3 Hours / 70 Marks 21718: Instructions: (1) All Questions Are Compulsory

*22322*
21718
11819
22322
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.
Instructions : (1) All questions are compulsory.

(2) Answer each next main question on a new page.
(3) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(5) Assume suitable data, if necessary.
(6) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket Calculator is
permissible.
(7) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic Communication
devices are not permissible in Examination Hall.
Marks
1. Attempt any five of the following : 10

a) Enlist four standard organizations.
b) Draw a labeled diagram of coaxial cable.
c) Define line of sight propagation.
d) State advantages of multiplexing.
e) State advantages of packet switching.
f) State any two drawbacks of parity checking for error detection.
g) Enlist generations of mobile telephone system.
2. Attempt any three of the following : 12

a) Compare amplitude modulation and frequency modulation (4 points).
b) Explain process of phase shift keying.
c) Draw a labeled diagram of fiber optic cable and state its advantages.
d) Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching.

a) Draw a BFSK waveform to represent the following bit stream 0 1 1 0 1 0.
b) Draw and explain block diagram of satellite communication.
c) Compare DSSS with FHSS.
d) Explain the process of CRC with respect to following example. If G (X) = 110010 and
M (X) = 101 then calculate CRC for above stream.
P.T.O.
22322 *22322*
Marks
a) Explain the following concept with neat diagram :
i) Bit Rate ii) Baud Rate
b) “In satellite communication different frequency bands are used for uplink and downlink”.
Explain.
c) Explain virtual circuit approach of switching used in computer networks.
d) Assuming even parity technique find the parity bit for following frames :
i) 0000010 ii) 1111000
iii) 1010101 iv) 1011011
e) Explain the concept of pico net and scatter net of Bluetooth.
5. Attempt any two of the following : 12

a) Differentiate between twisted pair coaxial cable and fiber optic cable (any 4 points).
b) Explain the following flow and error control techniques :
i) Stop and wait
ii) Go back N ARQ
c) Compare first, second, third and fourth generation mobile telephone systems (any 3
points).
6. Attempt any two of the following : 12

a) Explain the following multiplexing techniques with block diagram :
i) TDM ii) FDM
b) Explain the layered architecture of ISO-OSI model along with functions of each layer.
c) Two channels one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and another with bit rate of 200 Kbps are
to be multiplexed.
Answer the following questions :
i) Calculate size of frames in bits
ii) Calculate the frame rate
iii) Calculate the duration of frame.
––––––––––––––
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

MODEL ANSWER
Subject: Data Communication Subject Code: 22322
Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to
assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance
(Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give
credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model
answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
Q. Sub Answer Marking

No Q.N. Scheme
.
1. Attempt any five of the following: 10
a) Enlist four standard organizations. 2M
Ans. List of standard organizations:
1) American National Standards Institute(ANSI) Any
2) Electronic Industries Association(EIA) four
3) International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications 2M
Standards Sector(ITU-T)
4) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)
5) International Standards Organization(ISO)
b) Draw a labeled diagram of coaxial cable. 2M
Ans.
Labeled
Diagram
2M
Diagram of coaxial cable
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MODEL ANSWER
c) Define line of sight propagation. 2M

Ans. Definition line of sight propagation:
Line of sight propagation is a characteristic of electromagnetic
radiation or acoustic wave propagation which means waves travel in a Correct
direct path from the source to the receiver. Electromagnetic definitio
transmission includes light emissions travelling in a straight line. The n 2M
rays or waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected or absorbed by
atmosphere and obstructions with material and generally cannot
travel over the horizon or behind obstacles.
d) State advantages of multiplexing. 2M
Ans. Advantages of multiplexing:
1.Simple and easy Any two
2.Large capacities and scalable. advanta
3.Signals from different sources can be sent together through a single ges 1M
common channel. each
4.Signals may have varying speed.
e) State advantages of packet switching. 2M
Ans. Advantages of packet switching:
1.Line efficiency is high since the link can be dynamically shared. Any two
2.Stations can perform data rate conversions. advanta
3.Packets can be stored and forwarded. ges 1M
4.It has ability to prioritize the packets. each
f) State any two drawbacks of parity checking for error detection. 2M
Ans. Drawbacks of parity checking for error detection: Any two
1. Can be used to detect single bit errors drawbac
2.Cannot detect location of errors. ks 1M
3.Overheads are more. each
g) Enlist generations of mobile telephone system. 2M
Ans. Generations of mobile telephone system:
 First Generation
 Second Generation:2.5G, 2.75G Generati
 Third Generation:3.5, 3.75G ons 2M
 Fourth Generation
 Fifth Generation
2. Attempt any three of the following: 12
a) Compare amplitude modulation and frequency modulation (4 4M
points).
Ans.
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MODEL ANSWER
Parameter Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation

(AM) (FM)
Definition Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation
(AM) is the process of (FM) is the process of
changing the amplitude changing the frequency
of a high frequency of carrier signal in
carrier signal in proportion with the
proportion with instantaneous value of Any
the instantaneous value the modulating signal four
of the modulating signal keeping Amplitude points
keeping frequency &Phase constant. 1M each
&Phase constant.
Waveform AM wave: FM wave:
Bandwidth BW= 2fm(fm -frequency Bandwidth =2 [ ]

of modulating signal) (fm - frequency of
modulating signal)
Noise Less More
immunity
Modulation
index
Vm - Amplitude of
modulating signal fm - frequency of
Vc- Amplitude of carrier modulating signal
signal
Frequencie 535 – 1700 KHz 88.1 – 108.1 MHz
s used for
transmissio
n
b) Explain process of phase shift keying. 4M

Ans. Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital to analog modulation scheme
based on changing, or modulating, the initial phase of a carrier
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MODEL ANSWER
signal. PSK is used to represent digital information, such as binary

digits zero (0) and one (1).The modulation of PSK is done using a
balance modulator, which multiplies the two signals applied at the Explana
input. For a zero binary input, the phase will be 180° and for a high tion 2M
input, the phase reversal is of 0°. Following is the diagrammatic
representation of PSK Modulated output wave along with its given
input.
Diagram
2M
The output sine wave of the modulator will be the direct input carrier
or the inverted (180° phase shifted) input carrier, which is a function
of the data signal.
Amplitude and frequency of the original carrier signal is kept
constant.
c) Draw a labeled diagram of fiber optic cable and state its 4M
advantages.
(Note: Any other relevant diagram can also be considered)
Ans.
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MODEL ANSWER
Diagram
2M
Advantages of fiber optic cable:

1.Higher data rate
2.Large Bandwidth
3.Less signal attenuation Any 2
4.Light weight. Advanta
5.More reliability ges 1M
6.Long distance. each
7.Higher security.
d) Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching. 4M

Ans.
Circuit switching Packet switching
1.Dedicated transmission path 1.No dedicated path
2.Continuous transmission of 2.Transmission of packets. Any
data. four
3.Messages are not stored. 3.Packets may be stored until points
delivered. 1M each
4.Fixed bandwidth 4.Dynamic bandwidth
5.After call setup, no overhead 5.Overhead bits in each
bits. packet.

a) Draw a BFSK waveform to represent the following bit stream 0 1 4M
1 0 1 0.
Ans.
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MODEL ANSWER
4M
for
proper
wavefor
m
b) Draw and explain block diagram of satellite communication. 4M

(Note: Any other relevant block diagram may also be considered).
Ans. Satellites are the bodies that revolve around the earth just in same
way moon revolves around the earth. Satellite communication is
similar to terrestrial microwave communication except that satellite
acts as one of the station. Satellite performs the functions of an
antenna and the repeater together. Ground station A sends
information to ground station B via the satellite.
Diagram
2M
Two frequency bands are used for signals from earth to satellite
(uplink) and from satellite to earth (downlink). Satellite takes uplink Explana
signal coming from sender, processes it and converts to downlink tion 2M
frequency and transmit it towards earth. The coverage area over
which the signal of satellite is available is called as footprint of
satellite.
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c) Compare DSSS with FHSS. 4M

Ans.
Compare DSSS FHSS
Definition PN sequence of large Data bits are transmitted in
bandwidth is multiplied different frequency slots
with narrow band data which are changed by PN 1M for
signal. sequence. each
Modulation M-ary FSK BPSK point
method
Acquisition Short Long
time
Effect of More Less
distance
d) Explain the process of CRC with respect to following example. If 4M

G (X) = 110010 and M (X) = 101 then calculate CRC for above
stream.
Ans. Procedure:- data bits= G(X)=110010 divisor=M(X)=101
Here divisor is 3 bits so we need to append 2 zeroes (2 bit) to the data
bits for division.
Division carried is the normal binary division.
Result is calculated by the following condition: Stepwise
1. If the remainder after division process is zero , it indicates that the procedu
data bits has no errors and the data bit is acceptable re 2M
2. If the remainder after division is non-zero , it indicates that the
data bits has errors and we have to append the remainder bits to the
original data bits and then send the data again. This remainder bits
are called as the CRC. So the data bits transmitted will be DATA +
CRC
DATA CRC
BITS
Consider the given example, lets perform division process for CRC.
Here the divisor is 3 bits hence we append 2 zeroes to the data bits,
so the data bits will be 11001000 this will be divided by 101
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CRC
2M
Since remainder is 0 there is no error in the data.

a) Explain the following concept with neat diagram: 4M
i) Bit Rate ii) Baud Rate
Ans. i) Bit Rate: Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted in one second. It
is represented as bits per second(bps).
Definitio
n of
each
term 1M
Wavefor
m of
each
term 1M
Bit Rate
ii) Baud Rate: Baud rate is defined as the number of signal units per
second. It is always less than or equal to bit rate. It is represented as
bauds or symbols/second.
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MODEL ANSWER
Baud Rate
b) "In satellite communication different frequency bands are used 4M

for uplink and downlink". Explain. Definitio
Ans. Uplink frequency is used for transmission of signals from earth n of
station transmitter to satellite. Downlink frequency is used for uplink
transmission of signals from satellite to earth station receiver. and
downlin
Both the frequencies are different because: k 1M
1. The satellite transmitter generates a signal that would jam its own and any
receiver if both uplink and downlink shared same frequency. three
2. Trying to receive and transmit an amplified version of the same reasons
uplink waveform at same satellite will cause unwanted feedback why to
or ring around from downlink antenna back to the receiver. use the
3. Frequency band separation allows the same antenna to be used for frequenc
both receiving and transmitting simplifying satellite hardware. y 3M
c) Explain virtual circuit approach of switching used in computer 4M

networks.
Ans. In virtual circuit approach a logical connection is established between
sending and receiving devices called virtual circuits. This connection
remains the same and is retained unless and until the complete
communication takes place. During the entire communication, data is Explana
transmitted through the same connection and once the communication tion 2M
is finished the logical connection is dissolved or terminated or
disconnected. It is then ready for creating new
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MODEL ANSWER
connection for communication of some different nodes. In this type of

approach packets are forwarded more quickly.
E.g.consider a network in which sender wants to sendthe data .this
can be diagramatically represented as follows:
Diagram
matic
represen
tation of
flow of
packets
2M
Virtual circuit approach
d) Assuming even parity technique find the parity bit for following 4M
frames:
i) 0000010 ii) 1111000
iii) 1010101 iv) 1011011
Ans.
Sr. Data Parity bit
No
1 0000010 1 Each
correct
2 1111000 0 parity bi
t 1M
3 1010101 0
4 1011011 1
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MODEL ANSWER
e) Explain the concept of pico net and scatter net of Bluetooth. 4M

Ans. Piconet:- It is a Bluetooth network that consists of one primary
(master) node and seven active secondary (slave)nodes. It can have 8
active nodes within the distance of 10 meter.
Communication between primary and secondary can be one-to-one or Piconet
one-to-many. All communication is between master and slave. There explanat
can be only one primary or master station in each piconet. ion with
diagram
2M
PICONET
Scatternet:- Scatternet is formed by combining various piconets.

Slave in one piconet acts as a master or primary in other piconet.
A node can receive messages from master in first piconet and deliver
the messages to its slave I other piconet where it is acting as master.
This node is called bridge slave. This node cannot be the master of
two piconets.
Scattern
ert
explanat
ion with
diagram
2M
Scatternet
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MODEL ANSWER
5. Attempt any two of the following: 12

a) Differentiate between twisted pair coaxial cable and fiber optic 6M
cable (any 4 points).
Ans.
Sr. Twisted pair Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable
No. cable
1 Transmission of Transmission of Signal transmission
signals of takes signals takes takes place in an
place in theplace in the optical form over a
electrical form electrical form glass fiber.
over the metallic over the inner
conducting wires. conductor of the Any
cable. four
2 In this medium Coaxial having Optical fiber has points -
the noise higher noise highest noise 11/2M
immunity is low. immunity than immunity as the for each
twisted pair cable. light rays are point
unaffected by the
electrical noise.
3 Twisted pair Coaxial cable is Not affected by the
cable can be less affected due external magnetic
affected due to to external field.
external magnetic magnetic field.
field.
4 Cheapest medium Moderate Expensive
Expensive
5 Low Bandwidth Moderately high Very high
bandwidth bandwidth
6 Attenuation is Attenuation is Attenuation is very
very high low low
7 Installation is Installation is Installation is
easy fairly easy difficult
b) Explain the following flow and error control techniques: 6M

i) Stop and wait
ii) Go back N ARQ.
Ans.
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MODEL ANSWER
i) Stop and wait:

In this method of flow control, the sender sends a single frame to
receiver & waits for an acknowledgment.
• The next frame is sent by sender only when acknowledgment of
previous frame is received.
• This process of sending a frame & waiting for an acknowledgment
continues as long as the sender has data to send.
• To end up the transmission sender transmits end of transmission
(EOT) frame Each
Techniq
ue with
diagram
3M
ii) Go-Back-N ARQ:

In Go-Back-N ARQ method, both sender and receiver maintain a
window.
Fig: Go-Back-N ARQ
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MODEL ANSWER
 The sending-window size enables the sender to send multiple

frames without receiving the acknowledgement of the previous
ones.
 The receiving-window enables the receiver to receive multiple
frames and acknowledge them. The receiver keeps track of
incoming frame’s sequence number.
 When the sender sends all the frames in window, it checks up to
what sequence number it has received positive acknowledgement.
 If all frames are positively acknowledged, the sender sends next
set of frames.
 If sender finds that it has received NACK (negative
acknowledgement)or has not receive any ACK for a particular
frame, it retransmits all the frames after which it does not receive
any positive ACK.
c) Compare first, second, third and fourth generation mobile 6M
telephone systems (any 3 points).
Ans.
Technology 1G 2G/2.5G 3G 4G
Bandwidth 2Kbps 14-64kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps
Technology Analog Digital Broadband Unified IP
cellular cellular width/CD and
MA/IP seamless
Technolog combo of
y LAN/WA Any
N/WLAN three
Service Mobile Digital Integrated Dynamic points-
telephony voice, high informatio 2M for
Short quality n access, each
messaging audio, variable point
video and devices.
data
Multiplexin FDMA TDMA/CD CDMA CDMA
g MA
Switching Circuit Circuit/circ Packet All packet
uit for except for
access air
network interface
and air
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MODEL ANSWER
interface
Core PSTN PSTN Packet Internet
Network network
6. Attempt any two of the following: 12

a) Explain the following multiplexing techniques with block 6M
diagram:
i) TDM ii) FDM
Ans.
i) TDM (Time Division Multiplexing):
1.TDM is the digital multiplexing technique. Each
2. In TDM, the channel/link is divided on the basis of on the basis of techniqu
time. e with
diagram
3. Total time available in the channel is divided between several 3M
users.
4. Each user is allotted a particular time interval called time slot or
time slice during which the data is transmitted by that user.
5. Thus each sending device takes control of entire bandwidth of the
channel for fixed amount of time.
6. In TDM the data rate capacity of the transmission medium should
be greater than the data rate required by sending or receiving devices.
7. In TDM all the signals to be transmitted are not transmitted
simultaneously. Instead, they are transmitted one-by-one.
8. Thus each signal will be transmitted for a very short time. One
cycle or frame is said to be complete when all the signals are
transmitted once on the transmission channel.
9. The TDM system can be used to multiplex analog or digital
signals, however it is more suitable for the digital signal multiplexing.
10. The TDM signal in the form of frames is transmitted on the
common communication medium.
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MODEL ANSWER
Fig. Time Division Multiplexing

ii) FDM(Frequency-Division Multiplexing):
1.FDM is a scheme in which numerous signals are combined for
transmission on a single communications line or channel.
2. It is analog multiplexing technique. Each signal is assigned a
different frequency (sub channel) within the main channel. It requires
channel synchronization.
3.FDM requires that the bandwidth of a link should be greater than
the combined bandwidths of the various signals to be transmitted.
Thus each signal having different frequency forms a particular logical
channel on the link and follows this channel only. These channels are
then separated by the strips of unused bandwidth called guard bands.
These guard bands prevent the signals from overlapping as shown in
Fig.
4.In FDM, signals to be transmitted must be analog signals. Thus
digital signals need to be converted to analog form, if they are to use
FDM.
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MODEL ANSWER
b) Explain the layered architecture of ISO-OSI model along with 6M

functions of each layer.
Ans. Layered Architecture of ISO-OSI Model:
1.The basic idea of a layered architecture is to divide the ISO-OSI
model into small pieces. Each layer adds to the services provided by
the lower layers in such a manner that the highest layer is provided a
full set of services to manage communications and run the
applications.
2. A basic principle is to ensure independence of layers by defining Descript
services provided by each layer to the next higher layer without ion of
defining how the services are to be performed. layered
3.In an n-layer architecture, layer n on one machine carries on architect
conversation with the layer n on other machine. The rules and ure 2M
conventions used in this conversation are collectively known as the
layer-n protocol.
7 Layers of OSI reference Model
ISO-OSI model has 7 layered architecture.

Functions of each layer are given below
Layer1 :Physical Layer

 It activates, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.
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 It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured

raw data over network.
 Voltages and data rates needed for transmission is defined in the
physical layer.
 It converts the digital/analog bits into electrical signal or optical
signals.
 Data encoding is also done in this layer. Any one
function
of all the
Layer2: Data Link Layer
layers
1. Data link layer synchronizes the information which is to be 4M
transmitted over the physical layer.
2. The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is
error free from one node to another, over the physical layer.
3. Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is managed by
this layer.
4. This layer sends and expects acknowledgements for frames
received and sent respectively. Resending of non-
acknowledgement received frames is also handled by this layer.
Layer3:The Network Layer

1. Network Layer routes the signal through different channels from
one node to other.
2. It acts as a network controller. It manages the Subnet traffic.
3. It decides by which route data should take.
4. It divides the outgoing messages into packets and assembles the
incoming packets into messages for higher levels.
Layer 4: Transport Layer

1. Transport Layer decides if data transmission should be on parallel
path or single path.
2. Functions such as Multiplexing, Segmenting or Splitting on the
data are done by this layer
3. It receives messages from the Session layer above it, convert the
message into smaller units and passes it on to the Network layer.
4. Transport layer can be very complex, depending upon the
network requirements.
Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they
are handled more efficiently by the network layer.
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Layer 5: The Session Layer

1. Session Layer manages and synchronize the conversation
between two different applications.
2. Transfer of data from source to destination session layer streams
of data are marked and are resynchronized properly, so that the
ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is
avoided.
Layer 6: The Presentation Layer

1. Presentation Layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way
that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will
be able to use the data.
2. While receiving the data, presentation layer transforms the data to
be ready for the application layer.
3. Languages(syntax) can be different of the two communicating
systems. Under this condition presentation layer plays a role of
translator.
4. It performs Data compression, Data encryption, Data conversion
etc.
Layer 7: Application Layer

1. Application Layer is the topmost layer.
2. Transferring of files disturbing the results to the user is also done
in this layer. Mail services, directory services, network resource
etc are services provided by application layer.
3. This layer mainly holds application programs to act upon the
received and to be sent data.
c) Two channels one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and another with 6M
bit rate of 200 Kbps are to be multiplexed.
Answer the following questions:
i) Calculate size of frames in bits
ii) Calculate the frame rate
iii) Calculate the duration of frame
Ans.
Channel 1 has a bit rate of 100Kbps. Channel 2 has a bit rate of
200Kbps Hence channel 2 is demultiplexed into 2 channels of
100Kbps each. Hence 3 channels of 100 Kbps are multiplexed
effectively.
Let us consider that one slot of the channel 1 is allocated and two
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MODEL ANSWER
slots of the channel 2 is allocated in the frame .
i) Calculate size of frames in bits: Thus each frame carries 3 bits.
ii) Calculate the frame rate: The total bit rate of the multiplexed Each bit
link is 300kbps. Each frame has 3 bits. The frame rate is100,000 2M
frames per second (Any other assumption may also be considered).
iii) Calculate the duration of frame: Thus the frame duration is

1/100,000s or 1 s.
Page 20 / 20
21819
22322
Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.

Marks
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following : 10
(a) Define Protocol. State key elements of Protocol.
(b) List different types of guided media.
(c) Define line of sight propagation.
(d) Define multiplexing. List its type.
(e) Define switching. List its types.
(f) List any four functions of Data link layer.
(g) Enlist various IEEE standards for wireless communication. (any four)
2. Attempt any THREE of the following : 12
(a) Explain the process of FSK modulation with diagram.
(b) Explain any four standard organizations.
(c) Explain propagation modes in fiber optic cable with neat diagram.
(d) Explain datagram approach for packet switching.
[1 of 2] P.T.O.
22322 [2 of 2]
(a) Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of modulation :
(i) 5000 bps, ASK (ii) 4000 bps, FSK
(b) Explain the construction of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable.
(c) Five channels each with 200 kHz bandwidth are multiplexed using FDM. Find
minimum bandwidth of the link if guard band of 10 kHz is used.
(d) Assuming odd parity, find the parity bit for each of the following data unit :
(i) 1011010 (ii) 0010110
(iii) 1001111 (iv) 1100000

(a) A signal carries five bits in each signal element. If 1600 signal elements are
sent per second, find the baud rate and bit rate in kbps.
(b) Explain the reason for using different frequency bands for uplink and
downlink in satellite communication.
(c) Explain the process of asynchronous TDM with example.
(d) Explain the process of Checksum with example.
(e) In bluetooth communication calculate the length of frame for following scenarios :
(i) Three slot (ii) Five slot
Assume data rate = 1 mbps
5. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12

(a) Explain Microwave transmission with its advantages and disadvantages.
(b) Explain stop and wait ARQ with example.
(c) Draw and explain Mobile Telephone System Architecture.

(a) Explain process of synchronous time division multiplexing with its advantages.
(b) Explain process of CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) with example.
(c) Explain DSSS mechanism with neat diagram.
_______________
(Autonomous)
SUMMER – 2019 EXAMINATION

MODEL ANSWER
Subject: Data communication Subject Code: 22322

answer scheme.
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate‟s answers and model
answer.
answer based on candidate‟s understanding.
equivalent concept.

No Q.N. Scheme
.
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10
(a) Define Protocol. State key elements of Protocol. 2M
Ans. A protocol is defined as “a set of rules that governs the Definitio
communication between computers on a network”. n 1M
The key elements of protocol are as follows: Any two

1.Syntax elements
1/2
2.Semantics M
3.Timing each
(b) List different types of guided media. 2M
Ans. The different types of guided media are
1. Twisted pair cable Any two
2. Co-axial cable. types
3. Fiber -optic cable 1M each
(c) Define line of sight propagation. 2M

Ans. Line of sight propagation is a characteristic of electromagnetic
radiation or acoustic wave propogation which means waves travel in
Page 1 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
a direct path from the source to the receiver .Electromagnetic

transmission includes light emissions travelling in a straight line. The Correct
rays or waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected or absorbed by definitio
atmosphere an obstructions with material and generally cannot travel n 2M
over the horizon or behind obstacles.
(d) Define multiplexing. List its type. 2M
Ans. Multiplexing is the process in which multiple data streams, coming
from different sources, are combined and transmitted over a Definitio
single data channel or data stream. n 1M
The following three major multiplexing techniques are discussed:
 Frequency division multiplexing Types
 Wavelength division multiplexing 1M
 Time division multiplexing
(e) Define switching. List its types. 2M
Ans. The process by which nodes forward data at one of its inputs to one Definitio
of its outputs is known as switching. n 1M
The types of switching are: Types

1/2
1. Circuit Switching M
2. Packet switching each
(f) List any four functions of Data link layer. 2M
Ans. The functions of Data link layer are as follows:
1. Link establishment and termination Any
2. Physical addressing four
3. Frame sequencing function
1/2
4. Frame Acknowledgment M
5. Error control each
6. Flow control
(g) Enlist various IEEE standards for wireless communication. (any 2M

four)
Ans. The various IEEE standards for wireless communication are as
follows: Any
 802.11 four
 802.11a standard
 802.11b s 1/2M
 802.11n each
 802.11ac
Page 2 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

(a) Explain the process of FSK modulation with diagram. 4M
Ans. In FSK, frequency of sinusoidal carrier is shifted between two
discrete values. One of these frequencies (f1) represents a binary 1
and other value (f2) represents binary 0.There is no change in
amplitude of carrier. It consists of voltage controlled oscillators Explana
(VCO) which produce sinewaves at frequencies f1 and f0. tion 2M
Corresponding to "binary 0 "input, the VCO produces a sinewave of
frequency f0 whereas corresponding to binary 1 input VCO produces
a sinewave of frequency f1.
Diagram
2M
(b) Explain any four standard organizations. 4M

Ans. 1. ISO (International organization for standardization: The ISO is a
multinational body whose membership is drawn mainly from the
standards creating committees of various governments throughout
the world. The ISO is active in developing cooperation in the
realms of scientific, technological and economic activity. Any
2. International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication four
Standards Sector (ITU-T): standard
The United nations responded by forming as part of its organiza
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a committee the tions 1M
consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and each
Telephony (CCITT). This committee was devoted to research and
establishment of standards for telecommunications in general and
for phone and data systems.
3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI): ANSI is private
non-profit organization affiliated with U.S. federal government.
Page 3 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
All ANSI activities are undertaken for the welfare of the united
states and its citizen occupying primary importance.
4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics engineers (IEEE): IEEE is
the largest professional engineering society in the world
International in scope, it aims to advance theory, creativity, and
product quality in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics
and radio as well as in all related branches of engineering.
5. Electronic Industries Association (EIA): Aligned with ANSI, EIA
is a nonprofit organization devoted to the promotion of electronics
manufacturing concerns. Its activities include public awareness
education and lobbying efforts in addition to standards
development.
(c) Explain propagation modes in fiber optic cable with neat 4M
diagram.
Ans. The different propagation modes in fiber optic cable are as follows:
 Multimode step index fiber: In multimode step index fiber, the
core has one density and the cladding has another density. Explana
tion 2M
Diagram
2M
Therefore at the interface, there is a sudden change that is why it is
called step index.
Multiple beams take different paths on reflection as shown in figure.
The beam that strikes core at a smaller angle that has to be reflected
many more times than the beam that shifted the core at a larger angle
to reach other end. This means that at the destination, all beams do
not reach simultaneously. It is used for short distances.
 Multimode graded-index fiber:
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MODEL ANSWER
 In this, core itself is made of a material of varying densities.

 The density is the highest at the core and gradually decreases
towards the edge.
 Therefore, a beam gas through gradual refraction giving rise to a
curve except that the horizontal beam travels unchanged.
 Single-mode:
 It uses step-index fiber and a highly focused source of light that
limits beam to a small range of angles, all close to horizontal.
 It is manufactured with much smaller diameter than that of
multimode fiber and with substantially lower density.
 The decrease in density results in a critical angle i.e. close enough
to 900 to make propagation of beams almost horizontal.
(d) Explain datagram approach for packet switching. 4M

Ans. In the datagram approach of packet switching, each packet is
considered as a totally independent packet from all others.
Even when there are multiple packets sent by the same source to
same destination for the same message, each packet is independent of
all other packets from point of view of network and can follow
different path. Explana
Figure Illustrate packet switching in datagram networks approach. tion 3M
Hence, computer A is sending four packets to another computer D.
These four packets belong to the same original message, but travel
via different routes and also can arrive at the destination D in a
different order than how the source A has sent them.
Page 5 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
Diagram
1M
Fig: Datagram Networks Approach
 Therefore, the destination node needs to have a buffer memory to

store all the packets and resequence them to form original
message.
 Figure shows a datagram networks approach.
 It is obvious that each packet must have a header containing the
source and destination address, packet number, the CRC etc.
 The reasons that the packet travel via. different routes is that the
routing decisions are taken for every packets separately, each time
at every node, as the packet travels from one node to the next.
(a) Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of 4M
modulation:
(i) 5000 bps, ASK (ii) 4000 bps, FSK
Ans. For baud rate (S), we know that the formula is:
S=N/r. Each bit
N=S*r 2M
Here, N is Bit rate, S is the Baud rate
r = number of bits in signal elements
So, at first we need to calculate r for each case.
We know, r = log2L.
Page 6 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
i)For ASK, r = log22 = 1

S=5000 bps/1=5000 baud
ii) For FSK, r = log22 = 1
S=4000bps/1=4000 baud
(b) Explain the construction of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable. 4M
Ans. STP is similar to UTP but with each pair covered by an additional
copper braid jacket or foil wrapping. This shielding helps to protect
the signals on the cables from external interference. Shielding
provides a means to reflect or absorb electric fields that are present
around cables. Shielding comes in a variety of forms from copper
braiding or copper meshes to aluminized. Explana
tion 2M
STP is more expensive than UTP but has the benefit of being able to
support higher transmission rates over longer distances.
STP is heavier and more difficult to manufacture, but it can greatly

improve the signaling rate in a given transmission scheme Twisting
provides cancellation of magnetically induced fields and currents on a
pair of conductors.
Magnetic fields arise around other heavy current-carrying conductors

and around large electric motors. Various grades of copper cables are
available, with Grade 5 being the best and most expensive.
STP is used in IBM token ring networks.
Diagram
2M
Figure: Construction of Shielded Twisted Pair
Page 7 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
(c) Five channels each with 200kHz bandwidth are multiplexed using 4M
FDM. Find minimum bandwidth of the link if guard band of
10kHz is used.
Ans. Five channels each with 200 kHz bandwidth are multiplexed using
FDM.
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. Correct
Guard Bands of 10 KHz is used. answer
4M
This means that the required bandwidth is atleast
5*200+4*10=1040 KHz.
(d) Assuming odd parity, find the parity bit for each of the following 4M
data unit:
(i) 1011010 (ii) 0010110
(iii) 1001111 (iv) 1100000
Ans. Odd parity refers to number of „1‟ present in a byte to be transmitted
should be odd.
(i) 1011010:
Step 1: Count the number of „1‟s in the byte
Answer: 4
Step 2: compute the parity bit Each bit
Answer: 1011010 1 1M
Since the total number of 1‟s is 4, the odd parity will have a value of
„1‟.
(ii) 0010110:
Answer: 3
Step 2: compute the parity bit
Answer: 0010110 0
Since the total number of 1‟s is 3,the odd parity will have a value of
„0‟.
(iii) 1001111:
Answer: 5
Answer: 1001111 0
„0‟.
Page 8 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
(iv) 1100000:
Answer: 2
Answer: 1100000 1
„1‟.
(a) A signal carries five bits in each signal element. If 1600 signal 4M
elements are sent per second, find the baud rate and bit rate in
kbps.
Ans. Baud rate is number of signal elements per second.
Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud
We also know that S=N/r where S is the baud rate, N is the bit rate rate 2M
and r is the bits in each signal element.
In this case 1600 signal elements are sent per second. Bit rate
So baud rate is 1600. 2M
Now S=1600,r=5 and N is unknown.

So N=S*r=1600*5=8000 bps or 8 kbps.
Therefore the bit rate is 8kbps.
(b) Explain the reason for using different frequency bands for uplink 4M
and downlink in satellite communication.
Ans. The uplink frequency is the frequency which is used for transmission
of signals from earth station transmitter to the satellite.
2
The downlink frequency is the frequency which is used for reasons-
transmission of signals from the satellite to the earth station receiver. 2M each
Uplink frequency is different from downlink frequency for following

reason:
 The satellite transmitter generates a signal that would jam its own
receiver; if both uplink and downlink shared the same frequency.
 Trying to receive and transmit an amplified version of the same
uplink waveform at same satellite will cause unwanted feedback
or ring around from the downlink antenna back into the receiver.
 Frequency band separation allows the same antenna to be used for
both receiving and transmitting, simplifying the satellite
Page 9 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
hardware.
 To overcome the above-mention difficulties satellite repeaters
must involve some form of frequency translation before power
amplification.
So, Uplink frequency is different from downlink frequency.

(c) Explain the process of asynchronous TDM with example. 4M
Ans. Asynchronous TDM:
1. It is also known as statistical time division multiplexing.
2. Asynchronous TDM is called so because is this type of
multiplexing, time slots are not fixed i.e. the slots are flexible.
3. Here, the total speed of input lines can be greater than the capacity
of the path. Explana
4. In synchronous TDM, if we have n input lines then there are n slots tion 2M
in one frame. But in asynchronous it is not so.
5. In asynchronous TDM, if we have n input lines then the frame
contains not more than m slots, with m less than n (m < n).
6. In asynchronous TDM, the number of time slots in a frame is based
on a statistical analysis of number of input lines.
7. In this system slots are not predefined, the slots are allocated to any
of the device that has data to send.
8. The multiplexer scans the various input lines, accepts the data from
the lines that have data to send, fills the frame and then sends the
frame across the link.
9. If there are not enough data to fill all the slots in a frame, then the
frames are transmitted partially filled.
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MODEL ANSWER
Example:
Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing is depicted in fig. Here
we have five input lines and three slots per frame.
1. In Case 1, only three out of five input lines place data onto the Example
link i.e. number of input lines and number of slots per frame are 2M
same.
2. In Case 2, four out of five input lines are active. Here number of
input line is one more than the number of slots per frame.
3. In Case 3, all five input lines are active.
In all these cases, multiplexer scans the various lines in order and fills
the frames and transmits them across the channel.
The distribution of various slots in the frames is not symmetrical. In
case 2, device 1 occupies first slot in first frame, second slot in
second frame and third slot in third frame.
(d) Explain the process of Checksum with example. 4M

Ans. Checksum:
Checksum is an error detection method.
Error detection using checksum method involves the following steps-
Step-01:
At sender side, Explana
tion 2M
 If m bit checksum is used, the data unit to be transmitted is divided
into segments of m bits.
 All the m bit segments are added.
 The result of the sum is then complemented using 1‟s complement
arithmetic.
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MODEL ANSWER
 The value so obtained is called as checksum.

Step-02:
 The data along with the checksum value is transmitted to the
receiver.
Step-03:
At receiver side,
 If m bit checksum is being used, the received data unit is divided
into segments of m bits.
 All the m bit segments are added along with the checksum value.
 The value so obtained is complemented and the result is checked.
Then, following two cases are possible-
Case-01: Result = 0
If the result is zero,
 Receiver assumes that no error occurred in the data during the
transmission.
 Receiver accepts the data.
Case-02: Result ≠ 0
If the result is non-zero,
 Receiver assumes that error occurred in the data during the
transmission.
 Receiver discards the data and asks the sender for retransmission.
Checksum Example:
Consider the data unit to be transmitted is-
10011001111000100010010010000100
Consider 8 bit checksum is used. Example
2M
Step-01:
At sender side,
The given data unit is divided into segments of 8 bits as-
Now, all the segments are added and the result is obtained as-
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MODEL ANSWER
 10011001 + 11100010 + 00100100 + 10000100 = 1000100011

 Since the result consists of 10 bits, so extra 2 bits are wrapped
around.
 00100011 + 10 = 00100101 (8 bits)
 Now, 1‟s complement is taken which is 11011010.
 Thus, checksum value = 11011010
Step-02:
 The data along with the checksum value is transmitted to the
receiver.
Step-03:
At receiver side,
 The received data unit is divided into segments of 8 bits.
 All the segments along with the checksum value are added.
 Sum of all segments + Checksum value = 00100101 + 11011010
= 11111111
 Complemented value = 00000000
 Since the result is 0, receiver assumes no error occurred in the data
and therefore accepts it.
(e) In Bluetooth communication calculate the length of frame for 4M
following scenarios:
(i) Three slot (ii) Five slot
Assume data rate = 1 mbps
Ans. In Bluetooth communication, when the link speed or data rate is
1Mbps each slot length is 625µs or 1600 hops/sec
Packets can be of 1, 3, 5 slots.
Each bit
i) Since each slot length is 625µs, 2M
Total length of the frame containing three slots is 625*3=1875µs,
Or 1600*3=4800 hops/sec
ii) Since each slot length is 625µs,

Total length of the frame containing five slots is 625*5=3125µs,
Or 1600*=8000 hops/sec.
5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

(a) Explain Microwave transmission with its advantages and 6M
disadvantages.
Ans.
Page 13 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
Microwave:
Electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300GHz
are called microwaves.
Microwaves are unidirectional. When an antenna transmits
microwave waves, they can be narrowly focused. This means that the
sending and receiving antennas need to be aligned. The unidirectional
property has an obvious advantage. A pair of antennas can be aligned
without interfering with another pair of aligned antennas. The
following describes some characteristics of microwave propagation:
 Microwave propagation is line-of-sight.
 Very high-frequency microwaves cannot penetrate walls. This
characteristics can be a disadvantage if receivers are inside
buildings. Explana
 The microwave band is relatively wide, almost 299 GHz. tion 4M
Therefore wider subbands can be assigned, and a high data rate is
possible.
 Use of certain portions of the band requires permission from
authorities
Applications:
Microwaves, due to their unidirectional properties, are very useful
when unicast (one-to-one) communication is needed between the
sender and the receiver. They are used in cellular phones, satellite
networks, and wireless LANs.
Advantages:
 Installation of towers and associated equipments is cheaper than
laying down a cable of 100KM length.
 Less maintenance as compared to cables.
 Repeaters can be used. So effect of noise is reduced. Any two
advanta
 No adverse effects such as cable breakage.
ges and
 Due to the use of highly directional antenna no interference is
disadvan
there.
tages
 Size of transmitter and receiver reduces due to the use of high 1M
frequency. each
Disadvantages:
 Signal strength at the receiving antenna reduces due to multipath
reception.
Page 14 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
 The transmission will be affected by the thunderstorms and other

atmospheric phenomenon.
(b) Explain stop and wait ARQ with example. 6M

Ans. Stop and Wait:
This is a very simple method where in the sender sends one frame of
data and necessarily waits for an acknowledgement (ACK) from the
receiver before sending the next frame. Only after the sender receives
and acknowledgement for a frame does it send the next frame. Thus,
the transmission always takes the form Data-ACK-Data-ACK….etc,
where the Data frames are sent by the sender, and the ACK frames
are sent by the receiver back to the sender. This is shown in figure. Explana
tion 3M
The stop-and wait- approach is pretty simple to implement. Every
frame must be individually acknowledged before the next frame can
be transmitted. However, therein also lies its drawback. Since the
sender must receive each acknowledgement before it can transmit the
next frame, it makes the transmission very slow.
Example:
Page 15 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
Example
3M
(c) Draw and explain Mobile Telephone System Architecture. 6M

Ans. Cellular telephony is designed to provide communications between
two moving units, called mobile stations (MSs), or between one
mobile unit and one stationary unit, often called a land unit. A service
provider must be able to locate and track a caller, assign a channel to
the call, and transfer the channel from base station to base station as
the caller moves out of range. Explana
To make this tracking possible, each cellular service area is divided tion 4M
into small regions called cells. Each cell contains an antenna and is
controlled by a solar or AC powered network station, called the base
station (BS). Each base station, in turn, is controlled by a switching
office, called a mobile switching center (MSC). The MSC coordinates
communication between all the base stations and the telephone
central office. It is a computerized center that is responsible of
connecting calls, recording call information, and billing.
Page 16 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
Diagram
2M
Cell size is not fixed and can be increased or decreased on the

population of the area. The typical radius of a cell is 1 to 12mi. High-
density areas require more, geographically smaller cells to meet
traffic demands than do low-density areas. Once determined, cell size
to optimized to prevent the interference of adjacent cell signals. The
transmission power of each cell is kept low to prevent its signal from
interfering with those of other cells.
6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12
(a) Explain process of synchronous time division multiplexing with 6M
its advantages.
Ans. Synchronous TDM or TDM:
In the technique called synchronous TDM, also referred to as TDM,
the time slice is allocated to a source node regardless of whether it
wants to send some data or not. This is a fairly simple mechanism to Explana
identify, at a destination node, which data originated from which tion with
source node, since every source node has a fixed time slot. Therefore, diagram
the position of the data within the data frame specifies its origin. 5M
However, it can be a very wasteful scheme, because the time slot is
allotted to a source node even if it has nothing to send.
Page 17 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
A small buffer memory is associated with every source node. At any

time, not all nodes may want to send some data. Regardless of this,
the timing device in the multiplexer allocates some time for each
node to transmit the data from its buffer, and then repeats this cycle.
E.g. A-B-C-D-A-B-C-D etc. AS shown in the figure. By the time its
turn comes next, if a node wants to transmit any data, it will have
moved a small chunk to its buffer. If there is no data to be
transmitted, the buffer will be empty but still the turn of the node will
come.
Advantages:
 An order is maintained Advanta
 No addressing information is required, channel capacity should be ges 1M
large.
(b) Explain process of CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) with 6M
example.
Ans. CRC Encoder:
In the encoder, the dataword has 𝑘 bits (4 here); the codeword has n Encoder
bits (7 here). The size of the dataword is augmented by adding 𝑛 − and
𝑘 (3 here) 0s to the right-hand side of the word. The 𝑛-bit result is fed Decoder
into the generator. The generator uses a divisor of size 𝑛 − 𝑘 + 1 (4 explanat
here), predefined and agreed upon. The generator divides the ion with
augmented dataword by the divisor (modulo-2 division). The quotient example
of the division is discarded; the remainder 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟0 is appended to the 6M
Page 18 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
dataword to create the codeword.

Example:
Let us take a closer look at the encoder. The encoder takes the
dataword and augments it with 𝑛 − 𝑘 number of 0s. It then divides
the augmented dataword by th divisor, as shown in Figure.
CRC Decoder:
The codeword can change during transmission. The decoder does the
same division process as the encoder. The remainder of the division is
the syndrome. If the syndrome is all 0s, there is no error; the
dataword is separated from the received codeword and accepted.
Otherwise, everything is discarded.
Example:
Page 19 / 20
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MODEL ANSWER
(c) Explain DSSS mechanism with neat diagram. 6M

Ans. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum:
The direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique also expands
the bandwidth of the original signal, but the process is different. In
DSSS, we replace each data bit with 𝑛 bits using a spreading code. In Explana
other words, each bit is assigned a code of 𝑛 bits, called chips, where tion 4M
the chip rate is 𝑛 times that of the data bit.
Block
diagram
2M
Figure: Concept of DSSS
As an example, let us consider the sequence used in a wireless LAN,

the famous Barker sequence where 𝑛 is 11. We assume that the
original signal and the chips in the chip generator use polar NRZ
encoding. Figure shows the chips and the result of multiplying the
original data by the chips to get spread signal.
Page 20 / 20
11920
22322

(5) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket Calculator is permissible.
Marks
1. Attempt any FIVE : 10
(a) Define Protocol. Why it is needed ? 2
(b) List types of Wireless Media. 2
(c) Define the term Communication medium. 2
(d) Define Multiplexing. List its types. 2
(e) Define (i) FHSS, (ii) DSSS. 2
(f) Draw OSI model. 2
(g) List features of 4G and Volte. 2
[1 of 4] P.T.O.
22322 [2 of 4]
2. Attempt any THREE : 12
(a) Compare analog signal and digital signal. (any four points) 4
(b) Explain half duplex system and full duplex system with diagram. 4
(c) Explain satellite communication with diagram. 4
(d) Explain working of circuit switching. 4
(a) Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of modulation :
(i) 4000 bps, FSK
(ii) 6000 bps, ASK 4
(b) Draw and explain Coaxial cable. 4
(c) Draw and explain WDM. 4
(d) Explain the process of Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) with suitable
example. 4
(a) Draw and explain PSK with waveforms. 4
(b) Draw and explain fiber optic cable. 4
(c) Calculate minimum number of bits in a PN sequence if we use FHSS with a

channel bandwidth of B = 5KHz and BSS = 120 KHz. 4
(d) Explain selective reject ARQ. 4
(e) Draw Bluetooth architecture. Explain function of various layers. 4

22322 [3 of 4]
5. Attempt any TWO : 12
(a) Differentiate coaxial, twisted pair and fiber optic cables. (any six points) 6
(b) Explain LRC and VRC for error detection with suitable example. 6
(c) Explain WLAN with diagram. Also state its advantages and disadvantages. 6
6. Attempt any TWO : 12
(a) Two channels one with a bit rate of 150 kbps and another with a bit rate of
140 kbps are to be multiplexed using pulse stuffing TDM with no
synchronization bits. Answer the following questions.
(i) What is the size of a frame in bits ?
(ii) What is the frame rate ?
(iii) What is the duration of frame ? 6
(b) Explain stop and wait ARQ with example. 6
(c) In a digital medium with a data rate of 12 mbps. How many 64 kbps voice
channels can be carried if DSSS is used with Barker sequence ? 6
_______________
P.T.O.
22322 [4 of 4]
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MODEL ANSWER

answer scheme.
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model
answer.
answer based on candidate’s understanding.
equivalent concept.

No Q.N. Scheme
.
1. Attempt any FIVE: 10
(a) Define Protocol. Why it is needed? 2M
Ans. A protocol is defined as “a set of rules that governs the Definitio
communication between computers on a network”. n 1M
A protocol is needed for having communication between any two Need
devices. 1M
(b) List types of Wireless Media. 2M
Ans. The types of wireless media are as follows:
 Radio wave communication Each
 Microwave communication type ½M
 Infrared communication
 Satellite Communication
(c) Define the term Communication medium. 2M
Ans. It is defined as the physical path between transmitter and receiver. Correct
definitio
n 2M
Page 1 / 22
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MODEL ANSWER
(d) Define multiplexing. List its types. 2M

Ans. Multiplexing is the process in which multiple data streams, coming
from different sources, are combined and transmitted over a single Definitio
data channel or data stream. n 1M
The following three major multiplexing techniques are discussed:
 Frequency division multiplexing Types
 Wavelength division multiplexing 1M
 Time division multiplexing
(e) Define (i) FHSS, (ii) DSSS. 2M
Ans. (i) FHSS: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a method
of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among
many frequency channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to
both transmitter and receiver. Each
(ii) DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is a spread definitio
spectrum technique whereby the original data signal is multiplied n 1M
with a pseudo random noise spreading code that generates a
redundant bit pattern for each transmitted bit.
(f) Draw OSI model. 2M
Ans.
Correct
diagram
2M
7 Layers of OSI reference Model
Page 2 / 22
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MODEL ANSWER
(g) List features of 4G and Volte. 2M

Ans. Feature of 4G:
 4G has high speed ,high capacity ,and low cost per bit
 4G has global access, service portability and scalable mobile
services Any two
 4G has seamless switching and a variety of Quality of service features
driven services of 4G
 4G has better scheduling and call admission control techniques and
Volte
Features of Volte: ½M
 Set up of the transmission path between the terminal and IMS each
 Security features for user authentication providing
 Providing the core functionality for the establishment and
termination of the call.
 Support to call forwarding, caller ID presentation and restriction,
call waiting and multiparty conference.
2. Attempt any THREE: 12
(a) Compare analog signal and digital signal. (any four points) 4M
Ans. Sr. Terms Analog signal Digital signal
No.
1 Signal Analog signal is a Digital signals are
continuous signal discrete time signals
which represents generated by digital
physical measurements. modulation.
2 Waves Denoted by sine waves Denoted by square Any
waves four
points
1M each
3 Repres Uses continuous range Uses discrete or

entatio of values to represent discontinuous values to
n information. represent information.
4 Examp Human voice in air, Computers, CDs, DVDs,
le analog electronic and other digital
devices. electronic devices.
5 Flexibi Analog hardware is not Digital hardware is
lity flexible flexible in
implementation.
Page 3 / 22
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MODEL ANSWER
6 Uses Can be used in analog Best suited for

devices only. Best computing and digital
suited for audio and electronics.
video transmission.
7 Securit Less secure More secure
y
8 Power Analog instrument
Digital signal requires
requires large power. negligible power.
9 Cost Low cost and portable.Cost is high and not
easily portable.
10 Imped Low High order of 100
ance megaohm
11 Bandw Less bandwidth Higher bandwidth is
idth required data required for data
transmission. transmission.
(b) Explain half duplex system and full duplex system with diagram. 4M
Ans. Half duplex system:
 In half duplex mode ,each station can more transmit and receive
,but not at the same time
 When one device is sending the other can only receive and vice Each
versa. explanat
 It is used in cases where there is no need for communication in ion 1M
both directions at the same time,the entire capacity of the channel
can be utilized for each direction .
 Walkie talkie and citizen bands are the examples Each
example
1M
Fig: Half duplex mode
Page 4 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
Full Duplex System:

 In full duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously
 Signals going in one direction share the capacity of the channels
doing in other direction
 It is used when communication in both direction is required all
the time.
 Example :Telephone network
Fig: Full duplex system

(c) Explain satellite communication with diagram. 4M
(Note: Any other relevant block diagram may also be considered).
Ans. Satellites are the bodies that revolve around the earth just in same
way moon revolves around the earth. Satellite communication is
similar to terrestrial microwave communication except that satellite Explana
acts as one of the station. Satellite performs the functions of an tion 2M
antenna and the repeater together. Ground station A sends
information to ground station B via the satellite.
Diagram
2M
Page 5 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
Two frequency bands are used for signals from earth to satellite
(uplink) and from satellite to earth (downlink). Satellite takes uplink
signal coming from sender, processes it and converts to downlink
frequency and transmit it towards earth. The coverage area over
which the signal of satellite is available is called as footprint of
satellite.
(d) Explain working of circuit switching. 4M
Ans. Circuit switching:
 Circuit Switching is used in telephone networks. In telephone
network, there is a two-way real time transmission of voice signal
across a network.
 In circuit switching the path which voice signal takes from sender
to receiver is fixed as long as that conversation is an active. Explana
Before conversation starts the path between sender and receiver is tion 2M
established. This establishment of path is known as connection
setup.
 Once, the path is established data transfer starts and all voice
signals coming from that sender specific to that particular
connection follow same path.
 After the whole data transfer both the parties who were engaged
in conversation release the connection this is known as
connection-oriented approach. Telephone networks are always
connection oriented. Anything that is connection oriented means
reliability and good quality.
 Figure shows circuit switching concept. In circuit switching,
routing (selection of path over network) is made when path is
setup across the network.
 After the link has been set between sender and receiver,
information is forwarded continuously over the link. After the
link has set up, no additional address information about receiver
is required.
 In circuit switching, a dedicated path is established between
sender and receiver which is maintained for entire duration of
conversation.
 A telephone circuit carries voice samples that are 8-bits long and
correspond to 125 𝜇s of sampled voice. Here, sample does not
have header describing its source and destination. We infer this
from physical line on which it is present and the time at which is
placed on the line.
Page 6 / 22
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MODEL ANSWER
Diagram
2M

(a) Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of 4M
modulation:
(i) 4000 bps, FSK
(ii) 6000 bps, ASK
Ans. For baud rate (S), we know that the formula is
S=N/r
N=S*r
Where N is bit rate, S is baud rate
r=no. of bits in signal elements. We need to calculate r for each case
r=Log 2 L. Each bit
i) 4000 bps, FSK: 2M
r=log2 2=1
S=4000bps/1=4000bauds.
ii) 6000bps, ASK:
For ASK, r=log2 2=1
S=6000bps/1=6000bauds.
(b) Draw and explain Coaxial cable. 4M
Ans.
Diagram
2M
Page 7 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
The co-axial cable is also called as coax. It has an inner central

conductor made up of solid material like copper or aluminum. The
inner conductor is surrounded by an insulating sheath which in turn is Explana
enclosed in an outer conductor (shield).Outer conductor is made up of tion 2M
braided sheath. This acts not only as second conductor for completing
the circuit but also act as shield against noise. The outer conductor is
covered by a plastic cover mostly made up of PVC to provide
insulation and protection. It was developed for analog telephone
networks. It is used to carry more than 10,000 voice channels at a
time. Most popularly used in the cable TV system.
(c) Draw and explain WDM. 4M
Ans. WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals.
Principle: Very narrow bands of light from different sources are
combined to make a wider band of lights & at the receiver, the signal
are separated by demultiplexer. WDM is designed to use the high
data rate capability of fiber optic cable. The optical fiber data rate is
higher that the data rate of metallic transmission cable. Using a fiber
optic cable for one single line wastes available bandwidth.
Multiplexing allows us to connect several lines into one.
 WDM is conceptually same as FDM, except that the multiplexing&
demultiplexing involve the optical signals transmitted through fiber
optic cable. Very narrow band of lights of differential wavelengths Explana
are combined to make wide band of light. All wavelength travels tion 2M
through signal cable.
 At receiver, the signals are separated by demultiplexer.
 Combining& splitting of light sources are easily handled by prism.
Prism bends a beam of light based on angle of incidence& frequency.
Using this technique, multiplexer can be made to combine
severalinput beams of light, each containing narrow band of
frequencies into one output beam of wider band of frequencies.
Demultiplexer does reverse process.
Diagram
2M
Page 8 / 22
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MODEL ANSWER
(d) Explain the process of Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) with 4M

suitable example.
Ans. CRC Encoder:
In the encoder, the dataword has 𝑘 bits (4 here); the codeword has n
bits (7 here). The size of the dataword is augmented by adding 𝑛 −
𝑘 (3 here) 0s to the right-hand side of the word. The 𝑛-bit result is fed Encoder
into the generator. The generator uses a divisor of size 𝑛 − 𝑘 + 1 (4 and
here), predefined and agreed upon. The generator divides the Decoder
augmented data word by the divisor (modulo-2 division). The explanat
quotient of the division is discarded; the remainder 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟0 is ion with
appended to the dataword to create the codeword. example
Example: 2M each
The encoder takes the data word and augments it with 𝑛 − 𝑘 number
of 0s. It then divides the augmented dataword by th divisor, as shown
in Figure.
CRC Decoder:
The codeword can change during transmission. The decoder does the
Page 9 / 22
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MODEL ANSWER
same division process as the encoder. The remainder of the division is

the syndrome. If the syndrome is all 0s, there is no error; the data
word is separated from the received codeword and accepted.
Otherwise, everything is discarded.
Example:

(a) Draw and explain PSK with waveforms. 4M
Ans. Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital to analog modulation scheme
based on changing, or modulating, the initial phase of a carrier signal.
PSK is used to represent digital information, such as binary digits
zero (0) and one (1).The modulation of PSK is done using a balance
modulator, which multiplies the two signals applied at the input. For a
zero binary input, the phase will be 180° and for a high input, the Explana
phase reversal is of 0°. Following is the diagrammatic representation tion 2M
of PSK Modulated output wave along with its given input. The output
sine wave of the modulator will be the direct input carrier or the
inverted (180° phase shifted) input carrier, which is a function of the
data signal. Amplitude and frequency of the original carrier signal is
kept constant.
Page 10 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
Diagram
2M
(b) Draw and explain fiber optic cable. 4M

Ans. The optical fiber consists of three parts.
1. Glass core: - The innermost layer in an optical fiber cable is the
glass core. The light rays pass through this innermost glass core.
Cladding layer: - The innermost glass layer is covered by the cladding
layer. This layer is also made up of glass. But the refractive index of
this layer is less than that of core layer. The cladding layer performs
the following functions: 1.It provides strength to the optical fiber Explana
cable. tion 2M
2. The cladding layer acts like a mirror. It will reflect the light rays
and will not allow them to escape outside the fiber. 3. When many
optical fibers are packed in one cable the cladding layer avoids the
interference between the light rays in the adjacent fibers.
3. Jacketlayer or Protective layer: - i. Outmost layer in an optical
fiber. ii. Provides mechanical strength to the optical cable. iii.
Provides protection against environmental factors.
Core and cladding are typically made of glass or plastic. Most
important specification of the core is the index of refraction which is
the value for light bending passing through the material and for the
speed of that light could travel through material with. Cladding is
having lower refractive index than the core. It allows light to stay
inside the fiber and not escape into cladding, since it will be reflected.
Coating is simply a protective layer that is protecting core and
cladding from the fracture.
Page 11 / 22
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MODEL ANSWER
Whether the fiber is single mode or multi-mode is defined by the

thickness of the fiber optic stand. Thin core would support only single
pathway for the light. Thicker core means more angles for input
signal, thus being able to transmit data in multiple paths and modes.
Diagram
2M
(c) Calculate minimum number of bits in a PN sequence if we use 4M

FHSS with a channel bandwidth of B = 5KHz and Bss = 120 KHz.
Ans. Calculat
The no. of hops= 120 KHz/5KHz = 24 ion of
So we need Log224=4.58≈5bits. no. of
Hence minimum no. of bits in a PN sequence=5bits hops -
3M
Min no.
of bits -
3M
(d) Explain selective reject ARQ. 4M
Ans. Selective Repeat is part of the automatic repeat-request (ARQ). With
selective repeat, the sender sends a number of frames specified by a
window size even without the need to wait for individual ACK from
the receiver as in Go-Back-N ARQ. The receiver may selectively
reject a single frame, which may be retransmitted alone; this contrast Explana
with other forms of ARQ, which must send every frame from that tion 2M
point again. The receiver accepts out-of-order frames and buffers
them. The sender individually retransmits frames that have timed out.
The sender sends packet of window size N and the receiver
acknowledges all packet whether they were received in order or not.
Page 12 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
In this case, the receiver maintains a buffer to contain out-of-order

packets and sorts them. The sender selectively re-transmits the lost
packet and moves the window forward.
 Sender can transmit new packets as long as their number is with
W of all unACKed packets.
 Sender retransmits un-ACKed packets after a timeout – Or upon
a NAK if NAK is employed.
 Receiver ACKs all correct packets.
 Receiver stores correct packets until they can be delivered in
order to the higher layer.
 In Selective Repeat ARQ, the size of the sender and receiver
window must be at most one-half of 2^m.
Diagram
2M
(e) Draw Bluetooth architecture. Explain function of various layers. 4M

Ans. Bluetooth Architecture (2 marks)
Bluetooth architecture defines two types of networks:
1. Piconet
2. Scatternet
1. Piconet: Bluetoot
• Piconet is a Bluetooth network that consists of one primary (master) h
node and seven active secondary (slave) nodes. Architec
• Thus, piconet can have upto eight active nodes (1 master and 7 ture 2M
saves) or stations within the distance of 10 meters.
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MODEL ANSWER
2. Scatternet:
• Scattemet is formed by combining various piconets.
• A slave in one piconet can act as a master or primary in other
piconet.
• Such a station or node can receive messages from the master in the
first piconet and deliver the message to its slaves in other piconet
where it is acting as master. This node is also called bridge slave.
Page 14 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
Function of various layer:

(one function of each layer expected)
Layers
2M
Radio Layer
• The Bluetooth radio layer corresponds to the physical layer of OSI
model.
• It deals with ratio transmission and modulation.
• The radio layer moves data from master to slave or vice versa.
• It is a low power system that uses 2.4 GHz ISM band in a range of
10 meters.
Baseband Layer
• Baseband layer is equivalent to the MAC sublayer in LANs.
• Bluetooth uses a form of TDMA called TDD-TDMA (time division
duplex TDMA).
• Master and slave stations communicate with each other using time
slots.
• The master in each piconet defines the time slot of 625 µsec.
• In TDD- TDMA, communication is half duplex in which receiver
can send and receive data but not at the same time.
Logical Link, Control Adaptation Protocol Layer (L2CAP)

• The logical unit link control adaptation protocol is equivalent to
logical link control sublayer of LAN.
• The various function of L2CAP is:
1. Segmentation and reassembly
• L2CAP receives the packets of upto 64 KB from upper layers and
divides them into frames for transmission.
• It adds extra information to define the location of frame in the
original packet.
Page 15 / 22
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MODEL ANSWER
• The L2CAP reassembles the frame into packets again at the

destination.
2. Multiplexing
• L2CAP performs multiplexing at sender side and demultiplexing at
receiver side.
• At the sender site, it accepts data from one of the upper layer
protocols frames them and deliver them to the Baseband layer.
• At the receiver site, it accepts a frame from the baseband layer,
extracts the data, and delivers them to the appropriate protocol layer.
3. Quality of Service (QOS)
• L2CAP handles quality of service requirements, both when links are
established and during normal operation.
• It also enables the devices to negotiate the maximum payload size
during connection establishment.
5. Attempt any TWO: 12
(a) Differentiate coaxial, twisted pair and fiber optic cables. (any six 6M
points)
Ans. Sr. Coaxial cable Twisted pair cable Fiber optic
No. cable
1 Transmission of Transmission of Signal
signals takes signals takes place in transmission
place in the the electrical form takes place in an
electrical form over the metallic optical forms Any 6
over the inner conducting wires. over a glass points
conductor of the fiber. 1M each
cable.
2 Coaxial having In this medium the Optical fiber has
higher noise noise immunity is highest noise
immunity than low. immunity as the
twisted pair light rays are
cable. unaffected by
the electrical
noise.
3 Coaxial cable is Twisted pair cable Not affected by
less affected due can be affected due to the external
to external external magnetic magnetic field.
magnetic field. field.
4 Moderate Cheapest medium Expensive
expensive
Page 16 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
5 Moderately high Low bandwidth Very high

bandwidth bandwidth
6 Attenuation is Attenuation is very Attenuation is
low. high. very low.
7 Installation is Installation is easy. Installation is
fairly easy. difficult
(b) Explain LRC and VRC for error detection with suitable example. 6M
Ans. Longitudinal Redundancy Check:
A longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) is an error-detection method
for determining the correctness of transmitted and stored data.
LRC verifies the accuracy of stored and transmitted data using parity
bits. It is a redundancy check applied to a parallel group of bit
streams. The data to be transmitted is divided into transmission Each
blocks into which additional check data is inserted. explanat
ion with
In this error detection method, a block of bits is organized in a table example
with rows and columns. Then the parity bit for each column is 3M
calculated and a new row of eight bits, which are the parity bits for
the whole block, is created. After that the new calculated parity bits
are attached to the original data and sends to the receiver.
Vertical Redundancy check:

Vertical redundancy check (VRC) is an error-checking method used
on an eight-bit ASCII character. In VRC, a parity bit is attached to
each byte of data, which is then tested to determine whether the
transmission is correct. VRC is considered an unreliable error-
detection method because it only works if an even number of bits is
Page 17 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
distorted.
In this error detection technique, a redundant bit called parity bit is
appended to every data unit so that total number of 1's in the unit
(including parity bit) becomes even. The system now transmits entire
extended unit across the network link. At the receiver, all eight
received bits are checked through even parity checking function. If it
counts even 1's data unit passes. If it counts odd number of 1's, it
means error has been introduced in the data somewhere. Hence
receiver rejects the whole data unit. Similar way odd parity VRC can
also be implemented. In this method, total number of 1's in should be
odd before transmission.
(c) Explain WLAN with diagram. Also state its advantages and 6M
disadvantages.
Ans. A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a wireless distribution
method for two or more devices that use high-frequency radio waves Descript
and often include an access point to the Internet. A WLAN allows ion 2M
users to move around the coverage area, often a home or small office,
while maintaining a network connection.
The two types of services are
1. Basic services set (BSS)
2. Extended Service Set (ESS)
1. Basic Services Set (BSS)
• The basic services set contain stationary or mobile wireless stations
and a central base station called access point (AP).
Page 18 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
• The use of access point is optional.

• If the access point is not present, it is known as stand-alone
network. Such a BSS cannot send data to other BSSs. This type of
architecture is known as adhoc architecture.
• The BSS in which an access point is present is known as an
infrastructure network.
Diagram
2M
2. Extend Service Set (ESS)

• An extended service set is created by joining two or more basic
service sets (BSS) having access points (APs).
Advantages of WLANs:
 They provide clutter-free homes, offices and other networked
Page 19 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
places.
 The LANs are scalable in nature, i.e. devices may be added or
removed from the network at greater ease than wired LANs. Any 2
 The system is portable within the network coverage. Access to the advanta
network is not bounded by the length of the cables. ges 1M
 Installation and setup are much easier than wired counterparts.
 The equipment and setup costs are reduced.
Disadvantages of WLANs:
 Since radio waves are used for communications, the signals are
noisier with more interference from nearby systems. Any 2
 Greater care is needed for encrypting information. Also, they are
Disadva
more prone to errors. So, they require greater bandwidth than the ntages
wired LANs. 1M
 WLANs are slower than wired LANs.
6. Attempt any TWO: 12
(a) Two channels one with a bit rate of 150 kbps and another with a 6M
bit rate of 140 kbps are to be multiplexed using pulse stuffing
TDM with no synchronization bits. Answer the following
questions.
(i) What is the size of a frame in bit?
(ii) What is the frame rate?
(iii) What is the duration of frame?
Ans. We need to add extra bits to the second source to make both rates =
150kbps.
Now we have two sources, each of 150 Kbps.
a. The frame carries 1 bit from each source. Frame size = 1 + 1 = 2 Each bit
bits. 2M
b. Each frame carries 1 bit from each 150-kbps source. Frame rate =
150,000 frames/s.
c. Frame duration = 1 /(frame rate) = 1 /150,000 = 6.66μs.
(b) Explain stop and wait ARQ with example. 6M
Ans. Stop and Wait:
This is a very simple method where in the sender sends one frame of
data and necessarily waits for an acknowledgement (ACK) from the
receiver before sending the next frame. Only after the sender receives
Page 20 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
and acknowledgement for a frame does it send the next frame. Thus,
the transmission always takes the form Data-ACK-Data-ACK….etc,
where the Data frames are sent by the sender, and the ACK frames Explana
are sent by the receiver back to the sender. This is shown in figure. tion 4M
The stop-and wait- approach is pretty simple to implement. Every

frame must be individually acknowledged before the next frame can
be transmitted. However, therein also lies its drawback. Since the
sender must receive each acknowledgement before it can transmit the
next frame, it makes the transmission very slow.
Example:
Example
2M
Page 21 / 22
(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
(c) In a digital medium with a data rate of 12 mbps. How many 64 6M

kbps voice channels can be carried if DSSS is used with Barker
sequence?
Ans. Solution:
12mbps=12000kbps
So number of 64kbps voice channels that can be carried if DSSS is
used with Barker sequence: Correct
answer
12000/64=187.5 channels 6M
Page 22 / 22
21222
22322
15 minutes extra for each hour

(2) Answer each next main Question on a new page.
(6) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket Calculator is permissible.
Marks
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following : 10
(a) Enlist components of data communication system.
(b) State advantages of fiber optic cable (any four).
(c) Enlist applications of satellite communication (any two).
(d) Name the types of multiplexing.
(e) Give classification of switching network.
(f) Name the different flow and error control techniques.
(g) Enlist features of 4G mobile telephone system (any two).

(a) Explain the process of amplitude shift keying modulation with suitable block
diagram and waveforms.
(b) Define the terms amplitude, time period, frequency & phase with reference to
sinusoidal wave.
[1 of 4] P.T.O.
22322 [2 of 4]
(c) Draw the construction of twisted pair cable and label it. Explain why the cable
is twisted.
(d) Explain the working of frequency division multiplexing with suitable block
diagram.

(a) Compare AM & FM on the basis of following parameters :
(i) Definition (ii) Modulation index
(iii) Noise immunity (iv) Bandwidth
(b) Draw & explain construction of co-axial cable. Write the name of connector
used for it.
(c) Compare FHSS and DSSS on the following parameters :
(i) Definition (ii) Acquisition time
(iii) Chip rate (iv) Modulation technique
(d) Explain working of CRC with following example. If G(x) = 110010 and
M(x) = 101. Then calculate CRC. [G(x) – data to be transmitted, M(x) -
Divisor]

(a) Explain how two computers communicated over analog telephone
communication network with diagram.
(b) Explain with suitable diagram, the propagation of radio waves.
(c) Assuming odd parity bit, find the parity bit for each of the following data
frames :
(i) 11011101 (ii) 00111001
(iii) 00101001 (iv) 11100100
(d) Draw the architecture of wireless LAN and explain.
(e) Explain datagram approach of packet switching network with suitable
diagram.
22322 [3 of 4]
(a) Explain with diagram all propagation modes of fiber optic cable.
(b) Explain ISO-OSI model with functions of each layers.
(c) Explain MAC layer for wireless LAN.
(a) Differentiate between circuit switching, Datagram packet switching and

virtual circuit packet switching.
(b) Explain the following error recovery techniques with example :
(i) stop and wait
(ii) Go-back-n
(c) The following bit stream is encoded using VRC and LRC with odd parity.
Locate and correct the error if it is present. Bit streams-are :
(i) 10110010 (ii) 00101011 (iii) 00101010
(iv) 11110011 (v) 10100011 (vi) 00101011
(vii) 00001010 (viii) 01001011
LRC : 01010100
_______________
P.T.O.
22322 [4 of 4]

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Instructions : (1) All questions are compulsory.

1. Attempt any five of the following : 10

2. Attempt any three of the following : 12

3. Attempt any three of the following : 12

5. Attempt any two of the following : 12

6. Attempt any two of the following : 12

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Important Instructions to examiners:

Q. Sub Answer Marking

Diagram of coaxial cable

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

c) Define line of sight propagation. 2M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Parameter Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation

Bandwidth BW= 2fm(fm -frequency Bandwidth =2 [ ]

b) Explain process of phase shift keying. 4M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

signal. PSK is used to represent digital information, such as binary

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Advantages of fiber optic cable:

d) Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching. 4M

3. Attempt any three of the following: 12

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

b) Draw and explain block diagram of satellite communication. 4M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

c) Compare DSSS with FHSS. 4M

d) Explain the process of CRC with respect to following example. If 4M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Since remainder is 0 there is no error in the data.

4. Attempt any three of the following: 12

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

b) "In satellite communication different frequency bands are used 4M

c) Explain virtual circuit approach of switching used in computer 4M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

connection for communication of some different nodes. In this type of

Virtual circuit approach

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

e) Explain the concept of pico net and scatter net of Bluetooth. 4M

Scatternet:- Scatternet is formed by combining various piconets.

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

5. Attempt any two of the following: 12

b) Explain the following flow and error control techniques: 6M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

i) Stop and wait:

ii) Go-Back-N ARQ:

Fig: Go-Back-N ARQ

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

 The sending-window size enables the sender to send multiple

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

6. Attempt any two of the following: 12

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Fig. Time Division Multiplexing

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

b) Explain the layered architecture of ISO-OSI model along with 6M

7 Layers of OSI reference Model

ISO-OSI model has 7 layered architecture.

Layer1 :Physical Layer

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

 It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured

Layer3:The Network Layer

Layer 4: Transport Layer

22322