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e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:12/December-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
A STUDY ON CLEAN WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA

Niharika Sivasubramanian*1, Ms. Lakshmi. M.P*2
*1BBA LLB Hons Saveetha School Of Law Saveetha Institute Of Technical And Medical Sciences
(SIMATS), India.
*2Assistant Professor Saveetha School Of Law Saveetha Institute Of Technical And Medical Sciences
(SIMATS), India.
DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS46939
ABSTRACT
Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. Water resources face a host of
serious threats, all caused primarily by human activity. They include pollution, climate change, urban growth,
and landscape changes such as deforestation. Each of them has its own specific impact, usually directly on
ecosystems and in turn on water resources. The main objectives of the study is to understand the potential of
the water resources and to study the necessity of water in the growth of reproduction of organisms. The
researcher has followed empirical research with a convenient sampling method. The sample size covered by
the researcher is 200 . The result observed from the analysis of the opinion on water resources are natural
resources of water that are potentially useful. The respondents below the age group 20 with SSLC agreed that
water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. The opinion on whether all living
things require water to grow and reproduce,the respondents between age group 21-30 years of age do not
think that all living things require water to grow and reproduce. Post graduate respondents said that maybe all
living things require water to grow and reproduce. Thus, the paper suggests that it is our duty to save water
and preserve water and should reduce the usage of water unwantedly.
Keywords: Natural, Human, Ecosystem, Growth, Organisms, Living Things.
I. INTRODUCTION
Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. All living
things require water to grow and reproduce. water may be a natural resource yet the world's supply of
groundwater is steadily decreasing, with depletion occurring most prominently in Asia, South America and
North America, although it's still unclear what proportion natural renewal balances this usage, and whether
ecosystems are threatened
SURFACE WATER:
Surface water is water during a river, lake or freshwater wetland. Surface water is of course replenished by
precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and
groundwater recharge.
UNDER RIVER FLOW:
Throughout the course of a river, the entire volume of water transported downstream will often be a mixture of
the visible free water flow along side a considerable contribution for several rivers in large valleys, this unseen
component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow.
GROUND WATER:
Groundwater is freshwater located within the subsurface pore space of soil and rocks. it's also water that's
flowing within aquifers below the water level . Sometimes it's useful to form a distinction between
groundwater that's closely related to surface water and deep groundwater in an aquifer.
ICEBERG:
Several schemes are proposed to form use of icebergs as a water source, however so far this has only been
finished for research purposes. Glacier runoff is taken into account to be surface water.
DESALINATION:
Desalination is a man-made process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to freshwater. the
foremost common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis. Desalination is currently
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expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a really small fraction of total human use is
satisfied by desalination.
EVOLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES:
Water resources, indispensable to life, are relatively limited with regard to the planet surface and unequally
distributed within the humanized spaces. they need been targeted by many various human actions through the
centuries, which makes environmental history of water a well represented approach, among environmental
history generally . Additionally to its use for drinking and cleaning, water has contributed to the event of an
increasingly productive agriculture with irrigation; and for hundreds of years , rivers and canals have also
played a significant role in facilitating the traffic of people and merchandise and have structured the economics
of the various cities.
Environmental history of water resources has developed, during the past decades, a specific specialise in rivers.
Studies have moved from the narrative of the capitalistic exploitation of nature to the assessment of socio-
natural evolutions, showing how natural forces and human actions are entangled. Climate change, making
“wars for water” a possible threat for subsequent century, are often employed by environmental historians to
seek out lessons from the past which might be provided to policy-makers.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:
The government of India has launched the Swajal scheme to make sure there's a gentle supply of unpolluted
beverage in rural areas. The Ministry of beverage and Sanitation has launched the Swajal scheme in around 115
rural districts in India to supply clean beverage . it'll involve an outlay of Rs 700 crore through flexi funds under
the prevailing National Rural beverage Programme (NRDWP) budget.
In November 2008 the govt. of India launched a national urban sanitation policy with the goal of creating what
it calls "totally sanitized cities" that are open-defecation free, safely collect and treat all their wastewater,
eliminate manual scavenging and collect and eliminate solid waste safely.
National Water Mission (NWM) with the foremost objective of “conservation of water, minimizing wastage and
ensuring its more equitable distribution both across and within states through integrated water resources
development and management”.
FACTORS AFFECTING CLEAN WATER RESOURCES:
Population Numbers and Distribution:
At the foremost fundamental level, water is required to provide people's basic domestic needs, in quantities
directly proportional to the amount of individuals . Other uses of water include the varied municipal, industrial,
agricultural, environmental, and other uses.
Technology:
Technology and changes in technology may affect the supply or supply of water, demand for water and levels of
water use. Industrialization, for instance , typically increases the demand for water, a minimum of initially.
However, technological developments that let users to economize on water—such developments as water-
efficient indoor plumbing fixtures, closed-conduit irrigation systems like drip and micro sprinkler systems, and
computerized irrigation management techniques—frequently end in reductions in water use.
Environmental Conditions:
Changes in environmental conditions also can significantly influence water systems and demand. Increased
precipitation or decreased evapotranspiration are likely to reinforce water supplies and reduce the water
demanded by irrigated agriculture. increase the water demand in many water using sectors.
CURRENT TRENDS:
A steady reduction in water consumption, Through PUB's long-term efforts in conservation , Singapore's per
capita domestic water consumption dropped from 165 litres per day in 2003 to the present 151 litres. We aim
to scale back it to 147 litres by 2020 and 140 litres by 2030.
COMPARISON:
At the continental level, America has the most important share of the world’s total freshwater resources with
45 percent, followed by Asia with 28 percent, Europe with 15.5 percent and Africa with 9 percent.
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In terms of resources per inhabitant in each continent, America has 24 000 m3/year, Europe 9 300 m3/year,
Africa 5 000 m3/year and Asia 3 400.1 m3/year.
India is currently ranked 120 among 122 countries within the water quality index.
The report also highlighted that India uses the most important amount of groundwater - 24 percent of the
worldwide total, quite that of China and therefore the US combined - and is that the third largest exporter of
groundwater - 12 percent of the worldwide total.
AIM:
The aim of this research is to study clean water and it’s resources in India.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To understand the potential of the water resources.
2. To study the necessity of water in the growth of reproduction of organisms.
3. To know more about conservation & preservation of water resources.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Water resources of a country constitute one of its vital assets. India receives annual precipitation of about
4000 km3.The quality of surface and groundwater resources is also deteriorating because of increasing
pollutant loads from point and nonpoint sources. It also highlights integration of the blue and green flows and
concepts of virtual water transfer for sustainable management of the water resources for meeting the demands
of the present, without compromising the needs of future generations. (Kumar and Dinesh Kumar 2020)
2. The present study has been taken up to quantify the possible impact of climate change on the water
resources of Indian river systems within the constraints of the uncertainty of climate change predictions. The
study uses the PRECIS daily weather data to determine the spatio-temporal water availability in the river
systems. A distributed hydrological model, namely SWAT has been used to simulate all the river basins of the
country. The analysis is also performed on the blue and green water so as to identify the climate change
impacts on these sub-components of water that are responsible for environmental functions and biomass
production.(Briscoe and Malik 2007)
3. They attempt to synthesize available quantitative, precisely dated and high-resolution palaeo records of the
South Asian summer monsoon from different natural archives, highlighting their similarities and differences.
They distinguish between the palaeorecords of monsoon winds and monsoon rainfall and underscore the
importance of quantitative rainfall reconstruction using the amount effect in monsoon rainfall, which has been
demonstrated based on actual measurements. Predicting the future of water resources of India in the context of
Global Change, intimately coupled with the variations of monsoon, depends on how well we understand the
paleo monsoon(Anand Kumar 2019)
4. Land use changes are altering the hydrologic system and have potentially large impacts on water
resources. Rapid socio-economic development drives land use change. This is particularly true in the case of the
rapidly developing city of Pune, India. The present study aims at analyzing past land use changes between 1989
and 2009 and their impacts on the water balance in the Mula and Mutha Rivers catchment upstream of
Pune.(Jain 2005)
5. Groundwater is the most preferred source of water in various user sectors in India on account of its near
universal availability, dependability and low capital cost. The increasing dependence on ground water as a
reliable source of water has resulted in indiscriminate extraction in various parts of the country without due
regard to the recharging capacities of aquifers and other environmental factors. There is urgent need for
coordinated efforts by various Governments and non-governmental agencies, social service organizations and
the stakeholders for evolving implementable plan for effective management of this precious natural resource.
(P. K. Singh et al., n.d.)
6. There is now clear evidence for an observed change in global surface temperature, rainfall, evaporation and
extreme events since the start of the 20th century. In recent times, several studies around the globe have shown
that climatic change is likely to have a significant impact upon freshwater resources availability. This paper
examines the potential for sustainable development of surface and groundwater resources within the
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constraints imposed by the possible climate change and hydrologic regimes and suggests some adoptive
measures and future research needs in India. (Jain, Agarwal, and Singh, n.d.)
7. In this article the assessment of utilizable water resources of India, based on various studies by the
government, has been reviewed and analysed. The analysis yields that the utilizable water resources are
overestimated in various studies, ranging from 66% to 88%. The analysis also revealed that almost all the
basins would become water-deficit, and raises a big question about the availability of water through inter-basin
transfer. It is also shown that the groundwater has already been overexploited as far back as 1997–98.
Therefore, contrary to the previous studies like those of NCIWRDP, CWC, etc., water scarcity is alarming and
calls for urgent action before it becomes unmanageable.(Garg, Singh, and Raj 2017)
8. Water scarcity has emerged, especially during the past decade, as an important theme in discussions on
India's future. Global discourse suggests that India, and other developing countries in Asia and Africa, can
respond to water scarcity - and the resultant water poverty facing their people - by embracing integrated water
resources management, a package of best practices for improved management of water resources with strong
emphasis on direct demand-side management. The paper reviews recent evidence from around the world to
analyse and concludes with a discussion of implications for water sector reform discussions in India.(Goswami
and Sarma 2015)
9. Water resources of India are examined in the context of the growing population and the national ambition to
become and be seen as a developed nation. The motivation was provided by the continuing debate on the
proposed project for interlinking of rivers by the National Water Development Agency. The population of India
is expected to stabilize around 1640 million by the year 2050. Therefore, when compared with the availability
of ∼ 500 km3/yr at present, the water availability around 2050 needs to be almost trebled. Various options
have been considered in quantitative terms, as possible sources to augment the anticipated deficit.(Chadha
and Pandya 2019)
10. Although global social-economic scenarios show trends to urbanization, locally these trends are less
evident and in some districts rural population is increasing. Falling groundwater levels in the Ganges plain may
prevent expansion of irrigated areas for food supply. Changes in socio-economic development in combination
with projected changes in timing of runoff outside the monsoon period will make difficult choices for water
managers. However, as it is expected that the partitioning of water over the different sectors and regions will be
the biggest constraint, a consistent water use plan at catchment and river basin scale may be the best solution.
A policy enabling such river basin planning is essential. (Vaidyanathan 2006)
11. The nature of terrain imposes severe limitations on the scale of productive activities as well as on the
efficiency of infrastructural facilities in the Indian Himalaya.During the recent past, rural resource development
practices have changed in response to population increase and the resultant increased demand on natural
resources as well as increasing socio-economic and political marginalization. This has brought about rapid
environmental changes which have reduced the groundwater recharge in the region. In addition to assessing
the impact of recent environmental changes on water resources, this paper attempts to develop a community
and user oriented framework for the sustainable development of water resources. (Biswas, Rangachari, and
Tortajada 2009)
12. Using the overlay and decision tree concepts, a water resource development plan was generated. Indian
Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1C), Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS-III) satellite data along with other field
and collateral data on lithology, soil, slope, well inventory, fracture have been utilized for generating land
use/land cover and hydro geomorphology of the study area, which are an essential prerequisites for water
resources planning and development. Spatial data integration and analyses are carried out in a GIS
environment.(Chatterjee 2008)
13. Common Pool Resources are defined in the Indian context as non-exclusive resources to which the rights of
use are distributed among a number of owners. These co-owners are generally identified by their membership
of some other group such as a village or a tribe or a particular community. Most micro-studies on use and
access of common pool resources in India have adopted this as a broad working definition. Common pool

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resources thus include community pastures and forests, wastelands, common dumping and threshing grounds,
watershed drainages, village ponds, rivers and other common pool water bodies. (Chaturvedi et al. 2018)
14. The already divisive politics of South Asia's trans-boundary water resources are further complicated by the
rush to construct large- and medium-scale dams. While highly contested in India today, hydropower
construction reflects a nexus of state and capital that discriminates against the poorest and most marginalised
citizens. Alternatives to the multiple crises of water within and beyond India must look beyond state-centrism
and, instead, promote multi-scalar civil society organisations and networks, which may contribute to a more
sustainable and transparent South Asia in the future.(Wood 1998)
15. Water institutions in India play a crucial role in managing scarce water resources and are central to
economic development and poverty alleviation. Designing appropriate institutional mechanisms to allocate
scarce water and river flows has been an enormous challenge due to the complex legal, constitutional, and
social issues involved. The Indian water sector has been grappling with poor performance and deterioration of
public (canal and tank) irrigation systems, high extraction levels of groundwater, and related economic and
environmental problems. The objective of this article is to carry out a preliminary assessment of institutional
mechanisms available to manage water resources in India. The analysis indicates that crafting “winning
institutions” and the policy frameworks to strengthen them should take into account not only the proven
criteria of institutional design but also the changing socioeconomic, political, and cultural factors. (U. P. Singh
1984; Rao and Sarma 1988)
16. Agriculture consumes more than two-thirds of global fresh water out of which 90 % is used by developing
countries. Freshwater consumption worldwide is expected to rise another 25 %by 2030 due to an increase in
population from 6.6 billion currently to about 8 billion by 2030 and over 9 billion by 2050. Approximately 47 %
of the total irrigated area of the country is located in Ganga Plain, which is severely affected by changing
climatic conditions. In the long run climate change will affect the quantity and quality of the crops and the crop
yield is going to be down. This will increase the already high food inflation in the country. The aim of this study
is to understand the impact of different hydrological changes due to climatic conditions and come up with
easily and economically feasible solutions effective in addressing the problem of water and food scarcity in
future.(Zaman 1983)
17. India, an ancient rural and agricultural society that is rapidly modernizing, receives a fair share of its yearly
precipitation in only a few days of the monsoon, with high inter-annual variability. In most of its regions,
therefore, India needs to store a large proportion of its annual runoff in reservoirs for use in non-monsoon
months. In spite of this strategy being in operation for the last 60 years, India’s per capita reservoir storage is
relatively small, and water-use efficiency also remains low. Though the overall performance of the water sector
in terms of matching of supply and demand has improved, the country remains challenged by deficiencies in
laws, regulation policies and institutions, and weakened by a suboptimal work culture in politics, legislature,
technocracy and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). (Briscoe and Malik 2007; Thatte 2020)
18. Water resources management and quality of environment are very closely interconnected in the developing
countries. Serious problem areas in India are identified, such as waterlogging, urban sewage disposal,
recurrence of malaria and silting‐up of reservoirs. Many of these problems occur due to lack of administrative
coordination and fragmentation of large interactive systems into functional areas. Using systems theory a
number of action imperatives are identified. Improvement in linkages, better coordination of interactive
functions, stimulation of multiple uses of water, improved water management practices and education aimed at
water conservation are the important actions to be initiated. (Bowonder 1983)
19. Current irrigation water releases from the Lower Bhavani Project are largely governed by the rainfall and
inflow pattern rather than by the periodic water needs of the crops grown. The groundwater potential in the
command area is also ignored when water release schedules are planned. In this paper a quantitative analysis
is carried out to assess the impact of optimizing water resources use with and without supplementary
groundwater use. The results validate the role of groundwater in improving the performance of the irrigation
project. (Eswaramoorthy, Govindasamy, and Singh 1989)

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20. A field survey was conducted in district Moradabad along with a public interaction program on water
related problems. A total of 108 representative villages covering all eight blocks of Moradabad district were
visited and interactions were held with the local population to find out the status of drinking water quality and
associated problems. The previous studies on surface and groundwater quality assessment of Moradabad
district did not cover the entire area or present the water quality awareness amongst the local population
despite the repeated complaints about the yellow colour of water. The presence of high concentration of iron
leads to adverse changes in colour, odour and taste of water and it also stains clothes and utensils. However, the
local health authority's records are not available. (“Water Resources of India,” n.d.)
III. METHODOLOGY
The Research method followed here is empirical research. A total of 200 samples have been taken out of which
is taken through convenient sampling. The Data is collected online. The sample frame taken by the researcher is
water resources. The independent variable taken here is age, gender, educational qualification. The dependent
variables are water resources are natural resources of water and all living things require water to grow &
reproduce. The statistics tool used for analysis is SPSS,The main aim of this research is to study clean water and
it’s resources in India.
ANALYSIS & GRAPHS:
Result: This figure shows that most of the people are neutral with the fact that water resources are natural
resources that are potentially useful. Least people disagree that water resources are natural resources of water
that are potentially useful.
Result: The above grows shows the overall response of all living things require water to grow and reproduced.

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Legend: The above figure shows a significant difference between water resources are natural resources and
occupation by age of the respondents.
Result: Mostly all the respondents says not all resources are natural resources.
Legend: The above figure shows the significant difference between living things require water to grow &
reproduce and occupation by age of the respondents.
Result: Most of the respondents said no and only public sector and government employees with age of 40 - 60
years said yes.

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Legend: The above graph shows the significant difference between living things require water to grow and
reproduce and education qualification by age of the respondents.
Result: Only the respondents who finished high school with the age of 40-60 years said yes .
Legend: The figure:7 shows the Educational qualifications of various age groups and their opinion on water
resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful.
Result: All age respondents gave a moderate opinion , HSC & UG respondents gave an equal opinion.
Legend: The figure:8 .1shows about the Educational qualification of various age groups and their opinion on
whether all living things require water to grow and reproduce.
Result: All age respondents agreed with the option may be to all living things require water to grow and
reproduce.
IV. DISCUSSION
● From figure 1 it shows that most of the people are neutral with the fact that water resources are natural
resources that are potentially useful. Least people disagree that water resources are natural resources of water
that are potentially useful.
● From figure 2 it is seen that the respondents below the age group 20 with SSLC agreed that water resources
are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. The respondents above age group 40 who completed
their HSC & UG disagreed that water resources are not natural resources of water that are potentially useful.
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● From figure. 3 it is said only respondents below 18 years and 40-60 years have agreed and all others
disagreed.
● Form Figure, 4 It’s discussed that all other respondents have Said no to fact & only the respondents of age
40-60 years said yes to the fact.
● From Figure. 5 It’s is seen that except the government employees and public sector employees have agreed
and all others disagree’s with the fact of opinion.
● From figure.6 Only the respondents who finished higher secondary of age 40-60 years agreed to the fact of
opinion.
● From the figure: 7 it is seen that most of the respondents have said that not all living things require water to
grow and reproduce.
● From figure 8 is seen that the respondents between age group 21-30 years of age do not think that all living
things require water to grow and reproduce. Post graduate respondents said that maybe all living things
require water to grow and reproduce.
V. LIMITATIONS
Water-related framework prerequisites and adaptability in plan will increment as water asset the board turns
out to be more refined and receptive to environment with an end goal to keep up food security and farming
industry strength. In numerous cases, designing answers for improving local area and provincial flexibility to
the dry season may likewise be adjusted for use in the midst of flood. Difficulties exist in this methodology
where gravity stream of water is important for the plan, for instance in water system channels. In any case,
even a gravity-stream water system trench can be adjusted to allow capacity of abundant water, postpone top
stream and decrease overland stream rates and volumes. The development and achievement of setting up
lasting all around established harvests on slopes, like espresso and grapes, helps in slant soundness and lessens
disintegration under flood conditions. The advancement of dam and repository frameworks gives extra water
limit and can either discredit or postpone top stream from affecting downstream foundation and terrains. The
development and extension of water system channels and provincial reservoir conduits can fill in as transitory
water stockpiling limit and converse stream the executives innovations in the midst of enormous volume,
extreme focus precipitation occasions.
VI. CONCLUSION
Therefore, I conclude that Water resources are important because they are needed for life to exist. Virtually all
of these human uses require fresh water. Water resources management and quality of environment are very
closely interconnected in the developing countries. Due to the expanding human population competition for
water is growing such that many of the world's major aquifers are getting depleted. Many pollutants threaten
water supplies, but the foremost widespread, especially in underdeveloped countries, is that the discharge of
raw sewage into natural waters. Thus it is our duty to save water and preserve water and should reduce the
usage of water unwantedly. So to preserve and save water improvement in linkages, better coordination of
interactive functions, stimulation of multiple uses of water, improved water management practices and
education aimed at water conservation are the important actions to be initiated.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Biswas, Asit K., R. Rangachari, and Cecilia Tortajada. 2009. Water Resources of the Indian Subcontinent.
Oxford University Press, USA.
[2] Bowonder, B. 1983. “Environmental Quality and Water Resources Management in India.” International
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[4] Chadha, Girish, and Ashwin B. Pandya. 2019. Water Governance and Management in India: Issues and
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[5] Chatterjee, S. N. 2008. Water Resources, Conservation and Management. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
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Development and Management, Kozhikode-, Kerala, India, K. Madhava Chandran, et al. 2018.
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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

A STUDY ON CLEAN WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA

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