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1) Control risk is
A) the probability that a material misstatement could not be prevented or detected by the entity's
internal control policies and procedures.
B) the probability that a material misstatement could occur and not be detected by auditors'
procedures.
C) the risk that auditors will not be able to complete the audit on a timely basis.
D) the risk that auditors will not properly control the staff on the audit engagement.
2) The responsibilities principle under generally accepted auditing standards does not include
which of the following?
A) Competence and capabilities
B) Independent attitude
C) Due care
D) Planning and supervision
3) Which of the following types of auditors' reports does not require an additional paragraph to
support the opinion?
A) Unmodified opinion
B) Adverse opinion
C) Qualified opinion
D) Disclaimer of opinion
4) Which of the following is an element of a system of quality control that should be considered
by a public accounting firm in establishing its quality control policies and procedures?
A) Lending credibility to a client's financial statements
B) Using statistical sampling techniques
C) Acceptance and continuance of client relationships and specific engagements
D) Membership in the Center for Public Company Audit Firms
5) Which of the following presumptions does not relate to the reliability of audit evidence?
A) The more effective the client's internal control, the more assurance it provides about the
accounting data and financial statements.
B) The auditors' opinion, to be economically useful, is formed within reasonable time and based
on evidence obtained at a reasonable cost.
C) Evidence obtained from independent sources outside the entity is more reliable than evidence
secured solely within the entity.
D) The independent auditors' direct personal knowledge, obtained through observation and
inspection, is of higher quality than information obtained indirectly.
6) An important role of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board is to oversee the
A) issuance of statements by the Financial Accounting Standards Board.
B) preparation and grading of the Uniform CPA Examination.
C) peer review of member firms of the Private Companies Practice Section.
D) regulation of firms that audit public entities.
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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill
11) The preparation of an audit plan prior to the beginning of field work is appropriately
considered documentation of
A) planning.
B) supervision.
C) information evaluation.
D) quality assurance.
12) Which of the following procedures would provide the most reliable audit evidence?
A) Inquiries of the client's accounting staff held in private
B) Inspection of pre-numbered client shipping documents
C) Inspection of bank statements obtained directly from the client's financial institution
D) Analytical procedures performed by auditors on the client's trial balance
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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill
13) Which of the following would most likely be a violation of the independence requirement
found in the responsibilities principle under generally accepted auditing standards?
A) An auditor on the engagement has a distant relative who is employed by a vendor that does a
significant amount of business with clients.
B) The client's Chief Executive Officer graduated from the same university as the partner in
charge of the accounting firm.
C) An auditor on the engagement owns a financial interest in the stock of the client.
D) The client provides financial support to a number of charitable causes that also receive
support from the accounting firm.
14) A vendor's invoice received and held by the client would be considered what type of
evidence?
A) External
B) Internal
C) External-internal
D) Written representation
15) Which of the following statements is generally correct about the appropriateness of audit
evidence?
A) Auditors' direct personal knowledge, obtained through observation and inspection, is of
higher quality than information obtained indirectly from independent outside sources.
B) To be reliable, audit evidence must be either valid or relevant, but need not be both.
C) Client accounting data alone may be considered sufficient appropriate audit evidence to issue
an unmodified opinion on client financial statements.
D) Appropriateness of audit evidence refers to the amount of corroborative evidence to be
obtained.
16) The standard auditors' report refers to standards of the PCAOB and GAAP in which
paragraph?
A) Standards of the PCAOB: Scope only; GAAP: Opinion only
B) Standards of the PCAOB: Introductory only; GAAP: Scope and opinion
C) Standards of the PCAOB: Introductory and scope; GAAP: Opinion only
D) Standards of the PCAOB: Introductory only; GAAP: All paragraphs
17) Which of the following is not included in the auditors' standard report representing an
unmodified opinion?
A) A brief indication of the responsibility of auditors and management for the financial
statements
B) An indication that all appropriate disclosures have been made and included in the financial
statements
C) An indication that the audit was conducted in accordance with standards established by the
PCAOB
D) The auditors' opinion on the fairness of the financial statements
3
Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill
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being built to house the finds, which are at present kept under a brick shelter.
On a trolley near the latter I saw a very remarkable lion capital from a
granite column 45 feet high, which was found lying in several pieces. This
capital takes the form of a large quadrupled lion, with an annular relief
below its feet of small figures of horses and elephants.
There is a Jain temple close to the Buddhist one; but what little daylight
remained I spent in wandering about the new excavations and especially in
examining a square chamber just uncovered, which was surrounded by short
square columns connected by rows of wide cross-bars or rails of stone,
lozenge-shaped in section. On some of these cross-bars there were circular
medallions carved with geometric patterns in an arrangement similar to that
in specimens in the Calcutta museum. Among the carved decoration there
was much incised pattern-work with the spaces cut out, leaving square and
not rounded edges.
I did not leave Sarnath till just at sunset, and driving back to Benares it
seemed as if a sign came that I should never exhaust the wonders of the
world. I saw a star sail slowly and almost horizontally across the sky. It was
very bright indeed and had a tail or stream of light behind it and remained
visible even after I had drawn Mahmud's attention to it, so that he said, "Yes
—it is a star."
Next morning with Mahmud Ali I drove to the river, past lines of shops
like tiled sheds divided into open boxes by partitions, past the white
buildings of the Maharajah Hatwa's palace, and then past little huts where
cactus grew wild against mud walls, sometimes dotted with red spots in
crude childish decoration and sometimes covered with dung cakes drying for
fuel. The wind blew cold as we crossed Victoria Park, with its grass and
flower-beds looking dull under a stormy sky, and followed another long road
of dilapidated buildings without one house in which the plaster facing was
not half fallen from the tiny bricks. We also passed a square-towered English
church, a church for native converts, and then after some long arcades began
to meet the crowds returning from the river after bathing. On the water storm
was now driving from Mirzapoor, and the river was all whitened with
crested waves.
A police boat was waiting for us at the Dessasumay ghat, which was
thronged with pilgrims. We went first up the river to the end of the chief
ghats, then turned and came slowly down. The wind was bitterly cold and
the boat rocked wildly as we began the time-honoured progress down the
long line of majestic palaces, gloomy under grey skies, and the flights of
wide innumerable steps, down which a ceaseless stream of pilgrims came to
bathe even on such a day in the icy water. Four miles long is this vast line of
masonry from the Assi Ghat at one end to Raj Ghat at the other near the
Dufferin Bridge, and all that way the other side of the Ganges is but white
sand without a single stone.
So many times have travellers told about it, this river-front of Benares,
and more times yet new travellers will describe it.
Near the great Mosi Temple is one of the strange vast observatories made
by the founder of Jeypore city, Sawar Jaya Singh. It was converted to such
use from a great palace built by one of his forbears, the Rajah Man Singh,
about 1600; and from its roof (to which we climbed to examine the strange
gigantic instruments, the Samrat Yantra for finding time and declination and
the hour angle of a star, the Chakrayantra and the rest) a wide and distant
view is obtained of city and plain.
At the Mier Ghat, farther on, the masonry looks all falling to pieces and
broken through from the foundations sloping at all angles as perpetual
reminder that the sacred river is capable of wrath, and in times of flood can
devastate as well as sanctify no whit less surely than Siva the destroyer can
create anew. Octagonal towers lean and gaps of river stairways yawn as if
some earthquake had shaken them, and Mahmud declared that an old man
had told him it was just in the same state a hundred years ago—I suppose by
report of his fathers, for even the most righteous of the devotees at the small
Mohammedan bathing temple beyond scarcely live so long. As we continued
through the choppy waves a burning ghat for poor folk came in sight. One
body was being burned and another, a woman's, shrouded, lay with the feet
dipping in the river.
As we went on I could now hear above the wind the sound of thousands
of voices as we neared the Mano Kanka (or Karnika) Ghat, the most sacred
of all in Benares, with its holy well of Vishnu perspiration into which Devi
(the wife of Siva under another name) dropped once an earring.
I left the carriage to walk round the old mosque and saw beyond a fence
some potters at work. There was the clay being kneaded by women into
lumps of suitable size, and the potter sitting on the ground and turning his
simple horizontal wheel with one foot, while with skilful touches of both
hands he shaped the vessel. Almost every village in India possesses a potter.
He is as essential as the holy man who blesses the fields for harvest, and in
country districts is generally paid in kind, getting a definite quantity of grain
per plough each harvest for providing the necessary supply of earthen pots to
the household, and the shapes of his wares, as well as the method he
employs, are probably at least two thousand years old.
Opposite to the mosque across the road was a new Idgar with half the
ground paved and at one side the steps of the Kasbah to the Mimbar, on
which the Mohammedan preacher stands. Under a shelter or roofed shed
near the Idgar a processional car of Juggernaut dozed through the idle
months and declined to notice more hard-working bullock-carts which
groaned past, laden with rough stone for road-making or long sarput grass
for thatching houses.
Farther on was the Central Hindoo College, founded largely through the
efforts of Mrs Besant, and now accommodating 500 students. The original
building, to which much has been added, was presented by the Maharajah of
Benares in 1899:—"For the education of Hindoo youth in their ancestral
faith and true loyalty and patriotism." In the large playground of this college
some Hindoo youths were playing football.
A young man had just brought a little black kid for sacrifice. He was
dressed in tan leather shoes, a long fawn coat with a pattern on it and a small
black cap on his head. He had an orange red caste mark freshly painted on
his forehead, and round his shoulders hung a flower garland. He had just
recovered from an illness, and for that reason was making sacrifice. Planted
in the ground stood a square post, to the base of which a woman, who was
sister to the executioner's wife, was helping to tie the unoffending kid. Black
flies were swarming round as the woman pulled the hind legs of the goat,
and the executioner, with an absurdly large sword, wide and curved, cut off
the head at a blow. Monkeys leering and chattering played about all round,
and several lean-looking dogs darted forward to lick up greedily the blood
spurting from the little body, which was flung down a few yards away. The
head was put on a small altar facing the entrance to the inner shrine that the
god might see it, and then the executioner and the woman (who, by the way,
was tattooed) cleaned and prepared the carcase for cooking, that the young
man might take it away with him for home consumption.
The sun was setting behind the Durga Temple as I walked across a
beautiful garden called the Anundabagh, between red blossoming Arhol
bushes to see a man named Merthil Swami, who succeeded ten years ago
one of the most famous "holy men" of modern India, the Swami
Bhaskarananda Saraswati. The garden was presented to Bhaskarananda by
the Rajah of Amethi, who continues to send money for its upkeep. Swami
Bhaskarananda was born of good Brahman family, and after a youth spent in
diligent study of Sanskrit and the Vedantic philosophy, renounced the world
and became a wandering ascetic, roaming from one end of India to the other
clad in a single garment; and at last believing that he had attained
"knowledge," settled in Benares for his remaining years, "waiting his
deliverance from mortality."
In a little house with brass doors I saw in the garden a life-size marble
statue of this old man squatting naked, as he had done in life, with serene
and peaceful countenance though with a slight raising of the eyebrows that
creased his forehead, and curiously outstanding ears. The statue was made
during his lifetime and is said to be very like him. On the bald head lay one
red rose.
A disciple named Gaya Purshad who lived in Cawnpore had given a lakh
of rupees to build a tomb of white marble for Bhaskara, and it was nearing
completion on the spot where he used to sit with his legs crossed and where,
being holy beyond all purification of fire, he was buried in the same sitting
posture. The tomb, against which leaned a wide bamboo ladder, is a small
square building with three windows of pierced marble screen-work and one
door opening, and the workmen were busy upon a lovely marble arcade
surrounding the whole mausoleum. Inside, on the centre of the floor over the
place of burial, there is a little plain slab of stone on which lay a wreath of
pale and dark marigolds.
Merthil Swami, the man who was chosen by Bhaskara to take his place
in the Anundabagh after he died, does not abjure all clothing like his master,
but was dressed in a long plain woollen gown. Smiling courteously, he
received me on the veranda of the house in the garden where he had been
talking to a number of young men. He has deep brown eyes, a wide forehead
and a narrow chin somewhat disguised by a slight grey beard, and his skin is
light in colour.
Late that evening a heavy hailstorm made terrifying play on iron roofs
with large stones, and blustering weather continued the next day. I
determined to try to paint in spite of it, and went early to the Aurungzebe
Mosque. Far above the river on the paved space outside the mosque at the
top of the great ghat, a fakir was sitting on a bed of iron nails. They were
iron spikes about four inches long, and he perched on one end of the bed,
with a loin-cloth which afforded considerable protection. As the spikes were
very blunt and close together there seemed to me no great difficulty in the
man's performance. For eight years, people said, he had sat there; but a few
yards from him, under a peepul tree, was a low umbrella tent closed to the
ground on every side, and into this the fakir is carried on his spike bed every
night. Mahmud gave no account of him, and although I had no religious bias
he looked to me a peculiarly nasty person. "He hides his money somewhere
under the ground like other fakirs," Mahmud added, "and if it could be found
after his death it would be Government property, as he would have no heir,"
which may or may not be true.
Swallows were flying back and forth in the mosque. The stone walls
were whitewashed, and the ceilings within the cupolas were decorated with a
dull red pattern on plaster once white and now a creamy grey. This is the
mosque which shows from the river, with its minarets high up above the vast
flight of steps of the Panch Ganga Ghat, the best known scene at Benares. I
painted it from the water, but the wind was too strong to keep the boat still,
even close to shore, while occasional sudden showers of rain increased the
difficulties.
The last time I went upon the river at Benares was one evening just after
sunset, when the clouds were dove-coloured above the long line of ghats and
palaces, sweeping along in a majestic curve which continued above the
white flat sand of the farther bank. Mahmud and I had reached the Ganges at
the Assi Ghat, the farthest upstream, and on the opposite shore rose the
palace of the Maharajah of Benares, one of the few buildings upon that side.
A police boat was waiting—and leaving the carriage by a golden tract of
mustard to drive round and pick us up lower down the river, we were taken
swiftly down-stream by four Hindoo rowers. In the far distance over the
curve of sand the Dufferin Bridge was visible. The water looked blue-green
and clear, and I thought that evening the usual accounts of its pollution must
be exaggerated. Swiftly the rowers urged the boat along till I stopped them at
a palace of yellow sandstone, in which some old Delhi kings yet drag out
with their harems and opium pipes squalid pensioned lives. We pulled up to
the great steps called Sivati Ghat, where a man sat cleaning his goriaya, a
Benares pipe. Pigeons were flying about the walls and cupolas above, and a
faint rose-colour just flushed the clearer spaces of the sky. On the wall a
marble tablet was inscribed:—
There was the window by which Chait Singh escaped—he went off on
an elephant.
Re-embarking we sped down the stream again past the Hanuman Ghat,
above which showed the neem trees about the largest of the temples in
Benares—that to Hanuman, the monkey-friend of Rama, who rescued Sita,
his wife, from a king of Ceylon who had carried her away. On—past a little
burning ghat called Masan with broken steps and past the Kedar Ghat and
the building of one Tivwa, a rich Bengali, and a large charity house for
fakirs, and past little lamps that floated on the water in front of a stone
lingam on the wall. All along the edge of the river many similar lights were
now twinkling. People were putting them to float for worship, lamps with
butter and not oil in them. In the twilight lines of pilgrims were still
distinguishable trooping along in robes of green and rose and white and
purple. Temple music sounded, drums and cymbals and wind instruments.
Against the walls like great targets hung now many of the huge mushroom-
like grass umbrellas of the selling stalls. The same obese fakir I had seen the
day before in the Golden Temple sat now gazing at the sacred river with a
crowd of gapers watching as before.
We passed more neem trees, and then in rapidly increasing darkness once
more approached the famous burning-ghat. One pile was almost burnt out,
while another was flaming high. Two of the dead man's relations tended the
fire; higher up the steps fifteen or twenty of his relatives and friends sat
watching the last scene of his life's little drama.
"Eight maunds of wood for each," said Mahmud, "cost two rupees,
fourteen annas (one maund equals eighty pounds), but for a rich man's body
to be burned by sandal wood at the Rajah's Ghat costs 150 rupees."
The darkness gathered more and more and the pale white figures sitting
in rows on the upper steps of the ghat were almost lost, except when now
and then more lurid flames rose, dancing up to light them; the rowers bore us
on again past more and more little lamps on the water. This time not Hindoo
but Mohammedan hands were setting them afloat, and Mahmud said:
—"Mohammedans worship all rivers, Hazarat Khizar."
LUCKNOW
At Lucknow it was Race Week. I had already heard from the famous
"Wutzler's," the best hotel, that they had no room; and when I arrived one
evening at the capital of Oudh I called vainly at others in a scale of
reputation which diminished in accord with my hopes of a bed. I had left
Benares the same morning, and after passing land green with various crops,
including a great deal of mustard, the train had carried me over plains of
grey monotony, only occasionally broken by patches of cultivation, herds of
long-eared sheep, long-legged pigs, large black vultures and stray, weary-
looking camels.
Surely all Anglo-India had come to Lucknow for the races. I had left a
small crowd of English people at the railway station, who had given up hope
of finding shelter and were only waiting for a train to take them away again:
and believing in the possibilities of canvas, I sought out one after the other,
"The Civil and Military," "The Imperial" and "The Prince of Wales'," and
then roaming still "without a guide" tried for a tent at the "Eclipse," and at
last found one at "The Empress." This last was managed by a thin
Mohammedan, who was apparently destitute of any notion of mutual
benefits, but rich in appreciation of the fact that every other hostelry in
Lucknow was over-full. I certainly obtained a "lodging for the night" at "The
Empress," but the fact that with travel-habit I was able to sleep soundly
should not be taken as testimony to good accommodation.
The events of the Mutiny days are so closely identified with every brick
in the old red ruins that it would be almost impossible for an Englishman to
consider them apart from those associations, but I think if it were possible
they would still have more appeal than the extravagant vulgarity of the ugly
palaces and other architectural eyesores that were reared so lavishly in
Lucknow early in the nineteenth century, and remain for the traveller to stare
at for his sins—huge curios of debased art, wearisome to visit and desirable
to forget.
One William Ireland, who told me that as a boy of ten he was among the
actual defenders of the Residency, being attached to the fourth company of
the 3rd Battalion East India Company's B.A., showed me the many points of
vivid interest connected with the memorable siege.
To the Memory of
The Native Officers and Sepoys
of the
13th Native Infantry 41st Native Infantry
48th Native Infantry 71st Native Infantry
The Oude Irregular Force
Native Pensioners, New Native Levies
Artillery and Lucknow Magazine
Who died near this Spot
Nobly performing their duty
This column is erected by
Lord Northbrook
Viceroy and Governor General of India
1875
Let us never forget those loyal hearts who withstood the insidious
influences of a wide-spread crusade of mutiny which combined the appeals
of military grievance, race hatred and religious zeal.
The chief bazaar of Lucknow, which forms one of the six wards of the
city, is called the Chauk. Here still thrive jewellers and silversmiths, though
the quality of their work is deteriorating. The prices are low and the wages
are low. A rupee a day is not enough to satisfy the best artists, nor is four
annas enough for a highly-skilled workman. Bidri, a kind of damascening
lately revived, brasswork, ironwork and wood-carving, all go on here as well
as a special local industry, the modelling of small coloured figures from clay
worked into a paste with babul gum, belgiri, and sometimes brown paper and
cotton-wool.
The first time I drove through the gates of the Akbariderwazar at one end
of the Chauk a long swing bar, with upright wooden spikes two feet high, lay
across the roadway. This was to close the bazaar to vehicles from two
o'clock to eight in the evening (in summer from three to nine), the busiest
time for shopping. No gharries or ekkas (another kind of wheeled vehicle)
are permitted to enter during those hours, except by a special pass of the city
magistrate, such as I carried. Were it not for such regulation, the narrow
thoroughfare would every afternoon be nothing but a wedged confusion. In
the larger Indian cities there is so much traffic that such a narrow street
practicable for pedestrians and horse-riders, palanquins and litters, becomes
jammed at once if open to wheeled vehicles in the busy hours.
An arch crosses the street at each end of the Chauk, one pointed and the
other round—both without mouldings, and along each side a runnel of water
flows in an open gutter. There is no profusion of delicate tracery about the
projecting windows and other parts of the house-fronts as in many cities, and
much tawdry and common workmanship; but looking back through the
opening of the pointed archway beyond the near figures of the ever-moving
crowd, sombre in the shadow of the houses and blended with the subdued
sumptuousness of stuffs and wares, the outer roadway and a few buildings
beyond contrast in simple spacious majesty—bathed in the glow of Eastern
afternoon.
It was the first time I had noticed cowrie-shells being used as money—as
a common medium of exchange—and nothing in India seemed more
significant of the frugality of the mass of the people. Upon the brick and
stucco platform, about 3 feet from the ground, that fronts many of the
houses, there squatted upon a worn dhurrie a cowrie money-changer in a
printed cotton dress and a little white cotton cap, and in front of him lay the
heaps of shells, seventy-two in each. One anna is, of course, equal to four
pice, and here at Lucknow while the gharry-wallah was demanding
seventeen rupees for a day's hire, each of the four pice that make an anna
was divisible into seventy-two cowries. Imagine yourself being able to
divide a farthing in Whitechapel into seventy-two parts!
I had an anna converted into cowries without any lapse on the part of the
changer from his accustomed gravity, but it was one of the few occasions on
which Tambusami was thoroughly amused. I insisted forthwith on seeking
what I could purchase with the shells, and a little further along the bazaar I
bought for eighteen of them (the equivalent of a fourth part of a farthing)
some salt, some spice, some tamarind and a portion of cooked grain-flour
called pakori.
The Lucknow Races might have been on Epsom Downs for any evidence
thereof in the Chauk that afternoon. A woman with a burka—a
Mohammedan begging-woman in a white garment that covered her from feet
to crown of head, having two round holes cut for seeing through—relieved
us of the balance of our shells; and the police inspector, who accompanied
me, drew my attention to a house of more pretentious decoration than its
neighbours. Within, he declared, lived a Paluria or dancing-girl, who made
1000 rupees a month; and the fancy came to me out of that mesh of
contrasts, where sun and shadow were so closely interwoven on the loom of
life that warp and web seemed to become each other's fibre,—what if the
unknown woman hidden beneath the ample folds of that snowy burka were,
after all, a disguised Paluria of yesterday, accepting alms in white oblivion?
Such women of light hours often, I was told, at Lucknow are those who
have lived with some Mohammedan in the curious temporary connection
called Mulaa, which is a local practice instituted, as far as I could learn, to
permit the addition of more wives without indefinite responsibility, the
connection being terminable at the will of either party. The women of this
class have often a considerable band of retainers, and the professional
singing-lady who entertains strangers usually provides fiddlers, drummers
and manjira or cymbal-players, who all receive a portion of her fee.
In a side alley leading off the Chauk there is a factory of otto of roses.
Lucknow is famous for its perfumes—and one distilled from jasmine is
highly popular, as well as an oil from roots of the Khaskas grass.
Lucknow, apart from the native quarters of the town, is a place of wide
roads well laid out (after the destruction for military purposes of many
houses at the time of the Mutiny), parks, gardens and other open spaces. I
made a toilsome round of the chief show buildings, the jejune palaces, the
mosques and the ungainly meretricious tombs. There was the Great
Imambarah, built under Asaf-ud-daulah, whose tomb it is, as a relief-work in
the Chatisa Famine of 1784 (for there were famines in India before the
present administration). The interest here is a mechanical one, in the
successful construction of an enormous roof in coarse concrete without ribs,
beams, pillars, abutment, framework or support of any kind, except from the
four surrounding walls. Rather over 160 feet long by 50 wide and 49 feet
high, this vast apartment houses the canopied tomb which stands a little
oddly, as it is placed with its axis in the direction of Mecca, to which the
sides of the hall are not parallel. Near to it stands a huge tinsel Tasia carried
annually through the streets at the time of Moharam.
The walls of the Imambara are very thick indeed, with innumerable
passages and stairways in them which lead to a veritable maze on the roof
level, and it is from some of these passages that the little "loges" or tiny box-
like balconies high up in the walls are reached, from which purdah ladies
could look down on function or ceremony, as English women from the
ladies' gallery in the House of Commons.
I saw the handsome three-domed mosque of the Jama Masjid, with blue
and purple decoration painted in line on walls and ceilings, except on the
ceiling of its middle porch which was coloured in green. From the platform
of the Jama Masjid I could see the ornate Husainabad Imambara, another
tomb built in the year of Queen Victoria's accession, by the same king as the
great mosque itself, as a burial-place for himself and his mother. A red-brick
modern clock-tower showed some distance beyond the tallest of its gilded
cupolas. The Husainabad Imambara, built almost entirely of painted stucco,
is gaudy and vulgar in decoration and feeble in design. Its great hall contains
some tons weight of glass chandeliers and common German ornaments. An
enclosed court with paved walks and flower-beds contains a long rectangular
piece of water, on which a barge with life-size figures of a man and a horse
upon it is pushed up and down by one of the attendants. Coloured glass balls
hang from arches of bent ironwork, and the railings along the flower-beds
are all fitted with sockets for lights, while the stucco faces of the building are
furnished with a multitude of small hooks for the same purpose. The stucco
itself is of a peculiarly bright quality, and illuminated at night by thousands
of fairy-lights, these buildings have evoked much admiration; but so also
have the plaster decorations of Cremorne, Vauxhall or Ranelagh, the white
palaces of Shepherd's Bush and the cafés chantants of the Champs Elysees;
and, after all, it was race-week, and since Lucknow had its "Grand Prix" if
only these far from venerable mausoleums could be turned into an
"Ambassadeurs" or a "Jardin de Paris," they might cease to be troublesome!
But the strong spirit that holds the English visitor to Lucknow is
certainly not the sensuous magic of æsthetic charm. "It is the due admixture
of romance and reality," said Sir Henry Lawrence, "that best carries a man
through life,"—and the heroic days of the Mutiny have left at Lucknow
memories so compact of both that the stranger can but heed them and drink
in the tale with ever-growing eagerness.
CAWNPORE
Just at the moment this firm had in hand a Government contract for
11,000 coats, and had just finished an order of 33,000 coats for the police of
Hyderabad, Deccan.
In an upper storey of the factory a vast floor was covered with khaki; it
had been chalked all over from patterns, and Indian cutters were now
shearing away at it. A bell rang in the weaving-shed. This was attached to
the machine for making the warp. Every time a length of warp of fifty yards
is made the bell rings automatically. Then it is taken off on to a roller beam
and transferred from the warp-mill to the loom.
Near the cloth-mills there is a leather factory. The skins, mostly buffalo,
had come to that raw hide-shed from all over India. Some were simply dried,
some arsenicated and some, white-looking skins, had been salted. I was
shown a special feature of this tannery—its method of tanning in latticed
drums, half submerged in pits. The hides hung lengthways from the rope
within the lattices, and at the end of each huge gun-metal or copper drum
there were eight arms and a manhole.
In a yard outside bark was being unloaded from railway-trucks, ready for
grinding up and infusing with "leaches." Three sorts of bark were being
delivered—Babul (acacea antica), Sal (shoria robusta), and Rhea (not the
native Rhea). There was a special and elaborate plant for making extract of
bark, a process which was conducted in vacuo, so that the colour should not
be affected by the boiling. In the same yard there were piles of sacks
containing myrabolams from the Central Provinces, and in a corner I caught
sight of a group of people dressed in strange sulphur-coloured cloaks, which
covered head as well as body, leaving holes for the eyes as in a
Mohammedan woman's burka—dresses that made me think of an auto-da-fé.
The air about them was full of a cloudy yellow dust. "And what are these?" I
asked the polite gentleman who was conducting me. "Those—oh—ah—they
were not working the other day when the factory commissioners came
round!" he said, laughing, and took me to look at something else. The bark
extraction, as I said, was conducted in vacuo: this other process was
evidently carried on in camera.
I do not think there is any near danger of India being turned into a
machine, and the iron fetters of industrialism may even be welcome to a
people living habitually at grips with starvation, and besides—has not one of
the largest of the Cawnpore manufacturing companies set noble example in
building a model village for their 3500 employees?
The manager was sorely exercised about pilfering propensities, and how
much have I heard from Englishmen as to native thieving! I was assured that
a Hindoo will so gently tickle with a straw the face of a sleeping traveller
that he will turn his head just enough to permit abstraction of any valuables
he may have placed under his pillow, and will then tickle the other cheek till
the traveller turns back his head to its former position and sleeps on
unharassed by any tiresome dreams. No such experience was ever mine, and
in fact throughout my stay in the country I was never, to my knowledge,
robbed of anything, and the only instance I encountered in India was that of
a young French count who was relieved on the railway of much gold by a
European train-thief. I wish, indeed, I could think such allegations all as
unfounded as the accounts of the imaginary rope-trick.
Through a small bronze gate, cast from one of the guns of the Shannon
(those guns which bluejackets dragged all the way from Calcutta), every
Englishman who goes to Cawnpore enters an octagonal sandstone screen in
the middle of a small public park. Within, heavy and commonplace,
Marochetti's marble angel stands in the centre above the closed well-head.
There is not in the recorded history of any people a tragedy at once so
terrible and so inimitably sad as that of the Cawnpore massacres: and on
emerging from that small enclosed plot with its too ponderous angel, there
can hardly be an Englishman who does not carry in his face the expression
of a deep emotion. There are many churches in India, but there is no shrine
so sacred to her rulers as the Cawnpore Well. Not far away stands the neem
tree, on which some of the rebels were hung, and two larger trees are pointed
out by the side of which sepoys were blown from the guns. The House of
Massacre has long since been razed to the ground, and its site is now only
marked by a block of black stone surmounted by a white marble cross and
bearing an inscription in gold letters.
A road, shaded by some of the very same trees that hid the Nana Sahib's
men on the 27th June 1857, leads to the brick-built ghat and its stone steps.
They descend from each side of a small whitewashed Siva temple now, I
think, no longer used. The steps are long and walled at each side: when I
stood upon them no water lapped beneath. The Ganges was low and its main
current had shifted away across the white stretch of sand beyond this
narrower meandering stream. To the left the red brick piers of the Oudh and
Rohilcund Railway Bridge paled in the heat haze to a faint pink colour. On
the opposite shore a few lines of tall Kassa grass dry and dead, were
ineffectually trying to protect patches of ground sown with melon seed.
Overhead a peepul tree, an old tree—witness of all that terrible past—
stretched a canopy of leaves that shimmered in the sunlight and danced in
the little breeze, and while I stood there a Hindoo woman, ankles and wrists
loaded with heavy silver bangles, went down the steps and over the sand to
the water—that sacred water—to bathe and to wash her white garment.
CHAPTER XII
I lay quite motionless on my back upon the little stone platform that
faces the south-west window—lay quite still and listened. In the intense
noonday silence I could not hear even the chirp of a cricket. Often had
Akhbar the Great reclined upon this stone bed of the place called Khawbgah,
the House of Dream, and mused with roaming mind on government and
power, the jealousies of sects and ministers, the ingratitude of dissolute sons,
the tale of all the littleness of men and on his own ambition to build up a
better and more perfect state.
Here had he mused and here had slept—but now in what strange contrast
to the suspended consciousness of sleep is that deep soundless vacancy
within the channels of the dead man's brain! Akhbar's decaying bones within
stone slabs lie at Sikandra, but his great idea of universal toleration did not
die with him.
Immediately above in the roof was a carved medallion, and a little blue
pigment still remained upon the red sandstone. My head was towards the
north and my feet towards the south: there are four openings in the walls,
and when I looked towards the north I could see across the women's court to
the Diwan-i-khas, the private audience-hall, and when I looked to the south I
could see the low-pillared Record Office. The pilasters of the chamber are
carved with grapes and pomegranates, and on the red walls fragments of
painting are still visible. I made out on the north a Buddha, on the east a
winged angel and two women, and on the south a god with a large tail. On
the dado I made out a man dancing, a boat with six people in it and one boy
climbing up the mast, and a walled city behind a Hindoo temple.
Over the doorways there are Persian verses in golden letters, and one,
Riaz Ahmad, translated these for me during the afternoon, as follows.
Over the east door is written:—"May the floor of thy house become the
mirror for the eyes of the Janitor of Paradise, and may the dust of thy
threshold become the black powder for the eyes of heavenly houris."
The room below was painted all over, walls and ceiling, by Chinese
artists with flowers—almond blossom, lotus, tulips, lilies and roses.
This House of Dream is but one among the buildings of the royal city of
Fatehpur-Sikri, which was built by Akhbar towards the end of the sixteenth
century, and after some years' occupation was abandoned through the
continued difficulty of obtaining a good water supply. It has never since been
occupied and consequently remains to-day almost exactly as it was when
lived in by Akhbar and his court.
I had driven the twenty-two miles from Agra in a decrepit gharry, which
turned over on one side on the way back. There was a wealth of bird-life
along the roadside in the early morning—large storks, king-fishers, hoopoes,
the ubiquitous minah, crows, kites and little green birds with one of the tail
feathers twice the length of the others. Then there was a delightful bird about
the size of a chaffinch, with black back and wings but golden-red breast and
tail, doves such as Jemshid watched with his princess, white vultures,
wagtails and plenty of green parrots.
Rather over twelve miles from Agra there is an old isolated gateway of
red sandstone which my driver (for whose accuracy I cannot vouch) declared
"is a city gate of Agra brought here broken."
Among mango trees Naggra, another village, nestled on the left and then
one called Kirowdi on the right, and all this road was bordered with beautiful
shade-giving trees. At last I could distinguish a long line of crenelated wall,
and we reached a gateway choked with a crowd of donkeys laden with dung-
cake fuel. Within, roads diverged and we followed one that led direct to a
second gate called Naubathkana, the musician gate, where drums were
always beaten in token of respect whenever the king entered the palace
precincts. Here I left the gharry and walked into the open quadrangle in front
of the Diwan-i-Am, the great court of public audience. From the cloisters
along the wall projects the king's place of judgment, a building with five
open arches on a highly-raised basement and a hand-rail over low stone-
carved screens. At my feet as I stood on the other side of the quad a stone
was bedded deep in the ground with a circular hole cut through it, which
everyone is told was the elephant ring to which the four-footed executioner
was fastened conveniently for trampling condemned prisoners.
Another privileged seat was that called the Grukimundi, under a small
stone canopy outside one corner of a building known as the Ankh Michauli.
This seat was allotted to a Hindoo teacher who, said Riaz Ahmad, instructed
Akhbar in the doctrine of the transmigration of souls. Then there was the
pachisi-board in large squares on which girls stood as pawns in the game
played from a blue stone cross on the centre of the pavement. I was indeed
shown by the assiduous Riaz Ahmad all the many sights of this dead city of
Akhbar's court—House of Miriam with its garden and its bath—Palace of
Birbal with its rich intricate and elaborate carving—Palace of Jodh Bai with
an exquisitely latticed room projecting over Miriam's garden, and the Panch
Mahal with its five colonnaded storeys on the first floor of which there are
fifty-six pillars, each differently carved.
The court ladies used the Panch Mahal as a kind of playground, and I
walked along part of a covered passage way which led thence to the
Khawbgah. Then there was the great mosque, very lofty, and the Dargah
Mosque with the tomb of Salim Chisti exquisitely beautiful with white
marble screens of the most delicate fretted tracery, shutting in the tomb itself
under a domed roof.
Salim Chisti himself was the hermit saint whose prophecies led Akhbar
to build a city in that very arid neighbourhood, and Riaz Ahmad was of his
family.
When I had looked long at the lovely tints of worn decoration and the
rosy colour of the red sandstone, we left the blue carpets and polished
marble floor of the mosque and sat for a while under the shade of some trees
in an enclosure at the back.
Under a little astambole tree near us, as we sat resting, were two tombs,
one under a small pillared canopy and the other by its side without any
covering. Both were small and one was exceedingly tiny, so that it was not
large enough to contain more than a kitten or a very small doll. It is probable
that confirmed information is obtainable about both, but there was a certain
naïveté about Riaz' talk which pleased me, and it seemed more illuminating
than a mere repetition of authenticated fact.
"The small tomb," said Riaz, "is that of the infant son of Salim Chisti, of
whose family I am. The child died at six months by the power of his own
mind, just to show a miracle, and the very small tomb close beside it is that
of a tooth. Akhbar, childless, came to Salim Chisti and some say that to give
Akhbar a son the child of the holy man was sacrificed; but that is not true,
for the babe, of its own mind, ceased to live that a child might be born to
Akhbar. As for the tooth," he went on, "there was a woman who lived in our
family a long time ago (we may not tell the names of our women), whose
husband went away with Jehangir when the king sent an army to capture
Nour Jehan. Now this man who went with Jehangir died in battle, and
because his body could never be found and his wife happened to have one
tooth of his which had come out, the tooth was buried in memory of her
husband."
And this is how Riaz Ahmad told me the story of Jehangir's marriage as
we sat in the shade by the mosque wall.
And Riaz continued—"But Akhbar would have none of this, and to keep
her away from Jehangir, married her to Shareef-Ghan-Khan, the Governor of
Bengal. Now Nour Jehan had never loved Jehangir, but had only played with
him in friendship. When Akhbar died, Jehangir at once sent to Shareef-
Ghan-Khan demanding his wife, but was refused. Then sent Jehangir an
army in which that man of the tooth was one of the officers. After great
fighting, that Shareef was killed and Nour Jehan was forced to come to the
Imperial Palace, though she said she would have been more contented to be
the wife of a common soldier than to be queen with a husband she did not
love. For six months she lived in the palace in a separate house with the
mother of Jehangir, but at last when she did not see any way to get rid of him
she accepted his love, became queen and obtained such influence over her
husband that he put her name upon the coins."
This story led us to talk about women and Riaz Ahmad said, in spite of
the tale of Nour Jehan—"God gave the man more power than woman, so she
is the inferior; she is not like man. She has the right that we should be just to
her, to clothe her as well as we clothe ourselves, and not to give away her
right to another woman. We may not say of one of our wives—'she is the
more beloved'—they must be equal, otherwise it would be a sin to have
more than one wife." Perhaps emperors may have preferences!
Riaz Ahmad followed strictly the ideas of his forbears, and would not
hear of any relaxation of the seclusion of women. In this he was very
different from a younger co-religionist whom I had met at Agra at the
Moharam Festival, and who was very anxious to talk to the English stranger
about what he considered the unfairness of Government regulations. He
belonged to what he called the reformed Mohammedans, and said that his
sisters were quite free to go about unveiled where they would. He
complained of the lack of freedom of the press in India, claiming that it
should be just as free as it was in England, and was much surprised when I
told him that in England we should not permit any newspaper to publish
direct appeals to assassinate the sovereign. He was quite a young fellow,
two-and-twenty, and just out of college, hoping to get a billet in the post-
office—although he declared that the English clerks are paid higher salaries
than natives for the same work.
We went together to the great mausoleum Nour Jehan built for her
parents in the days of her power, and he also accompanied me to Sikandra,
the tomb of Akhbar. We drove thither from Agra one hot day, till tall white
minarets appeared on the right of the road some miles away across golden
fields of mustard, and we soon found ourselves in front of the outer gateway.
Filling a wide band round and over the arch and making very handsome
and indeed perfect decoration, are some quotations from the Koran, and
added at the base of the left side are the name and date of the carver
—"Kutba Abdul Hal Shirazi, year 1022, Hijra."
The whole interior of the great building of Akhbar's tomb is one dark
vault 74 feet high. Ending just above the marble of the grave itself there
comes down from the darkness the thin chain of a lamp, which is lighted
only at the annual festival of Akhbar's death, called in Persian, "Barsi."
While two Khadims (servants of the mausoleum) in white turbans and white
dhotis held hurricane lanterns for me and the young Mohammedan, a little
daylight filtered through the long stone entrance passage, and above, from
one of four openings in the wall, a clearer shaft crossed the great void,
illuminating part of the chain and falling upon the opposite wall in a pale
shade of blue. There is no decoration in this vault—only the plinth of the
tomb has one chiselled pattern along its edge. The body—Akhbar's body—
wrapped in a white cloth, on which lavender, camphor and other scents had
been scattered before it left the palace, was laid upon stones some three or
four yards below the floor level and then, after other stones had been placed
at the sides, one long slab was laid across the top and earth put over it. The
older of the two Khadims said that the rings would have been taken off the
king's fingers. He had been thirty-eight years at Sikandra but remembered no
strange thing ever happening in the mausoleum. There he has held the
lantern for people of all degrees and many countries—people of the West as
well as of the East; Edward the Seventh (when Prince of Wales), the Tsar of
Russia (when Tsarevitch), the Amir of Afghanistan, as well as our present
king.
Facing the main gateway to right and left of the central vault are the
tombs of Arambano, a daughter of Akhbar, and of Mehrin Nisa, the learned
daughter of his great grandson Aurangzebe, who used to write Persian
poems. Above the domed central vault with its prisoned air and darkness,
reached by a long stairway, is a square court open to the sun and surrounded
by cloisters of which the outer walls are marble screens carved in intricate
geometric patterns, through which the light comes softly.
Along these cloisters, on the side facing the centre of the court (where a
block of white marble bears the ninety-nine names of God), each spandril
has a Persian verse above it, and contains a rosette in which is cut part of a
poem. These are so interesting that in all twenty-five people, lost in the
pleasure of reading from one spandrel to another, as they moved round, have
fallen into one of the unprotected wells of the stairways and been killed!
CHAPTER XIII
DELHI
Meerut itself, where the Mutiny first broke out, is but forty miles from
Delhi, and when the rebel troops reached the old capital, Delhi became the
centre of revolt. It fell entirely into the hands of the mutineers, and when the
combined forces defeated the enemy at a village six miles north of Delhi
they gained possession of the "Ridge" (where the red sandstone comes to
surface in strata of about forty-five degrees), only to find that they who
would fain have besieged the city were to become themselves besieged and
suffer heavy losses before General Nicholson could reach them with
reinforcements from the Punjab.
The various sites connected with those events are familiar from frequent
description to many who have never been east of Lowestoft Ness, and from
innumerable photographs the Kashmir Gate must be nearly as well known in
London as Buckingham Palace.
Near it, and just south of the cemetery where he is buried, there is a
capital bronze statue of General Nicholson (by Mr Brock), in a little park
named after him.
The building that became the Residency after the Mutiny and was then
occupied by Sir David Ochterlony, has been more recently converted to the
uses of a Government High School for boys. It was originally built by Shah
Jehan as a library for his son Dara Shikoh in 1637, and its spacious rooms
suit rather well the purpose of a school. The headmaster, who happens to be
a Dutchman, took me through the various class-rooms and introduced me to
a number of, doubtless, learned pundits—the special masters for Persian,
Sanskrit, Arabic, Urdu, English and "Science" subjects. In a class called the
5th High, at the time of my visit, native youth was being lectured upon
Nelson's blind eye.
Delhi was the capital of the Moghul Empire before Akhbar removed it to
Agra, and it became again the seat of Government under Shah Jehan; so that
some of the chief examples of Saracenic work in India are to be found in its
buildings. Under Shah Jehan was built Delhi's "Great Mosque" and the
Palace within the Fort. The former differs from others of its style in its
external grandeur, one of the more usual characteristics of mosque building
being the elaboration of the interior rather than the exterior.
Great flights of steps lead up to the three splendid gateways of the large
open quadrangle, surrounded on three sides by pillared cloisters. The three
divisions of the mosque proper are roofed by magnificent marble domes
with black vertical lines inlaid upon them, and on each side of the centre
archway long graceful stems rise up and up to end above in tops shaped like
a lotus, beautiful from below, but no less so at close quarters, seen from half-
way up one of the two tall minarets which flank the building at the north and
south. I was well repaid for climbing to the top of one of these by the
splendid views from it. To the west I could see the Fort and the river beyond,
with a long bridge, and to the north-east the city and the numerous small
domes of the so-called Black Mosque, with the mighty Tower of Victory, the
red Kutab Minar, in the far distance rising from the ruins of old Delhi.
Down below I was shown the treasures of the mosque, which included a
hair of the prophet (a red hair) and some words in his handwriting. On the
other side of the marble basin in the centre of the quadrangle there is a
sandstone pulpit, paler in colour than the red of the steps and walls, and
beyond this, at the back of the interior of the mosque, the wall of marble,
through slight inequalities of surface, looks like mother-of-pearl.
Architecturally these glories of Delhi are shared by the Fort and the
series of palace buildings within its precincts. The great walls of red
sandstone, the magnificent entrance of the Lahore Gate and the long vaulted
arcade through which one approaches the interior of the great enclosure are,
however, to my thinking, nobler and more impressive than the marble halls
of the palace within.
This Lahore Gate is in the middle of the west side of the Fort. On the
east flows the Jumna, and at the southern end is another gateway called the
Delhi Gate, with a colossal dark grey stone elephant—delight of English
children at Delhi—on either side of the entrance.
For many months the Florentine craftsman had lived here cutting and
polishing, and although he sometimes longed for the Arno as he looked out
upon the Jumna River, he was of such a gay and merry disposition and took
so much delight in his own incomparable skill, that it was a joy to meet him.
Of the twenty-four original panels he felt very sure which were of native and
which of Italian workmanship, for there were at Delhi, he told me, four
unknown Italians doing this work when the decoration was first undertaken.
His art is not of a creative kind and he has little invention, but carries to an