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Dwnload Full Fundamentals of Human Resource Management 7th Edition Noe Solutions Manual PDF
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The chapter also discusses high-performance work systems and the benefits of empowering
employees. Lastly, the chapter will present the change in the employment relationship, where
organizations expect employees to take more responsibility for their own careers while
employees, in turn, seek flexible work schedules, comfortable working conditions, control over
how they accomplish their work, training and development opportunities, and financial
incentives based on corporate performance.
Students may benefit from a general discussion concerning (LO2-1). Within this discussion, the
instructor may then introduce (LO2-4; LO2-5; LO2-6) as each of these may be connected to the
trends within the work force. Further, students may be asked to reflect on their own career
aspirations and workplace desires to then discuss (LO2-3; LO2-7). Then, instructors may
introduce and explain (LO2-2) as how HRM can help organizations meet these strategic
imperatives, while also discussing (LO2-8).
Learning Objectives
LO 2-1: Describe trends in the labor force composition and how they affect human resource
management.
LO 2-2: Summarize areas in which human resource management can support the goal of
creating a high-performance work system.
LO 2-3: Define employee empowerment, and explain its role in the modern organization.
LO 2-4: Identify ways HR professionals can support organizational strategies for growth,
quality, and efficiency.
LO 2-5: Summarize ways in which human resource management can support organizations
expanding internationally.
LO 2-6: Discuss how technological developments are affecting human resource management.
LO 2-8: Discuss how the need for flexibility affects human resource management.
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1. Students should identify how informed workers have better bargaining power; knowing a
company’s reputation, for instance, may lead someone not to work for Purina. The
knowledge sharing, however, gives Purina the opportunity to mitigate or rectify any
issues they find discussed.
2. Discussion should identify all aspects of working conditions, including pay and benefits.
HR Oops!
Out-of-Focus HRM
Question Guidance
Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 7e Instructor’s Manual
2. Students may identify many steps, but each step should reflect aligning HRM with the
strategy, while measuring HRM results.
Best Practices
Outsourcing Sweetens Bottom Line for Land O’Lakes
Question Guidance
1. Discussion should focus on how outsourcing nonessential functions reduces costs and
improves those outcomes, while allowing the organization to put resources toward
strategically necessary functions.
HR How To
HR Services Go Mobile
Question Guidance
1. Responses will vary, but may discuss the ability for employees to access such
information immediately and easily. This may impact retention, morale, and productivity
because employees become more engaged in their own career management.
2. Students should identify the need to allocate resources to develop such apps internally,
which could be more costly when compared to outsourcing and having an expert develop
the necessary software.
1. Responses will vary, but may balance the challenge of losing internal talent with the
opportunity to gain external talent. Further, it may provide employers the opportunity to
retain employees if they are offered better opportunities when compared with
competitors’ offers.
Thinking Ethically
How Should Employers Protect Their Data on Employees’ Devices?
Question Guidance
Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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the azure cupola of heaven, to attest by their living beauty, or their
ruined grandeur, the genius and liberality which gave them birth. To
the cultivation and patronage of such noble arts, the vanity, the
hopes, and the holiest affections of man stand irrevocably pledged;
and we should deplore any invention or discovery, or any tide in the
nation’s taste, which should paralyse the artist’s pencil, or break the
sculptor’s chisel, or divert into new channels the genius which wields
them. But instead of superseding the arts of design, photography will
but supply them with new materials,—with collections of costume,—
with studies of drapery and of forms, and with scenes in life, and
facts in nature, which, if they possess at all, they possess
imperfectly, and without which art must be stationary, if she does not
languish and decline.
Sentiments analogous to these have been more professionally
expressed by M. Delaroche, a distinguished French artist,—by Sir
Charles Eastlake, whose taste and knowledge of art is unrivalled,—
and by Mr. Ruskin, who has already given laws to art, and whose
genius is destined to elevate and to reform it. M. Delaroche
considers photography “as carrying to such perfection certain of the
essential principles of art, that they must become subjects of study
and observation, even to the most accomplished artist.”... “The finish
of inconceivable minuteness,” he says, “disturbs in no respect the
repose of the masses, nor impairs in any way the general effect....
The correctness of the lines, the precision of the forms in the designs
of M. Daguerre, are as perfect as it is possible they can be, and yet,
at the same time, we discover in them a broad and energetic
manner, and a whole equally rich in hue and in effect. The painter
will obtain by this process a quick method of making collections of
studies, which he could not otherwise procure without much time and
labour, and in a style very far inferior, whatever might be his talents
in other respects.” In the same spirit, Mr. Ruskin[58] considers “the
art of photography as enabling us to obtain as many memoranda of
the facts of nature as we need;” and long before Mr. Talbot taught us
to fix upon paper the pictures of the camera obscura, the Rev. John
Thomson, one of the most distinguished of our Scottish landscape
painters, studied, in one of these instruments, the forms and colours
of the scenes which he was to represent. Other artists, both in
portrait and in landscape, now avail themselves of photography, both
as an auxiliary and a guide in their profession; but there are certain
difficulties and imperfections in the art itself, and so many
precautions required in its right application, whether we use its
pictures single, as representations on a plane, or take them
binocularly, to be raised into relief by the stereoscope, that we must
draw from the principles of optics the only rules which can be of real
services to the arts of design.
In painting a landscape, a building, a figure, or a group of figures,
the object of the artist is to represent it on his canvas just as he sees
it, having previously selected the best point of view, and marked for
omission or improvement what is not beautiful, or what would
interfere with the effect of his picture as a work of high art. His first
step, therefore, is to fix upon the size of his canvas, or the distance
at which the picture is to be seen, which determines its size. His own
eye is a camera obscura, and the relation between the picture or
image on its retina is such, that if we could view it from the centre of
curvature of the retina, (the centre of visible direction,) a distance of
half an inch, it would have precisely the same apparent magnitude
as the object of which it is the image. Let us now suppose that the
artist wishes to avail himself of the picture in the camera obscura as
received either on paper or ground-glass, or of a photograph of the
scene he is to paint. He must make use of a camera whose focal
length is equal to the distance at which his picture is to be seen, and
when the picture thus taken is viewed at this distance (suppose two
feet) it will, as a whole, and in all its parts, have the same apparent
magnitude as the original object. This will be understood from Fig.
47, in which we may suppose h to be the lens of the camera, rb the
object, and hy′ the distance at which it is to be viewed. The size of
the picture taken with a lens at h, whose focal length is hy′, will be
b′r′, and an eye placed at h will see the picture b′r′ under an angle
b′hr′, equal to the angle rhb, under which the real object rb was
seen by the artist from h. In like manner, a larger picture, byr, taken
by a camera the focal distance of whose lens at h is hy, will be an
accurate representation of the object rb, when viewed from h, and of
the same apparent magnitude. If either of these pictures, b′r′ or br,
are viewed from greater or less distances than hy′, or hy, they will
not be correct representations of the object rb, either in apparent
magnitude or form. That they will be of a different apparent
magnitude, greater when viewed at less distances than hy′, hy, and
less when viewed at greater distances, is too obvious to require any
illustration. That they will differ in form, or in the relative apparent
size of their parts, has, so far as I know, not been conjectured. In
order to shew this, let us suppose a man six feet high to occupy the
foreground, and another of the same size to be placed in the middle
distance, the distance of the two from the artist being ten and twenty
feet. The apparent magnitudes of these two men on the photograph
will be as two to one; and if we look at it at any distance greater or
less than the focal length hy′ of the lens, the same proportion of two
to one will be preserved, whereas if we look at the original figures at
a greater or less distance from them than the place of the artist, the
ratio of their apparent magnitudes will be altered. If the artist, for
example, advances five feet, the nearest man will be five feet distant
and the other fifteen feet, so that their apparent magnitude will now
be as three to one.
Fig. 47.
The same observations apply to a portrait of the human face. In
looking at a human profile let us suppose the breadth of the nose to
be one inch, that of the ear one inch, and that we view this profile at
the distance of three feet from the ear, which is two inches nearer
the observer than the nose. The apparent magnitude of the ear and
nose will be as thirty-eight to thirty-six inches, whereas if we view the
profile from the distance of one foot the ratio will be as fourteen to
twelve, that is, the ear will be increased in apparent size more than
the nose. Hence it follows that all pictures should be viewed under
the same angle of apparent magnitude under which they were seen
by the artist as taken photographically, for if we view them at a
greater or less angle than this we do not see the same picture as
when we looked at the original landscape or portrait, under the same
angle of apparent magnitude.
From the observations made in the preceding Chapter on
photographic and stereoscopic portraiture, the reader must have
already drawn the inference that the same landscape or building,
seen at different distances, varies essentially in its character,—
beauties disclosing themselves and defects disappearing as we
approach or recede from them. The picture in the camera, therefore,
as used by Mr. Thomson, or, what is still better, with the exception of
colour, the photograph obtained by the same instrument, will supply
the artist with all the general materials for his picture. The
photograph will differ considerably from any sketch which the artist
may have himself made, owing to certain optical illusions to which
his eye is subject. The hills and other vertical lines in the distance
will be lower in the photograph than in his sketch.[59] The vertical
lines of buildings will converge upwards in the photograph, as they
ought to do, in receding from the eye; and in the same picture there
will be a confusion, as we shall afterwards shew, in the delineation of
near and minute objects in the foreground, increasing with the size of
the lens which he has employed.
In his admirable chapter “On Finish,” Mr. Ruskin has established,
beyond a doubt, the most important principle in the art of painting.
“The finishing of nature,” he states, “consists not in the smoothing of
surface, but the filling of space, and the multiplication of life and
thought;” and hence he draws the conclusion, that “finishing means,
in art, simply telling more truth.” Titian, Tintoret, Bellini, and Veronese
have, as he has shewn, wrought upon this principle, delineating vein
by vein in the leaf of the vine, petal by petal in the borage-blossoms,
the very snail-shells on the ground, the stripe of black bark in the
birch-tree, and the clusters of the ivy-leaved toad-flax in the rents of
their walls; and we have seen that a modern artist, Delaroche,
considers a finish of inconceivable minuteness as neither disturbing
the repose of the masses, nor interfering with the general effect in a
picture.
The Pre-Raphaelites, therefore, may appeal to high authority for
the cardinal doctrine of their creed; and whatever be their errors in
judgment or in taste, they have inaugurated a revolution which will
release art from its fetters, and give it a freer and a nobler aim.
Nature is too grand in her minuteness, and too beautiful in her
humility, to be overlooked in the poetry of art. If her tenderest and
most delicate forms are worthy of admiration, she will demand from
the artist his highest powers of design. If the living organizations of
the teeming earth, upon which we hourly tread, are matchless in
structure, and fascinating in colour, the palette of the painter must
surrender to them its choicest tints. In the foreground of the highest
art, the snail-shell may inoffensively creep from beneath the withered
leaf or the living blade; the harebell and the violet may claim a place
in the sylvan dell; the moss may display its tiny frond, the gnarled
oak or the twisted pine may demand the recognition of the botanist,
while the castle wall rises in grandeur behind them, and the gigantic
cliffs or the lofty mountain range terminate the scene.
If these views are sound, the man of taste will no longer endure
slovenliness in art. He will demand truth as well as beauty in the
landscape; and that painter may change his profession who cannot
impress geology upon his rocks, and botany upon his plants and
trees, or who refuses to display, upon his summer or his autumn
tablet, the green crop as well as the growing and the gathered
harvest. Thus enlarged in its powers and elevated in its purposes,
the art of painting will be invested with a new character, demanding
from its votaries higher skill and more extended knowledge. In
former times, the minute and accurate delineation of nature was a
task almost impossible, requiring an amount of toil which could
hardly be repaid even when slightly performed; but science has now
furnished art with the most perfect means of arresting, in their most
delicate forms, every object, however minute, that can enter into the
composition of a picture. These means are the arts of photography
and stereoscopic re-combination, when rightly directed, and it is the
object of the present chapter to shew how the artist may best avail
himself of their valuable and indispensable aid.
Every country and district, and even different parts of the same
district, have a Flora and Geology peculiar to themselves; and the
artist who undertakes to represent its beauties owes to truth the
same obligations as the botanist who is to describe its plants, or the
mineralogist its rocks and stones. The critic could not, in former
times, expect more details from his unaided pencil than it has
generally furnished; but with the means now at his command, he
must collect, like the naturalist, all the materials for his subject. After
the camera has given him the great features of his landscape, he
must appeal to it for accurate delineations of its minuter parts,—the
trunks, and stems, and leafage of his trees—the dipping strata of its
sandstone beds—the contortions of its kneaded gneiss, or the ruder
features of its trap and its granite. For the most important of these
details he will find the camera, as at present constructed, of little
service. It is fitted only to copy surfaces; and therefore, when
directed to solid bodies, such as living beings, statues, &c., it gives
false and hideous representations of them, as I have shewn in a
preceding chapter. It is peculiarly defective when applied to parts of
bodies at different distances from it, and of a less diameter than the
lens. The photograph of a cube taken by a lens of a greater
diameter, will display five of its sides in a position, when its true
perspective representation is simply a single square of its surface.
When applied to trees, and shrubs, and flowers, its pictures are still
more unsatisfactory. Every stem and leaf smaller than the lens,
though absolutely opaque, is transparent, and leaves and stems
behind and beyond are seen like ghosts through the photographic
image.
Fig. 48.
This will be understood from Fig. 48, in which ll is the lens of the
camera, ab the breadth of the trunk or stem of a tree less than ll in
width. Draw la, lb, touching ab in the points a, b, and crossing at c.
Objects behind ab, and placed within the angle acb, will not have
any images of them formed by the lens ll, because none of the rays
which proceed from them can fall upon the lens, but objects placed
within the angle ecf, however remote be their distance, will have
images of them formed by the lens. If d, for example, be a leaf or a
fruit, or a portion of a branch, the rays which it emits will fall upon the
portions lm, ln of the lens, determined by drawing dm, dn touching
ab, and an image of it will be formed in the centre of the
photographic image of ab, as if ab were transparent. This image will
be formed by all the portions of the surface of the lens on which the
shadow of ab, formed by rays emanating from d, would not fall. If the
object d is more remote, the shadow of ab will diminish in size, and
the image of the object will be formed by a greater portion of the
lens. If the sun were to be in the direction mn, his image would
appear in the centre of the trunk or stem, corresponding to ab, Fig.
49.
Fig. 49.
If the stem occupies any other position, ab, Fig. 48, in the
landscape, objects, such as d, within the angle ecf, will have images
of them formed within the corresponding portion of the trunk or stem.
Hence, if ab, Fig. 49, represents the shadow of the stem across the
lens ll, the image of any object, which if luminous would give this
shadow, will be formed within the photographic image of the stem,
and as every part of it may have branches, or leaves, or fruit behind
it, its photographs will be filled with their pictures, which will have the
same distinctness as other equidistant parts of the landscape.
These observations are applicable to the limbs and slender parts
of animate and inanimate figures, when they are of a less size than
the lens with which their photograph is taken. They will be
transparent to all objects behind them, and their true forms and
shades cannot be taken with the cameras now in use.[60]
In order, therefore, to collect from nature the materials of his
profession, the artist must use a camera with a lens not much larger
than the pupil of his eye, and with such an instrument he will obtain
the most correct drawings of the trunks and stems of trees, of the
texture and markings of their bark, of the form of their leaves, and of
all those peculiarities of structure and of leafage by which alone the
trees of the forest can be distinguished. In like manner, he will obtain
the most correct representations of the rocks and precipices, and the
individual stones[61] which may enter into his picture,—of the plants
which spring from their crevices or grow at their base, and of those
flowers in their native grace and beauty, which hitherto he has either
drawn from recollection, or copied from the formal representations of
the botanist.
In addition to their correctness as true representations of natural
forms, photographs have a peculiar value, for which no labour or skill
on the part of the artist can compensate. In drawing the sketch of a
landscape, or delineating the trees, rocks, and foliage which are near
him, or the objects in the middle or remote distance, several hours
must be spent. During this period, the landscape and its individual
parts are undergoing no inconsiderable change. A breeze may
disturb the masses of his foliage, and bend his tree stems, and ruffle
his verdure, and throw new reflected lights upon the waving crops,
while every direct light is changing in intensity and direction during
the culmination or descent of the sun. What he has delineated in the
morning will hardly correspond with what he draws at noon, and the
distances which at one time are finely marked in aerial perspective,
will disappear, or even suffer inversion by variations in the intensity
and position of the haze. If cottages, or castles, or buildings of any
kind, enter into the picture, the shadows of their projections, and the
lights upon their walls and roofs will, in sunshine, undergo still
greater variations, and the artist will be perplexed with the
anachronisms and inconsistencies of his choicest materials. The
landscape thus composed in patches will, in its photograph, have a
very different aspect, as much in its forms as in its lights and
shadows. The truths of nature are fixed at one instant of time; the
self-delineated landscape is embalmed amid the co-existing events
of the physical and social world. If the sun shines, his rays throw
their gilding on the picture. If the rain-shower falls, the earth and the
trees glisten with its reflexions. If the wind blows, the partially
obliterated foliage will display the extent of its agitation. The objects
of still life, too, give reality and animation to the scene. The streets
display their stationary chariots, the esplanade its military array, and
the market-place its colloquial groups, while the fields are studded
with the forms and attitudes of animal life. The incidents of time and
the forms of space are thus simultaneously recorded, and every
picture from the sober palette of the sun becomes an authentic
chapter in the history of the world.[62]
But, however valuable photography has become to the artist,
science has recently given him another important auxiliary. In order
to make this available, he must employ a small pocket binocular
camera, to take double pictures to be united in the stereoscope. His
trees will thus exhibit the roundness of their trunks and stems, the
leaves and branches will place themselves at their proper distance,
and he will discover the reason of peculiar effects which in the plane
photograph he has been unable to understand. Seeing that his own
picture is to be upon a plane surface, I can hardly expect to convince
the artist that he will obtain more information by reproducing the
original in relief. It is a fact, however, beyond dispute, that effects are
produced by the stereoscopic union of two plane photographs which
are invisible in the single picture. These effects, which are chiefly
those of lustre and shade, are peculiarly remarkable in
Daguerreotype, and it is by no means easy to explain the cause. In a
Daguerreotype, for example, of two figures in black bronze, with a
high metallic lustre, it is impossible, by looking at the single picture,
to tell the material of which they are made; but the moment they are
united into stereoscopic relief their true character is instantly seen. In
a Daguerreotype of Alexander and Bucephalus, portions of the figure
seem as if shaded with China ink of a nearly uniform tint, but when
seen in relief the peculiar shade entirely disappears. The
stereoscopic combination of two surfaces of different intensities,
though of the same colour, produces effects which have not yet been
sufficiently studied. But, independently of these peculiarities, the
artist will certainly derive more aid from his landscape in relief, and
from the study of its individual parts, in their roundness and relative
distances, than when he examines them in their plane
representations. The shadows which the branches of leaves cast
upon the trunks and stems of his trees he will be able to trace to the
causes which produce them. Effects in outline, as well as in light and
shadow, which may perplex him, will find an explanation in the
relative distances and differences of apparent magnitude of
individual parts; and, after becoming familiar with his landscape in
relief, as it exists in Nature, he cannot fail to acquire new principles
and methods of manipulation. Nature flattened upon paper or metal,
and Nature round and plump, as if fresh from the chisel of the Divine
sculptor, must teach very different lessons to the aspiring artist.
The historical painter, or the more humble artist who delineates
the scenes of common or domestic life, will derive from the
photographic camera and the stereoscope advantages of equal
importance. The hero, the sage, and the martyr, drawn from living
originals, may be placed in the scenes where they suffered, or in the
localities which they hallowed. The lawgiver of Egypt, though he
exists only in the painter’s eye, may take his place beside the giant
flanks of Horeb or the awe-inspiring summit of Mount Sinai; and He
whom we may not name may challenge our love and admiration
amid the sun-painted scenes of his youth, of his miracles, and of his
humiliation. The fragments of ancient grandeur which time and war
have spared, the relics of bygone ages which have resisted the
destructive elements, will, as the materials of art, give reality and
truth to the pictorial history of times past, while the painter of modern
events can command the most accurate representations not only of
the costume, but of the very persons of the great men whose deeds
he is called upon to immortalize. The heroes of the Crimean war,
whether friends or foes, will be descried in the trenches in which they
fought, amid the ranks which they led to victory, or among the
wrecks of the fatal encounter in which they fell. The sun will thus
become the historiographer of the future, and in the fidelity of his
pencil and the accuracy of his chronicle, truth itself will be embalmed
and history cease to be fabulous.
But even in the narrower, though not less hallowed sphere of
domestic life, where the magic names of kindred and home are
inscribed, the realities of stereoscopic photography will excite the
most thrilling interest. In the transition forms of his offspring, which
link infancy with manhood, the parent will recognise the progress of
his mortal career, and in the successive phases which mark the
sunset of life, the stripling in his turn will read the lesson that his
pilgrimage too has a term which must close. Nor are such
delineations interesting only as works of art, or as incentives to
virtue; they are instinct with associations vivid and endearing. The
picture is connected with its original by sensibilities peculiarly tender.
It was the very light which radiated from her brow,—the identical
gleam which lighted up her eye,—the hectic flush or the pallid hue
that hung upon her cheek, which pencilled the cherished image, and
fixed themselves for ever there.
CHAPTER XI.
APPLICATION OF THE STEREOSCOPE TO
SCULPTURE,ARCHITECTURE, AND
ENGINEERING.