Module 1: PRE – HISPANIC ERA Philippines for future UNESCO World

Heritage Site nomination.

EARLY PHILIPPINE SHELTER
• The complex is managed by the National
PREHISTORIC BUILDING TYPES Museum and was declared as a National
Cultural Treasure by the same institution in
• Caves February 2011.
• Lean-to shelters
• Arboreal shelters TAU’T-BATU CAVE

CAVE DWELLINGS • The Tau't Batu, or 'People of the Rock' live here
and they are the last discovered tribe in the
• Prehistoric Cave shelters were the earliest Philippines
form of human habitations. • Singnapan Valley in southern Palawan
• Predated the emergence of Homo Sapiens • Fear of thunder
• Require minimal site-works and modification. • Believe that their world is inhabited by a vast
• Made from excavation rather than population of of forest, rock, and water
construction. spirits.
Pleistocene People • Datag - The basic sleeping platform. Made
from tree branches and dried leaves and built
• Earliest dwellers of caves in the Philippines. inside the cave, raised slightly above the
• Offsprings of Iced Aged. ground.
• Theory of Land /Tulay na Lupa. • modular sleeping platform incorporated with
TABON CAVE a fireplace.

• Most antiquated and perhaps the largest. ANGONO PETROGLYPHS

• Tabon Caves, dubbed as the Philippines' • Oldest known work of art in the Philippines
Cradle of Civilization. • located in the province of Rizal.
• Located at Lipuun Point, north of Quezon • There are 127 human and animal figures
• municipality, Palawan Island. engraved on the rockwall dating back to
• The caves are named after the Philippine 3000 BC.
Tabon Megapode/Scrufowl bird. • Evidence of ancient Filipino’s attempt to
• The Tabon Caves complex has 29 explored embellish his place of domain with symbolic
caves where only seven of which are open for values.
public viewing. • Inscriptions of stylized human figures, frogs
• The major caves open to the public are Tabon and lizards, along with other designs.
Cave, Diwata Cave, Igang Cave, and Liyang • Petro (stone) Glyph (illustration)
Cave.
• The Tabon Man was discovered in the caves, CALLAO CAVE
one of the oldest remnants of human • Located in the Municipality of Peñablanca,
inhabitants found in the Philippines. Cagayan province
• The largest, cave periodically dwelt in • The seven-chamber showcave is one of 300
prehistoric families 30,000 years ago caves for tourism
• Manunggul Jar is a secondary burial jar • Named as Peñablanca (Spanish for white
excavated from a Neolithic burial site in rocks) for the presence of white limestone
Manunggul cave of Tabon Caves rocks in the area.
• Dating from 890–710 B.C. • Callao man refers to fossilized remains.
• The two prominent figures at the top handle discovered in Callao Cave, Peñablanca,
of its cover represent the journey of the soul Cagayan
to the afterlife. • In 2007 by Armand Salvador Mijares.
• In 2006, the Tabon Cave Complex and all of Specifically, they find a single 61-millimeter
Lipuun was added to the tentative list of the
 metatarsal which was found to be about RICE TERRACES
67,000 years old.
• The Prehistoric Megastructure.
LEAN-TO SHELTER • The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
is an outstanding example of an evolved,
• Ephemeral Architecture was one of the first
living cultural landscape that can be traced as
artifacts created by humans.
far back as two millennia ago in the pre-
• Temporary Shelter.
colonial Philippines.
• Readily Available materials and limited
• Carved into the mountains.
investment in time and energy.
• The technique used to mountainous terrain
• Demountable
has created a terraced landscape.
• Fundamental act of building was practiced by
• Testament to Philippine Modern Engineering.
nomads in form the windbreak (lean-to),
• Up to 6 meters High
windscreen or windshield
• Stone Walls
• Wind-sun-and rain screen anchored by a
• The terraces are likewise protected by the
pole or stick an angle on the ground.
Republic Act No 10066, providing for the
Lean-to Shelter protection and conservation of the National
Cultural Heritage.
1. Hawong - Pinatubo Aeta constructed with a
ridge pole supported by forked stakes or 3 Basic Elements
limbs
1. Terrace Space
2. Panahang - Agta & Casiguran damages
2. Embankment
aetas from aurora
3. Soil Body
3. Dait-Dait – Mamanua Aeta from Mindanao
used when hunting. Made of wild banana
leaves, coconut fronds with grass of rattan.
PHILIPPINE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Arboreal Shelters
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
• Dwelling on high trees or Tree Houses.
• Derived from the Latin “vernaculus”, meaning
• First shelter to be constructed were made of
domestic, native, indigenous.
interlocking branches.
• Folk, indigenous, tribal, ethnic and traditional
• Architectural institution fashioned by nature.
architecture.
• 20, 30 to 60 ft above ground for protection
• Category of architecture based on local
against animal & human enemies.
needs and construction materials and
• Tinguian, in Palan Abra, had a separate
reflecting local traditions.
daytime and nocturnal abode
• Small hutof bamboo and thatch built on the
ground for day abode
• Alligang, smaller and rested on the top of a
tree, 18-24 meters from the ground, safe
guard from nighttime ambush.
• Built and used by Gaddang and Kalinga of THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR
Luzon, the Manobo and Mandaya of ARCHITECTURE
Mindanao and by the Maranao of Lake 1. The builders, whether artisans or those who
Lanao. planning to live in the buildings, are non-
• These houses are perched on the Fork professional architect or engineer.
Branches of trees. 2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural
• 6, 12, or 18 meters above ground. materials, to the geographical.
 3. The actual process of construction involves Archetypal Tropical Characteristic
intuitive thinking, done without the use of
1. Elevated living floor
blueprints or any for construction drawings.
2. Buoyant Rectangular volume
4. There is balance between social/ economic
3. Raised pile foundation
functionality and aesthetic features.
4. Voluminous thatched roof
5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject to
a protracted evolution of traditional styles BOTANIC BUILDING MATERIALS
specific to an ethnic domain.
• Timber
Philippine Vernacular architecture inspired the • Bamboo
invention of a new structural system which made • Thatch
possible the soaring skyscrapers of Chicago school. • Fibers
Structural logic and architectonic principle: steel- Vernacular Structural Element
frame to replace the Philippine wooden frame
construction of bahay kubo. Buildings with pile or stilt foundations are a pervasive
feature not only in the mainland and island southeast
AUSTRONESIAN ANCESTRY Asia.
• Southeast Asian culture descendants FOUNDATION
• The term Austronesian peoples refers to a
population group present in Southeast Asia or • It is usually built with wooden post as its
Oceania who speak, or had ancestors who framework.
spoke, one of the Austronesian languages. • It has several advantages in a tropical
• Water born lifestyle climate. Especially when settlement patterns
• Manifest vernacular Architecture are mainly concentrated in coastal, riverside,
• In the Philippines, vernacular architecture and lakeshores
professes strong allegiance to a greater • Underfloor space often used as pen for
Austronesian Building Heritage. stabling domestic animals and as a place for
storage
• TWO OPTIONS: SUPERSEDED PILE/STILTS
OR ROLLERS
ARCHETYPAL AUSTRONESIAN HOUSE “Stilt Houses”
VOLUMINOUS THATCH ROOF
• An Austronesian Legacy
• Raised Wooden Structure • The most distinctive feature of the
• Rectangular Structure Austronesian vernacular architectural form is
• Elevated Post EXTENDED LINE OF THE ROOF, often with
• Thatch Pitch Roof with extended ridges outward sloping gables forming elegant
• Aquatic base of life saddleback curves.
• Settlement has a direct connection to bodies • Cases seen as pyramidal
of water • Grasses and palm leaves are the most widely
• Water is the means of transportation used traditional materials.
• Communities are developed along sheltered
base and coastal areas CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

BAHAY KUBO • Post and lintel method of construction

• Walls and floors do not constitute a part of
• Pure, Southeast asian type of domestic the main load-bearing elements but may
architecture found in non-hispanized, non- brace the structure as a whole.
anglosaxon communities in the country • Framing system consist of vertical studs
• House / tahanan / tirahan slotted into horizontal sills
• Cube House • Assembled without nails
BALAI / BAHAY
 • Tongue & grove mortise, tenon, lapped and • PANPET- ROOF NET made of ropes fastened
notched jointing system securely to the ground by a strong peg.
• Walls may consist of matting, palm leaves
RAKUH – 2 STOREY IVATAN HOUSE
folded round a lath and stiched together
(banig) • With 2 windows and door built on three walls,
• Plaited with bamboo • while the 4th wall faces the direction of the
• As well as wooden boards and panels strongest wind.
depending on the use and status of the • WINDOWLESS PART ORIENTED TO THE
building STORMINDS.
• thick stone + mortar (limestone walls)
REGIONAL HOUSES
• reed, rattan, cogon or bamboo gable or hip
UPLAND and LOWLAND houses have acquired roofs
distinct architectural features because of difference of • strong enough to withstand typhoons and
environmental conditions and site contexts. earthquakes
• north – south orientation
Lowland Dwellings – Open, airy interior Highlands –
• one windowless wall facing strong winds
Sealed of solid planks, having few or no windows as
defense against the cold upland climate. Classified According to Roof Configuration

BATANES “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE” 1. Maytuab (hip roof)

2. Sinadumparan (gable roof)
IVATAN IDJANG - Defensive Engineering of the Early
Ivatan settlers. CORDILLERA REGION

ABORIGINAL IVATAN - made up of wood, bamboo According to William Henry Scott in his book “of
and thatched. igorots and independence”

• 1593 gold mine diggers and traders to Ilocos

region.
• Dominicans evangelized Pangasinan and
Nueva Vizcaya.
• Pangasinan and some parts of Ilocos are
Igorot lowland territories.
• Failure of Evangelization.

CORDILLERA PEOPLE

Dominican Friars introduced the Cal y Canto • NORTHERN STRAIN SOUTHERN STRAIN
technique IGOROT (Mountain chain dwellers).
• THE NORTHERN STRAIN
• Stone and Mortar Construction • Consists of houses made by the ISNEG &
• In row on the steep terrain of mountain hill KALINGA
slopes • Isneg With rectangular plan covered by high
• A Fireplace was built at one end of the house. gabled roof.
• COGON GRASS - is the main roofing • Kalinga having Octagonal plan & three
material. divided floorings.
• Villages located on the slopes or peaks of • Roof framing is independent of the floor
hills. framework.
• Huts were low, partly because high structures
would easily topple by the strong winds. THE SOUTHERN STRAIN
• Walls are made of stones held together by • Consists of houses made by the IFUGAO,
FANGO, a mortar formed by mixing mud BONTOC, IBALOI AND KANKANAY.
and cogon.
 • With Square plan covered by high gabled
roof.
THE SOUTHERN STRAIN
• Roof framing is dependent of the floor
framework. BONTOC
THE NORTHERN STRAIN • Bontoc Ili – Bontoc Village
• ILI’S 3 BASIC RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES
ISNEG
• ATO men's meeting place / council house /
• The Isnag people (also referred to as the dormitory for the young and old unmarried
Isneg and Apayao) are an Austronesian males.
ethnic group native to Apayao Province in the • ULOG/OLOG - Dormitory for female. A
Philippines' Cordillera Administrative Region. public structure where young women of
marriageable age go to sleep at night.
BINURON
AFONG
• Windowless
• Low walls & roof, which keep the inhabitant • Family Residence or Bontoc House.
warm. • House within a house
• 0.9 raised above the ground. • Windowless
• Distinguishes itself from the typical cordillera • Shelter for people, rice, chicken, pigs
house by its boat like appearance. • With attic
• Apayao is the only region in cordillera with a
KATYUFONG
NAVIGABLE RIVER.
• Located in Apayao Province. • For the poor
• rectangular plan. • Smaller & enclosed
• high gable roof bowed to a shape of a boat • Stone-walled
(BARANAY).
• The largest among the most substantially KOL-LOB - is the residence for widows and
constructed houses in the cordilleras. unmarried old women.
• Binuron practical feature is its ROLL UP FAYU
FLOOR made from long reeds.
• Binuron platform can be converted, to be • For the Rich
used for rituals, ceremonies and meetings. • Open and Relatively Large
• TARAKIP - Binuron extension structure. • 3.6 – 4.5 Meters
• .4m Door Opening
ALANG • Windowless
• Rice storage/ granary AKHAMANG - Rice Granaries
• House as womb; Space Concept.
AL-LANG - Repository of food and other supplies.
KALINGA
FALINTO-OG – Pigpens
BINAYON
PABAFUNAN - Open court where people gather to
• octagonal in plan perform rituals.
• three divided floorings, lowest in the center

FORUY
IFUGAO
• The square shaped plan
• Roof is made from 8-10 layers of cut bamboo • 12 to 30 houses, situated amid rice terraces
laid one above other and often near a spring or grove.
• Removable wall panel for ventilation • FALE/BALE
• Elevated wall along perimeter of the wall • For wealthy family
• Three Layer Structure
 • Square Plan ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Pyramidal or conical roof
• The earliest evidence of Muslim presence was
• Windowless
in Sulu during the 14th century.
• 12-15 SQM
• Islam was established to the rest of Mindanao
• HALIPAN – rat guard, 1.2 to 1.8m from
during 15th Century
ground
• Religion Congregational Worship
BUL-UL - Carved granary guardians • Permanent and Separate Architecture
• “Twahid” means Unity of Allah
ABONG - House for the poor
• PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
KANYAW • Five Pillars (pattern of a quincunx)
• Architecturally derived from early Christian
• Collectively refers to any ritual dancing by Churches.
indigenous peoples of the Cordillera.
• Part parcel of the Ifugao ritual life. Pig and Two Types
Carabao skulls, the remains of sacrificial
1. Masjid
animals are proudly displayed.
2. Langgal (Tausug and Yakan) & Ranggar
HAGABI - prestige bench of upper class (Maranao)

FALE CONSTRUCTION

• Two-year construction and can be dismantled in a • Chinese Pagoda and Japanese Temple
day Inspired.
• These mosques have eight, five, or three tiers.
• 5-6 generations • Pathways to heaven.
• The pagoda-style mosque building is
currently an endangered art form in the
KANKANAY Philippines, as most mosques are now built in
• A typical village with 700 inhabitants the Domed/Arabian- style.
• Slopes of hills or mountains are flattened so There is a dearth knowledge regarding the evolution
that houses can be built. of mosque typology in the Philippines.
• Main types of dwelling
• Binangiyan – Kankanay Abode 1. Much of the earliest types of mosques
• Apa/Inapa & Allao - dwellings for poorer constructed by early missionaries were made
family of temporary materials like wood, bamboo,
and cogon which do not last for years.
BINANGIYAN 2. The remaining earlier types were either
• Has a resemblance to Fale demolished, destroyed during earthquakes,
• Pyramidal in form or were reconstructed / remodeled to
• Box-like compartment – a single-room conform to modern architectural types
dwelling with spacious attic (baeg) sourced from Middle- Easter designs.
• BABAYAN BAEY - An elevated, square, one- 3. The yearly pilgrimage to Mecca radically
room house of the Kankanay and Ibaloi, with changed all earliest types.
four thick posts supporting a timber upper FEATURES
floor and steep hip type roof of cogon grass.
The lower end of the roof flared out similar to • CRESCENT AND STAR ORNAMENT - Information
the roof of the Bontocs and Kalingas houses. on the origins of the symbol are difficult to confirm,
but most sources agree that these ancient celestial
symbols were in use by the peoples of Central Asia
MUSLIM SPACE and Siberia in their worship of the sun, moon and sky
gods.
• OKIR CARVING AND BURAK - (a mythical winged 1. Kota of Raja Sulayman in Manila
creature, half-human, half-horse). 2. Kota of Sultan Kudarat in Lamitan

SHEIK KARIMOL MAKHDUM MOSQUE MINDANAO AND SULU VERNACULAR HOUSES

• Oldest mosque in the Philippines • Distinct archipelagic features of Sulu and the
• Barangay Tubig Indangan, Simunul, Tawi- Mindanao
Tawi • Terrestrial and Naval Architecture
• Built on 1380
3 HOUSE CATEGORIES OF MUSLIM COMMUNITY
• MASJID AL-DAHAB OR GOLDEN MOSQUE
• Modernized Style of Mosque 1. Land Based Stilted Dwellings – Situated along
• Built on 1976 shoreline
• Maranao Okir Patterns 2. Oceanic Dwellings – built completely over the
• MASJID sea and entirely detached from shoreline
• Place of Worship 3. Houseboats – serves as both home and
• Bulbous Dome – vault of heaven fishing boat of Badjao
• Minaret
• Ablution Area or Wudu
• Large and Permanent Construction MARANAO
• Stone Foundation
• Near bodies of Water where the faithful Maranao Houses
perform rituals of ablution. • “People of the Lake”
• Originally a multi-tiered bamboo • The largest indigenous group in Mindanao
• To accommodate light and air
THREE TYPES OF MARANAO HOUSE

1. Lawig - Small House

LANGGAL / RANGGAR 2. Mala-a-walai – Large House
• Smaller Place of Worship 3. Torogan – Residence of Datu and his
• Light and Semi Permanent extended family
• Rural Areas LAWIG
• These are the oldest form of mosque in the
Philippines. • Small House
• Raised above grounds with stilts
ISLAMIC PLACES OF PRAYERS • Outdoor cooking area
1. MASJID – Daily Prayer • Mainly used for sleeping
2. JAMI – Congregational Friday Prayer • Usually single-family unit dwelling
3. IDGAH/MUSALLA – Worship on Special • MALA-A-WALAI
Occasions o A single room and partitionless
structure
MUSLIM SECULAR ARCHITECTURE o A house of a well-to-do family.
FORTS AND ROYAL RESIDENCE TOROGAN
• Early Filipinos constructed forts or KOTA • House for Sultans & Datus
• A fortified settlement bordered by a palisade, • arranged in a line along the river
which series of long strong timber stakes • Multi-family dwelling
pointed at the top and set close to each other
to form a defense wall. TOROGAN STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

MINDANAO SULU ARCHIPELAGO MANILA • Post numbering to as many as 25, 22 loads

bearing 3 non-bearings.
Examples:
 • To assess the strength and Resilience, it is
tradition to have TWO CARABAO FIGHT
YAKAN
INSIDE THE STRUCTURE.
• PANOLONG - is the noticeable feature of YAKAN HOUSES
Torogan. Richly carved and colourful end-
beam design that flares upward into • Yakans live in the mountainous interior of
sculptured wings. Basilan island
• Houses individually owned and occupied by
PANOLONG one family.
• Clustered around langgal
• Naga - are the Sea Serpent/Dragon
• LUMAH - Traditional Yakan House
• Pako Rabong - are Growing Fern
• Rectangular, rdiged roofed, single room pile
• GIBON/PAGA – Room for Datu’s Daughter
structure of varying size and elevation from
• LAMIN - or tower built atop the house hiding
the ground.
the sultan’s daughter.
• 50-100 SQM
• No ceilings and few or no windows because
• of belief that the bad spirits could easily in
MAGUINDANAO
• through those openings.
Maguindanao Houses • Often only one TINDAWAN (window) beside
the long bench for guest.
• Close Resemblance to Maranao Dwellings • Walls are made in horizontally positioned
• One Room House without partition and wooden planks or Sawali
ceiling • Lumah can last up to 15 years
• Nine Posts
• Okir Decorations, steep and graceful roofs LUMAH THREE PARTS
• Handcrafted ornaments
1. “kokan/tindakan”, main house w/ rituals and
entertainment
2. “kosina”, kitchen
3. “pantan/simpey”, porch – for clothes
TAUSUG

TAUSUG HOUSES SAMAL

• Tausug means “people of the current/taong SAMAL HOUSES

dagat or alon” • Samal mix on various islands with the Tausug
• Second largest group of Muslim Filipinos and who are dominant group in Jolo island but
Foremost indigenous people in Sulu more in Borneo.
archipelago. • Pile-driven support
• Inland community are the TAU GIMBA • Connected to the shore and linked to one
• Shoreline community are the TAU HIGAD another by a catwalk.
• Mangingita or Imam will choose the luckiest • SILONG - is Boat Storage and area for
site. bathing
BAY SINUG – Traditional Tausug House • Single level for sleeping, cooking and eating.
• No partitions or ornamentations
• Made of Nine post symbolized the human • PANTAN – Open porch or terrace, receiving
body. area, working area, hold rituals and
• They believe should built it as if a person were playground.
being formed. • Samal Community in coastline
• If you don’t follow the proper order in
assembling the posts, it is believed that the
house will not last. BADJAO
 • Sea Gypsies CONCLUSION
• from Zamboanga, Basilan, Jolo provinces,
• Philippine Vernacular Architecture is a broad
Tawi-tawi, and Palawan
category
• Samal Luwaan (outcast)
• Majority are dwelling constructed by
• Sama Dilaut (People of the Ocean)
community
• Boat house use their shelters as a means of
• Vernacular lineage
Travel
• Granaries
• Whether Nomadic orsettled
• Fortification
• Badjao boats vary in length and depending
• Worship
on the economic status of the owner.
• Ephemeral
• When all children have left, the old man of
• Contemporary Urban shanties
the house is expected to marry again or
• Vernacular Building Tradition is an Omni-
attempt to join another boat
present building practice and remain as an
• The death of the Family head transforms the
accessible idiom to the majority of the
boat into a coffin, making a symbolic
Filipinos.
mortuary piece to transport to dimension of
afterlife.

BADJAO TWO TYPES OF BOAT Module 2: Spanish Colonial Era

1. Dapang/Vinta - Used for short Fishing trips. COLONIAL URBANISM
2. Palaw - Permanentdwelling place
ortemporary lodging during fishing trips. • The story of architecture under Spain Begins
with the permanent occupation of the Island
TWO TYPES OF PALAW in 1565.
• The arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi’s
1. LEPA - lighter and faster Houseboat - no
expedition in Cebu that year ushered in an
katig.
important phase in the development of
2. JENGNING - bigger and heavier houseboat
architecture and urbanism in the Philippines.
with katig.
• Found settlement in Cebu and Panay.
LUMA • Moved northwards to Luzon and the goal is to
invade Muslim settlement in Manila.
• “Harun” (ladder) serves as wash area
• In 1571, Spaniards successfully occupied
• Mirrors are believed to drive away evil spirits
Manila.
• They established:
o Colonial Settlements
T’BOLI o Chapels
T’BOLI HOUSES o Forts
• Before Legazpi’s death in 1572, he had
GUNU BONG already conquered the greater portions of the
• South Cotabato archipelago to spread Christianity and to
• Home for the extended family ranging 8-16 colonize the islands.
persons • Spanish colonialism had changed the face of
• Constructed with Bamboo Stilts 2 meters in the built environment in the Philippines as
height from the ground much as it had altered the social and
• Addition post on side economic conditions.

3 INTERIOR SPACES The main ingredients in the urban transformation of

the Philippine colonial landscape included in the
1. Area of Honor following:
2. Sleeping Area
3. Vestibule 1. The establishment of Reduccion
 • Forced Urbanization Program and 5. The introduction of building typologies and
resettlement construction technologies through colonial
• Resettle indigenous lowland population in infrastructures.
larger urban communities so as to accelerate
• Colonial infrastructures were constructed of
the process of politico religious
sturdier and more permanent building
transformation.
materials.
• The small scattered native settlements were
• Distinguish itself from the flimsy indigenous
forced to consolidate into compact Villages.
architecture.
• There were natives who resisted and fled to
the mountain. MANILA-THE GENESIS OF AN INTRAMURAL
COLONIAL CITY
The villages were literally in Bajos dela Campanas
(under the bells), which sanctioned control of June 24, 1571 – Legazpi officially inaugurated a
native’s’ everyday life by allowing the clergy to wake municipal council and proclaimed Manila as the
the villagers up each day, summon them to mass and capital of the new territories under the Spanish crown.
subject them to religious catechism.
• Slowly a city was created in accordance with
2. The creation of land-use pattern through the Hispanic Law and urban heritage.
Encomienda system.

• Concept of land as a private property and

capital was introduced. THE GREAT URBAN AND ARCHITECTURAL
TRANSFORMATION
3. The institution of a hierarchical settlement system.
• After a decade, Manila could lay claim to the
• PUEBLOS – Capitals or Towns possession of urban elements common with
• CABECERA - (head) The core of municipality most establish Spanish cities.
or poblacion • The City quarter was surrounded by a spiked
• BARRIOS - Adjacent Barangays log palisade.
• ESTANCIAS – large ranches or first haciendas • Central Plaza
• Cabildo – Municipal Building
4. The creation and structuring of towns according to
• General Market
“Cuadricula” model of planning.
• Wooden ports
• A system of streets and blocks laid out with • Garrison of Soldiers
uniform precision • Residence of Governor General
• Hierarchical fashion – Central Plaza or Plaza • Residence of Bishops
Mayor symbolize power • Cathedral
• LAWS OF THE INDIES (Leyes de Indias) • Townsfolk house
• A set of planning guideline • Most of the early settlement were constructed
• The “Laws of the Indies” were decreed by King with the use of wood, bamboo and nipa
Philip II in 1573. thatch.
• The laws guided Spanish colonists on how to • It prompted the next Governor-General,
create and expand towns in Spanish Santiago De Vera, to order that all buildings
territories of the city be constructed of stone and tiles.
• It establishes the church as urban landmark
BUILDING MATERIALS
and plaza public space.
1. BRICKS OR LADRILLOS – Uses Kilns or
CUADRICULA - the use of grid pattern for urban
Hornos.
fabric, together with the adherence to the other
2. Tejas or V-shaped Roof Tile
architectural rules, was a consequence of the ideal
3. Baldosas – square floor tiles
Greco- Roma city concept.
4. Adobe Stone – Soft Stone of Volcanic
 5. Silleria or De Cal y Canto – edifices of cut
stones
Intramuros
6. Placuña Pelucida- capiz shells
7. Dura la Madera- hard wood • It was reserved for the nobility and clergy
• 1645, A devastating earthquake shattered the • Coolies and Indios were remained outside the
ambitious plans of the Spaniards and it walls
marked a turning point in the development of • The monumental structures and other edifices
architecture in the Philippines. were all designed to relieve the conquistador
• Birth of Arquitectura Mestiza in the of his nostalgia and homesickness, away
Philippines. from his temperate homeland, in a strange
tropical colony.

EXTRAMUROS: LIVING BEYOND THE WALLS

ARQUITECTURA MEZTIZA
EXTRAMUROS
• A term coined by Jesuit Francisco Ignacio
Alcina in 1688 • Other villages, towns and arrabales (suburbs)
• Structures built partly of wood and partly located beyond the walls.
stone • Spanish term for “outside the walls”.
• The character was partly influenced by 1. PUEBLO DE MALATE - home of ambitious
amateur and artisans, but mainly executed by maharlika (nobleman), tradesman
the maestros de obras or master builders. amassed their wealth from the new
imperial order.
INTRAMUROS: THE BASTION OF AUTHORITY
2. PUEBLO DE TONDO - was identified
BASTION SYSTEM STYLE unprivileged natives who regularly
provided fresh foodstuff for the market of
In 1590, the walled city, patterned after the medieval
Manila.
city fortress of Europe, under the Supervision of
3. PUEBLO DE QUIAPO
Governador-General Gomez Perez Dasmariñas
while it was designed and supervised by Military MILITARY ARCHITECTURE AND DEFENSE
engineer Leonardo Turriano. INSTALLATIONS

INTRAMUROS • The building of garrisons, naval

constructions, and fortresses was a military
• Spanish Walled City or Manila Walled CIty
strategy to safeguard and protect the Spanish
• Bordered by bay and the river
colonial possessions.
• 3916 Meters of pentagonal perimeter walls of
• Patterned to European Style and
volcanic tuff (Adobe) and brick filled in with
characterized by heavy stonewalls, moats,
earth.
and grid road layouts.
• Native labor was used to build the walls.
• CASA MATAS - Stone landings artillery. FORTS
• Baluarte De San Diego / Bastion
1. Fort San Pedro- Cebu (1565)
• Garita or WatchTower
2. Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)
• Entrance revellin bridge
o It was named after the Saint James,
• Moat
the patron saint of Spain
• Puerta - Gates
• Approximately 600 American prisoners of
1. Puerta de Sta. Lucia
war died of suffocation and hunger in its
2. Puerta Real
dungeons after being caged in extremely
3. Puerta Parian
tight quarters. The filthy water of the
4. Puerta Isabel
nearby Pasig River also seeps in during
5. Gate of Fort Santiago
high tide leaving its ground damp most of
the time.
 • Jose Rizal, the national hero of the private places called SIMBAHAN. According
Philippines, spent his last days holed up in to Padre Francisco de San Antonio, OFM
Fort Santiago before being marched off to • SIBI, locals built their places of worship as
Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park) where he extension of their Homes.
was executed by firing squad.
Order St. Augustine (OSA); Augustinians 1565
3. Fort San Felipe – Cavite (1617)
• The structure is made of granite blocks, Missions:
with walls approximately 30 feet high
• A wide stairway leads to the top of the port • Ilocos Norte
where a concrete house can be found. • Ilocos Sur
• The fort is dedicated to San Felipe Neri in • La Union
the 16th century. • Tarlac
4. Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Rosario (1617) • Pampanga
• The Fort San Pedro was built because of a • Northern Part of Bulacan
necessity. • Manila-Malate & Ermita
• The need for protection from frequent • Parañaque
Dutch and Moro raids. • Pasig
• An order for the construction of a wooden • Batangas
fortress at Punta de Iloilo, at the mouth of • Panay Island
the Iloilo River. • Cebu Island
• Found the image of the Our Lady of the Iglesia-Monasterio de San Agustin y San Pablo de
Holy Rosary or Nuestra Senora del Ermita - The Oldest Stone Church
Rosario which is still exists at San Jose
Parish Church at Plaza Libertad. Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders Order
5. Fuerza de Nuestra Seniora del Pilar- of Friar Minor (OFM); Franciscans 1578
Zamboanga Peninsula (1635) Missions:
• A stone fort in defense against pirates and
raiders of the sultans of Mindanao and • Southern Parts of
Jolo. • Bulacan
• The cornerstone of the fort, originally • Manila-Del Monte
called Real Fuerza de San José (Royal Fort • Cubao
of Saint Joseph) • Paco-Dilao-Sta.Ana
• Laguna
EDIFICES FOR RELIGIOUSCONVERSION SPANISH • Rizal
COLONIAL ERA • Quezon
• On 14 April 1521, Rajah Humabon was • Camarines Norte
christened Carlos in honor of Rei Carlos I de • Camarines Sur
España. • Albay
• While his chief consort, Hara Humamay was • Sorsogon
given the name Juana, after Charles' Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles y San
mother, Reina Juana del Castillo. Fransisco de Asis
• The Baptism of Humabon and Humaymay
and Image of The Holy Child is the Royal granted Missionaries / Religious orders Society
beginning of the Oldest Founded church in of Jesus (SJ); Jesuits 1581
the Philippines, Basilica de Sto.Niño de Cebu
Missions:
in 1565.
• Prior to colonization the Natives / Early • Cavite
Filipinos did not worship in temples. Instead, • Samar Island
members of the families, dependents and • Leyte Island
relatives met for some special rituals in • Bohol Island
 • Majority parts of Mindanao • Dominican Cagayan valley’s Exposed Bricks
with detailed kilned ornaments
• Churches are Also Fortress
th
San Ignacio 16 century Order of Preachers (OP); • Churches has unrelated and eclectic style
Dominicans 1587 • Philippine churches have Locally Mediated
ornaments
Missions: • Philippine churches have Locally Mediated
• Pangasinan ornaments – Mudejar
• Cagayan Valley • Twin churches
• Isabela Province • Steel temple of Asia
• Nueva Ecija CUERPO DE IGLESIA
• Nueva Viscaya
• Quirino Province • FACADA PRINCIPAL y FACADA POSTIGO
• BUTTRESS- CONTRA FUERTE
Order of Augustinian Recollects (OSA-R/OAR);
• NARTHEX- ZAGUAN
Recoletos 1606
• Holy Water stoup- Pila de Agua Bendita
Order of Friar Minor Capuchin late 19th century • CORO-CHOIR LOFT
(OFMcap) • BELL TOWER/BELFRY-CAMPANARIO
• Under the Campanario, Retablo Menor,
REGIONAL MATERIALS
Baptisterio
Regional Identification: • PLANO DE IGLESIA FACADA PRINCIPAL
• PLANO DE IGLESIA NAVE view to
• Adobe &Volcanic Tuff in Central Parts of PRYBESTERIO/SANTUARIO Y CRUCERO
Luzon
• RETABLOS- Decorative altar piece which
• Coralline and lime stone in Visayas and
serves as the backdrop for altars Retro(lat)
Mindanao
Back, Tabula(lat) Table Retablo Mayor.
• Sandstone some parts of Panay Island
• Retablo Menor - Lado de Epistola, ala
• Bricks in Northern Parts of Luzon
Daretcha
IGLESIA • Pulpit/ Pulpito
• TRIBUNA
LEVELS OF ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
• Sanctuary- Prybesterio/Santuario
1. Basilica • Comulgatorio - Communion rail
2. Cathedral - The principal church of a diocese • Sacristy- Sacristia
housing the cathedra or bishops • Camarin- storage also pilgrim’s area
a. In every cathedral has a Bishop, It has • Convent- Convento
also Bishop’s Palace / ARZOBISPADO • Cemetery- Cementerio/Osuario
or OBISPADO • MORTUARIO
3. throne
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS
4. Parish
5. Chapels • POR MUJERAS
6. Monastic/Religious Congressional • Oldest Nunnery Convent: Monasterio de
(Monastery, Abbey, Priory, Friary, Nunnery Santa Clara
etc.) • Oldest Nunnery Convent for Mestiza and
ESTILOS DE IGLESIA Natives Beaterio de La Campaña
• Oldest Nunnery Convent for Insulares:
The unique characteristic in Philippine Setting Beaterio y Colegio de Santa Catalina de Sena
• Highest Terrain in the community • Other Beaterio/Nunnery:
• Dominican Cagayan valley’s Exposed Bricks o Colegio de Santa Isabel
with ascending or undulating volutes topped. o Colegio de Santa Rosa
ARCHITECTURE FOR COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE MANILA (1571)

MONUMENTAL CIVIC ARCHITECTURE • 1910 restoration of the Escuela under Jesuits

• Oldest existing Seminary, now part ADMU
• Epitomized the Spanish administrative
Katipunan
institution
• Founded by Padre Pedro Chirino, SJ
CASA DEL AYUNTAMIENTO
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTO TOMÁS
• One of the most important administrative
• La Pontificia y Real Universidad de Santo
structures in the archipelago
Tomás, Universidad Católica de Filipinas
• Seat of colonial governance and housed
• Founded by the Dominicans / Fray Miguel
several administrative offices and archives.
Binavides, OP, Primera Obispo de Nueva
• Underwent several modifications and
Segovia
reconstruction works.
• 1605 Colegio de Nuestra Señora del
• The main façade was refashioned in a style
Santisimo del Rosario
inspired from the renaissance
• 1611 renamed as Colegio de Santo Tomas
PALACIO DEL GOBERNADOR GENERAL • 1645 promoted to University level
• 1690 received the title Pontifical
• Also known as Palacio Real • Notable personalities have attended school in
• Residence of the highest official of the land this institution, including national hero Dr.
CASA DEL AYUNTAMIENTO AND PALACIO DEL Jose Rizal and Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.
GOBERNADOR GENERAL • January 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain
granted the title “Royal” to the University of
• Both were European style with spacious inner Santo Tomas for its contribution to Manila’s
courts defense from the British forces.
• Both did not last long enough.

CASA ADUANA COLEGIO DE NIÑOS HUERFANOS DE SAN JUAN

• Customs and Finance House DE LETRAN
• Classicist Architecture • Founded in 1620 by Don Juan Geromino
EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES Guerrero, Spanish military captain
• Administered by the Dominican Friars
• The missionary task of bringing education, • Oldest college in the Philippines and the
health care and social welfare to the oldest secondary institution in Asia.
indigenous subjects were zealously fulfilled by • Many Philippine presidents have graduated
the various religious order from this institution
• Two types of school buildings surfaced during • Originally orphanage for the Spanish Boys
spanish period: • Secondary education with bachelor degree in
1. “Colegio” or “Universidad” found in Arts
urban areas
2. “Escuela Primaria” found in different ATENEO DE MANILA
pueblos • Escuela Municipal de Manila (1859–1865)
COLEGIO DE SAN ILDEFONSO (1595-1769) • Ateneo Municipal de Manila (1865–1901)
• Ateneo de Manila (1901–1959)
• Located in Cebu City and known as the first • Exclusive school for the Boys with bachelor
educational institution established in Asia by • degree in Arts
the Europeans outside Manila
• Currently, University of San Carlos, CEBU OBSERVATORIO ASTRONOMICO Y
under SVD fathers. Founded Padre Antonio METEOROLOGICO DE MANILA, MANILA
Sedeño, SJ OBSERVATORY (1865)
 • Exemplified the effort of Jesuits in the pursuit • Beneath the pasamano (window sill), auxillary
of scientific knowledge windows called ventanillas, (small windows),
• Established by the Jesuits in 1865 at the tower reach to the floor. Protected with either iron
of San Ignacio Church, Intramuros grilles or wooden barandillas (baluster) and
• In 1878, Padre Fedirico Faura,SJ inventor of sliding wooden shutters.
Faura Barometer became the director Cable • The house is capped by a high hip roof with
connections had been established with other a 45-degree-angle points to repel rain and
countries overseas request typhoon warning discharge warm air.
received and granted by the observatory. • Zaguan (vestibule), vestibule and lower part
• 1884- The Spanish Government declared as storage area.
Father Faura’s weather bureau as a state • Entresuelo (mezzanine area) – raised a meter
institution to be known as Manila above ground. Used as offices for servants’
Observatory. quarter.
• It was relocated to a new building in Ermita • Escalera (wooden staircase) – with two
as a normal Jesuit School. landings led to the upper floor and directly
onto the interior hanging veranda (caida).
ESCUELA PUBLICA: ESCUELA NORMAL
• Caida (antesala)– Waiting area before being
• In 1900 the first private school to offer an received. This is the most immediate room
academic title for Maestro de Obras was the from the stairs and was an all-purpose room
Liceo de Manila. for entertaining, sewing, dancing, or even
dining.
BAHAY NA BATO: THE REALM OF ARISTOCRATIC • Sala (Living Room)– dances and balls were
DOMESTICITY held during fiestas and special occasions.
Casa mestiza or Bahay na bato is evolved from European influence was evident in the
Bahay Kubo/Austronesian House furniture, draperies, paintings, porcelain jars,
or piano adorning the sala.
• Became the inspiration in developing a • Comedor (dining room) – well-furnished with
similar house having the same feature but on silverware, displayed in “plateras” or glass-
grader scale paneled cabinets or mesa platera.
Bahay na Bato • Cocina (kitchen) – With its distinctive
“banguerra”
• A new type of domestic architecture emerged • Banyo or paliguan (bathroom) - Adjacent to
from two centuries of gestation the kitchen. It was often built separately from
• Combined the elements of the indigenous thetoilet.
and Hispanic building traditions • Latrina (toilet)
• Prevent the dangers posed by fires, • Batalan – metamorphosed into the azotea, an
earthquakes, and cyclones outdoor terrace where the residents and their
• The simple house of nipa y caña could no guests usually relaxed.
longer satisfy the demands of the new urban • Balon (well) and Aljibe (Cistern) – beside the
elites and the provincial aristocracy. azotea for food preparation and laundry
activities
BAHAY NA BATO Essential Features
• Volada, cantilevered gallery extending from
• Two Storeys, at times, Three the exterior of a building
• Ground floor is made of cutstone or bricks • Cuarto – Bedrooms
• Upper floor is made of wood
Examples
• Grillwork that protect the ground floor
windows. • Syquia Mansion, Vigan
• Second-storey windows are broad with sliding • Pamintuan Mansion
shutters whose latticework frames either capiz
shells (placuna placenta) or glass panels. INFRASTRUCTURE AND INDUSTRIAL
Ferrocarril (Railway) The water daily consumption was drawn by means of
pail and kept in jars TAPAYAN to which small alum
• Officially initiated in 1875 by the royal order
crystals TAWAS were added for purification for
issued by king Alfonso of Spain
drinking.
• Planned by Royal engineer Eduardo Lopez
Navarro (General Plan for Railways on the COMMERCIAL
island of luzon)
1809 Calle Escolta- The Premier Business district in
• This plan aimed to construct a line network
the Philippines. Some of the entrepreneurs are
totaling 1730 km
European commercial, British, French, German and
• Cagayan Valley, Central Plains and Bicol
other expatriates.
• Tutuban Rail station
• Manila to Dagupan line 1. Carinderia with Turo-turo (ready to eat
• Designed by Juan Hervas restaurants) and with Sari-Sari/Tiange (Small
quantities shop)
Tranvias
2. Market, Mercado
• Sponsored by Jocobo Zobel de Zangroniz 3. Drugstore, Botica
• Designed by Luciano Bremon and Adolfo 4. Commercial building, Alcalferia
Bayo 5. Warehouse, Almazen
• Founded the “La Campaña Tranvia de 6. store house, Camarin
Filipinas” 7. Factory, fabrica
• Manila to Malabon line 8. Oil house, acieteros
9. Silk house, Alciacera
10. Rice dealers, arroceros
PUENTES / BRIDGE 11. Soap makers, jaboneros
12. Silver and Gold smiths, platerias
Puente Grande 13. Salt maker, Salinas
• The first bridge to ever cross the Pasig River 14. Sugar house, azucarera
was the Puente Grande, a ten- span bridge 15. Teatro de a lai libre(open air)
opened in 1630 by the Spanish colonial 16. Cockfighting Arena, Sabungan en Rueda,
government. earliest
17. amusement gaming system, cockfighting a
Puente de España 18. vernacular pastime
• 1875, designed by Jose Echevarria JAIL
• Puente de Claveria or (Colgante/Suspension)
• Arroceros to Quiapo Link 1857, Calabozo, Jail Carcel y Presidio Correccional
• Constructed in 1852 with toll basis de Manila. Manila Bilibid Prison, Radial
• designed by french Engr. M. Gabaud Configuration with a central panopticon tower.
• Puente de Convalencia y Ayala Designed by Emilio Diaz and Armando Lopez
• •Malacañang to Convalencia (1880) Ezquerra.
• •designed by M. Gabaud BANK
FAROLAS / LIGHTHOUSES Real Banco Españo de Las Islas Filipinas de Reyna
San Nicolas Light House (Pasig Farola) – designed in Isabela II oldest existing bank in the country located
Renaissance Revivalist Style. also in Casa Aduana -owned by the familla Zobel de
Ayala.

CONCLUSION
WATERWORKS AND UTILITIES
• The legacy of Spanish Colonialism gave
Carriedo Water Works- a piped-in water system Filipinos built forms and architecture
opened in 1882. • New concepts of space
 • New forms of identities • Formally established with the proclamation of
• New power relations the Malolos Constitution on January 21,
• New ways of orchestrating the everyday 1899, in Malolos, Bulacan.
colonial experience
Philippine- American War

• February 1899-April 1902, the Republic

declared war on United States
• Filipino revolutionaries under Aguinaldo
seized control of most of the Philippines’ main
Module 3: American and Japanese Era island of Luzon and proclaimed the
establishment of the independent Philippine
Republic.
FRAMING THE IMPERIAL IMAGINATION
PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR AFTERMATH
Guerra Hispano- Estadounidense / Spanish-
American war After defeating the Filipino Guerrillas, the American
occupation regime began the Massive Rebuilding of
• Fought between the United States and Spain the Philippines along the American Model and
in 1898 planned an entire battery of infrastructure to facilitate
• End and Fall of Spanish Empire
• The demise of the Spanish Empire at the end 1. Military Controls
of 19th century enabled the United States, 2. Public Health
through the Treaty of Paris, to acquire the 3. Education
Philippines, along with other island 4. Commerce
possessions.
August 15, 1898 - The 1st Public works office was
TREATY OF PARIS placed under Military corps engineers headed by
General Arthur MacArthur and Judge Howard Taft
• A treaty signed by Spain and the United States and headed the control of development planning in
on December 10, 1898, that ended the the islands including civil administration
Spanish– American War
• It was signed by representatives of Spain and THEORY OF STYLE
the United States in Paris on Dec. 10, 1898.
• Early colonization
• U.S. President William McKinley had finally
• Colonial Mission Revival and Monumental
decided that the United States must take
American Neoclassicism were declared by the
possession of the Philippines.
United States as its official style in the
• The demand was ultimately accepted with the
Philippines at the beginning of the twentieth
stipulation that the United States should pay
century.
Spain $20 million nominally for public
buildings and public works in the Philippines.

INDEPENDENCE DAY • Mission Revival, a Style manifested its

presence initially in the works of insular
• 1898, June 12, Aguinaldo declared the
Architect Edgar K. Bourne through the
independence of the Philippines from Spain
romantic evocation of America’s Hispanic
in Kawit, Cavite,
heritage from Southwestern Frontiers.
• Established the First Philippine Republic under
• Mission Revival was further articulated by
Asia's first democratic constitution.
William E. Parsons within associations
FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC aesthetics credo that spawned hybrid
architecture in the Philippines.
• Also known as Malolos Republic • Mission Revival is a compliance with Daniel
• A nascent revolutionary government in the H. Burnham’s architectural prescription to
Philippines.
 profusely use local building motifs in the USD budget for the construction of roads and
design of state architecture. bridges.
• The law required “Every able-bodied man in
FIRST IMPERIAL DEVELOPMENTS
the Islands to give 5 days of labor each year
1. Construction of Forts and Camps on road construction and maintenance or, in
lieu of that, to pay a sum equivalent to local
• US army officers in the Philippines decided to cost of such labor”.
establish campus outside the urban centers. • Demolishing the Intramuros wall to use stone
• Ancient Spanish barracks were considered as for paving streets
substandard from the perspective of modern • “Obsolete Fortification of Middle Ages”
military • Authorities singled out the stagnant moats
• Those in manila were described as that served as the breeding ground for
“Crumbling stone hovels, dank, hot, airless, malaria-carrying mosquitos and
comfortless and unsanitary”. recommended to filled with earth.
1. Fort Stotsenburg - Barrio Sapang Bato in • Colonial Sanitary reengineering was vital to
Angeles City, 1902 arrest native unhygienic practices so as not to
2. Fort William McKinley – Province of Rizal, pose biological threats.
East of Manila, 1902 1. Native’s Toilet Practice
3. Camp Wallace – Poro Point, La 2. Food Handling
Union,1903 3. Dietary Customs
4. Camp John Hay – Baguio, 1905 4. Burial Practices
5. Warwick Barracks– Cebu, 1899 5. Housing Design
6. Camp McGrath– Batangas • The Concept of the toilet was introduced in
7. Camp Eldridge – Los Banos 1902 among dwellers of the bahay kubo in
8. Camp Wilhelm – Lucena, Quezon Manila by way of pail system of “cubeta”
9. Camp Daraga – Legaspi, Albay • The first public bath and laundry, a one storey
Military camp Facilities: made of concrete, was built in 1913 at Calle
Lipa in the district of Sampaloc.
• Headquarters
• Officers’ Housing 3. Tsalet: The Healthy Housing Alternative
• Enlisted Men’s Barracks • Alternative to Bahay na Bato
• Armories, • 1912, the Bureau of Health drew up plans for
• Warehouse sanitary habitations using tsalet prototype.
• Messes • Philippine Act no. 1838 sanctioned
• Officers Men’s Club banishment of Nipa roof with the invention of
• Commissaries incombustible material as substitute
• Post Exchange • Fire-resistant roofing material composed of
• Recreation/Sports -facilities diamond-shaped roof shingles molded from
• Hospitals a mixture of equal volumes of cement, sand
• Chapel and rice husk and reinforced by woven
• Landscaping bamboo.
2. Urban Cleansing and the New Tropical Hygiene • Cement floor and wall slabs, were implanted
with sawali or woven bamboo, a technique
• With the American colonial Policy in Full analogous to local building method known as
Swing in the Philippines, Urban planning and “tabique”
architecture served the needs of Secular • Slightly lower than the Bahay-Kubo,
Education and Discouraging domestic animals under the
• On September 12, 1900, the 1st act approved House.
by the Philippine Commission with 1 Million
4. Urban Facilities
 • Lavishing the urban space using technologies for constructions and repair of public
of architectural aesthetics. buildings, and to send these plans and
• Public spaces were laid out as lawns with specifications with estimate of cost”
promenades around them. • Developed a style predicated on the extant
• Old Botanical Garden was converted into Spanish built heritage of Manila in order to
Mehan Garden dispense a sense of imperial nostalgia and
• Luneta Esplanade was rehabilitated and instill domestication of the local styles.
extended out to Sea • New building types that necessitated a “new
• Concreting and Repair of Some streets architecture”
• Street Lights
WORKS
• American electric street-railway service
• Sewer System BUREAU OF SCIENCE BUILDING (1901)
• City Water Supply
• Modern Public Market Buildings • Mission Revival style with two flanking
o Anda Market, Intramuros mirador towers, extended pediments, precast
o Aranque Market, Sta. Cruz ornaments
o Herran Market, Paco INSULAR ICE PLANT AND COLD STORAGE (1902)
o Quinta Market, Quiapo
o Sta Ana Market • First massive building by the Americans
o Pandacan Market • Brick-clad façade
o Divisoria Market • The largest structure of the period to sustain
• Ports the absence of cold for Americans
• Canals RENOVATION OF SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL, SAN
• Bridges LAZARO HYGIENIC MORGUE WITH A CREMATORY.
MASTER BUILDERS BILIBID PRISON HOSPITAL
MONTGOMERY SCHUYLER MANILA CITY HALL
• The First American architectural Historian to • Made of imported materials, Californian Red
Survey Philippine architecture Wood wall shingles, Oregon pine wooden
• “The architecture of the Philippines and of the floor and with Concrete footing
Spanish of West Indies is a great deal better
being Spanish than it would...had it been of CUSTOMS HOUSE (1903)
the United States.”
• Made of imported materials, Californian Red
• He enumerates the Distinct Qualities of
Wood wall shingles, Oregon pine wooden
tropical architecture for the Philippines
floor and with Concrete Dome, footing.
EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE
Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Mary and John (1905)
• The Insular Architect
• 1st modern church in Concrete
• Architect reared in the style of eclectic
• Steel truss dome
revivalism
• In 1903 Bureau of Architecture and
• “The beautiful roof of Spanish tiles is losing
Construction became Bureau of Public Works
ground before the invasion of galvanize
• Bourne ended his position due controversy
iron... there is no doubt that for permanent
and political issues
buildings the long-lived Spanish tile will prove
more economical”. DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM

• Conscripted his services to architecturally

materialized the imperial ambition to build an
• 4000 Dollars Annual Salary and was tasked
American tropical empire
“To make all necessary plans, specifications
 • Six-week mission to survey Manila and 1. To provide a street system adapted to the
Baguio changing contours, easy communication, and
avoiding east-west & north-south orientation
City Beautiful Movement:
of building lines.
• Civic core, Wide radial avenue, Landscape 2. To provide suitable locations for public,
promenades and Visually arresting semipublic and private institutions of
panorama importance.
• Urbanist Aesthetics Philosophy of City a. Governor General Summer House
Beautiful found expression in the White City at b. Baguio City Hall
the Columbian World’s Fair held in Chicago c. Session Hall
in 1893 3. To provide Provide recreation areas in the
shape of playgrounds, parks and open
Burnham’s Recommendations esplanades and parkways.
• Establishment of Civic Core with streets
radiating in it
• Cleaning and development of canals and • “American Stick Style Homes” by Edgar
esteros for transportation Bourne in Baguio.
• Construction of a bay shore boulevard from
William Edward Parsons
Manila to Cavite
• Provisions of zones for major public facility • Recommended by Burnham personally, to
• Parks and Open Spaces for recreational continue the Beautiful city Movement
activities • Nicknamed “Caminero” or “Road builder”
• Summer Resorts • Introduced the building technology “Kahn
• Appeared to resemble in many aspects the Structural System”
plan for Chicago and San Francisco. • Terrazzo Stones and Veneer Flooring
• Steel
Master Plan of Manila
• Galvanized Iron Roof
• based on City Beautiful Movement • Prefabrication
• Style of NEO-CLASSISIM and PALADIANISM • Reinforced Concrete
of US Capitol • Concrete Hollow blocks
• PROBLEM-ABSENSE OF SKILLED WORKERS
Master Plan of Baguio • Responsible for Public Buildings for Civil
• Health Resort of Americans services, Health services, Education &
• Majority of Americans in the Philippines Transportation Facility.
recognized the health hazards accompanying • Planning with the use of modularized system
the imperial venture in the tropics. • Theory of Styles: Buildings with Neoclassic
• Some had been weakened by dysentery, rendition Large with Capiz windows extended
typhoid, malaria and a host of other tropical to the floor and arcaded or colonnade.
ailments not to mention symptoms of
depression.
• Medical Scholars coined a term for “tropical WORKS
depression”
• Albay Provincial Capitol
• An upland climate believed to be an effective
• Laguna Provincial Capitol
cure to tropical fatigue of the Americans.
• Capiz Provincial Capitol
• Baguio was declared by the Philippine
• Iloilo Provincial Capitol
Commission as the Summer Capital of the
• Marinduque Provincial Capitol
Philippines on June 1, 1903.
• Recreation hub of the Americans • Pampanga Provincial Capitol
• Davao Municipal Building
3 PROPOSAL OBJECTIVES • Paco Rail Station
 • Paco Public Market o The office of President Quezon was
• Philippine Normal University the first air-conditioned office in the
• Philippine Normal University -Dormitory Philippines. Today, it is called the
• Philippine General Hospital Quezon Executive Office in honor of
• University of the Philippines- University Hall President Quezon, and is located in
• University of the Philippines- Manila Rizal Hall the Presidential Museum and Library.
• Army Navy Club FILIPINO ARCHITECTS IN THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC
• Elks Club WORKS AMERICAN AND JAPANESE ERA
• Manila Club
• YMCA Building • Pensionado Program – In 1903, the insular
• Manila Hotel government has launched a scholarship
• Gabaldon Type Schools program that allowed Filipino students to
o In 1907, one of the country’s first pursue university education in the United
legislators, Isauro Gabaldon, wrote States.
the “Gabaldon Law” or Act No. 1801 • American Government scholarship for the
which provided the funding for the Filipinos.
building of modern public schools in PENSIONADOS BATCH 1
the country between 1907 and 1915
with a budget of P1 million. CARLOS A. BARETTO
o Educational Development for Women
• The first recipient of the scholarship for
o Educational development for Sports
Architecture in Drexel Institute of
GEORGE FENHAGEN • Philadelphia
• First Filipino architect with an academic
• Remembered for the UNBUILT Capitol Building in degree from abroad.
Manila • Became the pioneering staff of the Division of
Masonic Temple Architecture

• One of the 1st multi storey concrete buildings in the ANTONIO MAÑALAC TOLEDO
Philippines. • Graduated from Ohio State University in
RALPH DOANE 1910
• William Parson’s Draftsman
• Took full charge as Consulting Architect • Master of Classist Style
• Capitols Buildings, composed of court house,
jail, garage, storeroom, hospital and WORKS
residence of Provincial Governor and • Philippine Normal University – Women’s
Provincial Treasurer Dormitory – Collaborated with Parsons.
WORKS • Manila City Hall
• Agrifina Circle: Old Department of
• Pangasinan Provincial Capitol Agriculture & Finance
• Leyte Provincial Capitol o Tourism Building
• Legislative building o currently the National Museum,
o intended for National Library of the Museum of Natural History.
Philippines • MANILA-BUREAU OF CUSTOMS OFFICE
• Malacañang Executive House • UP MANILA-COLLEGE OF MEDICINE,
o On May 27, 1936, President Manuel CALDERON HALL
L. Quezon gave instructions for the • CEBU PROVINCIAL CAPITOL
installation of an air-conditioning
system in Malacañang Palace. TOMAS B. MAPUA

• Cornell University
 • First Registered Architect in the Philippines • Casino Español de Manila
• Founder of MIT • Salvador Araneta and Victoria López
• First Chairperson of the Board of Examiners Residence
for Architects in the Philippines
TOMAS FERNANDEZ ARGUELLES
WORKS
• Advocate of the enforcement of Building
• Philippine General Hospital, Nurses Home Code of Manila.
• De La Salle University Manila • Manila City councilor
• Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar
WORKS
University
• Pier 7, Manila • Heacock Building – one of the 1st department
• Mapua Institute of Technology store in the Philippines
• Elizalde and Co. Building
JUAN DE GUZMAN ARELLANO
ARCHITECTURE SCHOOLS AND PROFESSIONAL
• Brother of Arcadio Arellano
ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Drexel Institute 1911
• University of Pennsylvania, Graduate School • 1890- Escuella Practica y Profesional de Artes
• Beaux Arts School of New York y Oficios de Manila, established by Spanish
• Vernacular Classist & Modernist Government the First school for Maestro de
Obras or Master Builder
• 1900- Liceo de Manila, First Private school for
WORKS Maestro de Obras
• 1902- Academia de Arquiteqtura y
• Banco Español de Filipinas de Reyna Isabela Agremensura de Filipinas (AAAF) the first
or Bank of the Philippine Islands (outside the professional organization of architects,
walls) engineers and surveyors inthe Philippines,
• Legislative Building (National Congress and offered a four-year course in civil engineering
Senate of the Philippines) and architecture founded by Carlos Alejandro
• Jones Bridge (Former Puente de España) Barretto.
• Central Post Office, Manila • Offered four-year course in civil engineering
• University of the Philippines, Villamor Hall, and architecture.
College of Conservatory of Music and Fine • 1921, the First Engineering and Architecture
Arts Act No. 2895 was passed by Philippine
• University of the Philippines Diliman, Benitez Assembly, licensure examination, board
Hall College of Education exam for engineering and architecture.
• Metropolitan Theater Manila • Licensed Maestro de Obras will automatically
• Rizal Memorial Stadium (1st Stadium in Asia) grant the title architect.
• Negros Provincial Capitol • THOMAS MAPUA – The 1st Registered
Architect in the Philippines
ARCADIO DE GUZMAN ARELLANO
• 1925, MIT was the 1st Architectural School
• Maestro de Obras
Rev. Fr. Roque Ruaño - O.P. opened the UST College
• Established the 1st surveying office
of Architecture and Fine Arts in 1930. Ruaño was the
• 1st Filipino employed by the Americans’
designer of the 1st earthquake shock resistant
adviser
building in Asia.
WORKS
1941 – Adamson University opened its architecture
• Gota de Leche program
• Mausoleum of the Veterans
1946 – Cebu Institute of Technology
• Ariston Bautista House
1953 – Mindanao Colleges • Revivalist Style

1933-The Philippine Architects Society was • University of Pennsylvania

established (PAS), the first architectural organization
• Master Degree in Rome
in the Philippines undertaking were drafting its own
constitution and By Laws, the Rules of charges and • Designed buildings with straightforward simplicity,
Professional fees, and canon of ethics of the Society. synthesizing traditional designs with art deco
Juan Nakpil the First President ornaments typifying modern style of the period
• 1945 - the PAS was called for a noble cause WORKS
to help rehabilitate the war- stricken country.
• The society once again resumed its activities • UST Central Seminary
and changed the name to the Philippine • Admiral Apartments, was one of the tallest
Institute of Architects and Planners (PIAP) then residential buildings in the city
to the present Philippine Institute of Architects • Angela Apartments
(PIA). • Calvo Building
• Manila Cathedral
PENSIONADOS BATCH 2
JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS NAKPIL
• Trained in American universities and had
traveled extensively to Europe, exposing • Master’s degree Harvard University
themselves to a new style that quickly swept • 1st National Artist for Architecture (1973)
the western hemisphere – the Art Deco • Art deco Vanguard
• Returned to Philippines armed with the new • Engineer and Architect
aesthetics from Euro-America.
WORKS
ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
• Avenue Theater
• Most Senior in the Group • Captain Pepe Building
• University of Pennsylvania, 1921 • Commercial Bank & Trust Building (now
• Revivalist Style Allied Bank)
• Introduced new architectural forms by • Manila Jockey Club Building
incorporating modern and exotic design • Nakpil Bautista Pylon
motifs • Philtrust Building
• Son of painter Juan Luna • Quezon Institute
• Renovation of Saint John the Baptist Church,
WORKS
Quiapo Church
• Legarda Elementary School • State Theater
• Perez-Samanillo Building (First-United • Ever Theater
Building) • Rufino Building
• Regina Building • Rizal Theater
• The Crystal Arcade – First Air-conditioned • SSS Building, Quezon City
Mall • Caloocan Monumento, Bonifacio Monument
• The Alfonso Zobel Mansion • University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon
• Insular Life Building Hall (Administration)
• Plaza Cervantes • University of the Philippines Diliman -
• Saint Cecilia's Hall Gonzales Hall (Main Library)
• Governor Natalio Enriquez Ancestral House
PABLO SEBERO ANTONIO
• St. Vincent de Paul Parish, Adamson
University Main Chapel • University of London, finished within 3yrs of 5yrs
program
Fernando Hizon Ocampo
• Vanguard of Art Deco Modernism
• 2nd National Artist for Architecture (1976) • A sense of mourning for the lost during war
• A time to rise from the ashes and build a new
• Veered away from the traditionalist and academic
nation
styles to embrace modern streamlining.

WORKS
Module 4: Post-World War II Era
• Boulevard-Alhambra Apartments (Bel Air)
• Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building • The 1945 battle for liberation witnessed the
• Far Eastern University massive decimation of Manila’s urban-built
• Galaxy Theater heritage and the irreplaceable treasures of
• Life Theater colonial architecture.
• Ideal Theater • In the midst of postwar destitution and economic
• White Cross/Boy’s Town, San Juan City limbo, shantytowns mushroomed sporadically in
• Manila Polo Club the urban areas in response to shortage of
housing.
WAR AND NOSTALGIA FROM THE NATION • Despite the shaken state of the country, the US
1934 -Commonwealth of the Philippines and the Philippines decided to proceed with
plans for independence.
1941-Manila was declared as open city to spare the • US sponsored the rehabilitation of the
city from damage from the advancing Japanese Philippines with a condition: That the Philippines
Imperial Army. grant the American parity rights to enable them
to enjoy the same rights the Filipinos have
• The citizens were caught in state of shock as the
1. to develop and exploit the natural
realized that the Americans had abandoned the city
resources
to Japanese.
2. to operate public utilities in the country.
On February 5, 1945, the American were set to • The US War Damage Rehabilitation Fund was
reclaim Manila Imperial dedicated to rehabilitation of public buildings,
roads, and bridges.
• Last days witnessed the whole destruction of • It was also instrumental in resurrecting to their
Manila’s Built Heritage and irreplaceable original splendor the prewar neoclassic
treasure of colonial treasures government buildings such as Manila City Hall,
• Manila as the 2nd most devastated allied city Post Office Building, Agriculture and Finance
in the war Buildings, Legislative Buildings and group of
• Japanese Occupation launched several Buildings in the University of the Philippines
programs designed to rechanneled Filipino Manila following faithfully their original plans.
loyalty from US to Japan • In 1946, the independent Philippines expressed
• No significant Architecture was built during its identity by implementing modernism through
the period the utilization of reinforced concrete, steel and
• Takeover of private and public buildings for glass, the pre-dominance of cubic forms,
military purposes geometric shapes and Cartesian grids, and the
• Manila experienced the horrors of Urban absence of applied decoration.
Warfare
• “Defensible Architecture”
1. Piles of Sandbags
• The 1950s and 1960s staple architectural elements
2. Glass windows protected by tape
were the brise-soleil (sunbreaker), glass walls,
3. Darkened Windows – Total Blackout
pierced screens and thin concrete shells.
Conclusion
• The post-war doctrine was “Form follows function,”
• American Administration molded the professed by the “Third Generation Filipino
architecture in the Philippines and the Architects”, who readily addressed the demands of a
Filipinos itself
clientele who were eager to embrace modern life and CESAR CONCIO
ideas.
• U.P. Diliman ‘s Palma & Melchor Halls
• Through the third-generation architects continued
• Protestant Chapel & Fellowship Center, U.P.
to promote the modern and progressive ideas of their
modernist idols in the first half of 1960s, for better or (Church of the Risen Lord,)
worse, a hegemonic modernism in the Philippines
began to take form. • U.P College of Forestry Bldg., Los Banos

• Glass-box, high-rise buildings, biomorphic forms, • Insular Life Building., Makati

folded plate architecture, and the rational • Children’s Memorial Hospital, Q.C.
functionalism of the International Style were the
principal interest which guided the teaching and • Mother of Perpetual Help Church, Baclaran
practice of architecture in the Philippines at the time. • Union Church of Manila
THIRD-GENERATION FILIPINO ARCHITECTS • Ramona Apartments, Adriatico Street, Manila
OTILIO ARELLANO Cresenciano de Castro
• NBI - National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Ave • Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
• Sining Kayumanggi at the Mehan Gardens c. • Philippine Science High School
• Palacio del Governador, Intramuros • The Concorde Condominium and Office Building
• Restoration of Metropolitan Theater • Shoemart Bldgs. In Manila
• Philippine School of Business Administration Inc., • Mindanao State University Bldg., Marawi City
Aurora Blvd., Q.C. • Central Luzon State University Bldgs, Nueva
• RCBC Bldg., Buendia Ave., Makati Ecija
• Asian Development Bank (Now Department
• San Juan Municipal Center N.Domingo St., San of Foreign Affairs, Pasay City)
Juan • Colgate Palmolive Phils., Inc.
• Proj.in,Guam, Taipei,Taiwan Vietnam &
Saudi
• GABRIEL PAPA FORMOSO
• La Tondena Building
• G.T. International Tower
CARLOS ARGUELLES • Asian Institute of Management
• Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
• Ateneo de Manila Campus, Loyola
• Valley Golf Club, Victoria Valley, Antipolo,
• Philam Life Building, U.N. Ave. Rizal
• Alabang Golf and Country Club, Alabang
• Manila Pavilion (former Mla.Hilton) U.N.Ave., Mla. • Development Academy of the Philippines,
• Holiday Inn, Roxas Blvd. Tagaytay City
• Club Filipino, Greenhills
• Philippine National Bank, Escolta Manila • Pacific Star Building, Makati
• Development Bank of the Philippine., Makati • America Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas
• Manila Peninsula Hotel, Ayala Avenue
• Chronicle Broadcasting Network Studio • Dona Narcisa de Leon Building
• Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Complex, Roxas
• 600 Units Philam Life Homes, Q.C.
Blvd.
• VGP Center (formerly the Manila Bank Building) • BA-Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas, Makati
• Dusit (formerly Nikko) Hotel
 • Heritage (formerly The Regent of Manila) ANGEL NAKPIL
Hotel
• National Press Club Bldg., Magallanes Drive,
• Metropolitan Museum, BSP Complex, Roxas
Manila
Blvd (Interior by Lor Calma)
• Former Head Office of PLDT, Makati
• (w/Kohn Pederson Fox) GT Tower
• Picache Bldg.Plaza Miranda Qpo. (1st
• (w/RMDA Architects) Alabang Town Center
HighRise Bldg)
LEANDRO LOCSIN • Lopez Museum Bldg., Pasay

• Holy Sacrifice Chapel, U.P. Diliman Campus JOSE MARIA ZARAGOZA

• Cultural Cener of the Philippines
• Meralco Building Pasig City
• Folk Arts Center 1974
• Sto. Domingo Church and Convent Quezon
• PHILCITE 1976
City
• PICC 1976
• Metropolitan Cathedral of Cebu City
• Phil. Plaza Hotel 1976
• Villa San Miguel, Mandaluyoung.
• Hyatt Regency Hotel, Roxas Blvd
• Makati Stock Exchange Bldg. 1971 FRANCISCO MAÑOSA AND BROTHERS (JOSE &
• Ayala Museum, Makati 1974 MANUEL JR.)
• Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Makati 1976
• Ninoy Aquino International Airport 1979 • San Miguel Corporation Head Office,
• National Arts Center, Makiling, Los Banos Mandaluyong
1976 • Tahanang Filipino at the CCP Complex Roxas
• Istana Nurul Iman (Palalce of Sultan of blvd
Brunei) • Shrine of Our Lady Queen of Peace, EDSA
• Mary Imaculate Parish Church, Las Pinas,
ALFREDO LUZ Rizal
• Quezon Memorial Circle, Q.C.
• Menzi Building on Ayala Avenue
• Landscaping of Corregidor Island
• Amon Trading building on Buendia
• L & S Building on Roxas Blvd., Dewey Blvd., Other Architects
Manila,
• Fil-Oil Refinery Service Building in Limay, 1. Francisco Fajardo
Bataan 2. Augusto Fernando
• World Health Organization 3. Carlos Banaag
• Ramon Magsaysay Center 4. Gines Rivera
• Quisumbing Building 5. Antonio Heredia

FELIPE MENDOZA

• Batasang Pambansa Bldgs., Q.C

• Dev’t. Academy of the Phils. RCBC Bldg., 23
Branches
• PCI Bank T.M. Kalaw, Mla Module 5: LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY & THE NEW
• Far Eastern University Hospital, Morayta, Mla MILLENNIUM
• San Jose Seminary Bldg., Ateneo de ARCHITECTURE FOR THE NEW SOCIETY
Mla.Univ.Q.C
• Assumption School bldgs., Antipolo, Rizal • In the late 20th century, modern architecture
• Mormon Temple, Green Meadows, Q.C with straight lines and functional aspects was
• Buildings at the Rice Research institute, Los introduced, particularly in the Brutalist
Banos architecture that characterized government-
• Glorietta, San Fernando, Pampanga built structures done in the Marcos period.
• 250 Room Suehiro Hotel, GUAM
1950s and 1960s
• Safeway Supermarket, U.S.A
 • Brutalism also appeared during this period • Francisco Fajardo’s Max’s Restaurant
• Brutalism is derived from the French word
AN INTERNATIONAL PHILIPPINES: THE GOLDEN
‘beton brut’, meaning rough concrete
AGE OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
• Brutalist structures are massive and unrefined
with coarsely formed surfaces, usually of raw • While drive for self-identity is on its way, the
and exposed concrete Philippines is also attempting to project itself
• Pre-cast construction and pre-fabrication was in the World stage. In the architectural scene,
introduced to industrialize building methods the Philippines joins International Fairs and
• In the 1960s, Filipino architects incorporated Expositions to showcase its architecture
some modernist formal principles by including its culture and economic standing.
employing local materials and referencing • In the 1953 Philippine International Fair,
vernacular traditions which the Philippines hosted, the Philippines
called on the design of Otilio Arellano for a
MODERNITY - As a historical stage
symbolic gateway as the centerpiece of the
MODERNISM - As a cultural process that takes place fair. It was made up of a series of huge
at several points along the development of pointed arches, the summit of which was
capitalism. crowned by a conical salakot
• In the 1962 Seattle World Exposition, the
MODERNIZATION - As a social process that attempts
Philippines rode on the appeal of Filipino-
to construct modernity
exotica utilizing the design of Luis Ma.
MODERNISM Araneta for its pavilion. This pavilion was two-
storey pavilion whose centerpiece was the
• Leading movement of 20th century Pavilion of Handicrafts and Industries
• Movement grounded in the rejection of characterized by its exaggerated surface
classical precedent and style ornaments in the form of wooden tribal
• Said to coincide with “modern history” (a artifacts and its entrance that simulated a
period including the present but excluding the fearful precolonial tribal deity whose mouth
Greek and Roman epochs) was exaggeratedly open. It, however, was
• Characterized by the deliberate divergence more Polynesian than Filipino.
from tradition and the use of innovative forms • In the 1960s, the world was audience to the
of expressions space race between the USA and the USSR.
POSITIVISTIC - knowledge and truth systems could be This Space Race stimulated the imaginations
verified by way of scientific inquiry of people around the world conjuring images
of a high-tech future for human civilization –
TECHNOCENTRIC - progress in knowledge is the so-called Space Age.
achieved through advances in technology • The 1964 New York World’s Fair reflected
RATIONALISTIC - knowledge is achieved by the this “future,” influencing the Philippine
application of reason pavilion designed by Otilio Arellano. The
pavilion follows a circular plan that seemed
• Marked by strongly held beliefs in universal to float over a body of water. It was an
progress, the possibility of absolute truth, attempt to combine native and space-age
rational planning of ideal social orders aesthetics. It, however, was literally a salakot
• Use of reinforced concrete, steel, and glass posing as a flying saucer on what looked like
• Primacy of cubic forms, geometric shapes, a launching pad.
and cartesian grids • In the1970 Osaka World Exposition, the
• Absence of decoration, stylistic motifs, Philippine pavilion was designed by Leandro
traditional roofs, and ornamental details Locsin. It was made of steel, concrete, and
Philippine hardwood. It is remembered for its
WORKS
sweeping curved roofs that can be described
• Manosa Brothers’ Sulo Hotel as an allusion to a bird in flight or the prow
 of a Muslim vinta. It symbolizes the nation’s • Ruperto Gaite: Quezon City Assembly Hall
noble aspiration of reaching noble heights. • Development Academy of the Philippines
• Metropolitan Theater
• Bautista Nakpil Pylon
• The presidency of Ferdinand Marcos was a • GSIS BUILDING
period of political and maelstrom, human
THE TROPE OF NATIVE CIVILIZATION
rights, transgression, and great economic
instability. Yet in the outset of his governance, •
it was a time national rebirth and resurrection
FOLK ARCHITECTURE
of old Filipino traditions.
• The First Lady Imelda Marcos packaged • Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)
herself as “The Patroness of Art” and tended • Lung Center of the Philippines
the cultural renaissance under aesthetics • Philippine Heart Center for Asia
maxim “the true, the good, and the • National Kidney and Transplant Institute
beautiful”. • PHILTRADE Planning Resources Operations
• The official art and architecture of the martial System (PROS)
law regime reverberated with this
regeneration of a national myth through the THE TROPE OF STATE SPECTACLE
creation of a new socio-political and ethical • Manila Film Center – FROILAN HONG
order portrayed as a radical alternative to
existing ideology. Module 6: THE NEW MILLENNIUM
• As the state became the new patron of arts, DEMOCRACY PERIOD
the First Lady involved herself in all matters
relating to arts and culture. • Post EDSA euphoria gave rise to a myriad of artistic
• The Marcos regime took the nexus of
• Philippine Architecture underwent change (mid
architecture and society more seriously than
1980s)
any other administration in promoting the
aesthetics of power in built form. POST – MODERNISM
• This New Society includes a systematic
cultural revivification program. It would, Aesthetic Language
despite its excesses, would usher in a Golden • heavily influenced by classical architecture
Age of Philippine Architecture that would try • “decorative packaging” to façades by
to create a one and unified Philippine juxtaposing symbolic elements and
Architecture through “the reinvention of a enveloping them with irony and metaphor
precolonial, barangay- based vernacular • garish application of color
heritage. • return to ornament and traditional design
Tropical Modernism elements

• Brise-soleil Skidmore, Owings & Merill - Asian Development

• Glass walls Bank Building in Ortigas
• Pierced screens Rogelio Villarosa
• Thin concrete shells
• “Form follows function” • King’s Court Building II
• Slanted or curved roofs • Tektite Towers
• Unadorned façade • AIC Gold Tower
• Minimal surface modeling • Renaissance Tower

THE TROPE OF TROPICALITY Felino Palafox Jr. - Nueva Ecija Capitol Building

• Veterans Memorial Medical Center Dewey Santos & Felix Ngo - Metrobank Branches
• People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation
Jose Siao Ling & Associates – SM’s Stores Architecture of Global Multinationalism

Antonio Sindiong – Megamall • typified in buildings that serve as Corporate

HQ
William Coscolluela
EXAMPLE
• Robinsons
• Classmate Digital KTV • Essensa Towers - I.M. Pei
• Sanctuarium • World Trade Exchange - Michael Graves
• West Burnham Place in Baguio • Pacific Plaza Towers – Arquitectonica
• Yuchengco Tower – SOM
• LKG Tower - Kohn Pedersen Fox
POST-MODERN SKYSCRAPERS • SM Mall of Asia – Arquitectonica

• “Tower-on-the-podium” formula of corporate HIGH TECH

and commercial towers
– light and strong
3 Vertical Segments: – heavily insulated wall panels
– use of steel and aluminum and mirror glass
1. Podium
2. Shaft EXAMPLE
3. Crown
• NAIA Terminal 3
EXAMPLES • Ayala One
• GT Tower
• Rufino Pacific Tower • One San Miguel
• Enterprise Center - William Tung • One Roxas Triangle
• Sunview Palace
• BSA Twin Towers DECONSTRUCTIVISM
• Shang Grand Tower - Palmer & Turner and
• CSB School of Design and Arts - Eduardo
Recio+Casas
Calma
• Orient Square - William V. Cosculluella
• Residence of Alexius Medalla
RISE OF MASTER PLANNED MICRO-CITIES • Ampoanan sa Kalinaw Ug Kinaadman

• Bay City RETRO – MODERNISM

• Eastwood City
• Sometimes called Minimalism
• Fort Bonifacio Global City
• Rockwell Center • Lucid lines, transparent volumes, clean-cut
massing, uncluttered presence.
RISE OF MASTER PLANNED RETAIL ENVIRONMENTS
EXAMPLE
• SM Mall of Asia
• Araneta Gateway Center • Alabang Town Center
• Vertiz North • McDonald’s in Vigan
• Greenbelt Mall
NEO-VERNACULARISM
Gated Communities
• New Medical City
• Tagaytay Highlands • Aquino Center
• Victorianne • Ateneo Science Education Complex

DISNEY-FICATION NEO – MODERN

• Invention of fantasy environments • City of Dreams - Albert S. Yu ASYA

• Urban fiction originating from the marketing • SOLAIRE RESORT - Carmelo Casas
strategy of Disney World
 o It is embodied in the place itself, its
fabric, setting, use, associations,
GREEN ARCHITECTURE
meanings, records, related places
Implementation of “green architecture” to reverse the and related objects.
negative impact of buildings on human health and o Places may have a range of values for
on the environment by enhancing the efficiency and different individuals or groups. It
moderating the use of materials, energy and space. denotes what a place signifies,
indicates, evokes or expresses to
• Green Architecture – Economical, energy- people.
saving, environment- friendly, and
sustainable development COMMON CONSERVATION PROCESSES

F-shelters 1. Preservation
2. Restoration
• Designed by Dr. Florence Soriano -fast-to- 3. Reconstruction
build and foldaway emergency shelter --uses 4. Rehabilitation (Adaptive Re-use)
wood-wool cement board (WWCB).

Rio Dome
• PRESERVATION - means maintaining a place
- use of “earthbag construction systems” in its existing state and retarding
developed by Nader Kahlili deterioration.
- made of rice sacks packed with waterproof • RESTORATION - means returning a place to
earth mixture and cement a known earlier state by removing accretions
or by reassembling existing elements without
the introduction of new material.
• RECONSTRUCTION - means returning a
BASIC OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE place to a known earlier state and is
CONSERVATION distinguished from restoration by the
introduction of new material.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10066
• REHABILITATION - Defined as the act or
An act providing for the protection and Conservation
process of making possible a compatible use
of the national cultural Heritage, strengthening the
for a property through repair, alterations, and
National Commission for Culture and the Arts
additions while preserving those portions or
(NCCA) and its affiliated cultural Agencies, and for
features which convey its historical, cultural,
other purposes
or architectural values.
ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION o Adaptive- Reuse

Conservation means all the processes of looking after • COMMUNITY SURVEY

a place so as to retain its cultural significance. • FABRIC SURVEY
WHY WE NEED TO CONSERVE OUR HERITAGE • VALUE OF HERITAGE SITES
SITES? IMPORTANCE OF HERITAGE STRUCTURES
• SPIRIT OF PLACE - Denote what a place • The heritage places are an excellent local
signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses to educational resource for people of all ages.
people. Learning about the history of a place is a
• CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE good way of bringing communities together
o means aesthetic historic, scientific, through a shared understanding of the
social or spiritual value for past, unique cultural identity heritage places give to
present or future generations. an area.
 • The historic environment is a proven source
of benefit to local economies, particularly
through tourism.
• An attractive heritage environment assists in
attracting external investment as well as
maintaining existing businesses of all types,
not just tourism-related.
• People are very proud of their local history,
but don’t always express how much they value
a place until it’s threatened. Because it adds
NATURAL HERITAGE
character and distinctiveness to an area,
heritage is a fundamental in creating a ‘sense Natural sites with cultural aspects such as cultural
of place’ for a community. landscapes, physical, biological or geological
• Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings is an formations.
important factor in creating sustainable
HERITAGE IN THE EVENT OF ARMED CONFLICT
communities.
• Source of knowledge for technical people The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property
in the Event of Armed Conflict adopted at The Hague
(Netherlands) in 1954, as a consequence to the
ARCHITECTURALCONSERVATION massive destruction of the cultural heritage in the
Second World War, is the first international treaty of
HERITAGE - Property that is or may be inherited; an a world-wide vocation dedicated exclusively to the
inheritance.
protection of cultural heritage in the event of armed
What is a WORLD HERITAGE SITE? conflict.

• World Heritage site, any of various areas or The Convention was adopted together with a Protocol
objects inscribed on the United Nations in order to prevent the export of cultural property
Educational, Scientific and Cultural from occupied territory, requiring the return of such
Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage List. property to the territory of the State from which it was
The sites are designated as having removed.
“outstanding universal value” under the WHY DO WE NEED TO PRESERVE OUR HERITAGE?
Convention Concerning the Protection of the
World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Conservation of heritage buildings is very important
• This document was adopted by UNESCO in because it provides a sense of identity and it
1972 and formally took effect in 1975 after represents the past history and culture of a nation.
having been ratified by 20 countries. It
“Our heritage is the shared meaning of our past”
provides a framework for international
cooperation in preserving and protecting And it is in that meaning that as a community we
cultural treasures and natural areas understand our identity and shape our legacy. Our
throughout the world. heritage shows how far we’ve come as a race, what
we’ve experienced and overcome. It is an important
What is a WORLD HERITAGE SITE?
thread that links our history to our present and adds
According to UNESCO, there are 3 types of heritage value to our future. To lose our shared meanings,
site: memories and narratives is to deny a sufficient
answer to ‘who’ and ‘what’ we are as people.
1. Cultural
2. Natural
3. Mixed
RESTORATION- It is bringing the object back to its William Morris (1894-1936)
former condition. The process of reverting the
• Founder of Society for the Protection of
building to its original condition requires the use of
Ancient Buildings (SPAB)
original materials and techniques. In restoration the
• Morris was particularly concerned about the
most important requirement is the final appearance.
practice of attempting to return buildings to
PRESERVATION- Involves keeping an object from an idealised state from the distant past
destruction and seeing to it that the object is not (Viollet-le- Duc’s approach) he saw this as
irredeemably altered or changed. Priority is lying.
maintaining the fabric and mitigate the damage. • He proposed that ancient buildings should be
repaired, not restored, so that their entire
CONSERVATION- All the processes involved to retain
history would be protected as cultural
its cultural significance. Includes maintenance,
heritage.
preservation, restoration, reconstruction and
• He proposed that its important features
adaptation. Commonly a combination of one of
should be preserved, even if a building’s
these.
function changed.
ADAPTATION- any work in a building to change its • The important attitude of SPAB were “to put
function or make minor modifications to suit its protection in the place of restoration” and “to
proposed use. stave off decay by daily care”

THEORIES OF CONSERVATION

Three (3) important theorists of the 19th century

Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814-79)

• Is a well-known leader of the restoration

movement in the 19th century– introduced
stylistic restoration
• Is a strong proponent of ‘restoration’ which
an intervention founded on the philosophy
that a conservator may create something in
an existing structure even if it never actually
existed in the past.

John Ruskin (1819-1900)

• Believed in the retention of the status quo of

the historic building and considered
restoration as falsification of history or loss of
historical authenticity
• He became one of the most influential
personalities in the anti- restoration
movement.
• He reasoned that Viollet-le-duc’s method is
dishonest.
• He argued that regardless of the carefulness
and exposure of the restorer to the different
contexts to capture the idea of the design,
restoration is still a “lie from beginning to
end”