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Chemistry
RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM
CBCS / Semester System
(W.e.f. 2016-17 Admitted Batch)
I Semester Syllabus
CHEMISTRY
UNIT –I
p-block elements –I 15h
Group-13: Synthesis and structure of diborane and higher boranes
(B4H10 and B 5 H 9 ), boron-nitrogen compounds (B3N3H6 and BN) and carboranes
Group - 14: Preparation and applications of silanes, silicones and graphitic compounds.
Group - 15: Preparation and reactions of hydrazine, hydroxylamine and Phosphazenes.
UNIT-II
1. p-block elements -II 8h
Group - 16: Classifications of oxides based on (i) Chemical behaviour and
(ii) Oxygen content, Oxyacids of sulphur (structures only).
Group-17: Inter halogen compounds, pseudo halogens and comparision with halogens.
2. Organometallic Chemistry 7h
Definition - classification of Organometallic compounds - nomenclature, preparation,
properties and applications of alkyls of Li and Mg.
UNIT-III
Structural theory in Organic Chemistry 10 h
Types of bond fission and organic reagents (Electrophilic, Nucleophilic, and free radical
reagents including neutral molecules like H2O,NH 3 & AlCl3).
Bond polarization: Factors influencing the polarization of covalent bonds, electro
negativity - inductive effect. Application of inductive effect (a) Basicity of amines (b)
Acidity of carboxylic acids (c) Stability of carbonium ions. Resonance or Mesomeric
effect, application to (a) acidity of phenol, and (b) acidity of carboxylic acids. Hyper
conjugation and its application to stability of carbonium ions, Free radicals and alkenes,
carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes.
Types of Organic reactions : Addition - electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical.
Substitution - electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical. Elimination- Examples.
UNIT-IV
l. Acyclic Hydrocarbons 6h
Alkenes - Preparation of alkenes. Properties: Addition of hydrogen - heat of
hydrogenation and stability of alkenes. Addition of halogen and its mechanism. Addition
of HX, Markonikov's rule, addition of H2O, HOX, H 2 SO4 with mechanism and addition
of HBr in the presence of peroxide (anti - Markonikov's addition). Dienes - Types of
dienes, reactions of conjugated dienes - 1,2 and 1,4 addition of HBr to 1,3 - butadiene
and Diel's - Alder reaction.
UNIT-V
Benzene and its reactivity 10h
Concept of resonance, resonance energy. Heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion of
Benzene, mention of C-C bond lengths and orbital picture of Benzene. Concept of
aromaticity - aromaticity (definition), Huckel's rule - application to Benzenoid (Benzene,
Naphthalene) and Non - Benzenoid compounds (cyclopropenyl cation, cyclopentadienyl
anion and tropylium cation)
Reactions - General mechanism of electrophilic substitution, mechanism of nitration,
Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation. Orientation of aromatic substitution - Definition
of ortho, para and meta directing groups. Ring activating and deactivating groups with
examples (Electronic interpretation of various groups like NO2 and Phenolic).
Orientation of (i) Amino, methoxy and methyl groups (ii) Carboxy, nitro, nitrile,
carbonyl and sulphonic acid groups (iii) Halogens
(Explanation by taking minimum of one example from each type)
List of Reference Books
1. Inorganic Chemistry by J.E.Huheey
2. Basic Inorganic Chemistry by Cotton and Wilkinson
3.A textbook of qualitative inorganic analysis by A.I. Vogel
4. Organic Chemistry by Morrisson and Boyd
5. A Text Book of Organic chemistry by I L Finar Vol I
6. Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D.Lee
7. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry by B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl
LABORATORY COURSE-I 30 hrs (2 h / w)
Practical-I Simple Salt Analysis
(At the end of Semester-I)
Analysis of simple salt containing one anion and cation from the following
UNIT-I
Solid-state l0h
Symmetry in crystals. Law of constancy of interfacial angles. The law of rationality of
indices. The law of symmetry. Definition of lattice point, space lattice, unit cell. Bravis
lattices and crystal systems. X-ray diffraction and crystal structure. Bragg's law. Defects
in crystals. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects.
UNIT-II
1.Gaseous state 6h
Compression factors, deviation of real gases from ideal behavior. Vander Waal's
equation of state. P-V Isotherms of real gases, Andrew's isotherms of carbon dioxide,
continuity of state. Critical phenomena. The Vander Waal's equation and the critical
state. Law of corresponding states. Relationship between critical constants and Vander
Waal's constants. Joule Thomson effect.
2.Liquid state 4h
Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases. Liquid crystals, the
mesomorphic state. Classification of liquid crystals into Smectic and Nematic.
Differences between liquid crystal and solid/liquid. Application of liquid crystals as LCD
devices.
UNIT-III
Solutions l0h
Liquid-liquid - ideal solutions, Raoult's law. Ideally dilute solutions, Henry's law. Non-
ideal solutions. Vapour pressure - composition and vapour pressure- temperature curves.
Azeotropes-HCl-H2O, ethanol-water systems and fractional distillation. Partially
miscible liquids-phenol-water, trimethylamine-water, nicotine-water systems. Effect of
impurity on consulate temperature. Immiscible liquids and steam distillation.
Nernst distribution law. Calculation of the partition coefficient. Applications of
distribution law.
UNIT-IV
l.Surface chemistry 8h
Definition of colloids. Solids in liquids(sols), preparation, purification, properties -
kinetic, optical, electrical. Stability of colloids, Hardy-Schulze law, protective colloid.
Liquids in liquids (emulsions) preparation, properties, uses. Liquids in solids (gels)
preparation, uses.
Adsorption: Physical adsorption, chemisorption. Freundlisch, Langmuir adsorption
isotherms. Applications of adsorption
2.Chemical Bonding 7h
Valence bond theory, hybridization, VB theory as applied toClF 3 , Ni(CO) 4 ,
Molecular orbital theory - LCAO method, construction of M.O. diagrams for homo-
nuclear and hetero-nuclear diatomic molecules (N2, O2, CO and NO).
UNIT-V
Stereochemistry of carbon compounds 15 h
Molecular representations- Wedge, Fischer, Newman and Saw-Horse formulae.
Optical isomerism: Optical activity- wave nature of light, plane polarised light, optical
rotation and specific rotation.
Chiral molecules- definition and criteria(Symmetry elements)- Definition of enantiomers
and diastereomers – Explanation of optical isomerism with examples Glyceraldehyde,
Lactic acid, Alanine, Tartaric acid, 2,3-dibromopentane.
D,L and R,S configuration methods and E,Z- configuration with examples.
Cations: Lead, copper, iron, aluminum, zinc, manganese, calcium, strontium, barium,
potassium and ammonium.
ADIKAVI NANNAYA UNIVERSITY
RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM
CBCS / Semester System
(W.e.f. 2015-16 Admitted Batch)
III Semester Syllabus
CHEMISTRY
UNIT –I
1. Chemistry of d-block elements: 9h
Characteristics of d-block elements with special reference to electronic configuration,
variable valence, magnetic properties, catalytic properties and ability to form
complexes. Stability of various oxidation states.
2. Theories of bonding in metals: 6h
Metallic properties and its limitations, Valence bond theory, Free electron theory,
Explanation of thermal and electrical conductivity of metals, limitations, Band
theory, formation of bands, explanation of conductors, semiconductors and
insulators.
UNIT – II
1. Metal carbonyls : 7h
EAN rule, classification of metal carbonyls, structures and shapes of metal carbonyls
of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni.
2. Chemistry of f-block elements: 8h
Chemistry of lanthanides - electronic structure, oxidation states, lanthanide
contraction, consequences of lanthanide contraction, magnetic properties. Chemistry
of actinides - electronic configuration, oxidation states, actinide contraction,
comparison of lanthanides and actinides, separation of lanthanides by ion exchange
method and solvent extraction method.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 30 h (2h/w)
UNIT – III
1. Halogen compounds 5h
Nomenclature and classification of alkyl (into primary, secondary, tertiary), aryl, aryl
alkyl, allyl, vinyl, benzyl halides.
Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction- classification intoSN 1 andSN 2 – reaction
mechanism with examples – Ethyl chloride, t-butyl chloride and optically active alkyl
halide 2-bromobutane.
2. Hydroxy compounds 5h
UNIT-IV
Carbonyl compounds 10 h
Nomenclature of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds, structure of the carbonyl
group. Synthesis of aldehydes from acid chlorides, synthesis of aldehydes and ketones
using 1,3-dithianes, synthesis of ketones from nitriles and from carboxylic acids.
Physical properties: Reactivity of carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones.
Nucleophilic addition reaction with a) NaHSO3, b) HCN, c) RMgX, d) NH2OH,
e)PhNHNH2, f) 2,4 DNPH, g) Alcohols-formation of hemiacetal and acetal. Base
catalysed reactions: a) Aldol, b) Cannizzaro’s reaction, c) Perkin reaction, d) Benzoin
condensation, e) Haloform reaction, f) Knoevenagel reaction. Oxidation of aldehydes-
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones. Reduction: Clemmensen reduction, Wolf-Kishner
reduction, MPV reduction, reduction with LiAlH4 and NaBH4. Analysis of aldehydes
and ketones with a) 2,4-DNPH test, b) Tollen's test, c) Fehling test, d) Schiff’s test
e) Haloform test (with equation)
UNIT-V
1. Carboxylic acids and derivatives 6h
Nomenclature, classification and structure of carboxylic acids. Methods of preparation
by a) Hydrolysis of nitriles, amides b) Hydrolysis of esters by acids and bases with
mechanism c) Carbonation of Grignard reagents. Special methods of preparation of
aromatic acids by a) Oxidation of side chain. b) Hydrolysis by benzotrichlorides.
c) Kolbe reaction. Physical properties: Hydrogen bonding, dimeric association, acidity-
strength of acids with examples of trimethyl acetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. Relative
differences in the acidities of aromatic and aliphatic acids. Chemical properties:
Reactions involving H, OH and COOH groups- salt formation, anhydride formation, acid
chloride formation, amide formation and esterification (mechanism). Degradation of
carboxylic acids by Huns-Diecker reaction, decarboxylation by Schimdt reaction, Arndt-
Eistert synthesis, halogenation by Hell- Volhard- Zelinsky reaction.
2. Active methylene compounds 4h
Titrimetric analysis
UNIT-I 6h
General features of absorption - Beer-Lambert's law and its limitations, transmittance,
Absorbance, and molar absorptivity. Single and double beam spectrophotometers.
Application of Beer-Lambert law for quantitative analysis of 1. Chromium in K2Cr2O7
2. Manganese in Manganous sulphate
Electronic spectroscopy: 8h
Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with molecules and types of molecular spectra.
Energy levels of molecular orbitals (σ, π, n). Selection rules for electronic spectra. Types
of electronic transitions in molecules effect of conjugation. Concept of chromophore and
auxochrome.
UNIT-II
2.Phase rule 6h
Concept of phase, components, degrees of freedom. Thermodynamic Derivation
of Gibbs phase rule. Phase equilibrium of one component system - water
system. Phase equilibrium of two- component system, solid-liquid equilibrium.
Simple eutectic diagram of Pb-Ag system, simple eutectic diagram,
desilverisation of lead., NaCl-Water system, Freezing mixtures.
IR Spectral Analysis 25 M
5. IR Spectral Analysis of the following functional groups with examples
a) Hydroxyl groups
b) Carbonyl groups
c) Amino groups
d) Aromatic groups
ADIKAVI NANNAYA UNIVERSITY
CBCS SEMESTER PATTERN
CHEMISTRY
w.e.f. 2015-16 admitted batch
SEMESTER-V
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT – I
Coordination Chemistry: 8h
IUPAC nomenclature - bonding theories - Review of Werner's theory and Sidgwick's
concept of coordination - Valence bond theory - geometries of coordination numbers
4-tetrahedral and square planar and 6-octahedral and its limitations, crystal filed theory -
splitting of d-orbitals in octahedral, tetrahedral and square-planar complexes - low spin
and high spin complexes - factors affecting crystal-field splitting energy, merits and
demerits of crystal-field theory. Isomerism in coordination compounds - structural
isomerism and stereo isomerism, stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6
coordination numbers.
UNIT-II
1. Spectral and magnetic properties of metal complexes: 4h
Types of magnetic behavior, spin-only formula, calculation of magnetic moments,
experimental determination of magnetic susceptibility-Gouymethod.
UNIT – IV
Nitrogen compounds : 12h
Amines (Aliphatic and Aromatic): Nomenclature, Classification into 1°, 2°, 3° Amines
and Quarternary ammonium compounds. Preparative methods –
1. Ammonolysis of alkyl halides 2. Gabriel synthesis 3. Hoffman's bromamide reaction
(mechanism).
Reduction of Amides and Schmidt reaction. Physical properties and basic character -
Comparative basic strength of Ammonia, methyl amine, dimethyl amine, trimethyl amine
and aniline - comparative basic strength of aniline, N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethyl
aniline (in aqueous and non-aqueous medium), steric effects and substituent effects.
Chemical properties: a) Alkylation b) Acylation c) Carbylamine reaction d) Hinsberg
separation e) Reaction with Nitrous acid of 1°, 2°, 3° (Aliphatic and aromatic amines).
Electrophillic substitution of Aromatic amines – Bromination and Nitration. Oxidation of
aryl and Tertiary amines, Diazotization.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT- V
Thermodynamics 15h
The first law of thermodynamics-statement, definition of internal energy and enthalpy.
Heat capacities and their relationship. Joule-Thomson effect- coefficient. Calculation of
w, for the expansion of perfect gas under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for
reversible processes. State function. Temperature dependence of enthalpy of formation-
Kirchoff s equation. Second law of thermodynamics. Different Statements of the law.
Carnot cycle and its efficiency. Carnot theorem. Concept of entropy, entropy as a state
function, entropy changes in reversible and irreversible processes. Entropy changes in
spontaneous and equilibrium processes.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT-I
1. Reactivity of metal complexes: 4h
Labile and inert complexes, ligand substitution reactions - SN 1 and SN 2,substitution
reactions of square planar complexes - Trans effect and applications of trans effect.
2.Bioinorganic chemistry: 4h
Essential elements, biological significance of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cl-.
Metalloporphyrins – Structure and functions of hemoglobin, Myoglobin and Chlorophyll.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT- II
Heterocyclic Compounds 7h
Introduction and definition: Simple five membered ring compounds with one hetero atom
Ex. Furan. Thiophene and pyrrole - Aromatic character – Preparation from 1,4,-
dicarbonyl compounds, Paul-Knorr synthesis.
Properties : Acidic character of pyrrole - electrophillic substitution at 2 or 5 position,
Halogenation, Nitration and Sulphonation under mild conditions - Diels Alder reaction
in furan.
Pyridine – Structure - Basicity - Aromaticity - Comparison with pyrrole - one method of
preparation and properties - Reactivity towards Nucleophilic substitution reaction.
UNIT-III
Carbohydrates 8h
Monosaccharides: (+) Glucose (aldo hexose) - Evidence for cyclic structure of glucose
(some negative aldehydes tests and mutarotation) - Proof for the ring size (methylation,
hydrolysis and oxidation reactions) - Pyranose structure (Haworth formula and chair
conformational formula).
(-) Fructose (ketohexose) - Evidence of 2 - ketohexose structure (formation of
pentaacetate, formation of cyanohydrin its hydrolysis and reduction by HI). Cyclic
structure for fructose (Furanose structure and Haworth formula) - osazone formation
from glucose and fructose – Definition of anomers with examples.
Interconversion of Monosaccharides: Aldopentose to Aldohexose (Arabinose to
D- Glucose, D-Mannose) (Kiliani - Fischer method). Epimers, Epimerisation - Lobry de
bruyn van Ekenstein rearrangement. Aldohexose to Aldopentose (D-Glucose to
D- Arabinose) by Ruff degradation. Aldohexose to Ketohexose
[(+) Glucose to (-) Fructose] and Ketohexose to Aldohexose (Fructose to
Glucose)
UNIT- IV
Amino acids and proteins 7h
Introduction: Definition of Amino acids, classification of Amino acids into alpha,
beta, and gamma amino acids. Natural and essential amino acids - definition and
examples, classification of alpha amino acids into acidic, basic and neutral amino
acids with examples. Methods of synthesis: General methods of synthesis of
alpha amino acids (specific examples - Glycine, Alanine, valine and leucine) by
following methods: a) from halogenated carboxylic acid b) Malonic ester
synthesis c) strecker's synthesis.
Physical properties: Zwitter ion structure - salt like character - solubility, melting
points, amphoteric character, definition of isoelectric point.
Chemical properties: General reactions due to amino and carboxyl groups -
lactams from gamma and delta amino acids by heating peptide bond (amide
linkage). Structure and nomenclature of peptides and proteins.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT-V
1. Chemical kinetics 8h
Rate of reaction - Definition of order and molecularity. Derivation of rate constants for
first, second, third and zero order reactions and examples. Derivation for time half
change. Methods to determine the order of reactions. Effect of temperature on rate of
reaction, Arrhenius equation, concept of activation energy.
2. Photochemistry 5h
Difference between thermal and photochemical processes. Laws of photochemistry-
Grothus-Draper's law and Stark-Einstein's law of photochemical equivalence. Quantum
yield-Photochemical reaction mechanism- hydrogen- chlorine, hydrogen- bromine
reaction. Qualitative description of fluorescence, phosphorescence, Photosensitized
reactions- energy transfer processes (simple example)
LABORATORY COURSE – VI
Practical Paper – VI Physical Chemistry
(at the end of semester V) 30 hrs (2 h/W)
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT-I
Introduction 9h
Concept of Environmental chemistry - Scope and importance of environment in now a days –
Nomenclature of environmental chemistry – Segments of environment - Natural resources –
Renewable Resources – Solar and biomass energy and Non-renewable resources – Thermal power
and atomic energy – Reactions of atmospheric oxygen and Hydological cycle.
UNIT-II
Air Pollution 9h
Definition – Sources of air pollution – Classification of air pollution – Acid rain – Photochemical
smog – Green house effect – Formation and depletion of ozone – Bhopal gas disaster – Controlling
methods of air pollution.
UNIT-III
Water pollution 9h
Unique physical and chemical properties of water – water quality and criteria for finding of water
quality – Dissolved oxygen – BOD, COD, Suspended solids, total dissolved solids, alkalinity –
Hardness of water – Methods to convert temporary hard water into soft water – Methods to convert
permanent hard water into soft water – eutrophication and its effects – principal wastage treatment –
Industrial waste water treatment.
UNIT-IV
Chemical Toxicology 9h
Toxic chemicals in the environment – effects of toxic chemicals – cyanide and its toxic effects –
pesticides and its biochemical effects – toxicity of lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium.
UNIT-V
Ecosystem and biodiversity 9h
Ecosystem: Concepts – structure – Functions and types of ecosystem – Abiotic and biotic
components – Energy flow and Energy dynamics of ecosystem – Food chains – Food web – Tropic
levels – Biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen and phosporus)
Biodiversity: Definition – level and types of biodiversity – concept - significance – magnitude and
distribution of biodiversity – trends - biogeographical classification of India – biodiversity at
national, global and regional level.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Fundamentals of Ecology by M.C.Dash
2. A Text book of Environmental chemistry by W. Moore and F.A. Moore
3. Environmental Chemistry by Samir K. Banerji
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY COURSE – VII-B
(at the end of semester VI)
30 hrs (2 h / w)
50 Marks
3. Determination of Acidity
4. Determination of Alkalinity