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Dwnload Full Contemporary Logistics 12th Edition Murphy Solutions Manual PDF
Dwnload Full Contemporary Logistics 12th Edition Murphy Solutions Manual PDF
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PART II
ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS
2-1. In what ways can information be helpful in logistics and supply chain management?
There are a number of ways in which information can be helpful in logistics and supply-
chain management. These include, but are not limited to, greater knowledge and visibility
across the supply chain, which makes it possible to replace inventory with information;
greater awareness of customer demand via point-of-sale data, which can help improve
planning and reduce variability in the supply chain; better coordination of manufacturing,
marketing, and distribution through enterprise resource planning systems; and
streamlined order processing and reduced lead times enabled by coordinated logistics
information systems.
2-2. List the six general types of information systems, and give one logistics application
for each one that you’ve named.
One general type is office automation systems, and a logistics application could be
spreadsheets that calculate optimal order quantities. A second is communication systems;
one logistics application involves global positioning systems. Transaction processing
systems are a third general type, with point-of-sale systems being a logistics application.
Management and executive information systems are a fourth general type of information
systems; a logistics application involves logistics information systems. A fifth general
type of information system is decision support systems, with warehouse management
systems being a logistics-related application. The sixth, and final, general type of
information system is the enterprise system, represented by logistics modules of
enterprise resource planning systems.
2-3. Do you view the spreadsheet as the most relevant general software package for
logisticians? Why or why not?
The text indicates that spreadsheets are indeed the most relevant general software
package for logisticians. Today’s spreadsheets have developed to the point that they are
able to solve for basic logistics optimization models. These spreadsheet-based
optimization models provide a method for logisticians to conduct a variety of what-if
analysis in support of their decision making.
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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
One example involves the substitution of information for inventory. The total shutdown
of the U.S. aviation system following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 caused
many air shipments to be diverted to trucks—thus adding to delivery times. Airfreight
companies such as FedEx used their communication systems to inform customers that
their shipments were being diverted and when the shipments would be arriving.
2-5. What are some of the advances in telecommunications technology that have occurred
since this book was first published? How do these advances help logistics managers?
Advances in telecommunications technology since the first edition of this book include
fax machines, personal computers / tablets, cell phones / smart phones, and wireless
communication. One example of wireless communication involves global positioning
systems (GPS), and GPS systems can help logisticians to increase productivity, reduce
operating costs, and improve customer relations. Tablets, such as an iPad, can be used to
improve the productivity of warehouse workers, improve pick accuracy, reduce
paperwork, and increase asset utilization.
2-6. Discuss how global positioning systems have become quite valuable in
transportation management.
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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
2-8. Discuss the relationship between automatic identification technologies and point-of-
sale systems.
A major drawback to RFID adoption involves the costs of installing the related hardware
and software, which can range from $100,000 for smaller companies to $20 million for
larger companies. Another drawback to RFID adoption involves privacy concerns, such
as the inappropriate use of the technology. Yet another drawback is that data accuracy
can be lower items with high moisture content, such as fruits and vegetables.
Timely information can involve several dimensions. For example, “timely” can refer to
the up-to-date status of information, which can be influenced by a company’s collection
and analyses procedures. Although such information should ideally involve internal and
external sources, internal sources of logistics information are not always as plentiful as
would be desired. “Timely” can also refer to how quickly a manager receives the
requested information; this is influenced by a company’s retrieval and dissemination
procedures. Faster and more powerful technology has helped to reduce retrieval and
dissemination times.
2-11. What benefits are associated with transportation management and warehouse
management systems?
Aphorisms of Number.
1. If two even numbers be added together, or subtracted from each
other, their sum or difference will be an even number.
2. If two uneven numbers be added or subtracted, their sum or
difference will be an even number.
3. The sum or difference of an even and an uneven number added
or subtracted will be an uneven number.
4. The product of two even numbers will be an even number, and the
product of two uneven numbers will be an uneven number.
5. The product of an even and uneven number will be an even
number.
6. If two different numbers be divisible by any one number, their sum
and their difference will also be divisible by that number.
7. If several different numbers, divisible by 3, be added or multiplied
together, their sum and their product will also be divisible by 3.
8. If two numbers divisible by 9, be added together, their sum of the
figures in the amount will be either 9 or a number divisible by 9.
9. If any number be multiplied by 9, or by any other number divisible
by 9, the amount of the figures of the product will be either 9 or a
number divisible by 9.
10. In every arithmetical progression, if the first and last term be
each multiplied by the number of terms, and the sum of the two
products be divided by 2, the quotient will be the sum of the series.
11. In every geometric progression, if any two terms be multiplied
together, their product will be equal to that term which answers to the
sum of these two indices. Thus, in the series:
1 2 3 4 5
2 4 8 16 32
If the third and fourth terms, 8 and 16, be multiplied together, the
product, 128, will be the seventh term of the series. In like manner, if
the fifth term be multiplied into itself, the product will be the tenth
term; and if that sum be multiplied into itself, the product will be the
twentieth term. Therefore, to find the last, or twentieth term of a
geometric series, it is not necessary to continue the series beyond a
few of the first terms.
Previous to the numerical recreations, we shall here describe certain
mechanical methods of performing arithmetical calculations, such as
are not only in themselves entertaining, but will be found more or
less useful to the young reader.
Mysterious Addition.
It is required to name the quotient of five or three lines of figures—
each line consisting of five or more figures—only seeing the first line
before the other lines are even put down. Any person may write
down the first line of figures for you. How do you find the quotient?
86,214
42,680
57,319
62,854
37,145
286,212
When the first line of figures is set down, subtract 2 from the last
right-hand figure, and place it before the first figure of the line, and
that is the quotient for five lines. For example, suppose the figures
are 86,214, the quotient will be 286,212. You may allow any person
to put down the two first and the fourth lines, but you must always
set down the third and fifth lines, and in doing so always make up 9
with the line above.
Therefore in the annexed diagram you will see that you have made 9
in the third and fifth lines with the lines above them. If the person you
request to put down the figures should set down a 1 or 0 for the last
figure, you must say: “We will have another figure,” and another, and
so on until he sets down something above 1 or 2.
67,856
47,218
52,781
167,855
In solving the puzzle with 3 lines, you subtract 1 from the last figure,
and place it before the first figure, and make up the third line yourself
to 9. For example: 67,856 is given, and the quotient will be 167,855,
as shown in the above diagram.
The Remainder.
A very pleasing way to arrive at an arithmetical sum, without the use
of either slate or pencil, is to ask a person to think of a figure, then to
double it, then add a certain figure to it, now halve the whole sum,
and finally to abstract from that the figure first thought of. You are
then to tell the thinker what is the remainder.
The key to this lock of figures is, that half of whatever sum you
request to be added during the working of the sum is the remainder.
In the example given, 5 is the half of 10, the number requested to be
added. Any amount may be added, but the operation is simplified by
giving only even numbers, as they will divide without fractions.
Think of 7
Double it 14
Add 10 to it 10
Halve it 2 ) 24
Which will leave 12
Subtract the number thought of 7
The remainder will be 5
Oxygen Gas.
This gas, so named from two Greek words signifying the maker of
acid, was discovered by Dr. Priestly in 1774. He obtained it by
heating the red oxide of mercury in a glass retort, when the gas
escaped in considerable quantities. In the ensuing year Scheele
obtained it by a variety of methods, and a few years afterwards
Lavoisier discovered that it was contained in atmospheric air, where
it exists in the proportion of about one-fifth, the remaining four fifths
being almost entirely nitrogen.
Oxygen gas may be obtained for the purpose of experiment, by
heating to redness the black oxide of manganese in an iron bottle, to
the mouth of which a flexible tube is attached to convey away the
gas as fast as it is liberated from the manganese. The first portions
should be allowed to escape, being mixed with the air in the tubes
and bottle, and the remainder may be collected in a gasometer, or in
glass jars inverted over water.
Another method to obtain the gas, and one to be used only in the
absence of other ingredients, is to mix in a retort some of this same
oxide of manganese with about half its weight of strong sulphuric
acid, and apply heat to the retort, when the gas will come over in
considerable quantities; the first portions must be allowed to escape
as before.[1] If the gas is required very pure, a small quantity of the
salt called chlorate of potassa, may be heated in a retort, and
oxygen gas will be evolved, and may be collected as before. If you
have an iron bottle, the first mode is by far the cheapest, as the heat
of a bright fire is sufficient for the operation, and a large quantity of
gas is obtained in a short time from a very inexpensive material. The
most rapid and convenient process of all is to heat a mixture of two
parts chlorate of potash, and one of powdered black oxide of
manganese, in a common clean oil flask, to which a cork and bent
tube has been adapted. Care must be taken not to mistake sulphide
of antimony for black oxide of manganese, as very serious accidents
have arisen from this cause.
Oxygen is largely distributed over our globe, both in its uncombined
state, and in union with other substances. Besides forming one-fifth
of the atmosphere, it forms eight-ninths by weight of all the water in
the ocean, rivers, and springs on the face of the whole earth. It also,
in combination with various metals, forms the various earths and
minerals of which the crust of the earth consists, so that it is the most
abundant and widely distributed substance in nature, and in
combination with other elements, forms nearly half the weight of the
solid earth.
In its uncombined state it is a colorless gas, somewhat heavier than
atmospheric air, without taste or smell. It is a powerful supporter of
combustion, and is absolutely necessary for the support of animal
life, which cannot exist for any time without a free supply of this gas,
which is constantly consumed in the act of breathing and is replaced
by an equivalent portion of carbonic acid gas. The want of oxygen is
partly the cause of the oppression felt in crowded rooms, where the
air cannot be renewed so fast as is required for the number of
persons who are constantly consuming the oxygen; and if an animal
be confined under a glass jar inverted over water, it will presently die,
just for the same reason that burning tapers are extinguished under
similar circumstances.
If a jet of this gas be thrown upon a piece of charcoal, sulphur, or
almost any combustible body in a state of ignition, it will make it burn
with great vividness and rapidity.
FOOTNOTE:
[1] Some boiling water should be added to the mass left in the
retort directly the gas has ceased to come away, or it will adhere
to the glass so firmly, that the retort will certainly be spoilt.
Experiment.
But by far the most intense heat, and most brilliant light, may be
produced by introducing a piece of phosphorus into a jar of oxygen.
The phosphorus may be placed in a small copper cup, with a long
handle of thick wire passing through a hole in a cork that fits the jar.
The phosphorus must first be ignited; and, as soon as it is introduced
into the oxygen, it gives out a light so brilliant that no eye can bear it,
and the whole jar appears filled with an intensely luminous
atmosphere. It is well to dilute the oxygen with about one-fourth part
of common air to moderate the intense heat which is nearly certain
to break the jar if pure oxygen is used.
Experiment.
If a piece of charcoal, which is pure carbon or nearly so, be ignited,
and introduced into a jar containing oxygen or common atmospheric
air, the product will be carbonic gas only, of which we shall speak
presently. As most combustible bodies contain both carbon and
hydrogen, the result of their combination is carbonic acid and water.
This is the case with the gas used for illumination; and in order to
prevent the water so produced from spoiling goods in shops, various
plans have been devised for carrying off the water when in the state
of steam. This is generally accomplished by suspending over the
burners glass bells, communicating with tubes opening into the
chimney, or passing outside the house.
To show that oxygen, or some equivalent, is necessary for the
support of combustion, fix two or three pieces of wax-taper on flat
pieces of cork, and set them floating on water in a soup-plate, light
them, and invert over them a glass jar; as they burn, the heat
produced may perhaps at first expand the air so as to force a small
quantity out of the jar, but the water will soon rise in the jar, and
continue to do so until the tapers expire, when you will find that a
considerable portion of the air has disappeared, and what remains
will no longer support flame; that is, the oxygen has been converted
partly into water, and partly into carbonic acid gas, by uniting with the
carbon and hydrogen, of which the taper consists, and the remaining
air is principally nitrogen, with some carbonic acid; the presence of
the latter may be proved by decanting some of the remaining air into
a bottle, and then shaking some lime-water with it, which will absorb
the carbonic acid and form chalk, rendering the water quite turbid.
Nitrogen.
This gas is, as its name implies, the producer of niter, or at least
forms a portion of the nitric acid contained in niter. It is rather lighter
than atmospheric air, colorless, transparent, incapable of supporting
animal life, on which account it is sometimes called azote—an
objectionable name, as it is not a poison like many other gases, but
destroys life only in the absence of oxygen. This gas extinguishes all
burning bodies plunged into it, and does not itself burn. It exists
largely in nature, for four-fifths of the atmosphere consists of nitrogen
gas. It is also an important constituent of animal bodies, and is found
in the vegetable world.
Nitrogen may be most easily obtained for experiment by setting fire
to some phosphorus contained in a porcelain or metallic cup, placed
under a gas jar full of air, and resting on the shelf of the pneumatic
trough, or in a soup-plate filled with water.
Nitrogen combines in five different proportions with oxygen
producing five distinct chemical compounds, named respectively
nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitric tri-oxide, nitric tetroxide, nitric pent-
oxide, which last, united with water, forms nitric acid, now called
hydric nitrate, as nitrous acid is termed hydric nitrite.
Nitrous oxide gas is generally known by the name of “laughing gas,”
from the jolly sensations experienced on inhaling it. It may be
procured by distilling in a glass retort a salt called nitrate of
ammonia, which yields the gas in considerable quantities, and it
should be kept standing in jars over water for some hours before it is
used. It should be transferred into a silk air-tight bag, furnished with
a stop-cock and mouth-piece, from which the gas may be breathed;
a little practice is required to do this easily, and more resolution to
desist when the gas begins to produce its effects, as it appears to
fascinate the experimenter, and actual force is often necessary to
remove the bag from the mouth. The effects produced vary
according to the temperament of the person inhaling it; they are,
however, always of a highly pleasurable nature, muscular action
being generally greatly exalted, compelling the individual to race
round the apartment and execute leaps and pirouettes perfectly
astounding. Some persons shout and sing, and I have seen one
expend his superfluous animation in twisting his features into such
ludicrous grimaces as would be the envy of the candidates at a
grinning match, and beat them all out of the field.
This gas is heavier than air, and supports combustion nearly as
energetically as oxygen, as may be shown by introducing a piece of
ignited phosphorus into a jar of this gas. It will not, however, support
the life of small animals, such as mice, which introduced into it die
very quickly.
The next compound of nitrogen with oxygen, when one proportion of
nitrogen unites with two of oxygen, is termed nitric oxide gas. It may
be easily procured by heating in a retort some copper turnings in
dilute nitric acid. It is colorless and transparent, and has the property
of combining with oxygen to form other compounds.
Experiment.
Into a jar of this gas standing over water pass some oxygen gas. The
jar will be filled with red fumes, which will be rapidly absorbed by the
water. If atmospheric air be used instead of oxygen, there will remain
in the jar the nitrogen of the air amounting to four-fifths of the air
employed.
This gas is destructive to animal life, in consequence of its property
of uniting with the oxygen in the lungs, and producing the highly
corrosive nitrous acid gas. It will, however, support the combustion of
a few substances, phosphorus for instance, provided it is sufficiently
heated before being plunged into the gas.
We pass over the third and fourth compounds of nitrogen with
oxygen, as they are not calculated for amusing experiments. Nitric
acid is easily prepared on the small scale, by gradually heating equal
parts by weight of nitric and sulphuric acid in a retort to which a
receiver has been adapted. The receiver, which may be a clean oil
flask, should be kept cool with wetted blotting paper.
Nitrogen combines with chlorine and iodine, forming detonating
compounds, the former being so extremely dangerous that it will be
better to pass it by.
The compound with iodine, called iodide of nitrogen, may very easily
be made by pouring a strong solution of ammonia (a compound of
nitrogen and hydrogen) upon some iodine in a vial, shaking them
well together, and after letting them stand for a few hours, pouring off
the fluid; the black powder remaining in the vial is the explosive
compound, the iodide of nitrogen. When dry, it is very apt to detonate
spontaneously; it should therefore be shaken out of the vial while
wet, and spread in very small quantities on separate pieces of
blotting paper, which should be kept apart from each other. When
thoroughly dry, the slightest touch with the point of a feather, shaking
the paper on which it rests, or even opening too rapidly the door of a
closet where it has been put to dry, will cause it to explode,
producing a quantity of violet-colored fumes. The explosion is
somewhat violent, producing a sharp cracking noise; and the
greatest care should be taken in experimenting with it.
Atmospheric Air.
As has been already mentioned, nitrogen is the principal constituent
of the air of the atmosphere which surrounds our globe, extending to
a height of about forty-five miles above it, and playing a most
important part in the economy of nature, inorganic as well as
organic.
This atmospheric air consists by volume of nearly four-fifths of
nitrogen, and rather more than one-fifth of oxygen, viz.: seventy-nine
of the former to twenty-one of the latter, or twenty-three parts by
weight of oxygen and seventy-seven of nitrogen; it generally
contains also a variable proportion of the vapor of water, and a very
small quantity of carbonic acid gas, being only about four volumes to
10,000 of air. Its constituent parts are easily separated, as it is a
mechanical mixture and not a chemical compound, though the
mixture by diffusion is so complete that chemists have not been able
to ascertain any difference in the composition of air taken from all
parts of the world, and from different heights, up to the highest point
which has to this time been attained.
The atmosphere presses on the surface of the globe, and every
being on it, with a force of about fifteen pounds to every square inch
of surface, but as it presses equally in all directions, upwards as well
as downwards, its weight cannot be perceived unless the pressure
be removed from one surface by some artificial means.
Atmospheric air contains, besides the oxygen and nitrogen, its
principal constituents, a small proportion of carbonic acid gas, as has
been mentioned, and this may be shown by filling a tube about half
full of lime-water, and shaking it with the air contained in the other
half, when it will become slightly turbid from the insoluble carbonate
of lime formed.
When we consider that every living animal is constantly consuming
oxygen, and replacing it by carbonic acid gas, and that all burning
bodies, fires in our dwellings, furnaces, artificial lights of all kinds, act
in the same way in abstracting the oxygen from the air, and replacing
it by immense quantities of carbonic acid gas, which is a poison to all
animals who breathe, or attempt to breathe it, we must wonder what
becomes of this irrespirable gas, as it is found to exist in the air in
quantities so minute, and by what means the oxygen is restored, and
the air again made fit for respiration. This is effected by one of those
laws which the wisdom of the Creator has impressed upon matter, by
which one part of creation as it were balances another, and all
proceeds in an endless circle of change. This carbonic acid, which is
so poisonous to animal life, is the food of the vegetable world, plants
having the power of taking up the carbonic acid into their pores;
converting the carbon into their own substance, and rejecting the
oxygen, which is again respired by animals, &c. In the same way, all
animal refuse is the food of vegetables, and is used under the name
of manures.
The atmosphere contains also a variable quantity of vapor of water,
invisible as long as it is in the state of vapor, but it may be rendered
obvious by bringing any very cold body into warm air, when the
vapor will condense on the cold body in the form of small drops of
water. A tumbler of fresh-pumped water brought into a crowded room
is almost immediately covered with moisture, and it may also be
seen on bottles of wine which have been put into ice before coming
to table. Fogs are occasioned by the condensation of vapor
produced by mixing a current of warm air with a colder air. The
banks of Newfoundland are notorious for dense fogs, occasioned by
the warm air brought from the south by the great Gulf Stream, mixing
with the cold air from the Arctic regions, and thus precipitating the
vapor in a visible form, rendering everything but itself invisible. The
famous London fogs depend upon the same precipitation of the
vapor of water, with the addition of the smoke from the numerous
sea-coal fires, which give it that interesting yellow tinge for which it is
so remarkable.
Aqueous vapor appears to impart a transparency to air, and permits
objects to be seen more distinctly in proportion to its quantity; hence,
when distant hills appear nearer, and objects upon them more
distinct than usual, rain may be expected, the air being fully charged
with vapor ready to be deposited on the slightest cause.
Hydrogen.
Hydrogen gas is the lightest substance known, being fifteen times
lighter than atmospheric air. It is colorless and transparent, incapable
of supporting combustion or respiration, but is itself combustible.
Hydrogen, as its name implies (being derived from two Greek words,
signifying the generator of water), is a constituent of water in the
proportion of one-ninth by weight, and is always obtained by
decomposing that fluid, by presenting to it some body to take up its
other ingredient, oxygen, and so set the hydrogen at liberty. If the
steam of water be passed through a red-hot gun-barrel, containing
iron filings, the water is decomposed, the iron taking the oxygen, and
the hydrogen comes over in torrents; but as every one has not a
gun-barrel and furnace to heat it, the usual mode is to employ dilute
sulphuric acid, and iron filings, or zinc, in small pieces, and it may be
collected over water by means of a bent tube issuing from the bottle
in which it is formed. It is so light that it was used to fill balloons
before coal gas was to be had, and if you procure a light air-tight bag
of silk, or thin membrane, such as a turkey’s crop, and fill it with gas,
it will ascend rapidly, and dance about the ceiling of a room.
Experiments.
1. Attach a tobacco-pipe to a bladder filled with this gas, and blow
some soap-bubbles with it; they will rise very rapidly, and if a lighted
taper be applied to them they burn.
If you mix in a soda-water bottle one-third of oxygen with two-thirds
of hydrogen, and apply flame, the mixture will explode with a sharp
report. Great care must be taken in all experiments with the mixed
gases. To avoid danger the gases are placed in separate India-
rubber bags, and are only brought together at the jet. This is an
expensive apparatus, and should only be used by experienced
persons.
2. If a jar of this gas be held with its mouth downwards, and a lighted
taper passed up well into the jar, the taper will be extinguished, and
the gas take fire, and burn quietly at the mouth of the jar; if mixed
with oxygen or atmospheric air, it will explode.
Hold open the jet of hydrogen issuing from a small tube, hollow
cylinders of glass or earthenware, Florence flasks, or hollow glass
balls, and musical sounds will be produced, which were supposed to
depend on some peculiar property of hydrogen gas, until Mr.
Faraday tried flame from coal gas, olefiant gas, and even the vapor
of ether, when the sounds were still produced, and he attributed
them to a continuous explosion, or series of explosions, produced by
the union of oxygen with the hydrogen of the flames.
Water.
With oxygen, hydrogen unites to form the important compound
water, which exists not only in the obvious form of oceans, rivers,
lakes, rains, dews, &c., &c., but is found intimately combined with
many substances, giving them some of their peculiar properties.
Many crystals have a definite proportion of water combined with
them, and on losing this water they lose their crystalline form. Many
acids also cannot exist as acids without water. The slaking of lime
depends upon the union of water with the lime, the dry powder
resulting from the process being a hydrate of lime, the water having
become solidified, and in passing from the fluid to the solid state
gives out its latent caloric, producing the heat observed during the
process. When a large quantity of lime, a barge-load for instance,
has got wetted by accident, the heat evolved has been sufficient to
set fire to the barge.
At the temperature of 32° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, water loses
its fluid form, and becomes ice. As it solidifies, it starts into beautiful
crystals, which unite and cross each other at determinate angles. Ice
is lighter than the water on which it floats, forming a protection to the
water beneath, and preventing it from being frozen so rapidly; else, if
the ice were heavier than water, and consequently sank as soon as
formed, each portion of water would be frozen in its turn, until rivers
became solid throughout, and every living creature in them must be
destroyed. Now, the temperature of the water under the ice is
seldom much below 40°, and if care be taken to break holes at
intervals to allow access to the air, the fish and other aquatic animals
seldom suffer even in our coldest winters.