-point.
APPARATUS:
S. Name of the Apparatus/Component Type/Range Quantity

No.
1 Transistor (BJT) BC107 1
2 Breadboard with built in powersupply DC - 1
3 Ammeters
0-100mA 1
4 DC Ammeters
0-200µA 1
5 DC Voltmeter
0-20V 2
6 Resistors
4kΩ,300Ω 1 each
7 Connecting wires ,1kΩ,
2.2kΩ as
required
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SCET,Peerancheru,Hyderabad-91 6
THEORY:
Transistor is a semiconductor device that can both conduct and insulate. A transistor can act asa
switch and an amplifier. It converts audio waves into electronic waves and resistor, controlling
electronic current. Transistors have very long life, smaller in size, can operate on lower voltage
supplies for greater safety and required no filament current. The first transistor was fabricated
with germanium. A transistor performs the same function as a vacuum tube triode, but using
semiconductor junctions instead of heated electrodes in a vacuum chamber. It is the
fundamental building block of modern electronic devices and found everywhere in modern
electronic systems.
A transistor is a three terminaldevice. Namely,
 Base:Thisisresponsibleforactivatingthetransistor.
 Collector:This isthepositivelead.
 Emitter:Thisisthenegativelead.
Types of Transistors: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) has three terminals connected to three
doped semiconductor regions. It comes with two types, P-N-P and N-P-N. 4 P-N-P transistor,
consisting of a layer of N-doped semiconductor between two layers of P-doped material. The
base current entering in the collector is amplified at its output. That is when PNP transistor is
ONwhen its baseis pulled low relativeto the emitter.The arrowsof PNP transistorsymbol the
direction of current flow when the device is in forward active mode.
CALCULATIONS:
GivenVCC=10V, RE=220 ohmIC=4mA VCE=6V,VBE=0.6Vhfe=200
Note:VEvalueshouldbe1/4thor1/10thofVCC. IB =
IC/
RE=VE/IE=VE/IC
RC = (VCC- VCE - VE)/IC
10R2<= RE
VBB=IB*RB+VBE+(IB+IC)RE
R1=(VCC/VBB)*RB
R2=RB/(1-VBB/VCC)
VB=[R2/(R1+R2) ]VCC
EXPECTEDGRAPH:
PROCEDURE:
1. CalculatethevaluesofR1,R2,RC,RE,accordingtothegivenspecificationsanddesign
equations.
2. Connectthecircuitasshowninthecircuitdiagramwiththedesignedvalues.
3. Applyvoltage VCC, measurethe valuesofIC,IB,VCE, VBE.
OBSERVATIONS:
Parameter Theoritical Practical

VCE
VBE
IC
IB
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Thesupplyvoltageshould not exceed the ratingofthe transistor

2. Looseconnectionsshouldbeavoided.
RESULT:
Q-pointforaTransistorthatoperateinactiveregionandobservetheeffectofexternalLoad resistance
on Q-point. designed and verified.
EXPERIMENTNO-2
Q-POINTFORATRANSISTORANDITS STABILITYFACTOR
AIM:Design aSelfbias CircuitanddeterminetheQ-pointoftheTransistoranditsStability factor

by both simulation and realization with hardware components.
APPARATUS:
S. NameoftheApparatus/Component Type/Ran Quantity

No. ge
2 Breadboardwithbuiltinpowersupply DC - 1
3 Ammeters 0-100mA 1
4 DC Ammeters 0-200µA 1
5 DC Voltmeter 0-20V 2
6 Resistors 4kΩ,300Ω 1 each

,1kΩ,
7 Connectingwires 2.2kΩ asrequired
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A circuit which is used to establish a stable operating point is the self- biasing
confirmation.ThecurrentintheresistanceR Eintheemitterleadcausesavoltagedropwhich is in
the direction to reverse-bias the emitter junction. Since this junctionmustbeforward-
biased,thebasevoltageisobtainedfromthesupplythroughthe R 1& R2network. Now,if ICtends
to increase, say, because ICO has rise as a result of an elevated temperature, the current in RE
increases. Hence IC will increase less than it would have, had there been no self-biasing
resistor RE.
CIRCUITANALYSIS:
AnalysisbeginswithKVLaroundB-Eloop:
Butintheactiveregion IE=(β +1)IB:
NowwesolveforIB:
Andmultiplybothsidesby β:
Wecompletethe analysiswithKVLaroundC-Eloop:
BiasStability
Biasstabilitycan beillustratedwithequationbelow:
NoticethatifRE=0,wehave fixedbias.WhileifRB= 0,we haveconstantbase bias.
Tomaximizebiasstability:
1. WeminimizevariationsinICwithchangesinβ.
Byletting(β+ 1)RE>>RB,thenβand(β+ 1) nearlycancelinaboveequation
2. Wealso minimizevariations inICwith changesinVBE. . .BylettingVBB>>VBE
-
IC
+
R1
220
ICO 470k
+ Vcc
10V
VBB Q1
2N2222
R2 100
PROCEDURE:
1. Connectthecircuitshowninfig.
2. Changevaluesof "RB"untilIC=5mA,then recordthevalueofRB.
3. Connect the source which gives ICO. Then change the voltage source until I CO=
15µA. record thevalueofcollectorcurrentIC.
4. Repeatstep(3)forICO= (20,25, 30)µA.
5. ConnectthecircuitshowninFig
6. RecordthevalueofcollectorcurrentwithoutICO.
7. Repeatsteps(3,4)forR1= kΩ & R2= kΩ.
8. Repeatsteps(6,7)for R1=kΩ & R2= kΩ.
Result:A SelfbiasCircuit anddetermined the Q-pointof theTransistorand its Stabilityfactor.
EXPERIMENT NO- 3
TRANSISTORCECHARACTERSTICS
AIM:1.Toverifytheinputandoutputcharacteristicsoftransistorconnectedin CE, CB,

CC configuration
2.ToCalculateh-parametersfromthe Characteristics.
APPARATUS:
S. No. NameoftheApparatus/Component Type/Range Quantity

2 Breadboardwithbuiltinpowersupply DC - 1
3 Ammeters 0-100mA 1
4 DC Ammeters 0-200µA 1
5 DC Voltmeter 0-20V 2
6 Resistors 4.7kΩ,470kΩ 1each
7 Connectingwires - as
required
THEORY:
A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals are emitter, base, collector. In common
emitterconfiguration,inputvoltageisappliedbetweenbaseandemitterterminalsandout putis taken
across the collector and emitter terminals. Therefore the emitter terminal is common to both
input and output.
The input characteristics resemble that of a forward biased diode curve. This is expected since
the Base-Emitter junction of the transistor is forward biased. As compared to CB arrangement
IBincreaseslessrapidlywithVBE. ThereforeinputresistanceofCEcircuit ishigherthanthatof CB
circuit.
The output characteristics are drawn between I c and VCE at constant IB. the collector current
varies with VCEunto few volts only. After this the collector current becomes almost constant,
and independent of VCE.
The value of VCE up to which the collector current changes with V CE is known as Kneevoltage.
The transistor always operated in the region above Knee voltage, I Cis always constant and is
approximately equal to IB.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CommonEmitter Configuration:
h–Parameter modelof CE transistor:
CommonBase Configuration:
h–Parameter modelof CB transistor:
CommonCollectorConfiguration:
h–Parameter modelof CC transistor:
OBSERVATIONS:
InputCharacteristics
VBB(Volts) VCE = 0V VCE = 5V
VBE(Volts) IB(µA) VBE(Volts) IB(µA)
Output Characteristics
VCC(Volts) IB=0µA IB=20µA IB=40µA
VCE(Volts) IC(mA) VCE IC(mA) VCE(Volts) IC(mA)
(Volts)
MODELGRAPHS:
PROCEDURE:
Input Characteristics:
1. Connectthecircuitasshowninthecircuit diagram.
2. Keep output voltageVCE =0V byvaryingVCC.
3. VaryingVBBgradually,notedownbasecurrentIBandbase-emittervoltageVBE.
4. Stepsizeisnotfixedbecauseofnonlinearcurve. InitiallyvaryVBBinstepsof0.1V.Once the
current starts increasing vary V BB in steps of 1V up to 12V.
5. Repeataboveprocedure (step 3)forVCE =5V.
OutputCharacteristics:
1. Connectthecircuitasshowninthecircuit diagram.
2. Keepemitter currentIB= 20Abyvarying VBB.
3. VaryingVCCgraduallyinstepsof1Vupto12VandnotedowncollectorcurrentI Cand
Collector-Emitter Voltage(VCE).
4. Repeataboveprocedure(step3)forIB=60µA,0µA.
ToPlot Graph:
1. PlottheinputcharacteristicsbytakingV BEonX-axisandIBonY-axisataconstantVCEas a
constant parameter.
2. PlottheoutputcharacteristicsbytakingV CEonX-axisandtakingIConY-axistakingIB as a
constant parameter.
CalculationsfromGraph:
1. InputCharacteristics:Toobtaininputresistancefind VBEand IBforaconstantVCEononeof the input

characteristics.
Input impedance=hie=Ri= VBE / IB (VCE is constant)
Reversevoltagegain=hre= VEB/ VCE(IB=constant)
2. OutputCharacteristics:Toobtainoutputresistancefind ICand VCBataconstantIB. Output
admittance 1/hoe = Ro = IC / VCE (IB isconstant)
Forwardcurrent gain=hfe= IC/ IB(VCE=constant)
RESULT:
a. TheInputResistance(hie)=
b. TheReverseVoltageGain(hre)=
c. TheOutputConductance(hoe)=
d. TheForwardCurrentGain(hfe)=
EXPERIMENTNO-4
COMMONDRAINAMPLIFIERWITHVOLTAGEDIVIDERBIAS
AIM:1. To Plotthefrequencyresponseof common drainFETamplifier practically.

2. Toobservethe phase differencebetween inputandoutput waveforms.
3. Findstabilityfactor
APPARATUS:
S.NO Nameoftheapparatus Type/range Quantity

1 Breadboardwithbuiltinpower supply ---- 1
2 FET BFW11, 1
BFW10
3 Resistors 4.7KΩ, 1.5KΩ, 1,1,1
1MΩ
4 Capacitors 0.1µF, 2,1
100µF/25V
5 Functiongenerator 1
7 CRO,CROprobes,connecting wires
8 Multimeter ------- 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The FET is a type of transistor commonly used for weak signal amplification. The Device can
amplify analog or digital signals. It can also switch DC or function as an oscillator. In the FET
current flows along asemiconductorpath called thechannel. At one end ofthechannel, thereis an
electrode called source. At the other end of the channel there is an electrodecalled the drain.
Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the variation of gain with respectivefrequency.
The gain of the amplifier increases as the frequency increases from zero till it becomes
maximum at lower cut-off frequency and remains constant till higher cut-off frequencyand then
it falls again as the frequencyincreases. At low frequencies the reactance of coupling capacitor
CC is quite high and hence very small part of signal will pass through from one stage to the
next stage.
At high frequencies the reactance of inter electrode capacitance is very small and behaves as a
short circuit. This increases the loading effect on next stage and service to reduce the voltage
gain due to these reasons the voltage gain drops at high frequencies. At mid frequencies the
effect of coupling capacitors is negligible and acts like short circuit, where as inter electrode
capacitors acts like open circuit. So, the circuit becomes resistive at mid frequencies and the
voltage gain remains constant during this range.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connectthecircuitasper thecircuitdiagram.
2. Connect function generator to the input terminals and CRO to the input and output
terminals. Keep the function generator frequencyat 1KHz and varyinput voltage until
there is no distortion in output waveform. The maximum input to an amplifier for
which the output is undistorted is called maximum signal handling capacity of
amplifier.
3. Keeptheinputvoltageconstantatlessthanthatofthesignalhandlingcapacityof amplifier
input voltage say 50mv (Vin).
4. Varythe input frequencyfrom 10Hz to 1MHz in steps and correspondinglynote down
the output voltage (Vo). Calculate the gain in dB byusing the formula 20log10Vo / Vin.
a. tabulatethereadings frequency,output voltage(Vo),gain Av=Vo/Vin,gainindB.
5. Observethe phasedifferencebetweeninput and outputof anamplifierusingCRO.
6. PlotthegraphbytakingfrequencyonX-axisandGainindBonY-axisinsemilog graph sheet.
7. Calculatethebandwidthofthe amplifier.
i. Bandwidthf2-f1
ii. Wheref1isLower3-dBcutofffrequency
iii. f2is Upper3-dBcutoff frequency
iv. Maximumgain indB=
v. 3-dBGain =
MODELGRAPH:
Inputwaveform Outputwaveform
Frequencyresponse plot
OBSERVATIONS:
Vin=50mVconstant(say)
S.N Frequency Output Av=(Vo/Vin) GainindB=

o (Hz) Voltage(Vo)volts 20log10Av
1. 50
2. 70
3. 100
4. 500
5. 700
6. 1000
7. 5000
8. 7000
9. 10000
10. 30000
11. 50000
12. 70000
13. 100000
14. 300000
15. 500000
16. 700000
17. 1000000
RESULT:
Thusthecommonbaseamplifiercharacteristicsverifiedpracticallyandallits waveformsare
plotted. The following parameters are to be calculated are:
MaximumgainindB=
3dB gain =
Lower3-dBcutofffrequencyf1=
Upper3-dBcutofffrequencyf2=
Bandwidth f2-f1 =
Effectofcouplingcapacitorandbypasscapacitoronfrequencyresponsewasobserved. Phase
difference between input and output waveform is 180 degrees.
EXPERIMENTNO-5
DRAINAND TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OFFET
AIM:1.To drawthedrain andtransfercharacteristics ofagivenFET.

2. To find thedrainresistance(rd), amplificationfactor(μ)andtranconductance (gm) of the
given FET.
3. To verifythe relationμ=g m* rd.
APPARATUS:
S.N Nameoftheapparatus Type/range Quantity

O
1 Breadboardwithbuiltinpowersupply ---- 1
2 N-channelJFET BFW11 1
3 DC Ammeter (0-200mA) 1
4 DC Voltmeter (0-20V) 2
5 Resistors 4.7KΩ, 470KΩ 1
6 ConnectingWires ----- 1
THEORY:
A FET is a voltage-controlled device in which the variations in input voltage control the
output current. The current condition is only because of majority carriers. The FET is a
semiconductor device, which depends for its operation on the control by an electric field. FETis
of two types JFET and MOSFET. Again JFET is divided into two types N-Channel and P-
Channel JFET. The structure of N-Channel FET consists of N-Type semiconductor bar, which
is doped with P-Type material on either side. It consists of three terminals source, gate and
drain.
Thedraincharacteristics ofFETconsiststhree regions

1. Ohmic region:
Each characteristic curve has ohmic region for small values of V DS. In this region ID is
proportional to VDS. In this region FET is used as a voltage controlled resistor i.e. the drain to
source resistance is controlled by the bias voltage VGS. In such an application a FET is also
referred to as voltage variable resistor (VVR) or voltage dependent resistor (VDR).
2. Constantcurrent region:
Each characteristic curve has constant current region for large values of VDS, where ID
responds to VDS very slightly. In this region ID begins to level off and approaches a constant
value.
3. Breakdownregion:
The maximum voltage that can be applied between any two terminals of FET is thelowest
voltage that will cause breakdown across the gate junction. it is seen that the avalanche
breakdown occurs at a lower of |VDS| when the gate is reverse biased for VGS = 0 Volts.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPECTEDGRAPH:
A) DrainCharcteristics:
B) Transfer Characteristics:
PROCEDURE:
OutputCharacteristics/Draincharacteristics:
2. SetVGS=-2VandvaryVDSfrom0to10VinsuitablestepsandnotedownID(mA). Ensure that ID
should not exceed 5 mA.
3. Repeatstep2for VGS=-0.5V andnotedownIDforvariousvaluesofVDS.
4. Plotthe drain characteristics bytakingVDSonX-axis and IDon Y-axis.
Transfer Characteristics:
1. KeepVDDconstant at 2 Vand varyVGStill drain currentIDbecomes zero.
2. Repeatthestep forVDS=1Volt.
3. PlotthetransfercharacteristicsVGSonX-axisandIDonY-axis.
OBSERVATIONS:
i) DrainCharacteristics:
Transfer Characteristics:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. ThethreeterminalsoftheFET mustbecarefullyidentified.
2. PracticallyFETcontainsfourterminals,whicharecalledsource,drain,Gate,
Substrate.
3. Sourceandcaseshould beshort circuited.
4. Voltagesexceedingtheratings of the FET should not beapplied.
RESULT:
1. Thedrainandtransfercharacteristicsof agiven FETare verified.
2. Thedynamicresistance(rd),amplificationfactor(μ)andTranconductance(g m)of the
given FET are calculated.
EXPERIMENT NO- 6 EMITTERFOLLOWERCIRCUIT
AIM:1. ToPlot thefrequencyresponseof commonemitter amplifier practically

2.Tocalculatethemaximumvoltagegain
APPARATUS:

1 Breadboardwithbuiltinpower supply ---- 1
2 Transistor BC107 1
3 Resistors 4.7KΩ, 1,1,3,1
33KΩ,1KΩ,5.6K
Ω
4 Capacitors 10µF/25v,100µF/2 2,1
5v
6 Decaderesistanceboxand ----- 1
Connectingwires
7 CRO, CRO probes
THEORY:
The CC amplifier provides unity gain & wide frequency response. The collector lead is
common to bothinput and output circuits and isgrounded. The collector base circuit is forward
biased. The emitter current is controlled by the base current rather than collector current. The
input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and amplifier output is taken across
emitter terminal. A very large change in base current produces a much small change in emitter
current. Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the variation of gain with respective
frequency. The gain of the amplifier is constant as the frequency increases.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connectthecircuitasper thecircuit diagram.
terminals. Keep the function generator frequency at 1 KHz and vary input voltage until
there is no distortion in output waveform. The maximum input to an amplifier for whichthe
output is undistorted is called maximum signal handling capacity of amplifier.
3. Keeptheinputvoltageconstantatlessthanthatofthesignalhandlingcapacityof amplifier input

voltage say 50mv (Vin).
4. Varytheinputfrequencyfrom10Hzto1MHzinstepsandcorrespondinglynotedownthe
output voltage (Vo). Calculate the gain in dB by using the formula 20log 10Vo /
Vin.Tabulate the readings frequency, output voltage (vo), gain Av = Vo /Vin, gain in dB.
6. Plot the graph by taking frequency on X-axis and Gain in dB on Y-axis in semi-log graph
sheet.
7. Calculatethebandwidthoftheamplifier.
Bandwidthf2-f1=
Wheref1isLower3-dBcut-offfrequencyf2isUpper3-dBcut-offfrequency.
Maximum gain in dB =
3-dBGain =
8. Tocalculate theoutput impedanceof CEamplifier:
At 1 KHz input frequency in function generator note down the output voltage and then
connect a Decade resistance box (DRB) to the output terminals and adjust the value of
output resistance such that the output voltage drops to half of its maximum value at
1KHz.The output impedance of CE amplifier will be equal to value of DRB.
MODELGRAPHS:
Inputwaveform:
Outputwaveform:
FrequencyResponsecurve:
OBSERVATIONS:
Vin=50 mVconstant (say)
S.No Frequency Output Av=(Vo/Vin) GainindB=20log10 Av
(Hz) Voltage(Vo)
volts
1. 10
2. 30
3. 50
4. 70
5. 100
6. 300
7. 500
8. 700
9. 1000
10. 3000
11. 5000
12. 7000
13. 10000
14. 30000
15. 50000
16. 70000
17. 10000
18. 30000
19. 50000
20. 70000
21. 100000
22. 300000
23. 500000
24. 700000
25. 1000000
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should bemadetightlyor without looseconnections.

2. Checkconnectionstwiceorthricebefore givingsupply.
3. Avoid short circuitingofpower supplyterminals.
4. Observethe readingfromCROwithoutparallaxerror.
RESULT:
Thus,thefrequencyresponseofacommonemitteramplifierisverifiedpracticallyanditis plotted.
The following parameters are calculated:
Maximumgain indB=
3dBgain=
Lower3-dBcut-offfrequencyf1=
Upper3-dBcut-offfrequencyf2=
Bandwidth = f2 - f1
Outputimpedanceofamplifier=
EXPERIMENT NO- 7
COMMONEMITTERAMPLIFIER
AIM:1.To Plotthefrequencyresponseofcommon emitter amplifier practically

2. Tocalculatethemaximumvoltagegain,upperandlower3dBfrequenciesandto
calculate the band width.
3. DesignaCommonEmitterAmplifierwithagainof30dbandBandwidthof10KHZand plot the
frequency response practically.
4. Toobservethe phasedifferencebetween input and output waveforms.
APPARATUS:

33KΩ,1KΩ,5.6K
Ω
5v
6 DecaderesistanceboxandConnecting Wires ----- 1
7 CRO,CRO probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The CE amplifier provides high gain & wide frequency response. The emitter lead is
common to both input and output circuits and is grounded. The emitter base circuit is
forward biased. The collector current is controlled by the base current rather than emitter
current. The input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and amplifier output is
taken across collector terminal. Averysmall change in base current produces a much larger
changeincollectorcurrent.Frequencyresponseofanamplifierisdefinedasthevariation
of gain with respective frequency. The gain of the amplifier increases as the frequency
increases from zero till it becomes maximum at lower cut-off frequency and remains
constant till higher cut-off frequency and then it falls again as the frequency increases.
At low frequencies the reactance of coupling capacitor CCis quite high and hence very
small part of signal will pass through from one stage to the next stage. At high frequencies
the reactance of inter electrode capacitance is very small and behaves as a short
circuit.Thisincreasesthe loadingeffectonnextstage andservice toreducethe voltagegaindueto
thesereasonsthevoltage gaindrops athighfrequencies.
At mid frequencies the effect of couplingcapacitors is negligible and actslikeshort circuit,

whereas interelectrodecapacitors acts likeopen circuit. So, the circuit becomes resistiveat
mid frequencies and the voltage gain remains constant during this range.
PROCEDURE:
terminals.Keepthefunctiongeneratorfrequencyat1KHzandvaryinputvoltageuntil there is
no distortion in output waveform. The maximum input to an amplifier for which the
3. Keep the input voltage constant at less than that of the signal handling capacity of
amplifier input voltage say 50mv (Vin).
4. Varythe input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz in steps and correspondingly note down
theoutput voltage (Vo). Calculate the gain in dB by using the formula 20log 10Vo /Vin.
Tabulate the readings frequency, output voltage (vo), gain Av = Vo /Vin, gain in dB.
6. Plot the graph by taking frequency on X-axis and Gain in dB on Y-axis in semilog
graph sheet.
Bandwidthf2-f1=
Wheref1 isLower3-dBcut-offfrequencyf2 isUpper3-dBcut-offfrequency Maximum
gain in dB =
3-dBGain =
8. Tocalculate theoutput impedanceof CEamplifier:
At 1 KHz input frequencyin function generatornotedowntheoutput voltage and then

connect a Decade resistance box (DRB) to the output terminals and adjust the value of
output resistance such that the output voltage drops to half of its maximum value at
1KHz.The output impedance of CE amplifier will be equal to value of DRB.
MODELGRAPHS:
Inputwaveform:
Outputwaveform:
Input-outputwaveform:
Inputwaveform:bluecolourOutputwaveform:pink colour.
OBSERVATIONS:
Vin=50 mVconstant (say)
S.No Frequency Output Av=(Vo/Vin) Gain in dB =
(Hz) voltage(Vo)volts 20log10Av
1. 10
2. 30
3. 50
4. 70
5. 100
6. 300
7. 500
8. 700
9. 1000
10. 3000
11. 5000
12. 7000
13. 10000
14. 30000
15. 50000
16. 70000
17. 10000
18. 30000
19. 50000
20. 70000
21. 100000
22. 300000
23. 500000
24. 700000
25. 1000000
PRECAUTIONS:

2. Checkconnectionstwiceorthricebeforegivingsupply.
RESULT:
Thus,thefrequencyresponseofacommonemitteramplifierisverifiedpracticallyanditis plotted.
Maximumgain indB=
3dBgain=
Upper3-dBcut-offfrequencyf2 =
Bandwidth = f2 - f1
Effect of coupling capacitor and bypass capacitor on frequency response was observed.
Phase difference between input and output waveform is 180 degrees.
VIVA–VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Whataretheadvantages anddisadvantagesofsingle-stageamplifiers?
2. Whygain falls at HFandLF?
3. Whythegain remains constant atMF?
4. ExplainthefunctionofemitterbypasscapacitorCe?
5. Howthebandwidth willeffectasmorenumberofstagesare cascaded?
6. Definefrequencyresponse?
7. Whatisthe phasedifferencebetween inputand outputwaveformsofaCEAmplifier?
8. Whatis earlyeffect?
9. Whataretheconsequences ofearlyeffect?
10. ExplainaboutH-parametermodel ofCEamplifier.
11. CompareCE,CB,CCamplifiers
12. Whataretheapplications of CEamplifier?
EXPERIMENTNO–8
TWOSTAGERCCOUPLEDAMPLIFIER
AIM:1. To Plot thefrequencyresponseoftwostageRC coupled amplifier practically.
2. Tocalculatethemaximumvoltagegain,upperandlower3dBfrequenciesandto
3. ToobservetheeffectofbypasscapacitorandcouplingcapacitorsonFrequency
response curve.
4. Toobservethephasedifferencebetween inputandoutputwaveforms.
APPARATUS:
S.N Nameoftheapparatus Type/range Quantity

O
1 Breadboard withbuiltinpower supply ---- 1
3 Resistors 4.7KΩ, 2,2,3,2,1
33KΩ,1KΩ,5.6KΩ,
220Ω
5v
7 CRO, CRO probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
As the gain provided by a single stage amplifier is usually not sufficient to drive the load,
so to achieve extra gain multi-stage amplifier are used. In multi-stage amplifiers output of
one-stage is coupled to the input of the next stage. The coupling of one stage to another is
done with the help of some coupling devices. If it is coupled by RC then the amplifier is
called RC-coupled amplifier.
Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the variation of gain with respect to

frequency. The gain of the amplifier increases as the frequency increases from zero till it
becomes maximum at lower cut-off frequency and remains constant till higher cut-off
frequency and then it falls again as the frequency increases.
At low frequencies the reactance of coupling capacitor Cc is quite high and hence very
small part of signal will pass through from one stage to the next stage. At high frequencies
the reactance of inter electrode capacitance is very small and behaves as a short circuit.This
increases theloading effect on next stageand serviceto reducethevoltage gain dueto these
reasons the voltage gain drops at high frequencies.
At mid frequencies the effect of couplingcapacitors is negligible and actslikeshort circuit,

whereas inter electrode capacitors acts like open circuit. So, the circuit becomes resistive at
mid frequencies and the voltage gain remains constant during this range.
PROCEDURE:

2. Applyinput byusingfunction generatorto thecircuit.
3. Observethe outputwaveform onCRO.
4. Measurethevoltageat
a. Outputof thefirststage
b. Outputofthesecondstage
5. From the readings, calculate voltage gain of first stage, second stage and overall
gain. Disconnect second stage and then measure output voltage of first stage and
calculate voltage gain.
6. Compareitwiththevoltage gainobtainedwhensecondstagewasconnected.
7. For plotting the frequency response, the input voltage is kept constant at 2mv (p-p)
and the frequency is varied from 100Hz to 1MHz.
8. Notedown thevalue ofoutput voltagefor each frequency.
9. All the readings are tabulated and voltage gain in dB is calculated by using the
expression Av (in dB) = 20log10Av dB.
10. A graph is drawn by taking frequency on X-axis and gain in dB on Y-axis on a
Semi log graph sheet.
11. The bandwidth of the amplifier is calculated from the graph using the expression
Bandwidth = f2 – f1.
Wheref1=Lowercut-offfrequencyofCEamplifier.f2 =Uppercut-off
frequency of CE amplifier
MODELGRAPH:
Inputandoutput waveforms:
OBSERVATIONS:
Vin =50 mVconstant (say)
S.No Frequency Output Av= Gain indB=20log10

voltage(Vo)volts
(Hz) Vo/Vin) Av
1. 10
2. 30
3. 50
4. 70
5. 100
6. 300
7. 500
8. 700
9. 1000
10. 3000
11. 5000
12. 7000
13. 10000
14. 30000
15. 50000
16. 70000
17. 10000
18. 30000
19. 50000
20. 70000
21. 100000
22. 300000
23. 500000
24. 700000
25. 1000000
PRECAUTIONS:

2. Checkconnectionstwiceorthricebeforegiving supply.
RESULT:
ThusthefrequencyresponseofatwostageRCcoupledamplifierisverifiedpracticallyand it is
plotted. The following parameters are calculated:
MaximumgainindB= 3dB
gain =
Upper3-dBcut-offfrequencyf2 =
Bandwidth = f2 - f1
Effectof couplingcapacitor and bypasscapacitoron frequencyresponsewas observed.
VIVA-VOCEQUESTIONS:
1. Whatis thenecessityof cascading?

2. Define3-dBbandwidth.
3. WhyRC-couplingis preferred inaudiorange.
4. Explainvarioustypesof coupling
5. What is loadingeffect?
6. What is meant byRCcoupling?
7. Whatisthe formulaforF1 forn-stageamplifier
8. Whatisthe formulaforF2 forn-stageamplifier
9. Whataretheadvantagesanddrawbacksofmultistageamplifiers
10. ExplainfrequencyresponseofRCcoupledamplifierandcomparedifferenttypesof
multistage amplifiers.
IIB.TechECEI-Sem R22 AnalogCircuitsLaboratoryManual
EXPERIMENT NO -9
DARLINGTONPAIRCIRCUIT
AIM:1. ToPlot thefrequencyresponseofa Darlington amplifier.Calculategain, bandwidth.

2.To Calculateinput impedanceofaDarlingtonamplifier.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Breadboardwithbuiltinpower ---- 1
supply
3 Resistors 22kΩ,2.2kΩ,1k 1,1,1,1,1
Ω,
82kΩ,390Ω
4 Capacitors 10µF/25v 2
6 Decaderesistanceboxand Connecting ----- 1
Wires
7 CRO, CRO probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SCET,Peerancheru,Hyderabad-91
47
PROCEDURE:
1. Connectthecircuitdiagramasshowninfigure.SettheRPSvoltageat12Vandinput signal
amplitude (sine wave) 50mV, 1 KHz in the function generator.
2. Feedthesinewavesignaltotheinputoftheamplifierandobserveanamplifiedvoltageat the
output without distortion.{input at CH-1 & output at CH-2}
3. By keeping input signal voltage, constant 50mV, Select the Range switch of FG input
signalfrequencyfrom{10Hzto1MHz}insteps.NotedowntheoutputVo peak-to-peak
amplitude of signal for different frequencies in tabular column.
4. Calculatethe Bandwidthfromtheplotofgraph.
5. CalculatetheinputimpedanceoftheDarlingtonamplifier.
OBSERVATIONS:
InputVoltage(Vi) =50mV(constant).
Frequency(in OutputVoltage Gain Gain(in dB) =

Hz) (Vo) Av=Vo/Vi 20log10(Vo/Vi)
10
20
40
80
100
500
1000
5000
1M
48
MODELGRAPH:
InputImpedance:
PRECAUTIONS:

RESULT:FrequencyResponse ofDarlingtonPair Amplifieris studied.
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. Whydoyou needmorethanonestageofamplifiers inpractical circuits?

2. Whatistheeffectofcascadingongainand bandwidth?
3. Whathappenstothe3dB frequenciesifthenumber ofstagesof amplifiersincreases?
4. Whyweusealogarithmicscaletodenotevoltageorpowergains,insteadofusingthe simpler
linear scale?
5. Whatisloadingeffectin multistageamplifiers?
49
EXPERIMENTNO-10
HIGHFREQUENCY RESPONSEOFCEAMPLIFIER
AIM:1.To Plotthe highfrequencyresponseofcommon emitteramplifier practically

2. Tocalculatefα,fβ ,themaximumvoltagegain,andtocalculatethe gainband width
product .
3. DesignaCommonEmitterAmplifierwitha hfeof100,Ic=5maandcurrentgainis10at a
frequency of 10 MHz and plot the response practically.
APPARATUS:

33KΩ,1KΩ,5.6K
Ω
5v
7 CRO,CRO probes
50
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Equivalentmodelof HighFrequencyAnalysisofTransistorinCEconfiguration:
THEORY:
The CE amplifier provides high gain & wide frequency response. The emitter lead is common
to both input and output circuits and is grounded. The emitter base circuit is forward biased.
The collector current is controlled by the base current rather than emitter current. The input
signalisappliedtobaseterminalofthe transistorandamplifier outputistakenacrosscollector
51
terminal. Avery small change in base current produces a much larger change in collector
current. Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the variationof gainwithrespective
frequency. The gain of the amplifier increases as the frequency increases from zero till it
becomes maximum at lower cut-off frequency and remains constant till higher cut-off
frequency and then it falls again as the frequency increases.
At high frequencies The effect of junction capacitances , base spreading resistance, early effect and
trance conductance do come play . In BJT, Cbe is the B-E junction capacitance, and cbc is the B-C
junctioncapacitance(outputtoinputcapacitance).WhenthereactanceofCbebecomes smallenough,a
significant amount of the signal voltage is lost due to a voltage-divider effect of the source resistance
and the reactance of Cbe. When the reactance of Cbc becomes small enough, a significant
amount of output signal voltage is fed back out of phase with the input (negative feedback),
thus effectively reducing the voltage gain. Miller's theorem is used to simplify the analysis of
inverting amplifiers at high-frequencies where the internal transistor capacitances are important. Av is
the voltage gain of the amplifier at midrange frequencies, and C represents Cbc the voltage gain ofthe
amplifier at midrange frequencies, and C represents C. The reactance of inter electrode
capacitance is very small and behaves as a short circuit. This increases the loading effect on next stage
and service to reduce the voltage gain due to these reasons the voltage gain drops at high frequencies.
The reason for this is that the capacitance and resistance act as a voltage divider and, as the frequency
increases, more voltage is dropped across the resistance and less across the capacitance.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connectthecircuitasper thecircuit diagram.

2) Connect function generator to the input terminals and CRO to the input and output
terminals.
3) Keep the function generator frequency at 1 KHz and vary input voltage until there is
no distortion in output waveform. The maximum input to an amplifier for which the
4) Keeptheinputvoltageconstantatlessthanthatofthesignalhandlingcapacityof
amplifierinput voltagesay50mv(Vin).
52
5) Varytheinputfrequencyfrom50KHztomaximumfrequencyinstepsandcorrespondingly
note down the output voltage (Vo).
6) Calculate thegain in dB byusingthe formula20log10Vo/Vin.
7) Tabulatethereadingsfrequency,outputvoltage(vo),gainAv=Vo/Vin,gainindB.
8) Observethe phasedifferencebetweeninput and outputof an amplifierusingCRO.
9) PlotthegraphbytakingfrequencyonX-axisandGainindBonY-axisonsemilog graph sheet.
Calculatethebandwidthoftheamplifier.
Bandwidth f2- f1 =
or
Bandwidthfβ-fα=
Wheref1or fαisLower3-dBcut-offfrequencyiszeroandf2orfβisUpper3-dBcut-off frequency.
MaximumgainindB=
3-dB Gain =
1) Calculations:To findβcut offfrequencyfβ
2) CEshortcircuitcurrentgain
Magnitude of AI =
3) GainBandwidth product:fT=hfexfβ=
MODELGRAPHS:
Inputwaveform:
53
Outputwaveform:
Input-outputwaveforms:
Inputwaveform:bluecolourOutputwaveform:pink colour
FrequencyResponse Curve:
OBSERVATIONS:
54
Vin=50 mVconstant (say).
S.No Frequency Output Av=(Vo/Vin) GainindB=
(Hz) Voltage(Vo)volts 20log10 Av
1. 50000
2. 70000
3. 10000
4. 30000
5. 50000
6. 70000
7. 100000
8. 300000
9. 500000
10. 700000
11. 1000000
12. 10000000
55
PECAUTIONS:
1. Connectionsshould bemadetightlyor without looseconnections.

2. Checkconnectionstwiceor thricebeforegivingsupply.
3. Avoidshort circuiting ofpower supplyterminals.
RESULT:
Thus,thehighfrequencyresponseofacommonemitteramplifierisverifiedpractically and it is
plotted. The following parameters are calculated:
Maximumgain indB=
3dBgain=
Upper3-dBcut-offfrequencyf2= Bandwidth
= f2 - f1
CEshortcircuitcutofffrequency= Gain
Bandwidth product =
Effectofcouplingcapacitorandbypasscapacitoronfrequencyresponsewasobserved. Phase
difference between input and output waveform is 180 degrees.
VIVA–VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsingle-stageamplifiers?
2. Whygain falls atHFandLF?
3. Whythegain remains constant at MF?
4. ExplainthefunctionofemitterbypasscapacitorCe?
5. Howthe bandwidth willeffect asmore numberofstagesarecascaded?
56
6. Definefrequencyresponse?
7. Whatisthephasedifferencebetweeninputandoutputwaveforms ofaCEAmplifier?
8. Whatis earlyeffect?
9. Whatarethe consequences of earlyeffect?
10. ExplainaboutHybrid-pimodelofCE amplifier?
11. WhatisMiller’.seffectandwhyitisobservedinCEconfiguration?
12. Whataretheapplications ofCEamplifier?
57
EXPERIMENT NO -11
CASCODEAMPLIFIER
AIM:1. ToPlot thefrequencyresponseofcommon SourceFET amplifier practically.
2.Tocalculatethemaximumvoltagegain,upperandlower3dBfrequenciesandto
APPARATUS:

1 Breadboardwithbuilt in ---- 1
power supply
3 Resistors 3.1kΩ,57kΩ,1kΩ, 1,1,1,2,1
4.7kΩ, 330Ω
4 Capacitors 10µF/25v,100µF/25v 3,1
6 Decaderesistancebox ----- 1
andConnecting Wires
7 CRO, CRO probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
58
THEORY:
Cascode amplifier is a two stage circuit consisting of a Trans conductance amplifier
followed by a buffer amplifier. The word ―Cascode was originated from the phrase
―cascade to cathode. This circuit have a lot of advantages over the single stage amplifier
like, better input output isolation, better gain, improved bandwidth, higher inputimpedance,
higher output impedance, better stability, higher slew rate etc. The reason behind
theincrease in bandwidth is thereduction ofMillereffect. Onestagewill beusually wired in
common source/common emitter mode and the other stage will be wired in common base /
common emitter mode.
PROCEDURE:
terminals. Keep the function generator frequency at 1 KHz and vary input voltage until
thereis no distortion in output waveform. Themaximum input to an amplifierforwhich
the output is undistorted is called maximum signal handling capacity of amplifier.
3. Keep the input voltage constant at less than that of the signal handling capacity of
amplifier input voltage say 50mv (V in).
4. Vary the input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz in steps and correspondingly note down
the output voltage (Vo). Calculate the gain in dB by using the formula 20log10Vo /Vin.
Tabulatethereadingsfrequency, outputvoltage(vo), gainAv=Vo /Vin,gainin dB.
5. Plot the graph by taking frequency on X-axis and Gain in dB on Y-axis in semiloggraph
sheet.
Bandwidthf2-f1
Wheref1isLower 3-dBcut-offfrequencyandf2 isUpper3-dBcut-off frequency.
59
MaximumgainindB=
3-dB Gain =
MODELGRAPHS:
FREQUENCYRESPONSECURVE:
60
IIB.TechECE-IISem R18 ElectronicCircuitAnalysisLaboratoryManual
Observationtable:Vin=50mV(constant).
S. No Frequency(Hz) OutputVoltage Av=(Vo/Vin) Gainin dB=20log10Av
(Vo) volts
1. 10
2. 30
3. 50
4. 70
5. 100
6. 300
7. 500
8. 700
9. 1000
10. 3000
11. 5000
12. 7000
13. 10000
14. 30000
15. 50000
16. 70000
17. 10000
18. 30000
19. 50000
20. 70000
SCET,Peerancheru,Hyderabad- 61
9999919191
21. 100000
22. 300000
23. 500000
24. 700000
25. 1000000
OBSERVATIONS:
MaximumgainindB=
3dB gain =
Upper 3-dBcut-offfrequencyf2 =
Bandwidth f2-f1 =
PRECAUTIONS:

2. Checkconnectionstwiceorthricebeforegiving supply.
4. Observethe readingfromCROwithoutparallax error.
RESULT:Thus, the frequencyresponseof cascodeamplifieris obtained and verified.
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. Whatisacascadingamplifier?
2. Whataretheapplicationsofcascadingamplifier?
3. Whataretheadvantagesofcascadingamplifier?
4. Whataretheadvantagesofcascodeamplifier?
5. Whataretheapplicationsofcascodeamplifier?
9999919191
EXPERIMENT NO -12
FEEDBACKAMPLIFIERS
(a) CurrentShuntFeedbackAmplifier Circuit:
AIM:
Todeterminethemaximumgain,3dBgain,loweranduppercut-offfrequenciesand bandwidth
of Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier.
APPARATUS:

1 Breadboardwithbuiltin ---- 1
power supply
3 Resistors Rc1&Rc2(4.7KΩ),R1&R 2,2,3,2
3(33KΩ),
Re&Rs(1KΩ),R2&
R4(5.6KΩ)
6 Decaderesistanceboxand ----- 1
Connecting Wires
7 CRO,CRO probes
9999919191
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Feedback plays averyimportant rolein electroniccircuits and thebasicparameters,suchas input
impedance, output impedance, current and voltage gain and bandwidth, may be altered
considerably by the use of feedback for a given amplifier. A portion of the output signal is taken
from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the normal input signal and thereby the
feedback is accomplished. There are two types of feedback. They are
i) Positivefeedback and
ii) Negativefeedback.
Negative feedback helps to increase the bandwidth, decrease gain, distortion, and noise, modify
input and output resistances as desired. A current shunt feedback amplifier circuit is illustrated in
the figure. It is called a series-derived, shunt-fed feedback. The shunt connection at the input
reduces theinput resistanceand theseries connection at theoutputincreases theoutputresistance.
This is a true current amplifier.
PROCEDURE:

3. Observethe outputwaveform onCRO.
9999919191
4. Forplottingthefrequencyresponse,theinputvoltageiskeptconstantat50mv(p-p)and the
frequency is varied from 100Hz to 1MHz.
5. Notedown thevalue ofoutput voltagefor each frequency.
MODELGRAPHS:
OBSERVATIONS:
Vin=50mVconstant (say)
S.No Frequency(Hz) OutputVoltage Av=(Vo/Vin) Gainin dB=20log10Av

(Vo)volts
1. 10
2. 30
3. 50
4. 70
5. 100
6. 300
7. 500
8. 700
9. 1000
9999919191
10. 3000
11. 5000
12. 7000
13. 10000
14. 30000
15. 50000
16. 70000
17. 10000
18. 30000
19. 50000
20. 70000
21. 100000
22. 300000
23. 500000
24. 700000
25. 1000000
PRECAUTIONS:

2. Checkconnectionstwiceorthricebefore givingsupply.
RESULT:
ThusthefrequencyresponseofaCurrentshuntfeedback amplifierisverifiedpracticallyanditis plotted.

9999919191
IIB.TechECEI-Sem R22 AnalogElectronicsLaboratoryManual
gain =
Lower3-dB cut-off frequencyf1 =
Bandwidth= f2-f1
(b) CurrentSeriesFeedbackAmplifierCircuit:
AIM:
Todeterminethemaximumgain,3dBgain,loweranduppercut-offfrequenciesand
bandwidth of Current Series Feedback Amplifier.
APPARATUS:

power supply
3 Resistors Rc1&Rc2(4.7KΩ),R1&R3 2,2,3,2
(33KΩ), Re&Rs(1KΩ),R2&
R4(5.6KΩ)

andConnecting Wires
7 CRO,CRO probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Feedback plays averyimportant rolein electroniccircuits and thebasicparameters,suchas input
impedance, output impedance, current and voltage gain and bandwidth, may be altered
considerably by the use of feedback for a given amplifier. A portion of the output signal is taken
from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the normal input signal and thereby the
feedback is accomplished. There are two types of feedback. They are Positive feedback and
Negative feedback.
Negative feedback helps to increase the bandwidth, decrease gain, distortion, and noise, modify
input and output resistances as desired. A current shunt feedback amplifier circuit is illustrated in
the figure. It is called a series-derived, series-fed feedback. The series connection at the input
increases the input resistance and the series connection at the output increases the output
resistance. This is a true current amplifier.
PROCEDURE:

3. Observethe output waveform onCRO.

4. Forplottingthefrequencyresponse,theinputvoltageiskeptconstantat50mv(p-p)and the
5. Notedownthevalueofoutputvoltageforeachfrequency.
Model graphs:
OBSERVATIONS:
Vin=50mvconstant (say)
S.No Frequency(Hz) OutputVoltage Av=(Vo/Vin) Gainin dB=20log10Av

(Vo)volts
1. 10
2. 30
3. 50
4. 70
5. 100
6. 300
7. 500
8. 700
9. 1000
10. 3000
11. 5000
12. 7000
13. 10000
14. 30000
15. 50000
16. 70000
17. 10000
18. 30000
19. 50000
20. 70000
21. 100000
22. 300000
23. 500000
24. 700000
25. 1000000
PRECAUTIONS:

2. Checkconnectionstwice orthricebefore givingsupply.
RESULT:
ThusthefrequencyresponseofaCurrentshuntfeedback amplifierisverifiedpracticallyanditis plotted.

gain =
Lower3-dB cut-off frequencyf1 =
Bandwidth= f2-f1
(c) VoltageSeriesFeedbackAmplifier:
AIM:
Tostudytheeffect ofVoltageSeriesfeedback ongain ofthe Amplifier.
APPARATUS:

1 Breadboardwithbuiltin power ---- 1
supply
3 Resistors 33kΩ,3.3kΩ,1.5kΩ, 1,1,1,1,1
1kΩ,330Ω
4 Capacitors 2,1
10µF/25v,100µF/25v
6 ConnectingWires
7 CRO,CRO probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
BRECW,Saidabad,Hyderabad-59 71
THEORY:
When any increase in the output signal results into the input in such a way as to causethe
decrease in the output signal, the amplifier is said to have negative feedback. Theadvantages of
providing negative feedback are that the transfer gain of the amplifier with feedback can be
stabilized against variations in the hybrid parameters of the transistor or the parameters of the
other active devices used in the circuit. The most advantage of the negative feedback is that by
proper use of this, there is significant improvement in the frequencyresponse and in the
linearityof the operation of the amplifier. This disadvantage of the negative feedback is that the
voltage gain is decreased. In Current-Series Feedback, the input impedance and the output
impedance are increased. Noise and distortions are reduced considerably
PROCEDURE:
1. Connectionsaremadeaspercircuitdiagram.
2. Keeptheinputvoltageconstantat20mVpeak-peakand1kHzfrequency.Fordifferent values
ofload resistance, note down the output voltage and calculate the gain byusing the
expressionAv = 20*log10 (V0 / Vi ) dB
3. AddtheemitterbypasscapacitorandrepeatSTEP2.AndobservetheeffectofFeedback on the
gain of the amplifier
4. Forplottingthefrequencytheinputvoltageiskeptconstantat20mVpeak-peakandthe
5. Notedownthevalueofoutputvoltageforeachfrequency.Allthereadings aretabulated and the
voltage gain in dB is calculated by using expression
Av=20log (V0/ Vi )dB
6. AgraphisdrawnbytakingfrequencyonX-axisandgainonY-axisonsemiloggraph sheet
7. TheBandwidthoftheamplifieriscalculatedfromthegraphusingthe
expression Bandwidth B.W = f2 –f1.
Wheref1islowercut-offfrequencyofCEamplifier f2 isuppercut-offfrequencyofCE amplifier
Thegain-bandwidthproductoftheamplifieris calculatedbyusingthe expression
Gain-Bandwidth Product = (3dB mid-band gain) X (Bandwidth)
MODELGRAPHS:
FREQUENCYRESPONSE CURVE:
OBSERVATIONS:
Vin=20mV(constant).
S.No Frequency Output Voltage(Vo) Av=(Vo/Vin) Gainin dB=20log10Av

volts
(Hz)
1. 10
2. 30
3. 50
4. 70
5. 100
6. 300
7. 500
8. 700
9. 1000
10. 3000
11. 5000
12. 7000
13. 10000
14. 30000
15. 50000
16. 70000
17. 10000
18. 30000
19. 50000
20. 70000
21. 100000
22. 300000
23. 500000
24. 700000
25. 1000000
PRECAUTIONS:

RESULT: Thus, the frequencyresponse of Voltage series feedback amplifier is obtained

and verified.
Lowercut-offfrequencyF1=
Upper cut-off frequency F2=
Band width =
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. Listoutthetypesoffeedbackcircuits.
2. Writetheadvantagesof negativefeedback.
3. Writethedisadvantages ofnegative feedback.
4. Statethemeritsanddemerits ofnegative feedbackinamplifiers.
5. Whatisothernameforvoltageseriesfeedbackamplifier?
6. Whenwillanegativefeedbackamplifiercircuitbecomeunstable?
7. Whatistheeffectonh-parametersvaluesof a BJTinanegativefeedbackamplifier?
8. Whattypeoffeedbackhasbeenusedinanemitterfollower circuit?
(d) VoltageShuntFeedbackAmplifier:
AIM:
Tostudythe effect of voltageshuntfeedback ongain of the Amplifier.
APPARATUS:

1 Breadboardwithbuiltin power ---- 1
supply
3 Resistors 33kΩ,3.3kΩ,1.5kΩ, 1,1,1,1,1
1kΩ,330Ω,10kΩ
4 Capacitors 2,2
10µF/25v,100µF/25v
6 ConnectingWires
7 CRO,CRO probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
10
µF
1
0
K
Ω
THEORY:
When any increase in the output signal results into the input in such a way as to cause the
decrease in the output signal, the amplifier is said to have negative feedback. The advantages of
providing negative feedback are that the transfer gain of the amplifier with feedback can be
stabilized against variations in the hybrid parameters of the transistor or the parameters of theother
active devices used in the circuit. The most advantage of the negative feedback is that by proper
use of this, there is significant improvement in the frequency response and in the linearity of the
operation of the amplifier. This disadvantage of the negative feedback is that the voltage gain is
decreased
PROCEDURE:
1. Connectionsaremadeaspercircuitdiagram.
2. Keep the input voltage constant at 20mV peak-peak and 1 kHz frequency. For different
valuesofloadresistance,notedowntheoutputvoltageandcalculatethegainbyusingthe
expressionAv = 20*log10 (V0 / Vi ) dB
3. AddtheemitterbypasscapacitorandrepeatSTEP2.AndobservetheeffectofFeedbackon the gain
of the amplifier
4. Forplottingthefrequencytheinputvoltageiskeptconstantat20mVpeak-peakandthe
5. Notedownthevalueofoutputvoltageforeachfrequency.Allthereadings aretabulatedand the
voltage gain in dB is calculated by using expression
Av=20log (V0/ Vi )dB
6. Agraph isdrawn bytakingfrequencyon X-axisand gain onY-axis onsemi loggraphsheet
7. TheBandwidthoftheamplifieriscalculatedfromthegraphusingthe
expression Bandwidth B.W = f2 –f1.
Wheref1islowercut-offfrequencyofCEamplifierand f2 isuppercut-offfrequencyofCE amplifier
Thegain-bandwidthproductoftheamplifieris calculatedbyusingtheexpressionGain- Bandwidth
Product = (3dB mid-band gain) X (Bandwidth)
FREQUENCYRESPONSE CURVE:
OBSERVATIONS:
Vin=20 mVconstant
S.No Frequency Output Av=(Vo/Vin) Gainin dB=20log10Av

voltage(Vo)volts
(Hz)
1. 10
2. 30
3. 50
4. 70
5. 100
6. 300
7. 500
8. 700
9. 1000
10. 3000
11. 5000
12. 7000
13. 10000
14. 30000
15. 50000
16. 70000
17. 10000
18. 30000
19. 50000
20. 70000
21. 100000
22. 300000
23. 500000
24. 700000
25. 1000000
PRECAUTIONS:

RESULT:Thus, thefrequencyresponse of Voltage Shunt feedback amplifieris obtained

and verified.
Lowercut-offfrequencyF1=
Upper cut-off frequency F2=
Band width =
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. Listoutthetypesoffeedback circuits.
2. Writetheadvantagesof negativefeedback.
3. Writethedisadvantages ofnegative feedback.
4. Statethemeritsanddemerits ofnegative feedbackinamplifiers.
5. Whatisothernameforvoltageseriesfeedbackamplifier?
6. Whenwillanegativefeedbackamplifiercircuitbecome unstable?
7. Whatistheeffectonh-parametersvaluesof a BJTinanegativefeedbackamplifier?
8. Whattypeoffeedbackhasbeenusedinanemitterfollower circuit?
EXPERIMENTNO–13
RCPHASESHIFTOSCILLATOR
AIM:TodesignRCPhaseshiftoscillatorcircuitandcalculatethefrequencyof oscillations.
APPARATUS:

power supply
3 Resistors 33kΩ,5.6kΩ,1kΩ, 1,1,3,1
4.7k Ω,
4 Capacitors 10µF/25v,0.1µF/25v, 1,2,1
100µF/25v
5 Functiongenerator
andConnecting Wires
7 CRO,CRO probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
If an amplifier is provided with sufficient amount of Positive feedback (through a frequency

selective circuit), it will work as an Oscillator. Oscillator is the common name given to a large
number of electronic circuits which work as generator of periodically varying waveform. In RC
Phase shift oscillator the required phase shift of 180° in the Feedback loop from output to input is
obtained by using R & C components instead of Tank circuit. In this Oscillator circuit, a common
emitter amplifier is followed by three sections of RC Phase shift network, the output oflastsection
being returned to the Input. The Phase shift (Ø) given by each RC-section is
If R is made zero, then Ø will become 90°. But making R=0 is impracticable because if R is zero,
then the voltage across it will become zero. So, in practice the R value is adjusted such that Ø
becomes 60°. If the values of R and C are chosen so that, for the given frequency (F), the phase
shift of each RC-section is 60°. Thus such a RC ladder network produces a total phase shift of
180° between its input and output voltages. Therefore, the total phase shift of the transistor andRC
network is 360° or 0°, therebysatisfying Barkshausen condition for oscillation. The frequency of
oscillation is given by 1
R =F
2RC64 c
R
T=1/ F
At this frequency, it is found that the feedback factor of the network is | β | = 1/ 29. In order that |
Aβ |shallnotbeless thanunity,itis requiredthat theamplifier gain |A |must bemore than29 for
oscillator operation.
PROCEDURE:
2. Observethe outputsignal inCRO and notedown theoutput amplitude andtime period(t).
3. Calculatethefrequencyofoscillationstheoreticallyand verifyitpractically.
4. Repeatthesameprocedurefordifferent valuesofcapacitors
OBSERVATIONS:
C (µF) Vo(V) TheoreticalFrequency(Hz) PracticalFrequency (Hz)
MODELGRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:

4. Observethe readingfromCROwithoutparallax error.
RESULT:
TheRCPhaseShiftOscillator’stheoretical &practicalfrequencies arecalculatedandcompared.
IIB.Tech.ECEI-Sem R22 AnalogCircuitsLaboratoryManual
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. WhatisaBarkhausencriterion?
2. Classifythedifferenttypesoffeedback.Whatisthetypeoffeedbackpresentin
Oscillators?
3. Whataretheadvantages anddrawbacksofpositivefeedbackovernegativefeedback?
4. Defineoscillator.Classifydifferent typesofoscillators.
5. WhataretheadvantagesanddrawbacksofRC oscillators?
6. Mentiontheapplications ofRC phaseshiftoscillator
7. Whichoscillatorismorestable?Why?Whatispiezoelectric effect?
EXPERIMENT NO- 14
COLPITTSOSCILLATOR
AIM:To calculate frequencyofoscillations ofColpitts oscillator practically.
APPARATUS:
Colpittsoscillatortrainerkit, CROanditsprobes.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
To generate the Sinusoidal Signals, two types of Oscillator circuits are using. One is RC-
networks and other is LC-networks. Generally, the RC-networks are used to generate the
Low frequency signals. The LC-networks are used to generate the High frequency signals.
The LC-networks are used in two different types of circuits.
1) HartleyOscillator circuit.
2) ColpittsOscillator circuit.
InColpittsOscillatorcircuitconsistsoftwoparts,oneisanamplifiercircuitandotherpartis feedback
circuit. The amplifier circuit is C.E amplifier which introduces a Phase shift of
180°,butaccordingtoBarkhausencriteriathetotalloopshouldholdsaphaseshiftof0°or
360° then that circuit works as an Oscillator. This will provide by the Feedback circuit,
which contains a LC-network (tank circuit). In this both Inductor (L) and Capacitor(C) are
connected in parallel, the output which provides a Sinusoidal waveforms using D.C source.
But the sinusoidal waveforms are in Damped form (which continuously decreases its
amplitudewithtime).Tomakedampedoscillationsintosustainedform,wearegoingfor
C.E amplifier circuit. Anyway this tank circuit provides the 180° phase shift, by adding tothe
amplifier circuit then the total phase shift undergoes 0° or 360°.
Colpitts oscillator circuit instead of Single capacitor (C) contains two capacitors (C1 & C2)
are in series. The Frequency of Oscillations is calculated by
ForColpitts OscillatorC=C1*C2 /C1+C2
PROCEDURE:
1. SwitchON theHartleyOscillatortrainer Kit.

2. Connectanyonecapacitorvalue to the circuit which is provided on the trainerkit.
3. Connectchannel-1ofCROtotheOutputterminalsandobservetheoutput
waveform (sine wave), measure the output voltage.
4. Measuretheoutputfrequencyandcompareitwiththeoreticalfrequency.
5. Repeatthesameprocedurefordifferent valuesof capacitors.
OBSERVATIONS:
OutputFrequency(Hz)
InductorL (mH) Capacitance(μF) Outputvoltage Theoretical Practical
C=C1C2/ Vo(V)
(C1+C2)
MODELGRAPH:
RESULT:
TheColpittsOscillator’stheoretical&practicalfrequencies arecalculatedandcompared.
VIVA-VOCEQUESTIONS:
1. WhataretheapplicationsofLCoscillator?
2. Whattypeoffeedback isusedin oscillators?
3. Whatistheloop gainof anoscillator?
4. Whatisthedifferencebetweenamplifierandoscillator?
5. Whatis thecondition foroscillation?
6. Whichoscillatorismorestable?Why?Whatispiezoelectric effect?

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IIB.Tech.

ECEI-Semester R22 AnalogCircuitsLaboratoryManual

Shadan College of Engineering and Technology

Analog Circuits Laboratory Manual

ECE IInd Year - I Semester

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Mission of Institution- SCET

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 To provide a challenging and value-basededucation,enrichingknowledgeofyoungengineers

Programmable Educational Objectives of ECE Department(PEO’S)

SCET, Peerancheru, Hyderabad- 2

PEO2:Prioritizetheirprofessionaldevelopmentthroughinterpersonal,leadership,and social skills,

Program SpecificOutcomes ofECEDepartment(PSO’S)

SCET, Peerancheru, Hyderabad- 3

SCET, Peerancheru, Hyderabad- 4

Shadan College Engineering and Technology

II Year B.Tech.ECE I - Sem LTPC0021

11. Design a cascade amplifier for a given specifications 58

SCET, Peerancheru, Hyderabad- 5

Page Expt. No. Date NameoftheExperiment Remarks

S. Name of the Apparatus/Component Type/Range Quantity

2 Breadboard with built in powersupply DC - 1

A transistor is a three terminaldevice. Namely,

GivenVCC=10V, RE=220 ohmIC=4mA VCE=6V,VBE=0.6Vhfe=200

RC = (VCC- VCE - VE)/IC

Parameter Theoritical Practical

1. Thesupplyvoltageshould not exceed the ratingofthe transistor

AIM:Design aSelfbias CircuitanddeterminetheQ-pointoftheTransistoranditsStability factor

S. NameoftheApparatus/Component Type/Ran Quantity

6 Resistors 4kΩ,300Ω 1 each

Butintheactiveregion IE=(β +1)IB:

NoticethatifRE=0,wehave fixedbias.WhileifRB= 0,we haveconstantbase bias.

2. Wealso minimizevariations inICwith changesinVBE. . .BylettingVBB>>VBE

Result:A SelfbiasCircuit anddetermined the Q-pointof theTransistorand its Stabilityfactor.

AIM:1.Toverifytheinputandoutputcharacteristicsoftransistorconnectedin CE, CB,

S. No. NameoftheApparatus/Component Type/Range Quantity

6 Resistors 4.7kΩ,470kΩ 1each

h–Parameter modelof CE transistor:

h–Parameter modelof CB transistor:

h–Parameter modelof CC transistor:

VBB(Volts) VCE = 0V VCE = 5V

VBE(Volts) IB(µA) VBE(Volts) IB(µA)

1. InputCharacteristics:Toobtaininputresistancefind VBEand IBforaconstantVCEononeof the input

AIM:1. To Plotthefrequencyresponseof common drainFETamplifier practically.

S.NO Nameoftheapparatus Type/range Quantity

S.N Frequency Output Av=(Vo/Vin) GainindB=

AIM:1.To drawthedrain andtransfercharacteristics ofagivenFET.

S.N Nameoftheapparatus Type/range Quantity

Thedraincharacteristics ofFETconsiststhree regions

EXPERIMENT NO- 6 EMITTERFOLLOWERCIRCUIT

AIM:1. ToPlot thefrequencyresponseof commonemitter amplifier practically

S.NO Nameoftheapparatus Type/range Quantity

1. Connectthecircuitasper thecircuit diagram.

3. Keeptheinputvoltageconstantatlessthanthatofthesignalhandlingcapacityof amplifier input

5. Observethe phasedifferencebetweeninput and outputof anamplifierusingCRO.

8. Tocalculate theoutput impedanceof CEamplifier:

S.No Frequency Output Av=(Vo/Vin) GainindB=20log10 Av

1. Connections should bemadetightlyor without looseconnections.

AIM:1.To Plotthefrequencyresponseofcommon emitter amplifier practically

S.NO Nameoftheapparatus Type/range Quantity

thesereasonsthevoltage gaindrops athighfrequencies.

At mid frequencies the effect of couplingcapacitors is negligible and actslikeshort circuit,

1. Connectthecircuitasper thecircuit diagram.