Human Preproduction Master Copy

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TESTES
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
MALE ACCESSORY DUCTS
Seminiferous Tubules
↓
Rete Testis
↓
Vasa Efferentia
↓
Epididymis
↓
Vas Deferens
↓
Common ejaculatory duct
↓
Urethra
↓
Urethral meatus
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
UTERUS
SPERMATOGENESIS
SPERMATOGONIA (2N)
Mitosis
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES (2N)

Meiosis I
SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES (N)
Meiosis II
SPERMATIDS (N)
Spermiogenesis
SPERMATOZOA (N)
⊖ ⊖
Hypothalamus
HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE Secretes GnRH
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
⊖ ANTERIOR PITUITARY
⊖
SECRETES FSH AND LH (Only LH)
Inhibited GnRH and LH production

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: (Only FSH)
● Testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH production. FSH LH
● Maintain relatively constant secretion of LH and

TESTES
FSH. Sertoli Leydigi’s

cells cells
● Declines gradually in men over 50 years of age.

Stimulate Testosterone
Spermatogenesis
● Testosterone converted to DHT, which inhibits
LH. INHIBIN TESTOSTERONE
● Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion.

Reproductive tract and
other organs respond to
testosterone
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SPERM
OOGENESIS
DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE
Primary Follicle Secondary Follicle Tertiary Follicle Graafian Follicle
→
→ →
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
HORMONES OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Hormones Source Regulation And Secretion Primary Effect
Gonadotropin Hypothalamus Inhibited by estrogen and Stimulates FSH and LH

Releasing Hormone progesterone synthesis
Follicle Stimulating Anterior lobe Stimulated by GnRH, Stimulates follicle

Hormone (FSH) of the pituitary inhibited by inhibin, development estrogen
gland estrogen, and production and oocyte
progesterone maturation
HORMONES OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Hormones Source Regulation And Secretion Primary Effect
Luteinizing Anterior lobe of Production stimulated by Stimulate ovulation, formation of

Hormone (LH) the pituitary GnRH and secretion by corpus luteum, and progesterone
gland estrogens secretion
Estrogens Follicle cells of Stimulated by FSH Stimulate LH secretion at high levels)

ovaries, corpus establish and maintain secondary
luteum sexual characters and behavior,
stimulate repair and growth of
endometrium. Inhibit secretion of
GnRH
Progesterone Corpus luteum Stimulated by LH Stimulate endometrial growth and

glandular secretion; inhibit GnRH
secretion
HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE:
OVARIAN CYCLE: FOLLICULAR PHASE:
Hormone
Ovarian Cycle
Levels
FSH LH
Developing Follicle Mature Follicle Early Regressing

Ovarian
Events
Corpus Luteum Corpus Luteum
Days 1 3 5 7 9 1 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
1
Follicular Phase Ovulation Luteal Phase
UTERINE CYCLE
Ovulation
Hormone
Uterine Cycle
Levels
Estrogen
Progesterone
Menstruation
Endometrium
Days 1 3 5 7 9 1 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 30
1
Menstruation Proliferative Phase Secretory Phase
3 Corona Radiata
Tail 2
1
Plasma Membrane
Middle Piece
Nucleus
Head
Acrosome
1. Sperm makes its way through

the corona radiata.
Cortical Granule
Oocyte Plasma Membrane
2. Acrosomal enzymes digest a
Zona Pellucida portion of zona pellucida.
3. Sperm binds to and fuses with

oocyte plasma membrane.
FERTLIZATION
BLASTOMERES
→ → →
2-cell stage 4-cell stage 8-cell stage Morula

BLASTOCYST FORMATION
Blastocyst:
Blastocoel
Trophoblast
Embryoblast
IMPLANTATION
Blastocyst:
Blastocoel
Trophoblast
Embryoblast
Endometrium:
Epithelium
Endometrial gland
EMBRYONIC GERM LAYERS
EMBRYONIC GERM LAYER HUMAN ADULT STRUCTURES
Ectoderm (outer layer) Epidermis of skin; epithelial lining of oral cavity and rectum;
nervous system
Mesoderm (middle layer) Skeleton; muscular system; dermis of skin; cardiovascular

system; urinary system; reproductive system; outer layers of
respiratory and digestive systems
Endoderm (inner layer) Epithelial lining of digestive tract and respiratory tract;
associated glands of these systems; epithelial lining of
urinary bladder
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Time Events for development of Baby
Pre-Embryonic Development
FIRST WEEK ✓ Fertilization occurs.

✓ Cell division begins and continues.
✓ Chorion appears
SECOND WEEK ✓ Implantation occurs.

✓ Amnion and yolk sac appear.
✓ Embryo has tissues.
✓ Placenta begins to form.
THIRD WEEK ✓ Nervous system begins to develop.

✓ Allantois and blood vessels are present.
✓ Placenta is well formed.
Embryonic Development
Fourth week ✓ Limb buds form.

✓ Heart is noticeable and beating.
✓ Nervous system is prominent.
✓ Embryo has tail. Other systems form.
Fifth week ✓ Embryo is curved.

✓ Head is large.
✓ Limb buds show divisions.
✓ Nose, eyes, and ears are noticeable.
Sixth week ✓ Fingers and toes are present.

✓ Skeleton is cartilaginous
TWO MONTHS ✓ All systems are developing.

✓ Bone is replacing cartilage.
✓ Facial features are becoming refined.
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
THIRD MONTH ✓ Gender can be distinguished by ultrasound.

✓ Fingernails appear.
FOURTH MONTH ✓ Skeleton is visible.

✓ Hair begins to appear.
FIFTH MONTH ✓ Protective cheesy coating called vernix caseosa begins to be deposited.
Heartbeat can be heard.
SIXTH MONTH ✓ Body is covered with fine hair. Skin is wrinkled and reddish.
TIME Events for development of Baby
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
SEVENTH MONTH ✓ Testes descend into scrotum.

✓ Eyes are open.
EIGHTH MONTH ✓ Body hair begins to disappear.

✓ Subcutaneous fat begins to be deposited.
NINTH MONTH ✓ Fetus is ready for birth.

✓ It is about 530 mm (20.5 in.) long and weighs about 3,400 grams (7.5 lb).
PARTURITION (LABOUR)
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES (2N)

SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES (N)

Inhibited GnRH and LH production

● Testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH production. FSH LH

● Maintain relatively constant secretion of LH and

FSH. Sertoli Leydigi’s

● Declines gradually in men over 50 years of age.

LH. INHIBIN TESTOSTERONE

● Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion.

Gonadotropin Hypothalamus Inhibited by estrogen and Stimulates FSH and LH

Follicle Stimulating Anterior lobe Stimulated by GnRH, Stimulates follicle

Luteinizing Anterior lobe of Production stimulated by Stimulate ovulation, formation of

Estrogens Follicle cells of Stimulated by FSH Stimulate LH secretion at high levels)

Progesterone Corpus luteum Stimulated by LH Stimulate endometrial growth and

Developing Follicle Mature Follicle Early Regressing

Corpus Luteum Corpus Luteum

1. Sperm makes its way through

3. Sperm binds to and fuses with

2-cell stage 4-cell stage 8-cell stage Morula

Mesoderm (middle layer) Skeleton; muscular system; dermis of skin; cardiovascular

FIRST WEEK ✓ Fertilization occurs.

SECOND WEEK ✓ Implantation occurs.

THIRD WEEK ✓ Nervous system begins to develop.

Fourth week ✓ Limb buds form.

Fifth week ✓ Embryo is curved.

Sixth week ✓ Fingers and toes are present.

TWO MONTHS ✓ All systems are developing.

THIRD MONTH ✓ Gender can be distinguished by ultrasound.

FOURTH MONTH ✓ Skeleton is visible.

SEVENTH MONTH ✓ Testes descend into scrotum.

EIGHTH MONTH ✓ Body hair begins to disappear.

NINTH MONTH ✓ Fetus is ready for birth.

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