Unit 9A. LS. The Mysterious Mind
Unit 9A. LS. The Mysterious Mind
MIND 9
Colored 3D computed
angiogram of the blood vessels
in the left hemisphere of a
27-year-old’s brain
161
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Frontal Lobe
Explore the Theme
Look at the images and read the text. Then discuss
these questions.
Amazing
Mind
The brain consists of six major parts, Memory • Recognizing faces •
Generating emotions
each responsible for certain functions.
A comprehensive list of all the functions
would fill a book. However, to gain a
better understanding of this remarkable
Brain Stem
organ, it is useful to look at where some
essential functions are located. Keep in
mind, though, that the parts of your brain
don’t work in isolation. Rather, they work
together through an intricate network
of nerves to communicate to all parts of
your body.
162 UNIT 9
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Balance • Coordination •
Fine muscle control
Traditionally, a person who could solve problems, made the surprising claim that there are at least
use logic, or think critically was considered smart. seven “intelligences,” namely logical, linguistic,
However, that understanding has changed over visual/spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, and
time, thanks in part to the work of Professor Howard intrapersonal—in other words, there are “multiple
Gardner of Harvard University. In the 1980s, Gardner intelligences.” Which intelligences do you have?
VISUAL/SPATIAL
LOGICAL
LINGUISTIC • understands spatial
• approaches problems using
relationships
rules of math or logic • is skilled at verbal expression
• can easily visualize and move
• prefers to work with objective • has a large vocabulary
objects in the mind
facts rather than subjective • has a talent for languages
• works well with charts, graphs,
opinions
and visuals
MUSICAL
INTRAPERSONAL • is comfortable with sound,
• is highly analytical with his music, and rhythm
own feelings M U LT I P L E
• can memorize music, sing, or
• has a deep understanding INTELLIGENCES play instruments
of self • can distinguish between
tones
INTERPERSONAL KINESTHETIC
• has excellent intuition about • has control over body
others’ feelings movements
• is happy to be around other • is skilled with hands
people and vice versa • is often a good dancer
4. If you are a(n) person, you think about things in a logical way.
• With many nouns, the suffix –al is added directly with no changes in spelling.
logic logical nutrition nutritional verb verbal
• Nouns ending in –ce often take the suffix –tial in their adjective form.
confidence confidential reference referential space spatial
• Some adjectives are formed by adding the suffix –ical with other spelling changes.
analysis analytical hypothesis hypothetical ecology ecological
C . Complete each question with the correct form of the word in parentheses. Use the
suffix –al, –tial, or –ical. Use a dictionary as needed.
3. Which of your teachers has been the most (influence) in your life?
5. What is one (practice) strategy you use when preparing for a test?
D . Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering the questions from exercise C. PERSONALIZING
Before Listening
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE A . Work in a small group. Look at the photo. What do you know about the two sides of
the brain? Discuss with your group and write down your ideas.
WHILE LISTENING
LISTENING FOR B . 4.3 1.18 Listen to the podcast. Does the speaker make these points? Check (ü)
MAIN IDEAS Yes or No. Yes No
1. Experiments have shown differences in the two halves of the brain.
2. The experiments of early brain researchers were not
scientific.
3. People have drawn incorrect conclusions about the brain
in the past.
4. Right-brained and left-brained personalities are scientific facts.
5. Modern brain science has cleared up some confusion about
the brain.
N OT E - TA K I N G S K I L L Highlighting Conclusions
The details of scientific experiments are not usually as important as the conclusions.
When you take notes, highlight or underline the conclusions so that they stand out.
Later, it will be simple to review these key pieces of information. Here are some
expressions to listen for.
. . . it can be concluded that . . .
. . . we came to/reached/arrived at/drew the conclusion that . . .
It is clear that . . .
AFTER LISTENING
D . Work in a small group. Look back at the conclusions you underlined in exercise C. CRITICAL THINKING:
Discuss why they seem reasonable or unreasonable. E V A L U AT I N G
CONCLUSIONS
Here are some verb phrases for talking about causal relationships:
Cause before Effect Cause after Effect
. . . causes . . . . . . is caused by . . .
. . . results in . . . . . . is a result of . . .
. . . leads to . . . . . . is due to . . .
. . . is responsible for . . . . . . results from . . .
. . . produces . . . . . . is produced by . . .
A 4.5 Listen to three excerpts from the podcast about the brain. Match the
statements about cause and effect. Underline the cause in each statement.
E XPRESSING C AUSAL B . Work in a small group. Discuss possible causes and effects for each of these topics
R E L AT I O N S H I P S related to psychology, and write them in the chart.
> A self-confident personality is usually a result of having successful or positive experiences.
I think it can lead to more leadership opportunities.
C . Look at this list of popular ideas related to psychology and the mind. Do you think they CRITICAL THINKING:
are probably true or probably false, or are you unsure? Mark T for Probably True, F for E V A L U AT I N G
Probably False, and U for Unsure.
1. Playing classical music to babies increases their level T F U
of intelligence.
2. Human beings normally use only 10 percent of their brain. T F U
3. People with opposite personalities find each other attractive. T F U
4. When the moon is full, there is an increase in crime and T F U
crazy behavior.
5. Repeating new words is the most effective way to learn them. T F U
6. If you let yourself occasionally show a little anger, you will avoid T F U
getting very angry.
D . Work in a small group. Compare and discuss your answers from exercise C.
E . Now read the explanations below and check your answers from exercise C. With your
group, discuss any facts that surprise you.
1. Two recent studies determined that playing classical music to babies produces no
clear measurable effect on their intelligence.
2. Although the entire brain isn’t used all the time, modern brain imaging techniques
have shown that all parts of the brain are regularly active and no part is left unused.
3. Research has shown that people are more often attracted to people with whom they
share various similarities.
4. Physics tells us that the pull of the moon has almost no effect on our brains, and
studies show that there is no more crime during full moons than at other times.
5. Research has shown that effective vocabulary learning is the result of encountering
new vocabulary in various meaningful ways, and not the result of simple repetition.
6. Recent scientific studies show that people who allow themselves to show their anger
actually become angrier, which leads to negative consequences.
1. Participants are shown a short video of six people passing basketballs back and forth.
Three of the people are wearing white, and three are wearing black. The participants
are asked to count the number of passes between the people wearing white. At
one point during the video, a person dressed in a gorilla costume walks through the
people passing basketballs.
Question: How do you think the participants reacted?
2. In a subway station in Washington, D.C., world-famous violinist Joshua Bell played
his 3.5 million-dollar violin during rush hour for people walking by. He had recently
played in Boston at $100 a ticket, but in the station he put his open violin case in front
of him to collect donations.
Question: What do you think happened?
3. In a 150-seat movie theater, all the seats except two in the middle are taken by people
who look like members of a motorcycle gang. They are, in fact, paid actors. A real
couple walks into the theater. The experiment is repeated with several couples.
Question: What do you think most couples did?
4. Three groups of people were given simple word problems. Group 1 had words like
polite, patient, and courtesy. Group 2 had words like bother, disturb, and bold. A third
group had random words. They were then told to go talk with the experimenter, but
they found him deep in conversation with someone.
Question: How do you think the behavior of the people in the groups differed?
CRITICAL THINKING: G 4.6 Now listen to the results of the experiments and take notes. What conclusion
CONCLUDING can you make about human psychology based on each experiment? Discuss your
ideas with the class.
A . Psychology tells us that different people prefer to learn in different ways. Look at
these seven learning styles. Which styles do you prefer? Check (ü) Y for Yes, N for No,
or NS for Not Sure.
C . Work in a group. For each group member, discuss ideas for studying effectively. CRITICAL THINKING:
Consider their preferred learning styles from exercise A. Use expressions for making SYNTHESIZING
recommendations. Take notes in the chart on the suggestions made for you.
A: Since Sung-min is a visual learner, I think studying grammar charts would be a good idea.
B: Yes, and for vocabulary, flash cards with pictures might be good.
Vocabulary Building
Listening and/or
Speaking