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    The document discusses three building materials: concrete, timber, and steel. For each material, it outlines their environmental impacts and sustainability considerations. Concrete's large carbon footprint can be reduced through alternative binders and recycled materials. Sustainable timber certification and local sourcing help promote responsible forestry. Steel is highly recyclable but manufacturing is carbon intensive; newer processes use recycled steel. The document also compares rectangular and I-shaped beam sections, outlining their structural advantages and limitations. Design of reinforced concrete beams includes calculating required steel reinforcement based on shear and moment diagrams.

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    The document discusses three building materials: concrete, timber, and steel. For each material, it outlines their environmental impacts and sustainability considerations. Concrete's large carbon footprint can be reduced through alternative binders and recycled materials. Sustainable timber certification and local sourcing help promote responsible forestry. Steel is highly recyclable but manufacturing is carbon intensive; newer processes use recycled steel. The document also compares rectangular and I-shaped beam sections, outlining their structural advantages and limitations. Design of reinforced concrete beams includes calculating required steel reinforcement based on shear and moment diagrams.

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    11 views17 pages

    Zuhair Ali Said Masroori - 51185 - 0

    Uploaded by

    Zoay7 I 6
    The document discusses three building materials: concrete, timber, and steel. For each material, it outlines their environmental impacts and sustainability considerations. Concrete's large carbon footprint can be reduced through alternative binders and recycled materials. Sustainable timber certification and local sourcing help promote responsible forestry. Steel is highly recyclable but manufacturing is carbon intensive; newer processes use recycled steel. The document also compares rectangular and I-shaped beam sections, outlining their structural advantages and limitations. Design of reinforced concrete beams includes calculating required steel reinforcement based on shear and moment diagrams.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    Military

    Technological
    College
    Muscat, Sultanate of
    Oman
    CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
    (MTCC5020): Design of Structural Elements
    Course Work 1 Designing Structural Reinforced Concrete Elements

    Student Id: 1905019


    Student Name : Zuhair ali almasroori
    MODULE COORDINATOR: DR. MORSALEEN CHOWDHURY
    1. Sustainability and climate change issues:
    1. Concrete:

     Concrete is one of the most widely utilized building materials on the planet. It is utilized
    in a variety of applications ranging from roads and buildings to bridges and dams.
    However, as people become more aware of the environmental effect of the products
    they use and consume, concerns have been raised concerning the long-term viability of
    concrete. This research will look at the environmental effects of concrete and if it is a
    sustainable material.
     Although the usage of concrete has a large environmental effect, it may still be
    considered a sustainable material provided actions to limit its impact are adopted
    throughout its life cycle. To accomplish this, changes may be made in the manufacturing
    process, materials used, and structural design. Alternative binders, such as fly ash, a
    waste product from coal-fired power stations, can be used instead of cement to lessen
    the environmental effect of concrete manufacturing. Concrete may also be made using
    recycled resources such as broken glass and plastic.

    2. Timber:
     Timber has been utilized for centuries as an extensively used construction material, but
    worries over deforestation and irresponsible logging techniques have led to an
    increased interest in sustainable timber. This paper investigates the use of sustainable
    lumber in building, including its benefits, limitations, and future development potential.
     One of the most difficult aspects of adopting sustainable wood is verifying that the
    wood is truly sustainable. There are several sustainable timber certification programs,
    but not all of them are equally stringent or credible. Another problem is ensuring that
    the lumber is acquired locally, which can assist to minimize transportation emissions
    while also benefiting local communities.
     The use of sustainable lumber in construction has various advantages, including
    supporting responsible forest management, lowering building carbon footprints, and
    providing jobs in rural areas. However, there are certain drawbacks to utilizing
    sustainable wood, such as confirming that the wood is truly sustainable and getting it
    locally. Despite these limitations, the usage of sustainable lumber is likely to increase in
    the future years, driven by rising demand for sustainable structures and the
    development of new technologies and materials.
    3. Steel:
     Steel is a popular building material because to its strength, durability, and adaptability.
    However, worries about its environmental effect have sparked an increased interest in
    steel building sustainability. This paper investigates the sustainability of steel building,
    including its benefits, limitations, and future development potential.
     There are various advantages of using sustainable steel in building. For starters, steel is a
    highly recyclable material, reducing the requirement for virgin resources and lowering
    carbon emissions. Second, steel is long-lasting and sturdy, reducing the need for regular
    maintenance and replacement. Third, steel may be constructed to enhance
    performance while minimizing environmental effect, for example, by using high-
    strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steel.
     One of the most difficult issues of sustainable steel building is lowering the carbon
    footprint of the steel manufacturing process. This can be accomplished by employing
    alternate manufacturing processes, such as electric arc furnaces, which utilize waste
    steel instead of virgin resources. Another problem is ensuring that the steel is supplied
    in a sustainable manner, which necessitates a transparent supply chain as well as
    compliance with environmental and social norms.
    2. Comparison of sections:
    Rectangular section I shape section
    Rectangular section beams are a An I-beam is a beam having an I or H-shaped
    commonly used type of structural beam cross-section. It is also known as an H-beam (for
    in construction. They are rectangular in universal column, UC), w-beam (for "wide
    shape and offer a number of advantages, flange"), universal beam (UB), rolling steel joist
    including high bending stiffness and ease (RSJ), or double-T (particularly in Polish,
    of fabrication. However, they also have Bulgarian, Spanish, Italian, and German). Flanges
    some disadvantages, such as limited load are the horizontal parts of the I, while the "web"
    capacity and reduced torsional strength. is the vertical element. I-beams are commonly
    Understanding the pros and cons of used in construction and civil engineering and are
    rectangular section beams is important typically composed of structural steel.
    when designing and constructing
    buildings and other structures.
    Advantages: Advantages:
    1. High bending stiffness: 1. High strength-to-weight ratio: I-beams
    Rectangular section beams have a are designed to support heavy loads with
    high bending stiffness, which minimal material, making them an
    means that they are resistant to efficient and cost-effective choice for
    bending or deformation under construction.
    heavy loads. 2. Versatility: I-beams can be customized to
    2. Ease of fabrication: Rectangular meet the specific needs of a project, such
    section beams are easy to as by adjusting the dimensions or
    fabricate and can be cut to length material type.
    and welded together to create
    longer beams.

    Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
    1. Limited load capacity: Rectangular 1. Limited span length: I-beams have a
    section beams have limited load limited span length compared to other
    capacity compared to other beam structural members, which may require
    shapes, such as I-beams, which additional support or columns to be
    may require additional supports added to a building design.
    or larger beams to be used in
    construction.
    2. Reduced torsional strength:
    Rectangular section beams have
    reduced torsional strength, which
    means that they are less resistant 2. Vulnerability to bending: I-beams are
    to twisting forces than other prone to bending under heavy loads,
    beam shapes. This can make them which can cause structural failure if not
    less suitable for certain accounted for in the design and
    applications, such as in bridges or construction process.
    other structures where twisting
    forces may be present.
    3. Design of concrete beam:
    8.1
    15.1
    References
    Steel Construction New Zealand. (n.d.). Sustainability. [Online] Available at: https://scnz.org/steel-
    construction/sustainability/ [Accessed May 9, 2023].

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    Index of comments

    8.1 z = 0.95d

    15.1 Incomplete sections!

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