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Ebook PDF Business Research Methods 5th Edition by Alan Bryman PDF
Ebook PDF Business Research Methods 5th Edition by Alan Bryman PDF
Emma Be
A an Bryman
Bi Hare
..
Abbreviations XXVII
...
About the authors XXVI 11
Acknowledgements xiii
Ed itoria I Advisory Panel xiii i
353
Access 407
Overt versus covert? 410
Ongoing access 411
Key informants 413
Roles for ethnographers 413
Active or passive? 414
Shadowing 415
Field notes 416
Types of field notes 417
Bringing ethnographic fieldwork to an end 418
Feminist ethnography 419
Global and multi-site ethnography 420
Vi rtua I ethnography 421
Visua l ethnography 425
Writing ethnography 426
Rea Iist tales 426
Other approaches 428
Key points 431
Questions for review 431
555
Glossary 589
References 599
Name index 623
Subject index 629
1.1 Key concept What is evidence-based management? 7
1.2 Key concept What are research questions? 9
1.3 Research in focus A research question about gender bias
in attitudes towards leaders 10
1.4 Thinking deeply What is big data? 13
2.1 Key concept What is empiricism? 20
2.2 Research in focus A deductive study 22
2.3 Research in focus An inductive study 23
2.4 Key concept What is abductive reasoning? 24
2.5 Key concept What is the philosophy of social science? 25
2.6 Key concept What is objectivism? 26
2.7 Key concept What is constructionism? 27
2.8 Key concept What is postmodernism? 28
2.9 Research in focus Constructionism in action 28
2.10 Key concept What is positivism? 30
2.11 Key concept What is empirical realism? 31
2.12 Key concept What is interpretivism? 31
2.13 Research in focus lnterpretivism in practice 33
2.14 Key concept What is a paradigm? 34
2.15 Research in focus Mixed methods research an example 36
2.16 Thinking deeply Factors that influence methods choice in
organizational research 38
2.17 Research in focus Influence of an author's biography on research values 39
3.1 Key concept What is a research design? 45
3.2 Key concept What is a research method? 45
3.3 Key concept What is a variable? 47
3.4 Research in focus An example of a field experiment to
investigate obesity discrimination in job applicant selection 49
3.5 Research in focus Establishing the direction of causality 53
3.6 Research in focus A laboratory experiment on voting on CEO pay 54
3.7 Research in focus The Hawthorne effect 55
3.8 Research in focus A quasi-experiment 56
3.9 Key concept What is evaluation research? 57
3.10 Research in focus An evaluation study of role redesign 57
3.11 Key concept What is a cross-sectional research design? 59
Learning features
8.9 Research in focus Testing validity through replication: the case of burnout 179
8.10 Key concept What is factor analysis? 183
9.1 Key concept Basic terms and concepts in sampling 188
9.2 Research in focus A cluster sample survey of Australian workplaces
and employees 193
9.3 Key concept What is a response rate? 197
9 .4 Research in focus Convenience sampling in a study of discrimination in hiring 199
10.1 Key concept What is a structured interview? 209
10.2 Key concept Major types of interview 211
10.3 Research in focus A telephone survey of dignity at work 213
10.4 Research in focus A question sequence 219
10.5 Research in focus An example of the critical incident method 223
10.6 Research in focus Using projective methods in consumer research 224
10.7 Research in focus Using pictorial exercises in a study of business
school identity 225
10.8 Key concept What is photo-elicitation? 225
10.9 Research in focus Using photo-elicitation to study tourist behaviour 225
10.10 Research in focus A study using the verbal protocol method 226
10.11 Research in focus A study of the effects of social desirability bias 228
11.1 Research in focus Combining the use of structured interviews with
self-completion questionnaires 233
11.2 Research in focus Administering a survey in China 235
11.3 Key concept What is a research diary? 246
11.4 Research in focus A diary study of managers and their jobs 247
11.5 Research in focus A diary study of text messaging 248
11.6 Research in focus A diary study of emotional labour in a call centre 249
11.7 Research in focus Using diaries to study a sensitive topic: work-related gossip 249
12.1 Research in focus Coding a very open question 254
12.2 Research in focus Using vignette questions in a tracking study
of ethical behaviour 264
12.3 Research in focus Using scales developed by other researchers in a study
of high performance work systems 266
13.1 Key concept What is structured observation? 274
13.2 Research in focus Mintzberg's categories of basic activities involved
in managerial work 274
13.3 Research in focus Structured observation with a sample of one 277
13.4 Key concept What is Cohen's kappa? 278
13.5 Key concept What is content analysis? 281
13.6 Research in focus A content analysis of courage and managerial
decision-making 283
13. 7 Research in focus A computer-aided content analysis of microlending
to entrepreneurs 284
Learning features
13.8 Research in focus Issues of inter-coder reliability in a study of text messaging 289
13.9 Research in focus A content analysis of Swedish job advertisements
1960- 2010 291
14.1 Key concept What is secondary analysis? 295
14.2 Research in focus Exploring corporate reputation in three
Scandinavian countries 296
14.3 Research in focus Combining primary and secondary data in a single study
of the implications of marriage structure for men's attitudes to women in
the workplace 297
14.4 Research in focus Cross-national comparison of work orientations:
an example of a secondary dataset 299
14.5 Research in focus Workplace gender diversity and union density:
an example of secondary analysis using the WERS data 299
14.6 Research in focus Age and work-related health: methodological issues
involved in secondary analysis using the Labour Force Survey 300
14.7 Research in focus The use of archival proxies in the field of
strategic management 304
14.8 Key concept What is meta-analysis? 305
14.9 Research in focus A meta-analysis of research on corporate social
responsibility and performance in East Asia 305
14.10 Key concept What is the ecological fallacy? 306
14.11 Key concept What are unobtrusive measures? 307
15.1 Key concept What is a test of statistical significance? 328
15.2 Key concept What is the level of statistical significance? 329
17 .1 Thinking deeply Research questions in qualitative research 359
17 .2 Research in focus The emergence of a concept in qualitative research:
'emotional labour' 361
17 .3 Key concept What is respondent validation? 363
17 .4 Key concept What is triangulation? 364
17 .5 Research in focus Seeing practice-based learning from the perspective
of train dispatchers 367
17 .6 Research in focus Studying process and change in the Carlsberg group 368
17.7 Research in focus An example of dialogical visual research 370
17 .8 Research in focus An example of practice visual research 372
17 .9 Thinking deeply A quantitative review of qualitative research
in management and business 375
17 .10 Research in focus Using visual methods in participatory
action research study of a Ghanaian cocoa value chain 380
17 .11 Thinking deeply Feminist research in business 383
17 .12 Research in focus A feminist analysis of embodied identity at work 384
17 .13 Research in focus Indigenous ways of understanding leadership 385
18.1 Key concept What is purposive sampling? 389
18.2 Key concept Some purposive sampling approaches 390
Learning features
“If you would ‘secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our
posterity,’ there must be some place reserved in which, and upon
which, posterity can exist. What will the blessings of liberty be worth
to posterity if you give up the country to the Chinese? If China is to
be the breeding-ground for peopling this country, what chance of
American posterity? We of this age hold this land in trust for our race
and kindred. We hold republican government and free institutions in
trust for American posterity. That trust ought not to be betrayed. If
the Chinese should invade the Pacific coast with arms in their hands,
what a magnificent spectacle of martial resistance would be
presented to a startled world! The mere intimation of an attempt to
make conquest of our western shore by force would rouse the nation
to a frenzy of enthusiasm in its defense. For years a peaceful, sly,
strategic conquest has been in progress, and American
statesmanship has been almost silent, until the people have
demanded action.
“The land which is being overrun by the oriental invader is the
fairest portion of our heritage. It is the land of the vine and the fig
tree; the home of the orange, the olive, and the pomegranate. Its
winter is a perpetual spring, and its summer is a golden harvest.
There the northern pine peacefully sways against the southern palm;
the tender azalea and the hardy rose mingle their sweet perfume, and
the tropic vine encircles the sturdy oak. Its valleys are rich and
glorious with luscious fruits and waving grain, and its lofty
Mountains like giants stand,
To sentinel the enchanted land.
“I would see its fertile plains, its sequestered vales, its vine-clad
hills, its deep blue canons, its furrowed mountain-sides, dotted all
over with American homes—the homes of a free, happy people,
resonant with the sweet voices of flaxen-haired children, and ringing
with the joyous laughter of maiden fair—
Soft as her clime, and sunny as her skies—
like the homes of New England; yet brighter and better far shall be
the homes which are to be builded in that wonderland by the sunset
sea, the homes of a race from which shall spring
The flower of men,
To serve as model for the mighty world,
And be the fair beginning of a time.”
Reply of Senator Geo. P. Hoar.
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.
Section 1. All men are by nature free and independent, and have
certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and
defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and defending
property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness.
Sec. 17. Foreigners who are or who may hereafter become bona
fide residents of this State, shall enjoy the same rights in respect to
the possession, enjoyment, and inheritance of property, as native-
born citizens.
In the Revised Statutes, section 1999, Congress in the most solemn
manner declare that the right of expatriation is beyond the lawful
control of government:
Sec. 1999. Whereas the right of expatriation is a natural and
inherent right of all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the
rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; and
Whereas in the recognition of this principle this Government has
freely received emigrants from all nations, and invested them with
the rights of citizenship.
This is a re-enactment, in part, of the statute of 1868, of which Mr.
Conness, then a California Senator, of Irish birth, was, if not the
author, the chief advocate.
The California Senator called up the bill day after day. The bill
originally provided that the President might order the arrest and
detention in custody of “any subject or citizen of such foreign
government” as should arrest and detain any naturalized citizen of
the United States under the claim that he still remained subject to his
allegiance to his native sovereign. This gave rise to debate.
But there was no controversy about the part of the bill which I
have read. The preamble is as follows:
Whereas the right of expatriation is a natural and inherent right of
all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness, for the protection of which the
Government of the United States was established; and whereas in the
recognition of this principle this Government has freely received
emigrants from all nations and vested them with the rights of
citizenship, &c.
Mr. Howard declares that—
The absolute right of expatriation is the great leading American
principle.
Mr. Morton says:
That a man’s right to withdraw from his native country and make
his home in another, and thus cut himself off from all connection
with his native country, is a part of his natural liberty, and without
that his liberty is defective. We claim that the right to liberty is a
natural, inherent, God-given right, and his liberty is imperfect unless
it carries with it the right of expatriation.
The bill containing the preamble above recited passed the Senate
by a vote of 39 to 5.
The United States of America and the Emperor of China cordially
recognize the inherent and inalienable right of man to change his
home and allegiance, and also the mutual advantage of the free
migration and emigration of their citizens and subjects respectively
from the one country to the other for purposes of curiosity, of trade,
or as permanent residents.
“The bill which passed Congress two years ago and was vetoed by
President Hayes, the treaty of 1881, and the bill now before the
Senate, have the same origin and are parts of the same measure. Two
years ago it was proposed to exclude Chinese laborers from our
borders, in express disregard of our solemn treaty obligations. This
measure was arrested by President Hayes. The treaty of 1881
extorted from unwilling China her consent that we might regulate,
limit, or suspend the coming of Chinese laborers into this country—a
consent of which it is proposed by this bill to take advantage. This is
entitled “A bill to enforce treaty stipulations with China.”
“It seems necessary in discussing the statute briefly to review the
history of the treaty. First let me say that the title of this bill is
deceptive. There is no stipulation of the treaty which the bill
enforces. The bill where it is not inconsistent with the compact only
avails itself of a privilege which that concedes. China only relaxed the
Burlingame treaty so far as to permit us to ‘regulate, limit, or
suspend the coming or residence’ of Chinese laborers, ‘but not
absolutely to prohibit it.’ The treaty expressly declares ‘such
limitation or suspension shall be reasonable.’ But here is proposed a
statute which for twenty years, under the severest penalties,
absolutely inhibits the coming of Chinese laborers to this country.
The treaty pledges us not absolutely to prohibit it. The bill is
intended absolutely to prohibit it.
“The second article of the treaty is this:
“Chinese subjects, whether proceeding to the United States as
traders, students, or merchants, or from curiosity, together with their
body and household servants, and Chinese laborers, who are now in
the United States, shall be allowed to go and come of their own free
will and accord, and shall be accorded all the rights, privileges,
immunities, and exemptions which are accorded to the citizens and
subjects of the most favored nations.
“Yet it is difficult to believe that the complex and cumbrous
passport system provided in the last twelve sections of the bill was
not intended as an evasion of this agreement. Upon what other
nation, favored or not, is such a burden imposed? This is the
execution of a promise that they may come and go ‘of their own free
will.’
“What has happened within thirteen years that the great Republic
should strike its flag? What change has come over us that we should
eat the bravest and the truest words we ever spoke? From 1858 to
1880 there was added to the population of the country 42,000
Chinese.
“I give a table from the census of 1880 showing the Chinese
population of each State:
Statement showing the Chinese population in each State and
Territory, according to the United States censuses of 1870 and of
1880.
Alabama 4
Alaska
Arizona 20 1,630
Arkansas 98 134
California 49,310 75,025
Colorado 7 610
Connecticut 2 124
Dakota 238
Delaware 1
District of Columbia 3 13
Florida 18
Georgia 1 17
Idaho 4,274 3,378
Illinois 1 210
Indiana 33
Iowa 3 47
Kansas 19
Kentucky 1 10
Louisiana 71 481
Maine 1 9
Maryland 2 5
Massachusetts 97 237
Michigan 2 27
Minnesota 53
Mississippi 16 52
Missouri 3 94
Montana 1,949 1,764
Nebraska 18
Nevada 3,152 5,420
New Hampshire 14
New Jersey 15 176
New Mexico 55
New York 29 924
North Carolina
Ohio 1 114
Oregon 3,330 9,513
Pennsylvania 14 160
Rhode Island 27
South Carolina 1 9
Tennessee 26
Texas 25 141
Utah 445 501
Vermont
Virginia 4 6
Washington 234 3,182
West Virginia 14
Wisconsin 16
Wyoming 143 914
“By the census of 1880 the number of Chinese in this country was
105,000—one five-hundredth part of the whole population. The
Chinese are the most easily governed race in the world. Yet every
Chinaman in America has four hundred and ninety-nine Americans
to control him.
The immigration was also constantly decreasing for the last half of
the decade. The Bureau of Statistics gives the numbers as follows,
(for the first eight years the figures are those of the entire Asiatic
immigration:)
The number of immigrants from Asia, as reported by the United
States Bureau of Statistics is as follows, namely:
1871 7,236
1872 7,825
1873 20,326
1874 13,857
1875 16,498
1876 22,943
1877 10,640
1878 9,014
Total 108,339
1879 9,604
1880 5,802
Total 15,406