O Level Revision - History - Late Iron Age - Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi - Free ZIMSEC O Level and A Level Notes
O Level Revision - History - Late Iron Age - Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi - Free ZIMSEC O Level and A Level Notes
- Late Iron Age: Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi - Free ZIMSEC O Level and A Level Notes
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O Level Revision : History - Late Iron Age: Great Zimbabwe,
Mutapa and Rozvi O Level Revision : Shona - Zvirungamutauro
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Important changes took place in Southern African societies during the Iron Age. These changes included Food production, Tool making,
tsumo)
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Settled existence.
O Level Revision : Shona - Zvirungamutauro
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Great Zimbabwe zvirungamutauro)
Great Zimbabwe derives its name from stone buildings. The stone walls were built from granite rocks, in a unique manner. Historians agree that
the walls of Great Zimbabwe were built by the Shona people of Zimbabwe.
Great Zimbabwe is popular for its pottery. It is believed to have been founded by ancestors of the Torwa dynasty around 1200 AD. .NET Core PDF to Word, Excel
E-ICEBLUE
It started off as an early Iron Age site.
First settlement was a hill (hill settlement). As population grew a village sprouted in the valley (valley settlement).
A huge stone wall (Great Enclosure) was built around the ruler’s residence. OUR PICKS
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O level Combined Science
The stone walls of Great Zimbabwe
Arable land.
Adequate pasture.
Close to water source.
Suitable climate.
C# PDF Library
Hill provided defence.
Religious purposes – it became a religious centre.
.NET applications edit, convert, render,
Military strength. print PDF documents.
Mineral resources such as gold, tin, iron and copper in the outlying areas.
Trade control.
E-ICEBLUE
Great Zimbabwe walls are said to have been built to display the power of the state.
Historians have suggested that the conical tower in the Great Enclosure and the Zimbabwe bird may have been symbols of royal ancestors.
Rulers had authority over their subjects.
Rulers at Great Zimbabwe had considerable wealth and power.
10/13/23, 1:38 PM O Level Revision : History - Late Iron Age: Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi - Free ZIMSEC O Level and A Level Notes
The rulers monitored and supervised economic and trading activities as well as the payment of tribute by their subjects.
The army protected the state and trade routes.
An advisory council helped the ruler.
The senior wife, religious leaders and army commander were part of the advisory council. C# PDF Library
Social organisation of Great Zimbabwe
It is also known as Munhumutapa, Monomotapa or Mwenemutapa. Various reasons have been suggested for its rise, and it is believed that the
Mutapa State was an offshoot from Great Zimbabwe. Great Zimbabwe and the Mutapa State had similar pottery.
It rose around the 15th century. Its rise coincided with the decline of Great Zimbabwe.
According to oral tradition, the state was founded by Nyatsimba Mutota who left Great Zimbabwe because of:
Nyatsimba Mutota reached the Dande region where he conquered the Tonga and Tavara people and established his capital at
Chitakochanganya.
The Mutapa state, stretching from the Limpopo to the Zambezi, was one of the most powerful and largest states in pre-colonial Africa. At its
peak, it had provinces such as Fura, Dande, Guruuswa, Mapungubwe, Khami, Danangombe, Great Zimbabwe, Naletale and Ingombe
Ilende.
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That the Mutapa State survived into the 19th century is evidence of a strong economy based on: science-science-in-structures-and-mechanical-systems-machines)
- hunting;
- Mining;
- weaving;
- fishing;
- pottery;
- raiding ;
10/13/23, 1:38 PM O Level Revision : History - Late Iron Age: Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi - Free ZIMSEC O Level and A Level Notes
The basis of Mutapa economy was agriculture (livestock keeping and crop growing) and trade.
Cattle were a sign of wealth, used to pay tribute and lobola (bride price), and used to appease ancestral spirits, as well as a source of food in
form of meat and milk.
The Mutapas were efficient rulers who were powerful. To maintain power, the rulers relied on:
- religion;
- tribute payment;
The army also engaged in raiding for grain and animals (food).
The principal officials in the Mutapa political organisation included governors of provinces, treasurer, doorkeeper, priests, divines and
chief confidante.
Some important kings of the Mutapa State:
- Nyatsimba Mutota; Nyanhehwe Matope; Nyamhita Nehanda; Nyahuma; Chikuyo Chisamarengu; Gatsi Rusere; Mavura Mhande;
Negomo Mapunzagutu; Nyambo Kapararidze; Mukombwe; Nyakunembire; Chioko.
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Social organisation of The Mutapa State
O Level Revision : Combined Science - Science in Indus...
It was a patrilineal society. (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/o-level-revision-combined-
It was polygamous. science-science-in-industry-metals)
Bride price (lobola) was paid in marriage. zimsake (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/profile/zimsake) Aug 7, 2023 0
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There was division of labour based on gender.
They lived in thatched pole and dagga huts.
They wore animal skins.
The people had totems.
There was exploitation of the poor by the rich.
People of the Mutapa State recognised the existence of a supreme God they called ‘Mwari’. They approached Him through their ancestral
spirits (vadzimu).
10/13/23, 1:38 PM O Level Revision : History - Late Iron Age: Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi - Free ZIMSEC O Level and A Level Notes
The Mutapa King himself was feared and respected for he was considered to be God chosen. This way, possibilities of rebellions or CATEGORIES
uprisings could be minimised and peace prevailed in the state.
The spirit mediums were consulted during the installation of kings, and during times of trouble such as drought, war, starvation and O level Notes (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/o-level-notes) (340)
disease. These spirits were known to provide solutions to these problems.
O level Sociology (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/o-level-notes/o-level-
The Mutapa ruled with the blessing of the religious powers of the land. So, religion and politics were closely linked and this ensured the sociology) (0)
continued survival of the state into the 19th century.
O level Agriculture (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/o-level-notes/o-level-
They held rain-making ceremonies. agriculture) (40)
They worshipped at national shrines.
O level Geography (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/o-level-notes/o-level-
The fall of the Mutapa State geography) (32)
- Helped rebellious vassals and gave them guns to fight the Mutapa Kings. O level Integrated Science (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/o-level-
notes/o-level-integrated-science) (19)
Other possible reasons for the fall of the state:
O level Combined Science (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/o-level-
- Succession disputes in the ruling family. notes/o-level-combined-science) (18)
Political activities
Secondary Schools In Z
Social activities
10/13/23, 1:38 PM O Level Revision : History - Late Iron Age: Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi - Free ZIMSEC O Level and A Level Notes
Forced labour.
Mashambe Primary School Primary School
Established private prisons. (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/tag/mashambe-primary-school-primary-school)
Slave trade.
Kushingirira Secondary School (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/tag/kushingirira-
Religious activities secondary-school)
Mutapa State.
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The Rozvi State
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The army of the Rozvi State was very strong and it raided other states to create a large Rozvi empire.
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Economic organisation of The Rozvi State Madzivire Range Primary School (https://zimsake.co.zw/notes/tag/madzivire-
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Agriculture:
Cattle were very important for payment of lobola (bride price), ploughing, ceremonies as well as providing food in the form of milk and meat.
Cattle were also a sign of wealth (status symbol) for men.
- Crop growing: they grew crops such as millet, rapoko and sorghum.
These armies ensured the long survival of the state. The army earned the nickname ‘the destroyers’.
10/13/23, 1:38 PM O Level Revision : History - Late Iron Age: Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi - Free ZIMSEC O Level and A Level Notes
Tribute payment as a sign of loyalty in items like gold, ivory, animal skins, cattle, grain and iron tools.
The Rozvi believed in the power and guidance of ancestral spirits. These spirits were praised, consulted and appeased through spirit
mediums who communicated directly with the ancestors on behalf of the people.
They also worshipped Mwari (God). The Mambo was believed to have descended from Mwari.
Religion strengthened politics because Rozvi subjects could not question the Mambo’s rule since he was connected to the high God.
As such, religion was used to convince the ordinary people that the political organisation of the state was legitimate. This ensured peace
and unity in the state.
The Changamire was the religious, judicial as well as the political authority in the state.
There was a royal fire which burnt all the time at the king’s palace. It was a symbol of the ruler’s authority.
Rozvi Kings: Changamire Dombo; Chirisamhuru; Tohwechipi; Rupandamanhanga; Nechagadzike; Nechasike; Changa weMbire; Negomo.
- Drought
- Civil wars
- Succession disputes
External reasons:
- Attack by products of the Mfecane, for example the Ngoni, Zwangendaba, Soshangana, Nyamazana, the Ndebele.
- Areas like Zvimba, Seke, Chinamora, Mangwende and Chihota did not come under Rozvi rule.
- Portuguese interference.
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