RWS (FINALS 2S) Parody- A funny imitation of a serious piece of literature,

writing, art, or music.

HYPERTEXT CRITICAL READING
 is a non-linear way to present information and is  means not easily believing information offered to
usually accomplished using “links”. you by a text
 is text displayed on a computer display or other  is an active process of discovery because when
electronic devices with references to other text you read critically, you are not just receiving
that the reader can immediately access. information but also making an interaction with
 The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in the writer.
1963 CRITICAL THINKING
 World Wide Web (www) is a global hypertext  is the ability to think clearly and rationally, and
system of information residing on servers linked the ability to understand the relation of ideas
across the internet presented
CONTEXT- social, cultural, political, historical, and Critical Thinker possesses the following
other related circumstances that surround the text characteristics
and form the terms from which it can be understood  Understands the relation of one idea to another
and evaluated  Determines the importance and relevance of
HYPERMEDIA- links are not just limited to text or ideas and arguments
documents but may also incorporate other forms of  Recognizes, builds and appraises arguments
multimedia such as pictures, sounds and videos that  Identifies inconsistencies and errors in reasoning
stimulate more senses  Approaches problems in a consistent and
HYPERLINKS- hypertext makes possible a dynamic systematic way
organization of information through links and  Reflects on the justification of his own
connections assumptions, beliefs and values
How to create HYPERLINK Logical Fallacies- errors in reasoning that invalidate
 Open a Slide (PPT) or word an argument
 Select the text, shape, or picture that you want to use SOME OF THE COMMON FALLACIES
as a hyperlink. False Dilemma/ False Dichotomy
 Select Insert > Hyperlink.  Despite the presence of multiple possibilities an
 Select Existing File or Web Page and add the: arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two
Address: If you haven't already selected a location options.
above, insert the URL for the web site you want to link Either I continue always buying in online shopping or I’ll
to. stop working.
 Select OK Appeal to Ignorance
INTERTEXT OR INTERTEXTUALITY  Just because it is not proven to be false, and vice
 defined as a process of text development that versa, something is instantly concluded to be true.
merges two more processes such as imitation Since you do not have a tattoo, you must not be a
and creation in doing a text criminal.
 has its roots in the work of a Swiss linguist Slippery Slope
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), the term  when a person argues that a particular action or
itself was first used by Julia Kristeva in the decision will necessarily lead to a series of events or
consequences, without providing sufficient evidence
1960s.
"If we allow students to bring their cellphones to class,
FOUR SPECIFIC METHODS
then they will start texting during lectures. Then, they will
Retelling or Appropriation- It is the restatement of a stop paying attention, and their grades will suffer.
story or re-expression of a narrative Eventually, the entire education system will collapse."
Quotation- It is the method of directly lifting the exact Complex Question
statements or set of words from a text another author has
 The reader is expected to either accept or reject both
made.
two or more points that are rolled into one at the same
Allusion- a writer or speaker explicitly or implicitly time.
pertains to an idea or passage found in another text Have you stopped begging for money?
without the use of quotation Is your stupidity inborn?
Pastiche- It is a text developed in a way that it copies Appeal to Force
the style or other properties of another text without making
 Instead of reasoning, a threat is used to argue
fun of it unlike in a parody.
Lend me P5000 or else I’ll tell all your secrets to your Complex Cause
mother.  Even when there are other factors which also
contributed to the event, the explanation is reduced to
Appeal to Pity one thing.
 Pity is used instead of logical reasoning We were not able to create an advertisement for our class
Please don’t arrest me. I have 10 children to feed, and my because we were only given three days to do it. The time
parents are old and very sick was too short for us.
Appeal to Consequences Irrelevant Conclusion
 To show that the belief is false, there is an unpleasant  The argument which is supposed to prove something
consequence of believing something are pointed out. concludes something else instead.
I don’t believe that my boyfriend is seeing other girl "I can't believe you would accuse me of stealing. I've
because if he did we would break up and I am not ready been working here for years and have never been in
for it. trouble."
Bandwagon Straw Man
 Just because it is what the majority thinks, an  The position of the opposition is twisted so that it is
argument is considered to be valid. easier to refute.
In a survey conducted, 9 out of 10 say that upon using You said that horoscope is not scientific, so why should
this Korean glass skin set their face become radiant. we believe in it?
Attacking the Person Affirming the Consequent
 Instead of attacking the ideas of the argument, you  If argument A is true then argument B is true; or If
attack the character of the person. argument B is true, therefore argument A is true.
I cannot accept your idea because, unlike me, you did not If you are in a dating app that means you are looking for a
have your doctorate degree in Oxford University partner who is a foreigner. Therefore, if you marry a
Appeal to Authority foreigner that means you met him/her on a dating app.
 Occurs when a person is not actually a legitimate Denying the Antecedent
expert on the subject matter  If argument A is true then argument B is true; or if
The facts in my article are correct because I have been a argument A is not true then argument B is not true.
journalist for three decades already. If a person is rich, they can afford to buy a mansion. John
Anonymous Authority is not rich. Therefore, John cannot afford to buy a
 The authority in the statement is not mentioned or mansion.
name. Inconsistency
Athletes say that exercising can make you live longer.  The arguments contradict one another.
Hasty Generalization I am always truthful, but I just lied.
 The sample is not significant or enough to support a The Critical Reading Strategies
generalization about a population Annotating- It is underlining or highlighting the
Lee Da Hee, the foreigner from South Korea, is very important ideas or points in a text like thesis statement,
impolite. Koreans are mean and rude. topic sentence, supporting details, body of the material
False Analogy and the conclusion
 When a writer assumes that two concepts that are Contextual Reading- In contextual reading, a reader
similar in some ways are also similar in other ways. studies the author of the text, the time or period when the
Taking vitamins is like wearing a seatbelt, both protect author wrote it and the important events that occurred
you from harm. during the time the text was written.
Accident Outlining- It’s an overview of a document in which
 Even if a general rule should be an exception, it is still information and ideas are arranged according to
applied to a situation. hierarchy-the main idea being at the top followed by the
"Driving is dangerous, therefore, we should ban all rest of the supporting ideas or subtopics.
driving” Summarizing- It’s the condensing or writing of a
Post Hoc material in the reader’s own words.
 A is the cause of B since event A happened before Paraphrasing- Paraphrasing is putting or writing a text
event B in your own words but maintaining the original information
Shine said that whenever I sing it rains. Since I’m singing as given by the author.
now then it will rain after a while. Comparing and Contrasting- It is naming the
Wrong Direction similarities of two or more ideas or information.
 There is reverse in direction between cause and Evaluating an Argument- A critical reader must not
effect. accept anything on face value; instead, he or she must
Lung cancer leads to cigarette smoking. evaluate whether the claim or the argument that the
author is presenting is true
Reflecting on Challenges to your Beliefs and Examine different perspectives and not just passively
Values- There are reading materials that will affect your accepting the writer’s claim.
emotions. Consider the topic, and make sure you are willing to
Looking for Patterns of Opposition- This strategy engage different viewpoints from your own.
should not be confused with reflecting on challenges Clarify your personal position on the topic
to your beliefs and values Four Elements of Argument
Judging the Writer’s Credibility- You ask questions CLAIM- is a statement that asserts facts based on
to check if the writer of the text is credible enough to get one’s understanding about a particular topic or issue
your approval of what she/he has written COUNTERCLAIM- It is a statement that contradicts
Exploring the Figurative Language- This refers to one’s claim and is usually proven and supported by
the language that uses words or expressions with a both reasons and evidence
meaning different from the literal interpretation REASON- is the part of an argument where a
Recognizing Emotional manipulation- Some statement offers an explanation behind a party’s
writers become emotionally manipulative if they want their claim
readers to agree with the more to believe what they are EVIDENCE- is the statement that proves the truth of
saying and resort to false and exaggerated statements or
a claim and generally leads to the conclusion of an
appeals.
argument
EVALUATIVE STATEMENT
Claim: This is your position or viewpoint on an issue.
 It is a statement that states one's sound
Counterclaim: This is what the opposing side is
judgment about something through writing which
arguing about the issue.
is supported by reasons and evidences
Rebuttal: This is your response to the counterclaim.
How to Formulate an Evaluative Statement
It further supports your claim.
 Begin with the positives before you point out the
TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
negatives.
 Suggest a solution/s or suggestion/s on how to  is defined as the details given by the author in
improve the written material being evaluated and order to support his/her claims. It reveals the
provide justification of how these will work. position of the writer and makes the reading
 Keep your feedback concise and precise. more interesting
 Be careful in giving your feedback. EVIDENCES
ASSERTIONS  are details that strengthen, add variety or weight
 are declarative sentences that give one’s belief to any argument
about something else as if it is true though it may Different ways on how you can present textual
not be evidence in your writings
FOUR TYPES OF ASSERTIONS  paraphrasing or restating the text in your own words
FACT - is a statement that can be proven objectively  summarizing or stating in a shorter way the text
by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses,  referencing or mentioning a specific section in the text
verified observations, or the results of research.  quoting or directly restating a part of the text
CONVENTION - is a way in which something is
done similar to traditions and norms
Its truthfulness can be verified only by reference to
historical precedents, laws, rules, usage, and
customs.
OPINION - is a statement based on facts but is
difficult to objectively verify because of the
uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of
soundness
PREFERENCE - states a personal choice in which
the writer is under no obligation to support or prove
the truthfulness of the statement.
COUNTERCLAIMS
 are claims made to rebut a previous claim.
To be able to locate counterclaims to an
argument, remember the following:
Show competence and familiarity with the writer’s
topic.