Watering Volume and Growing Design Effect On Produ
Watering Volume and Growing Design Effect On Produ
(Solanum lycopersicum
* * *
Farhan Ahmad , Kusumiyati Kusumiyati , Muhammad Rabnawaz Khan , Ristina Siti Sundari
doi: 10.20944/preprints202308.0439.v1
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Article
Watering Volume and Growing Design Effect on
Productivity and Quality of Cherry Tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum cerasiformae) Cultivar Ruby
Farhan Ahmad 1,*, Kusumiyati Kusumiyati 1,* Muhammad Rabnawaz Khan 2
and Ristina Siti Sundari 3,4,*
1 Department of Agronomy, Agricultural Faculty. Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Bandung-Sumedang Km 21
Jatinangor, Sumedang. West Java. Indonesia; [email protected]; [email protected]
2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Production Sciences, The University of Peshawar, Peshawar. Khyber
Abstract: Producing cherry tomatoes became interesting to know watering volume and growing design on
growth, yield, and quality of cherry tomatoes. The research aimed to intend the best treatment for each
treatment of watering volume and Growing design on the productivity and quality of cherry tomato cultivar
Ruby. The study is an experimental exploration using RCBD factorial. The treatment factors include: Growing
Design (greenhouse, Rain shelter, Screen house) and Watering Volume (100% Etc, 75% ETc, 50% ETc). The
result showed that root dry weight and root-shoot ratio were found higher in the screen house design, while
fruit firmness was higher in the rain shelter design. Considering the effect of watering volume, higher fruit
diameter, heavier fruit, fruits per plant, ultimate fruit & biological yield per plant, higher root & shoot biomass,
root-shoot ratio, leaf chlorophyll content, greater fruit skin firmness and elasticity was noted in the 100% ETc
treatment. In contrast, the growth rate was higher in 50% ETc treatment. Cultivating cherry tomatoes in a
greenhouse using a watering volume of 100% ETc under the results is recommended. These conditions have
led to better growth, higher fruit yield, and improved fruit quality, making them favorable options for
successful cherry tomato production.
1. Introduction
The cherry tomato is considered a likely ancestor of the cultivated tomato based on its
widespread occurrence in Central America and the occurrence of a shorter length in flowers (Kittas
et al., 2012; Lone et al., 2021). It originated in the Andes region, including Ecuador and Peru in South
America, and spread worldwide after Spain’s settlement of the Americas. It has gained popularity as
a cash crop in several Asian countries. However, India and Kashmir are still new growing regions
where production and productivity are yet to be documented [3]. Tomatoes are one of the most
essential basic vegetables grown worldwide. He produced 18.73 million tons of tomatoes in India,
representing 10.44% of the world’s production in 2016. Tomatoes are rich in essential bioactive
principles and attributes that benefit them and become vital members of the so-called “functional
food” group [4]. The cherry tomato is one of the world’s major vegetable crops and an excellent
nutritional source. It is rich in vitamin C and other phosphorus, iron, and calcium minerals.
Consumer demand and market-driven competition ensure a high standard of nutritional value for
cherry tomatoes [5]. It is a warm-season crop and usually has higher dry matter and soluble solids
contents than traditional fresh tomato varieties. Acid and malic contribute most to the sweetness,
sourness, and overall flavor intensity. [6]. It is a perennial in its natural habitat but often grows
annually in temperate climates. Plant growth is typically indeterminate and can range up to 3 meters
in height [7], [8].
Drought is one of the most influential and proven means of food preservation. Reducing the
water movements in food materials by eradicating moisture inactivates or prevents the growth and
proliferation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, reduces enzymatic activity, and minimizes
many adverse moisture-related reactions be kept at the limit. [9]. Although drying is effective in
prolonging the shelf lifespan of produce, conventional drying inevitably leads to the loss of
organoleptic and nutritional qualities due to undesired changes in structure and biochemical
properties [10]. The lack of public information about cherry tomatoes, the small number of producers,
and the lower productivity in Indonesia lead to the higher price of cherry tomatoes. Now a day,
cherry tomatoes are typical in recent marketplaces but are still unusual in traditional markets [11].
Therefore, need to increase and expand production. Drought causes plants to lack water. Drought is
a disorder in which soil water content is minimized for crop production growth. Drought is a term
that describes whether plants are experiencing water shortages from their environment. Drought
control might be produced by water deficit in the plant root zone [12].
Water volume reduces the oxygen level in the soil and creates environments that are very
harmful to plant development [13]. Lack of oxygen adversely affects aerobic respiration, which causes
a reduction in plant growth by disturbing the uptake of nutrients, hormonal balance, photosynthesis,
and growth is stopped and thus reduces yield [14]. Flooding also induces stomatal closure, limiting
the availability of CO2 for photosynthetic carbon metabolism and consequently encouraging
oxidative stress through the accumulation of photosynthetic free radicals. Programmed cell death is
also associated with waterlogging, which leads to airflow tissue formation and ethylene production.
Flooding also induces changes in developmental programs through adaptive mechanisms such as
regulation of gene expression and evolution of random numbers [15–17] modulation of ion uptake to
mitigate flood stress [13].
Tomatoes planted in the field are frequently subjected to unfavorable environmental
circumstances, including salt and drought, and tomato trees may become swamped by excessive
rainfall from storms and extreme rains. 16% of tomato-producing areas in India are vulnerable to
flooding and deforestation (Sun et al., 2022). In the coming years, it is anticipated that adverse
environmental circumstances, such as waterlogging stress, will impact the production of crops like
tomatoes. Therefore, a greater understanding of the numerous physiological, biochemical, and
molecular mechanisms occurring in tomatoes during waterlogging stress is required to create
management strategies to ensure plant survival and preserve yield.
Effective management of environmental control systems, such as evaporative cooling and shade,
can stop the development of physiological stresses that impact production quality and final yield in
stressful conditions. Numerous studies have demonstrated that modifying the microclimate in
greenhouses to lower transpiration enhances plants’ physiological resiliency to stressful situations
and ameliorates unfavorable external climatic conditions [19].
The Vos viewer bibliometric analysis of this research position is following:
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To visualize previous research related to this topic using VOSviewer with following keywords
(Tomato, Cherry tomato, quality, cultivation, watering, growing design). The results revealed that
there are significant number of researches related to cherry tomato. However, relatively few studies
have examined the specific area of cherry tomato. The results of the VOSviewer analysis suggested
that there is a need for further research into cherry tomato.
Cherry tomatoes are commonly grown in polyhouse conditions, but developing high-yielding,
high-quality varieties suitable for outdoor cultivation has become essential to increasing the
profitability of marginal outdoor growers (Chandni et al., 2020). This study’s objective was to
ascertain the main effect and interaction of watering volume and Growing House on the growth and
yield of Cherry tomatoes Cultivar Ruby
𝑆
𝜔 = 𝑞∝ (𝑝, 𝑣) (2)
𝑟
- Test criteria
Compare the absolute value of two different means to distinguish the differences in the HSD
score
If |µi - µj| > HSD005, means the test result is significant
If |µi - µj| < HSD005, means the test result is not significant
Parameter Measurement has been done toward Growth rate, plant height/shoot length, caulis
(stem) diameter, leaf amount on the main stem, fruit water content, root-shoot ratio, root length.
Preparation, Nursery and Transplanting
Planting was done in three places: greenhouse, rain shelter, and screen house. Greenhouse
measures 24 meters long, 17 meters wide, and 6 meters high. The greenhouse roof uses 200 microns
of UV plastic material, while the greenhouse walls use a screen net with a density of 50 mesh. The
rain shelter consists of 200 microns of UV plastic roof with a building size of 18.5 x 5 x 3.5 meters
(length x width x height). As for the screen house, only the roof is covered with a screen net with a
density of 50 mesh. The screen house measures 15 x 3.5 x 2.8 meters (length x width x height).
Seeding is done by preparing the seedling media, namely husk charcoal. The husk charcoal is
doused with water until it feels moist. The seedbed media is put into the seed tray until it is complete.
Each hole was filled with one Ruby cultivar cherry tomato seed. The planting hole is closed again
with the seedling medium and watered until the media is moist. The planted seed tray is stored in
the greenhouse.
Transplanting seedlings from seed trays to polybags is carried out when the seedlings are four
weeks after sowing (WAS). The planting medium is saturated first. Then the seeds are planted and
covered again with the media. After planting, the seedlings are watered. Polybags are arranged in
double rows with a distance of 50 x 30 cm.
Watering Volume Application
Watering is made daily using a nutrient solution AB mixed with the composition Solution A
consisting of potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, and Fe. In contrast, Solution B consists of (NH4)2PO4,
CuSO4, KNO3, MnSO4, ZnSO4, MgSO4, borax acid, KH2PO4, N, and Mo. A total of 2 liters each of
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Solution A and B is dissolved in 96 liters of water. The nutrient solution is sprinkled on the surface
of the planting medium. The difference in the volume of Watering was made at the age of the plants
2 WAP. The amount of watering volume is based on plant evapotranspiration (ETc) which is
calculated by the Soil Water Balance equation [22].
Etc = P+I-R-D-(Wn-1-Wn) (3)
Information:
ETc: Evapotranspiration (mm)
P: Precipitation (mm)
I: Irrigation (volume of water given) (mm)
R: Runoff (Surface flow) (mm)
D: Drainage (Percolation) (mm)
Wn-1 : Media weight on day n-1 (g)
Wn: Weight of media on the nth day (g)
Because the experiment was carried out on polybags and watered manually, the equation can
be simplified as follows:
Etc = P + I – D – (Wn-1– Wn) (4)
At each location, the plant samples were used to measure total evapotranspiration (ETc). Each
plant sample is equipped with a water storage container under the polybag to calculate the amount
of percolation (D) resulting from Watering. Rainfall (P) is calculated by measuring the volume of
water accommodated in the water storage container provided after rain. Then rainfall is measured
by the formula:
H = VL x 1000 (5)
Information:
H: Rainfall height (mm)
V: Volume of water accommodated (ml)
L: Area of rainwater catchment area (mm2)
The weight of the planting medium (W) is calculated by weighing the weight of the planting
medium and the plants.
3. Results
Figure 2. Wind Speed (a) and Light Intensity at cites (d) Note: GH = Greenhouse, SH = Screen House,
RS = Rain Shelter.
Figure 3. The main effect of watering volume and growing design on the growth rate of cherry tomato
Ruby cultivar (e) and Interaction of watering volume and growing design in the growth rate of cherry
tomato Ruby cultivar (f).
Figure 4. The main effect of watering volume and growing design on fruit diameter of cherry tomato
Ruby cultivar.
Figure 5. The main effect of watering volume and growing design in single fruit weight of cherry
tomato Ruby cultivar (a) and Interaction of watering volume and growing design in single fruit
weight of cherry tomato Ruby cultivar (b).
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Figure 6. The main effect of watering volume and growing design in a number of fruits per plant of
the cherry tomato Ruby cultivar.
Figure 7. The main effect of watering volume and growing design in fruit yield per plant of cherry
tomato Ruby cultivar.
Figure 8. The main effect of watering volume and growing design in root dry weight of cherry tomato
Ruby cultivar.
10
Figure 9. The main effect of watering volume and growing design on shoot dry weight of cherry
tomato Ruby cultivar (a) and Interaction of watering volume and growing design in single fruit
weight of cherry tomato Ruby cultivar (b).
Figure 10. The main effect of watering volume and growing design in cherry tomato Ruby cultivar.
11
Figure 11. The main effect of watering volume and growing design in biological yield per plant of
cherry tomato Ruby cultivar.
Figure 12. The main effect of watering volume and growing design in chlorophyll content of cherry
tomato leaf Ruby cultivar.
12
watering volume in influencing the chlorophyll content of cherry tomatoes. The greenhouse design,
combined with adequate watering according to or exceeding the ETC, is the most favorable
combination for achieving higher chlorophyll content.
Figure 13. The main effect of watering volume and growing design in fruit firmness of cherry tomato
Ruby cultivar.
Figure 14. The main effect of watering volume and growing design in the elasticity of cherry tomato
Ruby cultivar.
4. Discussion
13
[26]. The flexibility of cherry tomato plants may have prevented its direct effect on growth rate from
being statistically significant in the study, even though adequate watering is necessary for optimal
growth [27], [28].
14
enhancing overall plant health and productivity [25], [49], [50]. Varying watering volumes influence
plant hydration, affecting nutrient uptake and photosynthesis [51]. Correctly matching growing
designs with appropriate watering levels can create optimal conditions for cherry tomato plants,
resulting in increased biological yield per plant [23]. Growing tomato plants under shade nets
eliminated “sun scald” compared to plants grown without shading, enhancing biomass productivity
[1]. Regular irrigation in all growth stages resulted in optimal performance [52]. Because of the high
water requirement, the tomato plant is sensitive to deficit irrigation so any stress can reduce the plant
growth and yield [53]
15
and lower photosynthetic activity can result from insufficient watering (Hassan et al., 2015). On the
other hand, excessive watering might restrict the amount of oxygen available to the roots, preventing
the creation of chlorophyll [68]. Additionally, chlorophyll production could be impacted by the
quality of the water, particularly its pH and nutritional content [69].
5. Conclusions
The study revealed that the greenhouse approach demonstrated the most favorable outcomes
for cherry tomato cultivation among the different growing designs. The greenhouse-grown cherry
tomatoes exhibited higher growth rates, maximum fruit diameter, increased fruits per plant, and
superior fruit and biological yield. Additionally, the greenhouse design resulted in greater shoot
biomass, elevated leaf chlorophyll content, and higher fruit elasticity. Regarding watering volume,
the 100% ETc treatment was the most beneficial, leading to larger fruit size, heavier fruits, increased
fruit yield, and enhanced root and shoot biomass. The combination of greenhouse growing design
with 100% ETc watering volume is recommended for successful and improved cherry tomato
production in the Jatinangor region, providing better growth, higher yield, and superior fruit quality,
thereby supporting the increasing demand for cherry tomatoes in Indonesia.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Farhan Ahmad and Kusumiyati.; methodology, Farhan Ahmad,
Kusumiyati, Muhammad Rabnawaz Khan, Ristina Siti Sundari.; software, Farhan Ahmad and Ristina Siti
Sundari; validation, Kusumiyati and Muhammad Rabnawaz Khan; formal analysis, Farhan Ahmad and Ristina
Siti Sundari; investigation, Farhan Ahmad, Kusumiyati, and Muhammad Rabnawaz Khan.; resources, Farhan
Ahmad and Ristina Siti Sundari.; data curation, Farhan Ahmad.; writing—original draft preparation, Farhan
Ahmad and Ristina Siti Sundari; writing—review and editing, Ristina Siti Sundari and Kusumiyati;
visualization, Farhan Ahmad and Ristina Siti Sundari.; supervision, Kusumiyati and Muhammad Rabnawaz
Khan.; project administration, Kusumiyati.; funding acquisition, Kusumiyati. All authors have read and agreed
to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: Please add: “This research received no external funding” or “This research was funded by NAME OF
FUNDER, grant number XXX” and “The APC was funded by XXX”. Check carefully that the details given are
accurate and use the standard spelling of funding agency names at https://search.crossref.org/funding. Any
errors may affect your future funding.
Acknowledgments: We thank you to Universitas Padjadjaran supporting along with research.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest
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