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Genchem 2 Polaris
Genchem 2 Polaris
G-12 POLARIS
GEN CHEM 2
Q1 WEEK 2
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE
Quarter 1 | Week 2
SHS—General Chemistry 2
Competency/ies: Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-104)
Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107)
Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109)
SHS—General Chemistry 2
Introductory Message
Welcome!
The Self-Learning Package for Senior High School is a developed to guide you our dear
learners to meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum.
The Self-Learning Package is developed to help you, dear learner, in your needs to
continue learning even if you are not in school. This learning material aims to
primarily provide you with meaningful and engaging activities for independent
learning. Being an active learner, carefully read and understand to follow the
instructions given.
REMEMBER ….
To answer the given exercises, questions and assessment, USE your Activity
Notebook or Answer Sheet. When you are DONE, wait for the teacher/volunteer
to collect your activity notebook/ answer sheet.
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SHS—General Chemistry 2
Competency/ies: Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-104)
Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107)
Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109)
SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE IN
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Ready to Launch!
When you look around you, solids are everywhere. A solid is a state of matter
characterized by particles arranged in such a way that their shape and volume
are relatively stable. Solids are formed when the forces holding atoms or
molecules together are stronger than the energy moving them apart. In today’s
lesson, you are going to explore more about solid, its types and classifications
based on the attractive forces between
them.
Try This!
Direction: Answer the following in a one whole sheet of pad paper.
A. Write CS if the statement describes crystalline solids and AS if it
describes amorphous solids.
____1. They tend to melt over a wide range of temperature.
____2. They are considered super-cooled liquids where molecules are ar
ranged in a random manner similar to the liquid state.
____3. They have a uniform structure.
____4. The types and strengths of the intermolecular forces in this type
of solid are the same among particles.
____5. They have a specific melting points.
B. Classify the following crystals. Write MC for molecular crystal, MT
for metallic crystals, IC for ionic crystal, and CC for covalent
network crystal.
1. SiO2
2. CaO
3. I2
4. Al
5. HF
Activity
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Analysis
Direction: Based on your observation in the group of materials above
answer the following questions in a one whole sheet of pad
paper.
1. What are the two types of solids?
2. What features/properties can be used to distinguish
these two types of solids?
• More than 90% of naturally occurring and artificially prepared solids are
crystalline. Minerals, sand, clay, limestone, metals, alloys, carbon
(diamond and graphite), salts (e.g. NaCl and MgSO4), all have crystalline
structures. They have structures formed by repeating three dimensional
patterns of atoms, ions, or molecules.
• The repetition of structural units of the substance over long atomic
distances is referred to as long-range order.
• Amorphous solids (e.g. glass), like liquids, do not have long range order,
but may have a limited, localized order in their structures.
Explanation of properties:
• High melting point – a large amount of energy is needed to melt the crystal
since the forces of attraction to be broken are numerous and extend
throughout the crystal.
• Dense – atoms are packed closely together. Metals exhibit close-packing
structures, a most economical way by which atoms utilize space.
Figure 6. Copper is a
metallic solid.
2. IONIC CRYSTALS
Ionic crystals are made of ions (cations and anions). These ions form strong
electrostatic interactions that hold the crystal lattice together. The
electrostatic attractions are numerous and extend throughout the crystal
since each ion is surrounded by several ions of opposite charge, making
ionic crystals hard and of high melting points.
• The figure below shows a model of NaCl crystal, where one Na+ ion is
surrounded by six Cl-ions, and a Cl- ion is likewise surrounded by six Na+
ions.
Table 2: Observe Property and Inference about the Structure of Ionic Crystals
3. MOLECULAR CRYSTALS
The valence electrons of the atoms in the crystal are all used to form
covalent bonds. Because there are no delocalized electrons, covalent
network solids do not conduct electricity.
• Covalent bonds are the only type of attractive force between atoms in the
network solid. Rearranging or breaking of covalent bonds requires large
amounts of energy; therefore, covalent network solids have high melting
points. Covalent bonds are extremely strong, so covalent network solids
are very hard. Generally, these solids are insoluble in water due to the
dif ficulty of solvating very large molecules. Diamond is the hardest
material known, while cubic boron nitride (BN) is the second-hardest.
Silicon carbide (SiC) is very structurally complex and has at least 70
crystalline forms.
Application
Direction: Below are some of the crystals you are familiar with. Discuss
how these crystals were formed and what conditions were
involved in the formation of these crystals. Write the
answer in a one whole sheet of pad paper.
1. salt
2. sugar
3. snow fall
(You can watch how some crystals are formed @ https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=sdYS-3J85Pw .)
Reflect
Uric acid is a chemical created when the body breaks down
substances called purines, which are found in some foods. Purines show up
when cells die and get taken apart. Most of the uric acid leaves your body
when you pee, and some when you poop.
If you have high levels of uric acid, it can be a sign of disease such
as gout. Watch out for foods that are high in purines such as tuna,
sardines, high fat foods, organ meats and sugary
foods.
Rubric
Ready to Launch!
Try This!
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Direction: Find and circle all of the words that are hidden in the grid. The
words may be hidden in any direction. Define phase diagram using the
words found. Write the answer in your answer sheet.
V T R M A T T E R E N E R G Y T O O
C R I T I C A L P O I N T A S E D E
G O L D H W L A E D I A G R A M U V
O P O K O H E S E R U S S E R P T Y
O A V O P A A Z O A N M T L P E S E
D V E P T H A V A L S S I K L R R R
D A Y S P F P C I M I N E M A A Q U
A B O E E I P Q G K L D P O T T P S
Y B U E O S U C A T D O G L E U O S
H M E L T I N G C U R V E E B R N E
E C H M D H A P P Y S M I L E E M R
L E I O L A B C D E F H I J J K L P
O A L O H A M A N V C R I T I C A L
Activity
Solid
Liquid
G
Gas
C Critical point
Triple point
E Solid gas
Solid liquid
D Liquid gas
Analysis
Direction: Using the phase diagram above, answer the following
questions below. Write your answer in a one whole sheet of pad paper.
1. What is a phase diagram?
2.What are the three areas of a phase diagram?
3. What does each line in a phase diagram
represents?
• There is only one difference between the phase diagram for water and the
other phase diagrams discussed. The solid-liquid equilibrium line (the
melting point curve) slopes backwards rather than forwards.
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• For water, the melting point gets lower at higher pressures. This is because
solid ice is less dense than liquid water. This phenomenon is caused by the
crystal structure of the solid phase. In the solid forms of water and some
other substances, the molecules crystallize in a lattice with greater average
space between molecules, thus resulting in a solid occupying a larger
volume and consequently with a lower density than the liquid. When it
melts, the liquid water formed occupies a smaller volume.
• An increase in pressure will move the above equilibrium to the side with
the smaller volume. Liquid water is produced. To make the liquid water
freeze again at this higher pressure, the temperature should be reduced.
Higher pressures mean lower melting (freezing) points.
•
The Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide
• The only thing specia about this phase diagram is the position of the
triple point, which is well above atmospheric pressure. It is impossible to
gt any liquid carbon dioxide at pressures less than 5.2 atm.
•
Between A
& B, the material
is a solid. The
heat supplied to
the material is used to increase the kinetic energy of the molecules and the
temperature rises. • Between B & C, the solid is melting. Heat is still being
supplied to the material but the temperature does not change. Heat
energy is not being changed into kinetic energy. Instead, the heat is used to
change the arrangement of the molecules.
• At point C, all of the material has been changed to liquid. • Between C & D,
the heat supplied is again used to increase kinetic energy of the molecules
and the temperature of the liquid starts to rise.
•
The figure below shows the heating curve of water. To calculate the total energy
change for such a process, all the steps should be included.
•
• Heat of vaporization (ΔHvap)= 40.79 kJ/mol
• Heat of sublimation (ΔHsub)= 46.8 kJ/mol
Application
Direction: Provide a clear and concise explanation for each of the
question below: Write the answer in a one whole sheet of pad paper.
Reflect
Many material and alloy systems can exist in more than one phases
depending on the conditions of temperature, pressure and compositions.
The knowledge and understanding of phase
diagrams is very important and useful for metallurgists,
material engineers and materials scientists. Why do
you think so?
Reinforcement and
Enrichment Answers may
vary.
Lesson 2
Try This
Answer Key
Lesson 2 Keep This in Mind Assess Your
Learning
Expected Answer
Application