CR PC
CR PC
Table of Contents
Introduction
Appeal under criminal law
Who can appeal
o Subsequent appeals
Kinds of appeal
o Section 373 CrPC – Appeal in court of session
o Section 374 CrPC – Appeal from convictions
Exception to Section 374
o Section 377 and 378 CrPC – State appeals
Section 377 CrPC – Appeal against sentence
Section 378 CrPC – Appeal in case of acquittal
o Section 379 CrPC- Appeal against conviction by High Court in certain cases
o Section 380 CrPC- Special right of appeal in certain cases
Non-appealable cases
o Section 375 CrPC- Certain guilty pleas are non-appealable
o Section 376 CrPC- No appeal in petty cases
Important judgements
o Dhananjay Rai v. State of Bihar (2022)
o Jogi v. the State Of Madhya Pradesh (2021)
o Dilip S. Dahanukar v. Kotak Mahindra Company Limited (2007)
o Bindeshwari Prasad Singh @ B.P v. State Of Bihar (2002)
Appellate court
Conclusion
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
o What is the format for filing an appeal?
o In what circumstances is it possible to have the appeal dismissed?
o What are the grounds for appeal?
o Is the victim allowed to seek an appeal, and if so, against what kind of order?
o What are the cases when an appeal is filed?
o What are the cases when an appeal is filed?
References
Introduction
The criminal justice system can have far-reaching effects on an individual’s life,
most significantly affecting their right to life and freedom. Since courts, like any
other man-made organisation, are likely to make mistakes, it follows that the
judgements they make are also subject to this risk of making errors. In order to
prevent a serious miscarriage of justice, there should be procedures in place to
carefully review the rulings of subordinate courts. To account for this, certain
measures have been incorporated into the criminal procedure for appealing a
criminal court’s judgement or order. From Section 372 all the way up to Section
394 of the Criminal Procedure Code are detailed requirements regarding
appeals.
However, the opportunity to appeal is not always available. For this reason,
even in circumstances where the right of appeal has been limited by CrPC, the
lawmakers integrated the concept of a review procedure termed “revision” into
the legislative process to entirely preclude any miscarriage of justice. The
higher courts’ revision powers and the method for exercising those powers are
laid forth in Sections 397 to 405. These authorities are wide-ranging and ad
hoc, which should be taken into account.
A criminal defendant can file an appeal with the Supreme Court, a high court, or
a sessions court, depending on the nature of the case. According to the
Supreme Court’s decision in Arun Kumar v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1989), the
Allahabad High Court was right to overturn the Sessions Judge’s acquittal and
convict the appellants if it determined that the Sessions Judge’s position was
clearly erroneous and even contributed to a miscarriage of justice. The Supreme
Court of India ruled in Satya Pal Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2015) that
a victim’s next of kin has standing to appeal a conviction to a higher court under
the provisions of Section 372, provided that the deceased victim’s father meets
the definition of a victim. The victim needs the permission of the high court to
initiate an appeal against a decision of acquittal, as the Supreme Court ruled in
the case of Satya Pal Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh. These are the
cornerstones of the appeals process under CrPC:
Subsequent appeals
A person who has been found guilty at trial may, with the approval of the Court
of Appeal, make a second or subsequent appeal. An individual seeking
permission to appeal must convince the court that new and persuasive evidence
exists and should be taken into account. If the court believes there was a
significant miscarriage of justice, it may hear a new appeal, overturn the
conviction, and either substitute a judgement of acquittal or order a new trial.
Kinds of appeal
Where a person has been wronged by any order refusing to accept or reject a
surety, the person may seek redress under Section 121.
If one disagrees with a magistrate’s sentencing decision, they have the right to
file an appeal with the court of session. If a sentence is handed down by a lower
court, an appeal could be filed with the high court.
It is expected that the accused will be given a fair hearing before any appeal or
decision to increase their sentence is issued.
In the event that the high court grants special permission to make an appeal,
the complaint may do so in the event that the case launched on the basis of the
complaint is afterwards acquitted. A government employee who has been found
not guilty may file a new application within six months after the acquittal.
Non-appealable cases
Section 375 CrPC- Certain guilty pleas are non-
appealable
No appeal shall lie if the defendant enters a plea of guilty before the high court
and the court records such a plea and finds the defendant guilty.
If the defendant enters a guilty plea in a lower court, an appeal of the sentence
may be made to the high court.
In the instance of the High Court, the possible penalties include either
imprisonment for up to 6 months or a fine of up to Rs 1000, or both.
Up to three months in jail time, a Rs. 200 fine, or both if found guilty in
court of session.
Up to 3 months in jail, or a fine of Rs. 200, whichever is greater, if
prosecuted by a metropolitan magistrate.
There is a Rs 100 fine if you are caught breaking a law in front of a
judicial magistrate.
Up to Rs. 200 in the instance of a Magistrate authorised under Section
260 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
Important judgements
The accused was found guilty by the Sessions Court on September 4, 2009, and
the charges against him were brought under Sections 302 and 120B of the
Indian Penal Code (IPC), as well as Section 27(1) of the Arms Act of 1959. The
accused person took their case to the High Court in Patna, where they filed an
appeal. After some time, it was determined that he had vanished. The appeal
against conviction was thrown out by a division bench of the Patna High Court
on August 25, 2015, for the sole reason that the accused had vanished without
a trace, without any consideration being given to the validity of the appeal. The
High Court ruled that even though the right to appeal is substantial, the
appellant lost his right to do so the minute he misused the legal process by
evading capture. The appellant’s conduct here constitutes willful resistance to
the criminal justice system.
But the Supreme Court did not agree with the High Court’s method when the
High Court acknowledged that it was departing from the established position of
law.
The Court stated that the High Court’s distress about the appellant’s boldness in
evading justice by fleeing the jurisdiction is understandable. Non-prosecution is
not a valid reason to ignore the merits of a previously granted appeal of a
conviction.
As a result, the Court reversed the challenged verdict and sent the case back to
the High Court to be heard again on its merits.
As the appeal is from 2009 and challenges a conviction under Section 302 of the
Indian Penal Code, the Court has stated that it should be given the utmost
attention in being resolved. The Court ruled that “if the appeal could not be
heard within a reasonable time, in that situation, the appellant will have to be
allowed the liberty to seek suspension of sentence” and asked the High Court to
consider the appeal as soon as practicable, ideally within six months.
Appellate court
The jurisdiction of an appellate court is laid out in detail under Section 386 of
the Criminal Procedure Code. Although the appellate court has the jurisdiction
to dismiss an appeal summarily, it will only do so if the appeal has not been
dismissed under Section 384. In accordance with Section 386 of the Criminal
Procedure Code, the Appellate Court may dismiss the appeal if it finds that
there is insufficient cause for interfering with the order under appeal.
If the appellate court hasn’t already ruled out the appeal for the reasons stated,
it might:
1. Reverse the lower court’s acquittal decision and remand the matter for
further investigation, a new trial, or commitment, as appropriate; or
find the defendant guilty and impose the appropriate punishment;
2. Reverse the finding and sentence and acquit or discharge the accused,
or order him to be retried by a Court of competent jurisdiction
subordinate to such Appellate Court, or commit him for trial, or alter
the finding, maintaining the sentence, or with or without altering the
finding, alter the nature or the extent, or the nature and extent of the
sentence, but not so as to enhance the same in an appeal from a
conviction;
3. Reverse the finding and sentence and acquit or discharge the accused
or order him to be retried by a Court competent to try the offence;
Alter the finding maintaining the sentence; Alter the nature, the
extent, or both, of the sentence, so as to enhance or reduce the same;
With or without altering the finding, alter the nature, the extent, or
both;
4. Modification or reversal of any prior order pending appeal;
5. Make any adjustment or order that is necessary or appropriate to the
punishment; Provided, however, that the sentence shall not be
increased unless the accused has been given a chance to show cause
against such increase.
Further, the Appellate Court shall not impose on the defendant a greater
penalty than that imposed by the court that issued the order or sentence that is
the subject of the appeal. Regarding an appeal that has arisen from an order of
conviction, Section 386(b) provides the Appellate Court with extensive powers,
and the Appellate Court has the authority to even acquit a person who has been
found guilty of an offence by the trial court.
According to Section 386 of the Criminal Procedure Code, a person who has
been convicted has the right to appeal their case, and the Appellate Court has
the authority to, while the appeal is pending, order that the execution of the
sentence or order that is being appealed against be suspended, and also, if the
person is in confinement, that they be released on bail or on their own bond.
Conclusion
An appeal does not result in a new trial. In order to evaluate whether there are
sufficient grounds to grant the appeal, the appellate court instead reviews the
record of the lower court’s proceedings. A complete transcript of the trial as well
as all pre and post-trial motions are included in the record. Appellate courts
don’t just look at the evidence presented in the trial; they also read the briefs
the parties submit. Appellate briefs provide context for the arguments made in
an appeal and lay out the relevant legal issues at stake. Since it was created by
legislation, the appellate court’s authority and jurisdiction must be defined
within the confines of the law. At the same time, an appeals court is a “court of
error,” the purpose of which is to revise the lower court’s ruling if it was
incorrect, and its jurisdiction should be identical to that of the lower court. It
should not and cannot perform an action that the lower court lacked jurisdiction
to execute. Similarly, in circumstances where the trial for conviction was not
held in the High Court, the State Government has the authority to direct the
Public Prosecutor to file an appeal against the sentence on the grounds of
inadequacy with either the session’s court or the High Court. Neither the victims
nor the complainants nor anybody else has been afforded the opportunity to file
an appeal challenging their sentences on the grounds that they are inadequate.
In addition, the court must provide the defendant with a fair opportunity to
present arguments against any proposed sentence enhancement. The defendant
has the right to show cause in order to be exonerated or have his sentence
reduced.
1. A person who has been found guilty in a trial held by a high court may
appeal the decision to the Supreme Court. However, if the trial takes
place before a session judge, extra session judge, or some other court
and the sentence handed down is more than seven years, the
defendant may file an appeal with the supreme court.
2. One has the right to appeal any order that calls for security or that
refuses or rejects surety for the purpose of maintaining peace or good
behaviour.
3. Section 377 of the Criminal Procedure Code provides that if the state
or central government believes that the sentence imposed by the court
is too lenient, they may instruct the public prosecutor to appeal the
decision.
Description
1. Any person convicted on a trial held by a High Court in its extraordinary original criminal
jurisdiction may appeal to the Supreme Court.
2. Any person convicted on a trial held by a Sessions Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge
or on a trial held by any other Court in which a sentence of imprisonment for more than
seven years has been passed against him or against any other person convicted at the same
trial; may appeal to the High Court.
3. Save as otherwise provided in Sub-Section (2), any person;
1. convicted on a trial held by a Metropolitan Magistrate or Assistant Sessions Judge
or Magistrate of the first class or of the second class, or
2. sentenced under section 325, or
3. in respect of whom an order has been made or a sentence has been passed under
section 360 by any Magistrate,
may appeal to the Court of Session.
4. When an appeal has been filed against a sentence passed under section 376, section 376A,
section 376AB, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D, section 376DA, section
376DB or section 376E of the Indian Penal Code, the appeal shall be disposed of within a
period of six months from the date of filing of such appeal1.
1
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018
Click here to read more from the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPc),
1973.
1. CrPC Chapter 29. Appeals
2. CrPC Section 374. Appeals from convictions
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CrPC Section 374. Appeals from convictions
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1. Subs. by Act 45 of 1978, s. 28, for ―has been passed‖ (w.e.f. 18-12-1978).
374Appeals from convictions
(1) Any person convicted on a trial held by a High Court in its extraordinary
original criminal jurisdiction may appeal to the Supreme Court.
against any other person convicted at the same trial], may appeal to the High
Court.
STATE AMENDMENT
Assam
In Section 374 of the Code, in clause (a) of sub-section (3), for the words
"Magistrate of the first class, or of the second class," the words “Magistrate of
the first class, Executive Magistrate or a Magistrate of the second class," shall
be substituted.
374. Appeals from convictions.- (1) Any person convicted on a trial held by a High Court in its
extraordinary original criminal jurisdiction may appeal to the Supreme Court.
(2) Any person convicted on a trial held by a Sessions Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge or on a trial
held by any other Court in which a sentence of imprisonment for more than seven years 1 [has been
passed against him or against any other person convicted at the same trial]; may appeal to the High
Court.
(a) convicted on a trial held by a Metropolitan Magistrate or Assistant Sessions Judge or Magistrate of the
first class or of the second class, or
(c) in respect of whom an order has been made or a sentence has been passed under section 360 by any
Magistrate, may appeal to the Court of Session.
STATE AMENDMENTS
In section 374, in sub-section (3), for the words "Magistrate of the first class" the words "Executive
Magistrate", shall be substituted.