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1 13 2024
1 13 2024
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72 Lessons fron1 sn1all states '!' '
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73 American evangelicals .,
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Economist
Volume 450Number9379
Published s.ince September 1843 Subs.cription service
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The world this week Politics The Economist January 13th 2024 s
countries to establish bases for Taiwan's Office of Trade Nego Charles Michel seemed set to
surveillance drones to monitor tiations called on China to step down in June as presi
jihadist activity. In 2023 it "stop using economic coercion dent of the European Coun
paused the flight of drones to try to interfere" with the cil, after he announced that
fron1 its existing base in Niger country's general election on he would stand in his native
after a coup there. January 13th. This was after Belgium as a candidate for the
China threatened to end European Parliament. Mr
Ethiopia held talks on military concessions that ease trade Michel has led the council,
co-operation with Somali withTaiwan. The rhetoric has which sets the agenda for
land, just a week after the intensified between the two European Union sun1n1its,
breakaway region of Somalia sides ahead of the poll. China since 2019. Mario Draghi, a
announced a deal to lease a accusedTaiwan's ruling Demo former Italian prime minister,
In a further effort to stop stretch of coast to landlocked cratic Progressive Party of is being tipped to replace hi n1.
Israel's war in Gaza from Ethiopia for a port and naval engaging in ·"dirty tricks".
escalating, Antony Blin ken, base. Son1alia has criticised the German farn1ers drove their
America's secretary of state, deal as an infringen1ent on its South Korea's parliament tractors into Berlin to protest
n1ade his fourth visit to the sovereignty. passed a bill that bans the against governn1ent cuts to
Middle East since the fighting farn1ing and sale of dog meat. subsidies on diesel fuel. The
began in October. Tensions on Anyone slaughtering a dog for n1arch of the tractors was
Israel's border with Lebanon A state of emergency food could face prison and a replicated throughout
have been rising since the Ecuador's new president, hefty fine, though there are no Germany causing traffic
assassination of a Han1as Daniel Noboa, said the country penalties for consumers who snarl-ups. Adding to the
leader in Beirut and a strike in faced an internal arn1ed con
11 eat the meat. Once favoured as pressure on the governn1ent,
southern Lebanon, believed to flict" after n1asked gunn1en a cheap source of protein, dog data confirn1ed that asylu111
have been carried out by Israel, stormed a television studio in 1neat has gone out of fashion applications had surged by
which killed a Hizbu llah the city of Guayaquil during a in South Korea and other Asian 51% in 2023, to nearly 352,000.
con1n1ander. Mr Blinken called live news broadcast. This can1e countries as n1ore people keep The governn1ent has been
on regional powers which have as violence swept the country dogs as pets. toughening its position on
influence over Hizbullah following the disappearance of migration as it loses ground to
(nan1ely Iran) to .,keep things a notorious gang leader from a the far right in opinion polls.
in check". prison in Guayaquil, which
al so triggered rioting in Around 1,000 towns and
Saudi Arabia's an1bassador to prisons across Ecuador. Mr villages were left without
Britain said that his country Noboa ordered the armed power in Ukraine, as tem
was still interested in norn1al forces to .. neutralise" Ecua peratures plummeted to -15 ° C
ising relations with Israel after dor's drug-trafficking gangs. (5° F). The freezing weather
the war in Gaza, but that pro dan1aged distribution net
gress must lead to the estab A panel of three judges on a works and equipn1ent in a
lishn1ent of a Palestinian state. federal appeals court in Wash power network systen1 that
ington heard arguments over has not fully recovered fron,
Hearings began at the UN whether Donald Trump is Russian attacks last winter.
International Court of in1n1une from prosecution for Sheikh Hasina secured another Lengthy power blackouts are
Justice, where South Africa allegedly trying to overturn the tern1 as prime minister of also afflicting Russia. Resi
has brought a case accusing election in 2020. Earlier, the Bangladesh when her Awan1i dents near Moscow saw their
Israel of committing genocide Supren1e Court said it would League won a general election heat and lighting go out as
in Gaza. Mr Blinken said the rule on whether MrTrun1p that was boycotted by other ten1peratures fell to -20°c.
charge was "n1eritless". should appear on the Repub parties. Thousands of n1em
lican primary ballot in Colora bers of the opposition Bangla
The Houthis, an Iranian do following the state court's desh Nationalist Party were Compulsive viewing
backed rebel group in Yemen, decision to boot hin1 off. But arrested in the weeks leading A long-running scandal in
launched their largest attack the Supren1e court won't hear up to the poll. The official Britain involving erroneous
yet on ships in the Red Sea. the case until February 8th, turnout was 42%; the opposi accounting at post offices
An1eri can and British naval after the start of the prin1ary tion said it was n1uch lower. came to the political fore.
forces shot down 21 drones and season. Colorado holds its Hundreds of "sub-postn1as
missiles launched by the group prin1ary on March 5th. Emn1anuel Macron appointed ters", self-en1ployed people
in a single night. Gabriel Attal as the new prin1e who operate small postal
It emerged that Lloyd Austin, minister of France. Elisabeth offices, have been wrongly
A $2obn n1ining project was An1erica's defence secretary, Borne resigned fron1 the job convicted of f alse accounting
set to begin development in had surgery to treat prostate following the debacle sur because of faulty software
Guinea, a west African country cancer in December and had rounding an im1nigration bill provided to then1 by the Post
of 13m people with a GDP of failed to notify Joe Biden or his that passed only after conces Office. A television drama has
just $16bn. It will involve staff. The revelation can1e after sions were made to the far highlighted the case, enraging
building an iron-ore mine, news that Mr Austin had been right National Rally. The pop the public and pron1pti ng
railway and port. readmitted to hospital on ular Mr Attal is just 34 and gay. Rishi Sunak, the prime min
January 1st and had again not and conies fron1 the class of ister, to pron1ise a new law to
America is negotiating with informed the White House MPs elected in 2017 when Mr overturn the convictions and
several coastal west African about his condition. Macron became president. con1pensate the postmasters.
6
The world this week Business The Economistjanuary13th 2024
China becan1e the world's post OpenAI said the lawsuit learning to improve user site's publisher, took the rare
biggest exporter of vehicles was .. without n1eri f', and that access to wireless systen1s. step of ordering a review into
in 2023, according to the China the Times was "not telling the the .. motivation and the pro
Passenger Car Association. The full story". cess" behind the piece.
Japan's stockmarket
association thinks that China
Topix, January 4th 1968=100
exported nearly 5.3m vehicles Meanwhile, the European overal I losses fron1 natural
,500
last year, accelerating it past Union announced an initial disasters around the world
Japan, which is thought to probe into whether Micro 2,000
came to $25obn in 2023, about
have sold 4.3n1 vehicles soft's huge investn1ent in the san1e as 2022, according to
abroad. Petrol-powered vehi OpenAI falls foul of its law on I, Munich Re. An absence of
cles accounted for the bulk of n1ergers. Britain's antitrust n1ega-disasters in industri
the exports (notably to Russia), regulator opened a similar 1,000 alised countries kept the figure
but electric vehicles are taking review in December. 2019 20 21 21 23 2◄
down. The earthquakes in
a growing share of China's Sotm e.: LSE G Work\pct< e
Turkey and Syria were the
overseas market. The CPCA An1erica·s Securities and Ex costliest disasters ($5obn in
reckons that 6.1m full-electric change Commission approved Stockmarkets in n1ost coun losses) followed by Typhoon
vehicles were sold in China applications from some of the tries may have had a patchy Doksuri, which hit China
last year, up by 22% fron1 2022. world ·s biggest financial con1- start to the year-with China's ($25bn). Munich Re noted that
panies, such as BlackRock, to cs1 300 index falling to a five 74,000 people died in natural
start offering exchange-trad year low-but not in Japan. disasters, far above the five
Backseat driver ed funds tied to bitcoin for the The Ni kkei and the Topix year average of 10,000.
As Chinese carn1akers n1ove first time, a huge boost for indices hit their highest levels
into top gear, Volkswagen advocates of cryptocurrencies. since early 1990, boosted by
finds itself falling behind in The day before the announce investor cheer that the weaker The great British bake off
China, which was once a n1ent the X account of the SEC yen is helping exports. Greggs, a purveyor of cheap
source of ambitious growth for was hacked by an attacker who and cheerfu I sandwiches and
the Ger111an company. vw's posted a fake announcement Bill Ackman beca1ne snacks in Britain, registered a
sales in China rose by just 1.6% that the regulator had already embroiled in a spat with Busi 20% rise in sales in 2023 as it
in 2023 (the overall don1estic approved the ETFs, causing ness Insider, a news website, opened lots of new stores. The
n1arket grew by 5.6%), though bitcoin's price to rise briefly by after it clain1ed that his wife, downmarket chain is often
the country still accounts for a n1ore than $1,000. Neri Oxn1an, had plagiarised contrasted with the n1id-111ar
third of its global n1arket. vw is son1e work in her doctoral ket Pret a Manger, which oper
also struggling to keep up with Hewlett Packard Enterprise dissertation at MIT in 2010 (Ms ates in swankier areas. Aca
demand for EVs. It delivered agreed to buy Juniper Oxn1an apologised for errors in den1ics fron1 Sheffield Hallan1
394,000 fully electric vehicles Networks in a deal valued at four instances). Mr Ackn1an, University have even gone so
worldwide in 2023, far behind $14bn. The acquisition will one of America's best-known far as to create a Greggs-Pret
the 1.6m that were sold double HP E's con1puter-net activist investors, was a vocal index using n1achine learning
by BY o, China's biggest working business, and it critic of Claudine Gay, who (what else) to assess if the
electric-car n1aker. also obtains Juniper's resigned as Harvard's presi nun1ber of Greggs shops in a
artificial-intelligence unit, dent amid claims of plagia town are a good n1easure of its
Boeing's chief executive, Dave Mist Al, which uses n1achine rism. Axel Springer, the web- "Northern-ness".
Calhoun, pron1ised that the
aerospace co1npany would be
con1pletely transparent in
helping an investigation into
an incident in which a panel
came off a 737 Max 9 passenger
jet that had just taken off from
Portland. Nobody was injured
on the Alaska Airlines flight,
which returned to the airport
with a gaping hole in its side.
The Federal Aviation Adn1inis
tration grounded son1e 737
Max 9s while inspections were
carried out. The investigation's
initial focus is on the bolts that
secured the panel, which
fell into a teacher's garden
in Portland.
China's EV onslaught
Chinese cars are coming to the west. It should welcome them
Olaf Scholz
Muddled thinking
How to cut through the cacophony over DEi
► firms' profitability. Although academics have since criticised its sues at annual general meetings is draining away.
methodology, the findings were breathlessly cited by bosses and The case for diversity does not need dressing up in pseudo
corporate advisers, and the link was treated as causal and cast science. The simple reason for businesses and their share
iron. For example, from 2023 Nasdaq required firms listed on its holders to care about recruiting people from a broad range of
stock exchange to have at least one board member who was not a backgrounds is that they want the most able people. Mr Musk
straight white man-or explain why they do not. It was left to and Mr Ackman are both successful businessmen: they too want
Jesse Fried, a professor at Harvard Law School, to point out that to assemble the best possible teams.
Nasdaq was ignoring scholarship which finds that board divers
ity can have a negative impact on performance. Opus DEi
Diversity schemes often fail. Sometimes this betrays bad Diversity should be a spur to looking far and wide for talent, no
faith: firms with a discrepancy between their words and actions matter someone's gender, race or sexual orientation. A firm con
are often accused of udiversity washing". Some schemes are vinced that it is overlooking the best candidates from a particu
well-meant but ineffective. Research by Frank Dobbin and Alex lar demographic cohort, for example, could choose to lengthen
andra Kalev showed that diversity training programmes fail to its shortlists to include more from that group. That will not me
reduce bias. In the worst instances, DEi initiatives backfire. Tar chanically create workforces that mirror the population, but it
gets can be seen as quotas, which undermine the principle of can maximise talent and diversity of thought. Quotas, by con
fair competition and cast a shadow over minorities who do well trast, have the perverse effect of narrowing the search by exclud
under them. Other research shows that adding equal-employ ing talent. As with so many areas touched by the culture wars,
ment statements to job advertisements can put minority can the row over DEi has become muddle-headed. The clear, simple
didates off applying. No wonder support for votes on social is- argument for diversity is being drowned out. ■
Charity
one can agree on is who is ever, it is rational to use this defence secretary, was asked
Media matters biased and how much so. In real-world knowledge to da111p what he intended to do about
Your article about the rise of 2012 the Al Smith dinner, a the trend when making fore poor recruiting and poor
conservative n1edia ("Right n,ust for presidential candi casts. This is what people do retention of arn,ed-forces
nation" December 16th) over dates courting the Catholic when using judgn1ent to 111ake personnel. His response, in
looked the i n1pact of Ronald vote, was attended by both forecasts; they forecast below effect" Let them grow beards",
Reagan's dismantling of the Barack Obama and Mitt Rom upward trend Ii nes and above probably tells us all we need to
fairness doctrine. Established ney. During his speech Mr downward ones. What initially know about him.
in 1949 by the Federal Com111u Ron1ney made the quip that appears to be biased judgn1ent, As for the issues underlying
nications Comn1ission, the .. I've already seen early reports n1ay not be. deficient retention and re
doctrine required broadcasters from tonight's dinner. Head- NIGEL HARVEY cruiting, we heard nothing.
to air contrasting viewpoints Ii ne: Oban1a Embraced by Professor of judgment and The ongoing scandal of poor
on controversial issues of Catholics. Ron1ney Dines With decision research accomn1odation run1bles on.
public interest. However, the Rich People ... The quip got a University College London The .,strategic pay freeze" fron1
policy put the governn1ent in great laugh because everyone 2010-13 has still not been recti
the awkward position of polic saw the truth in it. fied. And perhaps most insid
ing speech and thus contained PAUL STUTLER A city's spirit ious and worrying of all, and
an inherent conflict with the Apple Valley, Minnesota I was n1oved by your article on despite the world becon1ing
constitution's First Amend the enduring resilience of more fractured and dangerous,
ment. The FCC under Reagan London f'lnvincible city", defence spending at just over
used this argun1ent of Rationality and forecasting Decen1 ber 16th). I work in the 2% of GDP shows that the
unconstitutionality to repeal Behavioural econon1ics is not Lloyd's insurance n1arket, armed forces are still regarded
the doctrine in 1987. Not long the study of "irrationality" ("A which has been trading for as little better than discretion
after.increasingly partisan d isn1al year for the disn1al over 330 years. We persevered ary expenditure. There is no
conservative broadcasters, science" Decen1ber 23rd). It is despite an almost fatal sense that, in order to n1atch
such as Rush Limbaugh, the study of the behavioural financial crash, brutal terro Russian n1i litary 111uscle we
took hold of An1erica's conser underpinnings of econon,ics. risn1 and the covid panden1ic, need our own Zeitenwende
vative dialogue. But so is the 111uch longer but 1 am ren1inded of my (Chancellor Olaf Scholz's rec
HALSEY LEA established discipline of father. George, who as a 17- ognition that Russia's attack
Silver Spring, Maryland econon1ic psychology. To year-old in 1944, started work on Ukraine represents a histor
n1any of us working in the at Lloyd's. It was the ti1ne of the ic turning point), let alone to
I want to express n1y highest area, behavioural econon1ics second blitz on London fron, establish an adequate re
gratitude to Jan1es Bennet and appears to be a recent rebrand Septen1ber 1944 to March 1945, sponse to n1eet the challenges
1843 for the gripping essay on ing of the study of son1e of the when thousands of Vt flying of China and a disordered
his experience at the New York domains exan1ined within bon1bs and supersonic v2 Middle East and west Africa.
Times, a rare piece worth each economic psychology. rockets hit the capital. It is said that one of the
of its 17,000 words f'W hen the This rebranding has largely During regular air raids functions of a beard is to hide a
New York Times lost its way", been carried out by those (and v1 attacks) the Lu tine Bell weak chin. Mr Shapps's new
Decen1ber 14th). Reasonable associated with the work of at Lloyd ·s wou Id be rung to found pogonophilia is no n1ore
people can disagree on his Richard Thaler, an econon1ist alert everyone to the bomb than a diversion to hide a
decision to run To1n Cotton's influenced by the work of shelter under the building, disastrously weak policy grip.
op-ed, con1ing as it did during Daniel Kahnen,an, a psychol where the business of under SIMON DIGGINS
a fraught til11e under a presi ogist who won a Nobel prize in writing would continue. There Colonel (retired)
dent who was expressing econon1ics. But even Mr were no warnings with the Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire
cheerfuI willingness to Kahnen1an's work does not supersonic v2s. My father said
dispatch the arn,y against his ain1 to study irrationality. It it was a rather unnerving tin1e,
political opponents. But it was aims to identify the heuristics but that everyone just carried It's in the stars
an eminently defensible deci that people use when n1aking on working. To me that sums The extremely wide range of
sion, even laudable. j udgn1ents. In Herbert Simon's up Lloyd's of London and forecasts fron1 investment
Yet I was struck by the tern1s, the use of heuristics is London as a city. We carry banks for inflation and growth
staten1ent that "n1ost of the procedurally rational because on regardless. in the con,ing year is puzzling
Times newsroom does not it allows optimal use of limited DAVID DOE f'Ask again later", November
fact-check or copy-edit resources. Occasionally, their Oxted, Surrey 25th). It ren,i nds n1e of John
articles." Is fact-checking and use 111ay result in substantively Kenneth Galbraith's view: .,The
copy-editing truly out of irrational outco1nes (biases) only function of econo1nic
fashion in our most august that illuminate the nature of A bushy tale forecasting is to make
newsrooms? Such a revelation the heuristics employed. This particular (very) retired astrology look respectable."
causes n1e to shudder as n,uch It can be difficult to define colonel has no problen1 with ATI L LA I LKSON
as anything else that substantive rationality. To use the British Army allowing its Saugerties, New York
Mr Bennet wrote. your forecasting example, soldiers to grow beards C'Of
MATT ODETTE consider points randon1ly whiskers and weapons",
Long Beach, California scattered around a linear trend Decen1ber 23rd). Indeed, on Letters a re welcome and should be
Ii ne. To a statistician, it is several occasions 1 sported a addressed to the Editor at
The Economist, The Adelphi Building,
The one thing that everyone rational to make forecasts on fuII-set and see no reason why 1-11 John Adam Street, London WC2N 6HT
along the political spectrum that trend line. To a forecaster, it shouId not be n1ore widely Email: [email protected]
can agree on is that there is who knows that nothing con adopted. The question arose More letters. are available at:
Economist .com/ letters
media bias. The one thing no tinues on such a trajectory for because Grant Shapps, the
Executive focus 13
Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation
Post of Executive Director of the APEC Secretariat
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), with 21 Member Economies, is a unique
cooperative, multilateral economic forum that has been successful in promoting
regional economic growth through trade and Investment liberalization and facilitation,
and capacity building since its inception in 1989.
It has achieved this through open dialogue, consensus building and voluntary
commitments.
The APEC Secretariat, based in Singapore, fulfils an important role in coordinating and
supporting the APEC process, including policy, technical and communications services
to an extensive range of stakeholders.
APEC Is looking to recruit a dynamic Executive Director for a 3-year term (with the option
for a 1 ·3 year extension) to lead the Secretariat from January 2025.
The successful candidate should be from an APEC Member Economy and must possess
strong leadership qualities, extensive public sector experience (In government and/or
semi-government organizations), senior management experience, and organizational
development experience, proven public communication skills, high political acumen,
and multilateral work experience, preferably In trade or economic related areas. The
candidate should also have managed multi-cultural work environment. The candidate
must Indicate how thetr experience and quallflcations match those required. Unique Access to Confidential Opportunities
Extensive travel is expected. lnterExec as the global leader •n asstSt1ng Top Executrves
More information on APEC can be found at our website : www.apec.org to access L200k to £.2m+ unadvertised �acanctes worlctwtde.
A competitive expatriate package will be offered to the successful We act dcscreetly through our 15.0CX> strong Headhunter network.
candidate. Applications should reach us no later than 1 5 March
2024 via e-mail [email protected] or mailed to the Human EST 1976
Resource Director, APEC Secretariat. 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace,
Singapore 119616.
ECONOMIST
EIU
INTELLIGENCE
For more than 75 years, Economist Intelligence (EIU) The successful candidate will:
has produced pioneering research, models and • Lead our international research team to ensure
forecasts on more than 190 countries and dozens of
the excellence of our content and reinforce EIU as
industries that power the decision-making of global
a pre-eminent source of rigorous, global analysis.
business.
• Produce key insights of shifts in the global
We are recruiting a Chief Economist to join the economy and how they will affect our clients.
leadership team for our next phase of dynamic growth, • Drive state-of-the-art thinking within the
in an era of Al, economic uncertainty and geopolitical
company and its presentation externally.
tensions. Be a part of our mission.
• Be pivotal in advancing our economic intelligence,
This is a senior editorial role based in New York and will elevating existing products and creating
require being in the office at least two days a week. innovative new ones.
► biggest source of profits for many Western production of new models in a matter of
brands. Volkswagen Group, for instance, Sparks and plugs n1onths if they do not sell well.
sold 3.2m cars in China in 2023, around a China, passenger-car production, m EV startups such as Li Auto, NIO and
third of its global sales. 25
Xpeng were all founded by tech billion
In 2017 the governn1ent allowed Tesla to
n1ake cars in China without a local partner. ■ ectric and
ug-in hybrid 20
aires who, like Tesla's Elon Musk, regard
their firn1s as tech companies that happen
It opened a factory in Shanghai in 2019. to make cars. In fact, lots of Chinese tech
Ot r
This was part of a concerted effort to pro 15 firms are getting involved in the car indus
mote the adoption of EVs, which have try. Whereas Apple has mulled such a ven
quickly becon1e the fastest-growing ele 10 ture long and indecisively, Xiaon1i, a big
n1ent of China's car industry (see chart 1). Chinese s1nartphone-maker, unveiled its
In November son1e 42% of car sales in Chi 5 first vehicle in Decen1ber (a fancy and ex
na were either pure battery or hybrids. That pensive saloon). It plans to make cheaper
is well ahead of both the EU, at 25% or so, 0 models in future with the immodest goal
and An1erica, at just 10%. What is n1ore, al 2003 10 15 20 23
of becon1ing one of the world's top five car
though the pace is slowing, Chinese EV I- II I I N , 11 •r
makers in 15-20 years. Huawei, a telecon1s
sales are still growing fast: by 28% in the firm, and Baidu, a search engine, have also
third quarter of 2023 compared with a year teamed up with car firn1s to n,ake vehicles.
earlier, according to the China Association Low costs mean low prices, which are Foreign carmakers, in contrast, are
of Automobile Manufacturers. Most fore also kept in check through furious compe struggling to transform into Tesla-like
casters reckon that by 2030 some 80-90% tition. There are around 150 carn1akers in software firms. They are used to the slower
of cars sold in China wi11 be EVs. And China China, including foreign brands, big state cycles of the JCE age. But firn1s that launch
is now by far the biggest car n1arket in the owned con1panies and EV startups, all vy a new n1odel every six or seven years can
world, with about 22n1 passenger vehicles ing with one another for n1arket share. not keep pace with buccaneering Chinese
sold in 2022, con1pared with less than 13m Tesla recently initiated a price war, in an ef• rivals, which n1ove aln1ost twice as fast.
in both An1erica and Europe. fort to sustain sales. Foreign firn1s' habit of "localising" global
That is why it alarms foreign carmakers But Chinese EVS are not just cheap, they 111odels with s111all adaptations for specific
that Chinese brands are pre-en1inent in lo also enjoy superior technology in son1e re markets also results in cars that are far be
cal EV sales. The Chinese market as a whole spects. Analysts believe that one of the hind Chinese customers' expectations.
ren1ains roughly evenly split between for main ways that brands of EVs will differen
eign and don1estic brands (see chart 2). But tiate then1selves is by their software and Old bangers
for EVs, the ratio is 111ore like 80:20, accord styling. Here China has an edge, because its As a result, foreign brands are losing an al
ing to UBS, a Swiss bank. As a result, Volks drivers are so n1uch younger than Western lure that allowed then1 to charge double or
wagen's n1arket share in China has buyers. They value sophisticated infotain triple what a Chinese fir111 might ask for an
slun1ped, from nearly 20% in 2020 to 14% n1ent systen1s with first-rate sound and ICE car. Naturally, they are trying to adapt.
in 2023. Its share of EV sales is a puny 3%. i111ages. Research from Langston, a consu 1- Most have long had R& D outposts in China
Chinese firms' advantage stems partly tancy, suggests that they rank BYD and NJO as well as other important locations such
fron1 subsidies for local firn1s. Govern higher on these n1easu res than Western as Silicon Valley. vw's facility in Hefei is
n1ent handouts for electric and hybrid ve carmakers, even though they do not con one of its main global innovation centres,
hicles added up to $57bn in 2016-22, says sider Chinese Evs safer, n1ore reliable or in part to keep up with the tech den1ands of
AlixPartners, a consultancy. Rhodium n1ore comfortable. Chinese buyers.
Group, a research fi nn, estin1ates that be As Pedro Pacheco of Gartner, another Foreign firms are also fonning new alli
tween 2015 and 2020 BYD alone received consultancy, points out, Chinese firn1s are ances with Chinese ones. vw agreed in July
$4.3bn via cheap loans and equity. also managed differently. They are less risk to acquire a 5% stake in Xpeng for $700111.
Perhaps just as important was $2.5bn in averse and n1ove faster than foreign firn1s, Together they plan to develop two new
similar support for CATL, which in 2017 be quickly updating tech and introducing electric suvs by 2026, which may help vw
can1e the world's biggest n1anufacturer of new n1odels to keep custon1ers interested. regain son1e of the ground it has lost. It has
the lithiun1-ion batteries used in most EVs. Treating new cars like consumer-tech pro also struck deals with Horizon Robotics, a
All told, China now n1akes 70% of the ducts, such as smartphones, extends to Chinese software firn1, and Gotion, a Chi
world's lithiun1-ion batteries. Purchase ditching duds quickly. Li Auto now ceases nese battery-n1aker. Stellantis (whose larg
subsidies, which will be worth n1ore than est shareholder owns a stake in The Econo
$4,000 a car this year, have also helped the mist) has had little presence in China since
EV industry. Protectionisn1 has played a Electric shock a joint venture to make Jeeps folded in
part, too: only cars with don1estically n1ade China, light-vehicle market share,% 2022. But in October it signed a deal with
batteries are eligible for the purchase sub EV-only companies 100
Leapn1otor to n1ake and sell low-cost EVs
sidies, a rule which in effect shut out Japa outside China.
nese and South Korean competition. Japanese/South Korean 80
Such is the drubbing foreign firms are
All this has helped build a vast local carmakers receiving at the cheaper end of the market
supply chain, which now benefits fron1 60 that they n1ay a11 depart in the next five
economies of scale. vw reckons it cuts years, reckons Michael Dunne of Dunne
manufacturing costs by at least 30°1b by 40 Insights, a consultancy. The fancier Ger
sourcing locally. Chinese-made uinfotain man brands, BMW and Mercedes, and Lex
menf' systems for its cars, for exan1ple, are 20 us, Toyota's upmarket arn1, n1ay hang on
34 °A> cheaper than older versions bought for longer. Dedicated new EV platforn1s, to
abroad, even though they have 70% n1ore 0 replace ones shared with ICE models, will
computing power, says Ludger Liihrmann, 2002 05 10 15 20 23
be introduced in the next few years, bring
chief technology officer at vw's new inno ing better tech and lower costs. But some
Sour<e: UBS
vation centre in the city of Hefei. analysts see the market as a lost cause: Pat- ..
16 Briefing Chinese electric vehicles The Economist January 13th 2024
► rick Hun1n1el of UBS suggests that, instead new n1odels has its downside. Costs have the probe. It may be worried about the in1-
of throwing n1oney at China to regain n1ar to be an1ortised over a n1uch shorter period plications for its tie-up with Leapn1otor.
ket share, firn1s should just cash in while than is typical in the industry, says Mr Higher tariffs may also prompt n1ore
they still can. Hummel. Bernstein, a broker, reckons Chinese firn1s to start n1aking cars in
This grin1 outlook is especially trou that Li Auto n1ight report a profit for 2023 Europe. BYD is said to be planning at least
bling because, although China's adoption but that NJO and Xpeng will lose n1oney for one n1ore factory in Eu rope in addition to
of Evs has been rapid, the rest of the world the next few years. NJO has already had a the one in Hungary. Japanese and South
is clearly headed in the san1e direction. The state bail-out, is said to lose $35,000 per Korean car firn1s started to thrive abroad
EU has banned sales of ICE cars from 2035. sale and in November said it would lay off only after they localised production. This
An1erica is encouraging drivers to switch 10% of its en1ployees. (Although in Decen1- strategy, argues Bernstein, not only n1akes
by offering lavish subsidies of its own. By ber it secured $2.2bn fron1 an investn1ent it easier to cater to local tastes, but also
2035 EVS should account for perhaps 70% fund fron1 the United Arab En1irates.) .. brings local governn1ents and local de
of global sales. That would amount to The consolidation of the industry that fenders on-board".
6001-70111 vehicles a year. Chinese firms China's governn1ent has long desired looks Even America's efforts to sla111 the door
are already looking to new n1arkets. inevitable. In the long run, however, that on China's car firn1s n1ay not succeed. It
Europe is likely to become the next bat should create a clutch of stronger firms, levies tariffs of 27.5% on in1ported EVS and
tleground. Chinese firn1s' models, which better able to compete internationally. Mr restricts purchase subsidies to vehicles
are mostly sn1all hatchbacks and suvs, suit Humn1el thinks China will eventually end that are n1ade in America. But Chinese car
the continent's 111otorists. Tariffs of 10% up with 10-12 firn1s n1aking over 1n1 cars, n1akers are n1aking inroads in Mexico, a
are relatively low and the Chinese already some of which will go global. country with a free-trade agreement with
have a foothold. Geely, a big Chinese car America. Their n1arket share has roared
n1aker, owns several European brands, in Speed traps ahead, from 0.5% in 2016 to 20% today.
cluding Volvo, Lotus and Polestar (an EV Chinese exporters may find that European NAFTA's rules-of-origin requi ren1ents pre
only spin-off fron1 Volvo). It hopes its governn1ents put roadblocks in their way. vent vehicles n1ade in China fron1 being re
European expertise will help it sell Chi In December France introduced a new sub- exported to the United States duty-free. But
nese-n1ade EVs f ron1 its Lynk&Co and sidy schen1e that favours cars n1ade in there is nothing to stop Chinese firn1s fron1
Zeekr brands. MG, which belongs to SAIC, a Europe and Italy is considering doing the building factories in Mexico. Several of
state-owned carn1aker, is Europe's best san1e. The European Con1mission initiated then1, including BYD, Geely and SAJC are
selling pure-electric brand fron1 China. an investigation of state subsidies for Chi nosing around for locations. As long as the
Cars n1ade by BYD, Great Wall Motors, NIO nese car firms in October, which could lead putative factories used enough locally
and Xpeng are on sale in a nun1ber of Euro to an increase in tariffs. n1ade parts, their output would escape
pean countries. Other firn1s. such as Hi Phi, Yet these protectionist 1neasures are A1nerica's prohibitive tariffs.
are on the way. unlikely to halt Chinese ti rn1s' advance. Again, building factories and setting up
So far the influx is sn1all. Around 40% Higher tariffs are not "live or die", accord supply chains takes tin1e. It took Japanese
of Chinese exports in 2023, son1e 2.2111 ing to Lihong Qin, a co-founder of NJO. and South Korean carn1akers decades to es
cars, will have been EVs reckons Canalys, a Europe's carn1akers are not baying for tablish then1selves in America and Europe
consultancy. Nonetheless, 9% of the pure them. China remains a big market for n1ost and win the trust of local consun1ers. Chi
ly battery-powered EVs sold in Europe in of then1, and they worry about retaliatory nese firn1s appear to be n1aking faster pro
the first ten n1onths of 2023 were 111ade by n1easures. Moreover, cars exported fro1n gress. But whether they arrive at "China
Chinese firn1s, according to Schn1idt Auto European firn1s' factories in China would speed" or sin1ply very quickly, Chinese cars
n1otive, a data fl rn1. Mass-n1arket Euro also be hit by higher tariffs. Even Stellantis, are on their way. The n1onitors that are of
pean firn1s such as Renault, Stellantis and whose boss, Carlos Tavares, warns of a "'ter ten fitted to new cars to detect if a driver is
vw are struggling to n1ake sn1aller, cheaper rible fight" with the Chinese and once nodding off should be pinging urgently in
Evs that can con1pete both with JCE equiv loudly called for protection, is critical of Western carn1akers' boardroon1s. ■
alents and Chinese i n1ports. vw·s 10.3 and
Tesla's Model 3 are both about 15% n1ore ex
pensive in Europe than evo's Seal, a n1id
sized saloon that is bigger and arguably
better. In China the Seal costs less than half
what it does in Europe but is still profit
able. Even taking into account shipping
costs and tariffs, BYD could cut prices in
Europe and still make n1oney. Thanks to
such arithn1etic, ues thinks Chinese car
n1akers' n1arket share in Eu rope could rise
fron1 3% in 2022 to 20% in 2030.
Chinese carmakers will face obstacles
on their advance into Europe. Most of their
brands are unknown to European consu111-
ers. Winning custon1ers away fron1 firn1s
with a loyal following, such as BMW and
Mercedes, will be especially tricky. Estab
lishing a retail network, either through di
rect sales or dealers, takes tin1e and n1oney.
So does setting up after-sale servicing.
These expensive tasks will be especially
onerous for the many Chinese EV startups
that are losing n1oney. Fast introduction of Coming soon to a street near you
United States The Econom istjanuary13th 2024 17
► Mr Trump. Hours beforehand Chris Chris Mexico to actually pay for it (with a tax on publican Party in support of President
tie, a former governor of New Jersey and remittances, he clai n1s). Trump:· Some 187,000 Republicans went to
the field's fiercest critic of Mr Trun1p, with Yet as Mr Trun1p's legal problems Iowa caucuses in 2016, and turnout could
drew fron1 the race. mounted in 2023, Mr Desantis saw his poll exceed that number this year.
Like Mr Trun1p, the ren1aining candi ing decline nationally. Jon Mortenson, For all Mr Trun1p's polling leads, no one
dates are backed by elaborate turnout oper wearing a white-and-gold Tru1np caucus has voted yet. The former president will
ations. Ms Haley is relying on A111ericans captain hat at the Noem rally, says he didn't seek overwheln1ing victories in the early
for Prosperity Action, a conservative Super support Mr Trun1p at the 2016 caucus but states to quickly consolidate the nomina
PAC, to knock on thousands of doors on her now was all-in: .,Every time they come tion and redirect his focus to the general
behalf. The Desantis campaign argues that after hin1, it makes me 1nore detern1ined to election. Mr Desantis and Ms Haley, for
its turnout operation, built as the candi vote for hi 111." On t he can1paign trai I several their part, want to con1e out of Iowa with
date visited all 99 of Iowa's counties, is su voters, unpron1pted, brought up recent n1omentum to sustain a long fight.
perior. Mr Trump has refined his database moves to disqualify Mr Trump from the "Until you have the actual contest, and
over 1nultiple presidential runs. ba I lot in two states. people actually go and cast their prefer
Then there is the traditional advertising .. We're already seeing the rally-around ence, you just don't know/' says David Ko
war: in 2023 Republican candidates and the-flag effect fron1 the De1nocrats' over chel, a longtime Republican strategist in
outside groups spent n1ore than $1oom reach in Colorado and Maine," says Jason the state. "Iowa and New Hampshire both
blanketing the airwaves of Iowa (popula Miller, a senior adviser to Mr Trump. ··Nev have a tendency to surprise." But Mr Tru mp
tion 3. .2m). The top spender was a group er discount the ability of Joe Biden and na was surprised in Iowa once, and is resolved
supporting Ms Haley with $25m in ads, fol tional Democrats to help galvanise the Re- not to be again. ■
lowed by the nearly $18m spent by an orga
nisation backing Mr Desantis. Nationwide,
it has been an expensive and nasty prim Chevron deference
ary. Mr Desantis has faced more than $441n
in spending directed against him, more Fed herring
than double the $11111 that Mr Trun1p has
dealt with. Ms Haley's opponents spent
some $19m attacking her.
Mr Desantis still n1aintains the most ro
bust schedule in the state. He attended
NEW YORK
four events on the same day as Ms Noem's
The Supreme Court is primed to recalibrate government power
visit, including at a crowded restaurant not
far fron1 the MAGA rally. Mr Desantis devel
oped a reputation as an awkward cam
paigner, but he has i n1proved with ti n1e.
T wo WEEKS before America's Supreme
Court considers whether Donald
Trump may constitutionally ren1ain on the
.. No one's hustled more in Iowa. No one's presidential ballot, it will tackle a question
taken more questions from voters in Iowa," closely tied to Mr Trump's deregulatory
says a Desantis can1paign official. He has 11 plans for a second term. The power of son1e
connected with these people, and that's go 436 federal agencies that do the bulk of the
ing to make a difference on January 15th." work of the federal governn1ent-fron1
The Floridian's closing argument: food safety to banking rules to pollution
"Trump's running on his issues. Haley's control-comes under the justices' scruti
running on her donors' issues. I'n1 running ny on January 17th.
on your issues:· Mr Desantis brings up a Herring-a silvery fish of the North At
topic-the border crisis, An1erica's debt, lantic that can be sn1oked, pickled or, when
China's rise, wokeism in college or the young, tinned-is the unlikely star of Loper
arn1ed forces-and then makes the case for Bright Enterprises v Raimondo and Relent
his own competence and Mr Trump's inef less v Department of Commerce. Both cases
fectiveness. Want a border wall? Mr Desan involve herring fishermen upset with the
tis promises to make it happen and get National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS),
a federal agency charged with safeguarding
America's ocean resources and habitat.
loways and byways Drawing on a line in a statute giving the Good for canning?
US, Iowa Republican caucus voter turnout, '000 agency licence to n1ake regulations that are
.,necessary and appropriate... to prevent the regulation, three-judge panels on both
200
overfishing and rebuild overfished stocks", courts turned to a Supreme Court decision,
• Winner becomes
presidential nominee
in 2020 the NMFS required fishermen to Chevron USA v Natural Resources Defence
150 bring an observer along with them on their Council, that has managed the inter-branch
boats-and to pay that person's per-dien1 balance of power since 1984.
Dole 100 fee themselves. Space on these vessels is a Chevron has two steps. First, judges de
11scarce and precious resource., the fisher termine if a law governing an administra
G.W. Bush"
50 ies' lawyer argues, making the r-:MFS's rule tive agency speaks clearly. If it does, judges
Unopposed winner
Reagan* G.H.W. Bush G.W. Bush" • (which was suspended in April 2023) an interpret it themselves and tell the agen
• • • Trump
0
uenormous imposition". Making the fish cies what the law n1eans. But if judges be
I I I ermen foot the bi11 "adds insult to injury". lieve the law is ambiguous, they give bu
1980 88 96 2004 12 20
The rule nevertheless found receptive reaucrats the benefit of the doubt. At this
"Wins pre\ldenttal eledion
Sourr.-s: Des Molries Public I ihr�ry, Nt-w York Timt•s
audiences at two of America's appellate second step, if the court sees the agency's
courts. In allowing the agency to impose interpretation as reasonable-even if it is ..
The Economist January 13th 2024 United States 19
Hospital pass
pretations' of federal statutes" (note the
scare quotes) and thereby straying .. further
and further fron1 the constitution". For Jus
tice Gorsuch, who was railing against Chev
ron when he was still a judge on the 10th
circuit court of appeals, agency deference
is akin to ••judicial abdication".
The plaintiffs in Loper Bright and Relent
less are banking on at least three n1ore jus Joe Biden's disappearing defence secretary
tices keen on reining in the adn1inistrative
state. It n1ay be a good bet. Brett Kava
naugh, two years before he beca1ne a jus
I T JS A busy tilne in the Pentagon. A vital
aid package for Ukraine hangs in the po
litical balance. The war in Gaza threatens
on January 2nd on her holiday in Puerto Ri
co (without being told why, it seems).
General Charles CQ Brown, the chair
11
11
tice, raised critical questions about Chev to spread to Lebanon. America's navy has man of the joint chiefs of staff, who serves
ron in an article in the Harvard Law Review. been blowing up hostile boats in the Red as the president's top military adviser, was
The conservative n1ajority has not invoked Sea. It was thus a particularly awkward inforn1ed on January 2nd-but apparently
Chevron since 2016. The plaintiffs write tin1e for the country's defence secretary to neglected to tell the White House. Con
that the doctrine has been the-case
11 vanish for several days, unbeknown to Joe gressional leaders, who oversee the Penta
which-n1ust-not-be-nan1ed" at the high Biden, An1erica's president, or n1uch of the gon and control its budget, found out only
court for years; the conservative court tnay Pentagon itself. on January 5th, the san1e day as arn1y, navy
see this as the n1on1ent to give Chevron, as Mr Austin. a burly and taciturn retired and air-force chiefs who work under Mr
Justice Gorsuch put it in 2022, "'a ton1b general who has been Mr Biden·s defence Austin. Most of Mr Austin·s staff in the Pen
stone no one can n1iss". secretary for three years, was admitted to tagon were also out of the loop.
Dozens of friend-of-the-court briefs hospital on December 22nd for an elective The nature of Mr Austin's ailn1ent and
urge the justices to do just that: bury-Chev procedure to treat prostate cancer. After ex treatment was not n1ade public until Janu
ron filings outnumber save-Chevron briefs periencing "severe" pain on January 1st, he ary 9th, when Walter Reed hospital pub
by a ratio of four to one. But the in1plica was taken to an intensive-care unit (ICU) in lished details. Mr Biden himself only
tions of ditching the 40-year-old prece Walter Reed hospital in Maryland, a n1ili learned the details earlier that n1orning.
dent are contested. For the plaintiffs, tary facility which treats An1erican troops The hospital said that Mr Austin had never
"Chevron's pri1nary victi n1 is the citizenry" and presidents. For five days he was out of lost consciousness or been placed under
because the approach "'literally gives the action, resuming work from his hospital general anaesthetic during his second stint
tie to their regulators in every close case". bed only on the evening of January 5th. Mr in the facility, and that he was expected to
Not all regulations, though, are as hard Austin left the 1cu on January 8th but is make a full recovery.
to swallow as forcing fishern1en to dole out thought to remain at Walter Reed. The secretary of defence occupies a key
up to a fifth of their profits to an on-board It is not unusual for cabinet secretaries role in America·s government. The formal
observer. Federal agencies, staffed by some to take medical leave. What is strange is the military chain of command runs from the
2.2m civil servants with expertise that 111anner of Mr Austin's vanishing act. Nei president to the secretary of defence, and
judges often lack, protect workplace safety ther his initial treatment nor his complica from there to various commanders who
and respond to natural disasters. They tions were publicly disclosed. More impor oversee a particular area. The secretary
keep aeroplanes and financial markets tant, Mr Biden, the commander-in-chief, also wields some powers delegated by the
aloft . The governn1ent warns that aban Jake Sullivan, the national security adviser, president, such as handling air- and n1is-
doning Chevron-which lower courts con and others in the White House did not sile-defence threats to A1nerica which
tinue to rely on even as the Supreme Court learn he was in hospital until three days might need a prompt response. Mr Austin
has quietly ignored it-would "threaten later. on January 4th. Nor did Kathleen is not formally required for nuclear
settled expectations in virtually every area Hicks, Mr Austin's deputy, despite having launches-Mr Biden has sole legal author
of conduct regulated by federal law". ■ been asked to assun1e some of his duties ity-but in most cases the president would ..
20 United States The Economist January 13th 2024
► consult the defence secretary, among The NRA on trial blocked her effort to disband the NRA, but
On the Wayne
others, in a secure conference call. said she should pursue other avenues as, if
Mr Austin's stint in hospital coincides proven, her allegations tell "a grim story of
with a particularly tumultuous period. On greed, self-dealing, and lax financial over
January 3rd America joined 13 allies in re- sight at the highest levels". The NRA unsuc
leasing a joint statement that hinted at cessfully filed for bankruptcy in Texas. A
possible n1ilitary action against Houthis in judge there ruled that the organisation was
NEW YORK
Yen1en. A day later American forces in Iraq solvent and had filed only to evade mis
A lawsuit in New York may shake up
conducted an air strike against an Iran management allegations in New York.
the National Rifle Association
backed n1ilitia leader there (though CNN The NRA, Mr LaPierre and the other
reported that Mr Austin was .,alert and '' YAYNE's WORLD" is how Monica plaintiffs deny any wrongdoing. Mr La
W
tracking" it). Connell, a lawyer with the New Pierre's lawyer said his client took private
The Pentagon has scrambled to get its York state attorney-general's office, de jets because of death threats. As for the
story straight. The department says that scribed how the National Rifle Associa yacht excursions, well who wouldn't want
Kel1y Magsamen, Mr Austin's chief of staff, tion, better known as the NRA, operated for to go on a yacht? The NRA, for its part, ap
was unable to notify Ms Hicks and Mr Sul decades. On January 8th, during the open peared to be distancing itself from Mr La
livan until January 4th because Ms Magsa ing statement of the state's civil trial Pierre. In her opening staten1ent the
men herself was unwell. Yet American de against the NRA, Wayne LaPierre, who has group's lawyer praised him as a visionary,
4
fence secretaries have arn1ies of staff headed the gun-rights organisation since but also stressed that 'The NRA is not
around them. Nor does this explain why 1991, and two other former and current top Wayne LaPierre."
Mr Austin is said to have told colleagues executives, Ms Connell said, uthis case is The association was founded to in1-
that he was working fron1 hon1e. about corruption". prove n1arksn1anship and training, and lat
The unusual secrecy has provoked both The lawsuit filed by Letitia Jan1es, New er also pron1oted safety. But, in large part
baff1en1ent and anger. The health of cabi York's attorney-general, accuses the NRA'S because of Mr LaPierre, it has morphed
net secretaries tends to be closely scruti leadership of instituting a culture of n1is into a powerful lobby for gun rights. It
nised. Mr Biden's colonoscopy in Noven1- n1anagen1ent and negligence which bene spent millions to help Donald Trun1p get
ber 2021 was publicly disclosed. In June fited themselves, family, friends and cer elected in 2016. But it has struggled with
2022 the Department of Justice gave ad tain vendors, and caused the organisation falling revenue, falling n1en1bership and
vance warning that Merrick Garland, the to lose more than $63111, much of it donat in-fighting.
attorney-general. would undergo a proce ed by gun-owners. The state alleges that Mr Mr LaPierre announced his resignation
dure on his prostate. Mr Austin's failure to LaPierre and the others used NRA n1oney on January 5th, citing health reasons. How
inforn1 the press was "an outrage", wrote on luxury travel, including private jets, and n1uch this will change is unclear. The exec
the Pentagon Press Association, a group of did not declare expensive gifts, including utives who ren1ain are LaPierre loyalists.
journalists, in a letter to the department's African safaris and yacht trips. And, Ms The interin1 head is his spokesperson and
press officials. "The public has a right to Connell said, Mr LaPierre retaliated against one of his closest advisers. But if the � RA
know when us cabinet men1bers are hospi anyone who questioned hin1. Oliver North, loses the suit there is a good chance that
talised," it argued. a fonner NRA president pushed out in 2019, the people who put the organisation into
In a bipartisan staten1ent, the Republi is expected to testify. this position wi 11 be ren1oved by a state
can and Democratic leaders of the House Ms James first filed suit against the NRA overseer. Stephen Gutowski. the founder
Armed Services Committee said that Mr in August 2020, seeking to dissolve it. The of the Reload, an independent publication
Austin needed to answer several questions organisation is chartered by New York focused on firearn1s policy and politics,
as quickly as possible, including on the na state, where it was founded in 1871, in the points to the obvious irony: the lawsuit,
ture of his n1edical problen1 and the reason wake of the civil war. As it is registered as a which started out seeking to disn1antle the
for the delayed notification. Two days lat charity in New York, it is under Ms Jatnes's NRA, n1ay be .. the best chance the NRA has
er, on January 9th, the Republican-con jurisdiction and watchful eye. A judge for surviving". ■
trolled committee launched a formal in
quiry into the episode.
Mr Austin is an intensely private offi
cial, bordering on reclusive. In a statement
on January 6th he offered a half-hearted
apology. 1 also understand the n1edia con
11
Ya got trouble
costs by the end of the year, helped by be
ing a one-won1an show with Jodie Comer,
who starred in the TV series "Killing Eve".
That is typical of successful produc
tions. They either have fa1niliar stars, like
Ben Platt in "Parade", or familiar content,
Ii ke .. Back to the Future: The Musical". Less
TIMES SQUARE
forn1ulaic productions stand little chance.
Broadway is struggling to find its rhythm after the pandemic
The Inheritance", which opened on
11
0
'4Bad Cinderella flopped (much as the
, banites con1e less often. Even New Yorkers a hope of working now."
original production had done in London), fell out of the habit of going to the theatre,
closing after just 85 perforn1ances. And says Megan O'Keefe, a producer, and Come to the cabaret
after 35 years, the chandelier fell on "The Broadway faces stiffer con1petition ... Tele A simple denouen,ent n1ay prove elusive.
Phantom of the Opera" for the final ti111e. vision is really great right now-you can Many in the theatre world are looking for
Higher running costs after the pande1nic get great storytelling in a lot of places." ways to cut costs, for example by sharing
took it to the point of no return. Producers' profitability has also been backstage resources. Others are hoping for
The disappearance of a classic old show hit by rising costs. "Hadestown", which an expansion of state and federal help,
and a prominent new one is part of deeper won eight Tony awards, had an initial in along the lines of a New York state tax cred
troubles facing New York's theatre indus vestment of $11.5111 in 2019. Now, one of the it that awards up to $3m per show. The
try. The Great White Way has been strug producers reckons, it would need to be n1agical answer, of course, would be an
gling with rising costs and smaller audi other sn1ash hit like "Hamilton" or ·'The
ences. Attendance nun1bers are down by Book of Mormon". These shows attract new
17% from before the pandemic (see chart), The show must go on people to the theatre, some of whom catch
and box-office returns were down by 27% United States, Broadway-theatre attendance. m the bug and stick around.
in real terms in 2022-23 compared with Covid-19 15 Many shows are trying to fill that role
2018-19 (theatre seasons start in the sun1- with exclan1ation n1arks, in the case of
mer). The Broadway League, the industry's Gutenberg! The Musical!" (pictured). De
11
trade association, does not expect audi spite the testing climate, a slate of new mu
ences to return to pre-panden1ic levels un sicals are opening this spring. On Broad
ti I next year or even later. way, there's always the hope that some
The health of theatreland is son1ething thing's coming, something good. ■
of a proxy for that of New York City more
broadly. It is an indication of how n1any
tourists and suburbanites have been (i) Listen
drawn back into the razzle-dazzle-and
Yea rs endi g la e ril
how many are big spenders, willing to drop To go behind the scenes on the business of
•Sertes c IMnge from pa id auendance lo total allendallC. e
an average of $160 on a ticket. Mr Times SOurce: The BmactN� I t>aguf'
Broadway, listen to our Money Talks pod
Square, a veteran midtown ticket-seller cast: economist.com/broadway-podcast
22 United States The Economist January 13th 2024
ness, his killer ways but not his loser record. He was a college ath he really celebrates the An1erican drean1," says Stuart Stevens, a
lete, a navy veteran, a former prosecutor and congressman as well Republican consultant who advised Mr Romney and Mr Bush,
as a serving governor. And he was just 44, with a media-savvy wife among others. ·'He's a n1iddle-class guy from Florida, went to Har
and three children. He looked like a winner. On paper. vard, Yale: 'I represent what is possible in America, and I want to
Mr Desantis may yet produce a surprise in the Iowa caucus on n1ake it possible for everyone.' You would have liked that guy."
January 15th. His aides boast of their assiduous door-knocking. Mr Trun1p is now training his fire on a n1ore adept politician,
But polls show him struggling to cling to a distant second place be Nikki Haley. She was also a governor, of South Carolina. She has
hind Mr Trun1p. Mr Desantis may never have had n1uch chance of run a better campaign than Mr Desantis and offered a sunnier con
keeping his early mojo, particularly once Mr Trump's indictments trast to Mr Trump. Yet even that alternative-any alternative-will
rallied Republicans to the forn1er president. Yet lessons can be probably not satisfy today's Republican Party, either. ■
24
The Americas The Economistjanuary13th 2024
Into the maelstrom same day that hooded men storn1ed TC Te
levision, another armed group raided Gua
yaquil University, taking students hostage
and exchanging fire with the police. Mr No
boa then declared an .. internal armed con
flict" and ordered the army to ..neutralise"
some 22 organised crime groups, includ
ing Los Choneros. As The Economist went
The once safe Latin American country is now the continent's deadliest
0 NE OF ECUADOR'S most-watched news
programmes, El Noticiero, was broad
ary 7th, when guards at La Regional prison
in Guayaquil, Ecuador's largest city, disco
to press, armoured cars and soldiers
roamed Ecuador's streets. The gunmen
who stormed the ,v station had been ar
casting live when gunmen stormed the vered that Adolfo Macias, boss of Los Cho rested, but at least ten people had already
studio. Cameras rolled as hooded gang neros, a drug gang, was not in his cell. He been killed.
sters pistol-whipped staff to the floor. They had been serving a 34-year sentence for The roots of this violence start in Co
then strutted on air for 15 minutes, flicking murder and drug-trafficking. Gang mem lombia. Ecuador, particularly its port at
gang signs to stunned viewers and taking bers in prisons across the country began ri Guayaquil, becan1e a n1ore in1portant hub
selfies while waving machetes, dynamite oting as news of his escape spread. Videos for the shipn1ent of cocaine from Peru and
and machineguns. circulated on social media showing gang Colombia after Colombian ports tightened
This thuggery, bean1ed across the coun sters taking prison guards hostage and their security in 2009. Trade had previous
try on the afternoon of January 9th by a shooting then,. Son1e guards were hanged. ly been monopolised by the FARC, a power
state-owned channel, TC Televisi6n, The next day Daniel Noboa, Ecuador's ful Colombian guerrilla group, which kept
shocked Ecuadoreans as mayhem seized president, declared a state of en1ergency violence to a n1inimum. But after the FARC
the country this week. It is the latest, most that is set to last unti I early March, and im signed a peace deal in 2016, most of its
dramatic episode in Ecuador's four-year posed a nightly curfew. He sent the arn1y in n1embers were den1obilised. Local, region
slide into the grip of drug gangs. to take control of the prisons. Gangsters al and international gangs poured in to fill
In 2019 it was one of the safest countries fought back on the streets of cities across the vacuum. Mexican gangs funded Ecua
in Latin America, with a homicide rate of the country, detonating bombs, burning dorean ones. The Albanian mafia expand
6.7 per 100,000. Son1e Ecuadorean sources ed its presence in Ecuador. A rapid influx of
estimate the hon1icide rate in 2023 to have international organised crime was facili
been more than six times that, some 45 per
➔ Also in this section
tated by Ecuador's dollarised economy and
100,000, n1aking their country the deadli 25 Panama has canal woes too by lax visa requiren1ents for foreigners.
est in mainland Latin America. Small-time Ecuadorean gangsters like
26 Hopeful Guatemala
The events were set in motion on Janu- Mr Macias have become kingpins. Los Cho- ..
The Economist January 13th 2024 The Americas 25
► neros and other local gangs are thought to tice. Like his predecessor, he is sending the
have arn1ed themselves with weapons ob army onto the streets and into the prisons. Lower levels
tained from their Mexican patrons in ex And he has called for a referenduni in con1-
change for cocaine shipments. They now ing weeks that would legalise extradition Panama Canal, daily volume of transit trade*
possess n1achineguns. rifles and grenades and enable the assets of suspected crin1i Tonnes, m
that enable them to take on Ecuador's nals to be seized. 2.0
poorly trained arn1ed forces. Son1e of these tactics appear to copy 15
Ecuadorean gangs have generated cash those of Nayib Bukele, the president of El
flow by establishing a lucrative foothold in Salvador, who has put some 2% of the adult 1.0
Europe, where cocaine consun1ption is population behind bars and becon1e one of 0.5
growing. The busiest cocaine-trafficking Latin An1erica's n1ost popular presidents. 0
route in the world today runs fron1 Guaya Yet the challenges faced by the two leaders
2020 21 22 23 24
quil to the port of Antwerp in Belgium, ac are different. The Ecuadorean gangs are far
cording to Chris Dalby of World of Crin1e, n1ore sophisticated than those in El Salva
an investigative outfit based in the Nether dor. And Mr Noboa, who n1ust seek re-elec W t r lev I in ke G un, m tr
lands. Much of this cocaine is packed into tion in 18 n1onths, is far weaker than Mr Bu
shipping containers containing bananas, kele. Despite Mr Bukele's success so far, the
one of Ecuador's biggest exports. Europe's strongn1an approach to Latin An1erican
den1and "has turned Ecuadorean ports into drug gangs has usually failed.
one of the most valuable pieces of infra Mr Noboa must make a cleverer plan.
structure you can control, if you are a drug He shou Id urge his officials to share data
trafficking group in Latin An1erica," says with counterparts elsewhere in the region, I I I I I
Will Freeman of the Council on Foreign Re which does not happen at the n1on1ent, J M A M J J A D
Sotm rs: IMf Pm1W.ll< h:
lations in New York. says Mr Dalby. He should set up a register
Partdma Cdnal Authority •seven-dc1y moving dVPrage
of guns, rebuild the country's feeble anti
Bought and paid for narcotics units and strengthen co-opera
That cash lets gangs buy off prison guards. tion with the United States, which has of cial year, about 3% of GDP. Politicians in
Mr Macias and other gang leaders have fered to help. And he n1ust bolster the several other countries with both Paci fie
turned perhaps a quarter of Ecuador's 36 state's presence along the border with Co and Atlantic coastlines are either building
prisons into their headquarters, from lon1bia and in Guayaquil. Without all this, or n1ulling infrastructure projects that
which they organise attacks and recruit going to war with Ecuador's newly en1po n1ight lure traffic and revenue away fron1
new 1nen1bers. Mr Macias escaped just be wered gangs is Iikely to prove futile. ■ Pana1na. The most viable alternatives are
fore he was due to be transferred to a n1ore by land, with containers unloaded fron1
secure unit in the prison con1plex. He n1ust ships onto trains or lorries at one port and
have been tipped off by corrupt officials. Shipping carried cross-country before being reload
Dire straits
Corruption of that sort is rife. In 2023 ed onto a ship on the other side.
police began investigating several govern Mexico's Interoceanic Corridor (CIIT) is
n1ent officials for links with the Albanian the closest to con1pletion. It has been dis
n1afia. Months later the n1ain suspect was cussed for decades but is finally being built
found dead. In 2022 25 air-force officials as part of President Andres Manuel Lopez
were punished for sabotaging radar equip Obrador's infrastructure plan. Its n1ain
n1ent that was n1onitoring the activity of challenge is to n1odernise a 3ookn1 railway
The dwindling of the Panama Canal
drug gangs in Ecuadorean air space. that runs across southern Mexico, fron1 the
may boost rival trade routes
Anyone who stands up to the drug Pacific to the Atlantic coast. The ports at ei
gangs and their corrupt networks is at risk.
Last August Fernando Villavicencio, a pres
idential candidate and forn1er investiga
I T HAS BEEi':an unhappy new year in the
world's busiest shipping lanes. Houthi
rebels began attacking vessels passing into
ther end-Coatzacoalcos and Salina Cruz
are being revan1ped. Most of the railway
has been built; passenger services have be
tive journalist, was assassinated 11 days be the Red Sea through the Bab al-Mandab gun. Work on the ports has not been fin
fore the election after he threatened to take Strait in early Decen1ber. Trade volumes ished, delaying the start of coast-to-coast
down the gangs. On January 5th Fabricio through the Suez Canal dropped by 40% as freight travel. Mexico's governn1ent plans
Colon Pico, a leader of Los Lobos, a rival ships diverted around southern Africa. to launch the c1 IT's second and third rail
gang to Los Choneros, was arrested alleg Trade through the Panan1a canal, the sec Ii nes later this year.
edly for plotting to ki 11 Diana Salazar, Ecua ond-busiest man-made shipping lane, has Other competition against Panan1a is
dor's attorney-general. She had been inves also dipped by 30% since Noven1ber. n1ore of a drean1. Colon1bia's president,
tigating links between drug traffickers and But while the Suez's problen1s are geo Gustavo Petro, wants to run a railway
civil servants. In December she ordered the political, those in Pana1na are climatic. The through the northern province of Choc6,
arrest of 31 people, including judges, prose lakes that feed the canal are drying up, connecting the Pacific port of Buenaventu
cutors and policemen. Mr Col6n Pico man thanks to annual droughts that n1ay be ra to the Caribbean. The country's National
aged to escape fron1 jail just four days after worsening as the clin1ate warn1s. The se Infrastructure Agency is working on the
his arrest. ries of locks connecting the Atlantic Ocean scheme, but there is scant detail beyond a
After campaigning on less controver to the Pacific via Gatun Lake are close to the map with a line connecting both coasts,
sial issues, Mr Noboa, who took office in point of being too shallow to let the largest posted on the president's X (formerly Twit
Noven1ber, has taken an iron fist to the container ships through. ter) account. On the Caribbean side it is un
gangs. He has announeed that two new Other Latin An1erican governn1ents spy clear at which port the railway will end.
maximum-security prisons will be built; opportunity. In norn1al times the canal car The other big projects are roads. The
declared gangs to be terrorist organisa ries about 5% of global maritime trade. And Capricorn Bioceanic Corridor is a dual-car
tions; and warned that officials who col it is Iucrative, generating $2.5bn for the riage highway through Bolivia, Brazi I, Ar
laborate with then, will be brought to jus- Panan1anian treasury in the 2022-23 finan- gentina, Paraguay and Chile, roughly on ..
26 The Americas The Economist January 13th 2024
► the Tropic of Capricorn. Though at Central America objective is to make the democratic rnodel
2,250km it is too Jong to compete directly sufficiently attractive," says San1uel Perez,
with the Panan1a Canal for global shipping,
it may be a useful alternative for Latin
Shiny new model? a Sen1illa lawmaker. UThat means results to
improve people's lives." But within his par
American trade with Asia. The corridor is ty some disagree over how much to con1-
already partly buiIt, thanks to multilateral promise its ideals to get things done.
funds. Sergio Diaz-Granados, the head of Mr Arevalo will have to be pragmatic.
GUATEMALA CITY
CAF, a regional development bank, is con Semilla won only 23 of 160 seats in Con
Guatemala's new president has good
fident it will be completed, calling it one of gress and will eschew corrupt practices of
intentions. But he faces an uphill task
today's greatest opportunities for trade and the past, such as handing lucrative con
services in Latin An1erica.
Several maritime alternatives to the
Panama Canal have also been n1ooted.
C ENTRAL AMERICA is a laboratory for
systems of governn1ent, few of them
good. The Iikes of Costa Rica and Panama
tracts to its supporters. Alvaro Arzu, an op
position congressman, says there is room
for negotiation to pass laws, for instance
They are n1ore speculative than land have real if messy democracies. Nicaragua on health services. But n1any lawn1akers
routes. Nicaragua wants to bui]d its own suffers under Daniel Ortega, a dictator, and will refuse to co-operate.
canal, despite huge costs and con1plexity; El Salvador is becon1ing more autocratic Things in Guatemala are so dire that
an earlier attempt backed by a Hong Kong under a populist strongman, Nayib Bukele. even sn1all changes should make a differ
construction firn1 failed. The same warm Honduras and Guaten1ala have been deep ence. "Think filling in potholes rather than
ing clin1ate that is making the Panama Ca ly corrupt. Hence the enthusiasm for Ber building a double-decker road," suggests
nal less viable is also melting ice in the Ca nardo Arevalo, a bona fide democrat, who Edgar Ortiz of the Liberty and Development
nadian Arctic. So the Northwest Passage-a is to be sworn in as Guatemala's president Foundation, a local think-tank. Alejandro
sea route skirting Canada's Arctic coast on January 14th. Gian1n1attei, the departing president, has
might become viable. A 65-year-old forn1er academic and am strengthened presidential power, so Mr
Land-based alternatives may be more bassador to Spain, Mr Arevalo pledges to Arevalo can lean on executive fiat. He may
realistic. They are cheaper, less risky and restore democracy, which has long been need to be showy. Mr Perez points to the
easier to finance. But projects like CIIT may ailing in Central America's most populous popularity of a new library in El Salvador
still struggle to entice cargo away fron1 the country. Mr Arevalo and his party, Sen1illa, paid for by China. Such things get noticed.
Panan1a Canal. The largest vessels that go have made a range of promises that broadly Mr Arevalo is unlikely to match Mr Bu
through it can carry 14,000 containers. fall into two baskets: cleaning up the state kele's popularity. His win in Guatemala
Mexico's government accurately reckons to make it more democratic and inclusive: was .. a glitch in the n1atrix", says Mr Ortiz.
that the coast-to-coast raiI journey wiII be and in1provi ng services, such as education, He was I ucky in the second-round vote to
quicker than passing through the canal. health care and infrastructure. run against a candidate who had failed in
But it neglects to mention that the trains' Many pundits hope that Guaten1ala can three previous bids. The United States'
capacity and the speed at which they can be set a new trend, in contrast to the Ii kes of support n1ay be lin1ited to anti-corruption.
loaded and unloaded mean that the overall Mr Bukele, who is easily Latin America's Mobilising the street will be harder once in
rate of goods' transit between the two n1ost popular politician and role n1odel. office. .,We are not 100% behind Arevalo,"
oceans will be much slower than the canal. Mr Arevalo has had an outpouring of sup says Luis Pacheco, an indigenous leader.
Moreover, Niels Rasn1ussen, chief ship port, both at hon1e and abroad. Civil soci "The idea was to defend our den1ocracy
ping analyst at Bimco, an industry associa ety, led by the country's large indigenous and elections." Lester Ramirez, a Hand u
tion, says that carrying cargo by train or population, took to the streets in the face ran researcher, says: "'Guatemala's demo
road has big snags. Most shippers would of attempts by a political, military and ju cratic resilience is impressive. But there's a
prefer to rack up extra mi1es on other n1ar dicial cabal known as .. the pact of the cor social fatigue after the vote." He reckons
itin1e routes than to deal with the hassle of rupf' to stop Mr Arevalo fron1 taking office. that people see election day as the n1on1ent
unloading and reloading. And if push To prove hin1self Mr Arevalo wi 11 need to e1nbrace democracy. But afterwards they
con1es to shove, n1any wouId probably to ··go beyond good intentions", says Edgar just want results, however achieved, and
prefer existing routes across the United Gutierrez, a former foreign minister. ··our thus often prefer a strongman.■
States to untested road alternatives in
Latin America.
That does not mean that ideas for new
routes should be ignored. The Capricorn
Bioceanic Corridor will bring a much
needed upgrade to South An1erica's road
networks and should spur exports, espe
cially intra-regional trade, which is often
pitifully thin. Mexico's plans may also gain
a boost fron1 nearshoring, as it is well
placed to take advantage of efforts to short
en supply chains and move them away
fron1 China.
As for global trade, new land routes may
end up complementing rather than com
peting with the Panama Canal. Circum
stances n1ay occasionally clog up the Suez
and Panama Canals, as tension rises in the
Middle East and drought worsens in Pana
ma. In this "perfect storm.. says Mr Ras
mussen, imperfect alternative land routes
would be a lot better than nothing at all. ■ Arevalo needs clever handiwork
27
The Belt and Road in South-East Asia the West are concerned.
Better Renegotiate It
First, though Mr Xi n1ay have hoped Belt
and Road would be a strategic means to
further China's influence in South-East
Asia, no grand plan is apparent. Rather,
Chinese state-owned firn1s suffering fron1
overcapacity at hon1e often rushed to n1ake
n1oney in the region, with diverse results.
JAKARTA AND PUTRAJAYA
Second, South-East Asian countries have
China's big infrastructure play is having some underappreciated effects in Asia
not only grown more cautious over their
► strong financial principies." na-backed hydropower dams on the Me projects without incurring its wrath, in
Many of the projects announced never kong river are dan1aging a unique biome cluding in the forn1 of economic sanctions.
broke ground. Even so, China has lavished and in1peri Iii ng the liveIihoods of n1iIIions As Tony Pua, a Malaysian forn1er politician
tens of billions of dollars in financial sup of fishers and farmers. who served in the finance ministry, puts it:
port, econon1ic assistance and concession Yet just as B RI projects reflect the agen We cannot go out there and condemn Chi
11
ary lending on South-East Asia in the past da of local elites more than Chinese priori na, because there'll quickly be no more
decade, with Indonesia getting the biggest ties, so BRJ recipients retain leverage over Chinese tourists con1ing to Malaysia. We'll
share. On top of that come infrastructure China when projects hit the buffers. Take be screwed not just econon1ica1ly. We'lI be
and other investments on commercial Malaysia's East Coast Railway Line (ECRL), screwed with our own ethnic-Chinese
tern1s-including n1ost of the flagship BRI connecting its western ports with the rela voters who are partial to China."
projects blessed by China's central govern tively undeveloped east coast. Its initial Yet South-East Asian countries increas
ment. According to Maybank, a Malaysian cost, allegedly, was grossly inflated so that ingly do say no to deals they don't like.
bank, investment from China to South n1illions of dollars could be siphoned off to They also seek investments that better re
East Asian con1n1ercial projects averaged plug gaps in Mr Najib's tMDB. After his fall, flect new priorities, such as climbing up
$27.9bn a year between 2015 and 2019. It fell says Malaysia's transport n1inister, Antho the n1anufacturing value chain. Take Ma
to less than $11bn in 2021, before recovering ny Lake, Malaysia successfully demanded laysia. Its government invited a Chinese
to $18.6bn in 2022. That post-panden1ic re that Chinese counterparts cut the project's carn1aker, Geely, to turn around a strug
covery in ASEAN contrasts with a contin price by 3oo/o, raise the involvement of Ma gling national carmaker, Proton, which re
ued slump in BRI investn1ent elsewhere. laysian firn1s and share the risk by jointly cently agreed to a $1obn investn1ent. It
Within ASEAN, the record is mixed. running the ECRL once in operation. lured Huawei, China's telecoms giant, to
Cambodia and impoverished Laos, small launch regional operations in the country.
countries beholden to China, have en1- Bridges to batteries Chinese steel firms are setting up at indus
braced BRJ n1ost unquestioningly. Viet With the possible exception of Laos, which trial parks jointly n1anaged by Malaysian
nan1, long wary of its giant neighbour, has has loans to Chinese entities equivalent to and Chinese entities. Malaysia wants n1ore
largely avoided it, preferring engagement 65% of GDP, talk of China pursuing "debt Chinese investment in everything from e
through trade. In Indonesia President Joko trap diplon1acy" in South-East Asia is exag con1n1erce to renewable energy. Its a1nbi
Widodo, known as Jokowi, has used BRI to gerated. Indeed, Chinese con1panies and tion, says Yeah Kin, Leng, an econon1ist, is
pron1ote his own econon1ic agenda, in banks are often pressed to renegotiate ex to be ASEAN's main production hub.
cluding a high-speed railway from Jakarta, isting deals on less favourable tern1s. Chi Other ASEAN members have si n1ilar
the capital, to Bandung, and building a na has meanwhile quietly acknowledged hopes for Chinese involvement-includ
nickel-processing industry from scratch. that having too n1any dodgy projects has ing Indonesia in Evs and Thailand in re
The Philippines and Malaysia have had harn1ed its reputation. Even the tern1 ··eelt newable energy. Invest111ents in such areas
troubled engagen1ents with B RI. and Road" is now on1itted fron1 the signage may not be labelled e RI. Still, a decade's ex
Though the previous Philippine presi of many Chinese-backed schen1es. perience of it has not dimmed ASEAN's ap
dent, Rodrigo Duterte, welcon1ed BRI in A decade's experience of Belt and Road petite for co-operation with China. Con
vestn1ents, they have done little for the has n1ade South-East Asian countries wary trary to what n1any China hawks n1aintain,
country's development, and brought in of criticising China in public. Neither can the legacy of Belt and Road in South-East
their wake a large illegal online-gan1bling they easily criticise or cancel signature Asia looks to be deep and enduring. ■
industry don1inated by Chinese expatri
ates. The current president, Ferdinand
Women's ( in}justice in India
"Bongbong" Marcos, has cancelled three
BRI infrastructure projects and signed no After Bilkis Bano was raped during riots study illustrates. By tracking 418,190
new ones. As for Malaysia, its engagen1ent in Gujarat in 2002, it took India's legal police complaints in Haryana, a northern
with Belt and Road went awry when Chi system six years to convict the Muslim state, between 2015 and 2018, it shows
nese state banks and construction firms woman's assailants. Fourteen years into that complaints from women were likelier
helped the corrupt then prime minister, their life sentences, they were released to be delayed and dismissed by the police
Najib Razak, cover up his bilking of a Ma by order of the state's Hindu nationalist than complaints from men. The
laysian state investment vehicle, 1MDB, for government. On January 8th the Supreme disparities extend to the courts, where
which he is now jailed. Court deemed that remission illegal. female-filed cases go most slowly.
Despite these intra-As EAN differences, Indian justice is indeed tilted against Defendants are less likely to be convicted
broad conclusions can be drawn, contra women to an appalling degree-as a new when accused by a woman than a man.
dicting both the Belt and Road's biggest
boosters and its detractors. Certainly, the
Thumb on the scales
bigger the project, the bigger the risks. To
Haryana, India, justice outcomes*, by gender of complainant Cases: • Violence against women • Other
political leaders, the advantage of BR I is
no-strings investment and speed: quick
access to Chinese finance, know-how and Registration durationt , days Investigation duration, days
construction gangs. But large-scale pro 0 25 50 7S 100 125 150 0 25 50 7S 100 125 150
jects require scrupulous n1anagement and Male Male
risk analysis-which BRJ does not come Female Female
with. Jokowi's high-speed train, cleverly
branded as the Whoosh and opened late Duration in court, days Conviction rate, %
last year, was a pet presidential project that
did not even feature in Indonesia's trans Male
J\,- 250
•
275 300 325 350 375 400
Male
0 5 10 15 20
port master plan. Little was done in the
way of in1pact assessn1ents. At $7.3bn, the Female • Female
Source; "D� victim gender matter for justice detivety? Police and judi(ial respo�s *418,190 police files from Jan 2015--Nov 2018
train ran wiIdly over budget. It wi 11 never to womPn's {.aS5 in hy N. J�I, Amf'riaJn Policil al Sdl't1tf• � t0ays tM•twt'<"n 1x�i(l' filing �r11j irn ld,•nt
pay for itself. In Can1bodia and Laos, Chi-
The Economist January 13th 2024 Asia 29
South Asian geopolitics Mr Modi. .. There is a sense of 'look what Bangladesh's election
► Turnout was sluggish, with n1any poll- with the previous election in 2018, in pressures, the prime minister's develop
ing stations across the country reported to which some 80% of eligible voters took n1ent record ren1ains strong. She has the
be deserted. Many people eligible to vote part. That election, though marred by alle support of China, India and Russia, all of
told reporters they saw no point in doing gations of widespread ballot-box stuffing, which were quick to congratulate her on
so, given that they had little choice of can was not boycotted by the opposition. her victory. An1erica and the EU said the
didates. Shortly after polls closed an offi Despite this farce of a poll, there is un election was not free and fair and cal1ed on
cial from the election con1mission told a likely to be 111uch in1n1inent resistance to the governn1ent to investigate irregular
press conference that turnout was 28%, be Sheikh Hasina's increasingly iron-fisted ities. Yet they are wary of alienating a big
fore swiftly correcting hin1self and saying rule. The BNP is ill placed to recover fron1 Asian country that is already close to Chi
it was 40% (on January 8th the election the recent crackdown; its ailing leader, na. They are also big custon1ers of Bangla
co111n1ission announced an official turn Khaleda Zia, Sheikh Hasina's n1ain rival, is deshi gan11ents, the country's biggest ex
out of 41.8%). Local observers considered languishing under house arrest after being port. January 7th was a bad day for Bangla
the lower number more plausible. Either convicted of corruption. Moreover, despite desh's democracy. It was another good day
way, it represented a big drop compared recent high inflation and other economic for South Asia's iron lady. ■
Prabowo's to lose
Electoral victory for the controversial former general would set back reformasi
Getting soft
its war against graft in all domains. But it
was far from total: the campaign remains
••grim and complex", Mr Xi said at the just
concluded gathering in the capital. That
has been a comn1on official refrain sinee
the purported triun1ph was achieved.
Within the P LA the war has reignited.
Xi Jinping is struggling to stamp out graft in the armed forces. Will it
Accarding to Bloomberg, an An1eri can
affect their fighting ability?
news service, the purge has toppled n1ore
► forces to be capable of invading Taiwan by Mr Xi's shake-up of the armed forces potential opposition to his rule fron1 with
2027, the centenary of the PLA's founding. has included raising the status of its anti in the armed forces. Many of those officers
He is not expected to relax in that effort. corruption agency. In 2016 the Pl.A's graft appeared to have been singled out because
State media suggest that a milestone will busters began copying the way their civil of their loyalty to his predecessors, whom
be reached this year with sea trials of Chi ian counterparts operate by sending teams he viewed as rivals.
na's third aircraft-carrier, the Fujian-the into military units to look for corruption. But Mr Xi is still troubled by what he
country's largest such vessel as well as the Mr Xi has also stepped up political educa sees as potential threats to his rule. ln his
first one entirely of Chinese design. But if tion among the troops, hoping that earnest speech at the anti-graft n1eeting, he said
Mr Xi believes that corrupt ion is truly rife study of Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthen that "breaking free fron1 the historical cy
in the PLA, he n1ay think twice about send ing the Military, as his teachings are offi cle" should be viewed as a ..strategic goal".
ing it on such a hugely an1bitious n1ission, cially known, would help in1prove their This was a reference to one of his preoccu
especially given the difficulties faced by behaviour. Stay absolutely loyal to Mr Xi pations: the fall of great en1pires as a result
Russia's army. It had a lot more fighting ex and the party is the essence of soldiers' fre of rot. Throughout history, many armies
11
perience than China's when it invaded Uk quent study sessions. (Whether these with remarkable n1ilitary achievements ul
raine. China has not fought a war since a tin1e-consun1ing classes get in the way of tin1ately fell victin1 to corruption and were
brief one with Vietna1n in 1979. training men to fight is something Mr Xi brought down. This must serve as a warn
appears not to question.) ing," said a screed on Mr Xi's military
Ready, aim, fired There is little sign that recent ill-disci thinking that was published last year on
In a war with Taiwan, the Rocket Force pli ne involves any direct challenge to his the defence ministry's website. It is clear
would play a big role, both in mounting leadership. With his round-up of generals that some officers are not studying their
missile attacks against the island and in a decade ago, Mr Xi seems to have stifled textbooks hard enough. ■
trying to keep An1erica at bay. The recent
purge began in July with the replacen1ent
of its comn1ander, General Li Yuchao, his China and Taiwan
Trading threats
number two, General Liu Guangbin, and
the force's political con1missar, General Xu
Zhongbo. A former deputy con1n1ander of
the force, General Zhang Zhenzhong, was
also dismissed. In December nine senior
officers were expelled from the country's
rubber-stan1p legislature, the National
TAIPEI
People's Congress. They included Generals
China heaps pressure on Taiwan ahead of a big election
Li and Zhang as well as three others Iinked
to the Rocket Force.
The reasons are obscure. It is widely
speculated that possible wrongdoing has
T HERE 1s NO doubt which party the Chi
nese governn1ent favours in Taiwan's
presidential and legislative elections on
"prosperity and recession" and between
"peace and war", say Chinese officials.
The people of Taiwan see things differ
included the leaking of secrets about the January 13th. Officials in Beijing see the rul ently. They want neither recession nor war,
force as well as corruption. Bloon1berg, cit ing Den1ocratic Progressive Party (OPP), but according to opinion polls. a plurality
ing the An1erican intelligence, says graft in which takes a defiant stance towards Chi favours Lai Ching-te, the DP P's candidate,
the Rocket Force has led to n1issiles being na, as a gang of separatists standing in the to be their next president (the rest of the
filled with water instead of fuel and the way of Taiwan's unification with the n1ain vote is split between Hou Yu-ih of the KMT
n1alfunctioning of lids covering missile si land. The Kuomintang (KMT) party, on the and Ko Wen-je of the Taiwan People's Par
los in western China. other hand, is much more friendly towards ty). China is not happy. On January 1st it re
When Mr Xi took power in 2012, the China. The island faces a choice between imposed tariffs on 12 petrochen1ical pro
arn1ed forces were rife with corruption. Se ducts that had been covered under a cross
nior military posts were being sold for hef strait trade deal, the Econon1ic Co-opera
ty sun1s. They were worth it: holders could tion Fran1ework Agreen1ent (EC FA).
rake in money, such as by taking bribes In the days ahead of recent Taiwanese
from military contractors or doing deals elections China acted with restraint, fear
with private businesses involving PLA ing that any use of the stick n1ight cause
land. Mr Xi was ferocious in his attacks on voters to flock to the DPP. Voters have done
the PI.A's corrupt .. tigers". Dozens of gener so anyway. Tsai Ing-wen of the DPP won the
als were purged, among them two retired last two presidential elections (term limits
ones who had served as the n1ost senior now require her to step down). So this year
uniforn1ed officials in the army, Guo Box China has changed tactics. Though it ac
iong and Xu Caihou. Mr Guo is now serving cuses the DPP of hyping the threat of war
a life sentence. Xu died of cancer before a for electoral gain, China has been sending
trial could get under way. It is striking that, warplanes over the Taiwan Strait and
after so n1uch effort by Mr Xi to clean up spreading disinforn1ation on the island.
the PLA, high-level graft persists. The new trade restrictions seen1 aimed at
showing Taiwan the economic conse
We are hiring a correspondent to strengthen our
quences of electing the DPP.
China coverage. Candidates should be willing to be The ECFA, signed in 2010, is one of n1any
based in mainland China. A knowledge of econon1ic carrots offered by China to past
geopolitics and economics is helpful. Applicants KMT governments in the hope of bringing
should send a cv. a cover letter and an unpublished
article of Goo words suitable for publication in The
Taiwan closer to the n1ainland. By far the
Economist to ch inaw riter,� economist.com. The
1 most significant, the deal covers 539 Tai
deadline is February 23rd 2024- Feeling hounded wanese products and 167 Chinese goods, ..
The Economist January 13th 2024 China 33
China
30 F OREIGN SPIES are lurking everywhere!
So says the Chinese government.
Officials were ruffled by the ciA·s clain1,
Other n1oves by the govern1nent have
added to the febrile atmosphere. In 2015
officials set up a hot Iine that ordinary
20
n1ade last year, that it was rebuilding its citizens could use to report their suspi
10 spy networks in China a decade after cions. S0111e local governn1ents offer big
most of its sources disappeared. But rewards for tips on espionage cases.
0
China's reaction seen1s defined n1ore by China established an annual National
2000 05 10 15 20 23
paranoia than vigilance. The national Security Education Day years ago.
•�connrnk Co opNaU011 I ramvwork Agrt-rrm•ril t1 xd. Chlnd
Source; MinMry of Flnaoce
intelligence agency, the Ministry of State Though, according to the MSS, publica
Security (Mss), wants the entire pop tion of the co111ic was timed to coincide
ulation to be on the lookout for spies. with Police Day on January 10th.
► along with a range of services, while out To i1nprove public awareness, the To son1e Chinese, the con1ic is a
lining a path to a full free-trade agreement. ministry has launched an online con1ic worthwhile piece of propaganda. One of
The DPP opposed it at the time, seeing it as strip called "Shenyin Special Investiga the country's best-known nationalist
a step towards unification. (An argun1ent tion Squad". It will feature heart-pound comn1entators, Hu Xijin, wrote on social
over the deal even led to a fight in the legis ing action, say China's spooks. The first n1edia that the security services should
lature.) Since coming to power, though, the instalment, released on January 7th, speak 111ore about the threat of espionage
party has not scrapped it. shows the capture and interrogation of a and highlight the cases they've cracked.
But it has also not engaged in negotia blond-haired n1an, seen1ingly foreign, But he also warned that they shouldn't go
tions with China to lower trade barriers who is suspected of breaking the coun too far, lest China cut itself off fron1 the
erected by previous Taiwanese govern try's counter-espionage law. world. That, he said, would be like not
11
n1ents (these ain1ed to protect small and It also introduces the n1en1bers of the eating for fear of choking".
mediun1-sized businesses). China insists Shenyin tean1. An1ong them are a tech
that the rein1position of tariffs on petro geek nan1ed A Zhe (he wears glasses and
chen1ical products was in response to enjoys bubble tea) and a 111artial-arts
those barriers, which it expected to be lift whizz nan1ed Dan Dan (she is a long
ed. Chinese officials, though, have under haired police officer). An agent nan1ed
cut their own argun1ent by saying that any Lao Tan has 20 years of experience in the
negotiation over trade issues 111 ust begin field of security and an unspecified set of
with the opp's recognition of the "1992 con skills (one imagines they are very partic
sensus", an agreen1ent between the n1ain ular, a night111are for certain people).
land and the KMT government at the tin1e The first instaln1ent ends with the
that there is "one China" with n1ultiple in tean1 investigating suspicious activity in
terpretations. Ms Tsai does not accept that the Xishan n1ining area. According to the
there is such a consensus and has called on MSS, the story is inspired by actual coun
China to refrain fro1n using the ECFA as a ter-espionage cases.
political weapon. She wants the dispute re The intelligence agency is working
solved at the World Trade Organisation. hard to help "the seeds of national secu
So far China's actions are having little rity to take root and sprout" in the minds
economic in1pact. The 12 restricted items of young people. Last year it joined We
account for a tiny proportion of Taiwan's Chat, a popular n1essaging app, where it
total exports to China. But things could get shares stories of devious foreign spies at
worse. China is n1ulling whether to do work. Now it is creating con1ics. But such
away with other portions of the ECFA-and propaganda efforts, with their predict
perhaps the whole thing. able thernes and lack of subtlety, are
That would be in keeping with a trend. usually n1et with indifference-or even
For years the econon1ic ties between Tai derision-fro111 the intended audience.
wan and the n1ainland have been fraying. Still, the con1ic strip serves a purpose,
For n1ost of the past decade China was the reinf arcing the in1pression that any
top destination for Taiwanese investment, interaction between Chinese people and
but that is not the case today. The island's foreigners will be viewed with suspicion
trade with China, as a percentage of its to by the governn1ent. Last year it expanded
tal, is also shrinking (see chart). the counter-espionage law, banning the
Still, China ren1ains Taiwan's biggest transfer of information related to securi
export market. Messrs Hou and Ko there ty and national interests, which it did not
fore hope to build on the ECFA. Mr Lai is not define. The Eu ropean Cha1nber of Con1-
interested. He wants to do n1ore to lessen n1erce in China cited uncertainty over
Taiwan's reliance on the Chinese market. If the scope of the law as one reason why its
he wins, the two econon1ies will probably men1bers were losing confidence in
move further apart, while the prospects of China's business environment. A break in the case
peaceful unification dim. ■
34 China The Economist January 13th 2024
ries of boon, years when ordinary Chinese could transforn1 their hope, filled with new experiences, said a 50-year-old won1an. She
fates with a lot of luck, good connections and hard work. sighed: "'We were lucky that we were born in a good age." In her
At the san1e tin1e, the show's endorsen1ent by governn1ent n1e view, life is very different now, and n1ore stressful. Asked why, she
dia is revealing about the hopes and fears of the country's rulers. replied that it is ''hard to talk openly" about this. "There are so
This official e1nbrace is rather tactical and forward-looking. Boost n1any reasons, political factors, an1ong n1any others:·
erish coverage of the dran,a is in line with a broader campaign by Young fans sounded n1ore wistful than cross. For two fen1ale
party leaders to cheer up Chinese consun1ers, whose post-pan students, a lesson of the series is that there were n1ore opportuni
demic caution is one reason why the economy is in a funk. Party ties to n1ove up in the world in the 1990s than now. A 25-year-old
newspapers credit the drama with sparking a measurable surge in man had travelled from Hangzhou, an hour away by train, to take
Shanghai hotel and restaurant bookings. Arguably, a show whose pictures of Huanghe Road. The series 111ay inspire son1e viewers to
stars are heroic entrepreneurs also aligns with current official ef start businesses, he enthused. Alas, capitalis1n is all about timing,
forts to reassure China's private sector. Business types have been he went on. Some may feel they have missed their n1on1ent.
battered by heavy-handed regulation in recent years and left feel Still, China's entrepreneurs should not becon1e cocky about be
ing generally unloved. ing cast as on-screen heroes. "Blosson1s Shanghai" 111ay be a run
The hero is A Bao, a forn1er factory worker shown n1aking and away success, but at n1oments in early January the n1ost-watched
almost losing a fortune on the stockmarket and in domestic and show on state TV was a documentary series about officials corrupt
foreign trade. He is guided by an old n1an whose counsel runs ed by business interests. Back when China first embraced market
fron1 business strategy to the right cut for a three-piece suit. ("It reforms, party leaders declared: "To get rich is glorious." In the Xi
has to be British-woven. pure wool," the sage sternly instructs a lo- era, the lure of n1oney ren1ains distinctly dangerous. ■
Middle East & Africa The Economistjanuary13th 2024 35
But logistics are part of the problem and speed make this crisis unprecedent-
39 Africa's new cities
and the solution. Israel expects the UN to ed," he says. ..
36 Middle East & Africa The Economist January 13th 2024
► In interviews in recent weeks, dis- na, on the border between Israel and Egypt. side of Gaza," says Tania Hari, the director
placed Palestinians in Rafah, at Gaza's bor to be inspected by Israeli authorities. Then of Gisha, an Israeli NGO that lobbies for the
der with Egypt, said they receive 1neagre ra it drove back to Raf ah. Last n1onth, under free moven1ent of goods and people into
tions from aid agencies: a family might get American pressure, Israel said inspections the strip. .,Today there is almost no produc
a tin of beans for the day. Markets n1ight could take place at Keren1 Sha10111, a border tion to speak of, no agriculture, no fishing."
have some ton1atoes and aubergines, but point between Israel and Gaza that was the Israeli officials insist that there is plen
few staples-and when they are available, 111ain pre-war crossing for comn1ercial ty of unused capacity for extra lorries at
they are unaffordable. A sack of flour costs goods. Still, even with a second crossing. Nitzana and Keren1 Shalom: if the UN
ten times more than it did before the war. deliveries are far short of the 500 to 600 wants to bring more aid to Gaza, it can. Aid
Gazans fortunate enough to have sav lorries a day that entered Gaza before the workers call that disingenuous, uas if we
ings cannot get hold of the1n. One n1an re war. "And that was in a situation where you can just wave a n1agic wand and 111ake
counts a day spent in queues at six ATMS, also had food production happening in- n1ore trucks appear", says one.
all of which ran out of cash before he
reached the 111. En1ployees fron1 the Bank of
Palestine have run risky 111issions to re
plenish a handful of ATMS in the south, us
ing banknotes fron1 vaults in the north. But
The dream of a continental crossroads
the financial sector, like everything else in
TEL AVIV
Gaza, has mostly stopped functioning.
If only there were peace, Gaza could be a link to everywhere
The I PC has three criteria for declaring a
fan1ine: 20QA, of the population must be son1e n1ilitary use) includes fridges,
starving; 30% of children n1ust be severely water filters and apparently even lava
n1alnourished; and two people out of tory seats. Egypt is an1bivalent too. It
10,000 be dying daily due to hunger. Gaza fears the prospect of Gazans spilling into
n1eets the first criterion. Aid agencies say Egypt if the gates are opened too wide.
they cannot assess the other two because Gaza was once a hub with spokes
the health systen1 has been destroyed. linking Europe, Asia and Africa. Its an
Minutes away fron1 Gaza, just across cient port of Anthedon (Tida, as Palestin
the border in Israel, there is a Western-lev ians call it) dates back to the Phoenicians
el health systen1 and there are no shortages 3,000 years ago. Hellenistic remains sti11
of food. The desperate conditions in Gaza poked out of the sands before Israel's
are not an inevitable by-product of war; recent bo1nbard111ent. Until 1948 it host
they are in part the result of political deci ed a railway linking Cairo to Dan1ascus. It
sions n1ade by the Israeli governn1ent. had one of the Middle East's first air
For the first two weeks of the war Israel ports. But for the past 75 years occupa-
let nothing into the enclave, which forced t ion by Egypt and then Israel, with a
businesses and fan1ilies to deplete stocks blockade for two decades, has all but cut
of food, n1edicine and other essentials. On the old junction off fron1 the world.
October 21st it began allowing goods to Efforts to revive its transport links
flow via the Rafah crossing with Egypt (an have repeatedly run aground. In 1993 the
agreen1ent with the Palestinian Authority Oslo peace accords between Israel and
in 2005 requires Israel to consent to such
deliveries). Lorries have entered aln1ost
every day since then, fro111 a low of eight on
F OR TWO weeks RFA Lyme Bay sai)ed
around the Mediterranean, waiting to
land. Its shallow botton1 111ade it perfect
the Palestinian Liberation Organisation
pron1ised a seaport. But Israeli restric -
tions on construction goods slowed
October 25th to a high of 300 on Noven1ber for dun1pi ng en1ergency supplies onto progress. Israel bon1bed it-and a reno
28th, during a week-long ceasefire meant the sands. On board were almost 90 vated airport-during the intifada (u pris
to facilitate the release of Israeli and for tonnes of shelters, blankets and n1edi ing) that lasted fron1 2000 to 2004. In
eign hostages held in Gaza. cine, approved by Israel for entry into 2005 Israel agreed to an A111erican-bro
Until recently, each lorry had to drive Gaza. Israel's then foreign n1inister, Eli kered .,access and 111ovement" deal pro
-
fron1 Rafah 5okn1 (31 n1iles) south to Nitza- Cohen, said it could land .. in1n1ediately". viding for a new airport, a seaport and a
But after leaving the Cypriot port of bus route to the West Bank. But after
Larnaca in n1id-Decen1ber. it sailed west Han1as won Palestinian elections in
A deepening crisis instead to Malta and finally offloaded its 2006, putting in place a venal govern
Gaza Strip, food insecurity,% of total population cargo in Egypt at the start of January. n1ent in Gaza, Israel tightened the noose.
Stressed Crisis ■ Emergency ■ Catastrophe "Israel could not guarantee its safety,"
says a diplo1nat involved in the n1ission.
The Palestinian Authority in the West
Bank, estranged fro1n Gaza since 2006, is
Nov 24th-Dec 7th 2023 Gaza's 40km coastline should be ideal also wary of a sea link, lest it disconnect
for landing aid. But Israel is torn between the strip from the rest of Palestine. It
0 20 40 60 80 100 its desire to be rid of the Gaza problen1 n1ight also give Palestinians an escape
and its urge to control everything that route and trigger a mass exodus.
enters it. IAid] won't con1e via Israel,"
11 Still, Gaza seeks a sea change. For
n1eaning by land, said Mr Cohen last decades it has looked to the Mediterra
Dec 8th 2023-Feb 7th 2024, projected month, backing a sea corridor instead. nean for salvation through offshore
But Israel's security bosses are lath to let gasfields, hospital ships or even an idea
0 20 40 60 80 100
anyone else decide what should go to floated by Israel for an artificial island to
Gaza. Their dual-use I ist (iten1s banned host a power station and to serve as a
Source: IPC
because they could theoretically have port for ferries and cargo ships. If only.
The Economist January 13th 2024 Middle East & Africa 37
The inspections themselves are com It is a cumbersome process for NG0s least parts of Gaza. International law thus
plicated. The Dutch governn1ent paid for x that used to work in Gaza to register in requires it to use all n1eans available to en
ray scanners at Keren1 Shalom, which have Egypt. Some are trying to set up operations sure Gaza has enough food and 1nedicine.
been in use since December. They should in Jordan, where they can work 1nore easi One Israeli com1nander says the arn1y is
allow lorries to be checked without being ly. Diplon1ats are talking about a sea route prepared to supply Gaza if it gets the order.
unloaded and reloaded-but Israel insists from Cyprus, which would bypass the All of this assun1es that the war will
on inspecting then1 n1anually, which adds crowds and corruption at the Rafah cross continue for n1onths. A lengthy ceasefire
hours to each delivery. The crossings have ing (see article on previous page). Jordan would be the best way to flood Gaza with
limited hours, and drivers inside Gaza are has conducted several air drops, but they needed aid-but Israeli officials have made
nervous about working after dark, when Is are costly and haphazard. it clear they plan to fight on. .,We're talking
raeli bon1bardn1ent is often heaviest. The best way to supply Gaza, however, about logistics because we have no other
Israel has an ever-changing list of would be through Israel, which is how choice," says Ms Hari. ■
"dual-use items" prohibited fron1 entering around two-thirds of goods entered the en
Gaza because they arguably have son1e n1i 1- clave before October 7th. Over 90% of those
itary purpose. It wou Id be n1ore efficient to shipn1ents were ordered by private firn1s; Gaza
just 4°A> were bound for aid agencies,
The dilemmas
desalinate water in Gaza than truck in bot
tled water, but spare parts for desalination which sourced n1ost of their needs from
multiply
plants are on the list and thus barred from Gazan businesses. Today, though, aln1ost
entry. So are dozens of generators donated all the lorries reaching Gaza are destined
by Kuwait, along with solar panels and so for the UN (Israel allowed a small con1mer
lar-powered lights. Many things can be cial shipment last n1onth). It is not clear
GAZA CITY
deemed dual-use: batteries, stretchers and how much of Gaza's private sector is still
Israel has yet to demolish even hat f
heaters have been rejected on the grounds intact: warehouses and lorries have been
Gaza's tunnels
that Hamas fighters could use them. bon1bed, drivers and traders killed. But aid
Another problen1 is what is being
sent-and what is not. Donor countries are
sending whatever they collect, which is
workers think it is still viable.
This wou Id require Israel to let in ship-
1nents fro1n its own territory. "It will hap
D ESTROYING THE network of tunnels
built over the past 16 years by Ha1nas,
the n1ilitant n1ovement that has run Gaza
not always what Gaza needs. "At the begin pen ultin1ately, but the politicians are since 2007, is one of Israel's chief war ain1s.
ning we even saw shipments of covid vac dragging their feet," admits an Israeli secu At the start of the conflict Israel esti1nated
cines, which is certainly one of the last rity official. If firms in Gaza cannot buy that it stretched to hundreds of kilometres.
things we need now," says Mr Lazzarini. fron1 Israeli con1panies, they could turn to Today security officials concede that this is
.. What's being sent in kind does not always suppliers in the West Bank, which before probably an underestin1ate. And while the
n1atch what is required on the ground." the war sent about 25% of the goods enter war has been raging for over three n1onths
Hun1anitarian groups are quietly criti ing Gaza. Goods there are often cheaper and Israel has killed over 23,000 Palestin
cal of Egypt's role as the n1ain conduit for than in Israel. ians, mostly civi Iians, the Israel Defence
aid. Son1e of the problems are logistical. Israel could also provide aid directly. Forces (I DF) calculates that it has yet to de
But one UN official in Jerusalen1 also says Binyamin Netanyahu's government, which stroy even half the tunnels.
that the Egyptian Red Crescent, which is relies on far-right men1bers of its coalition, In Shujaiya, a neighbourhood in the
responsible for aid deliveries at Rafah, is is loth to supply Gaza with food and n1edi east of Gaza city that was, unti I the war,
..not con1petent'·. Corruption is rife. Lucra cine, as are n1any Israelis. The prospect of hon1e to 100,000 people, the IDF has disco
tive goods disappear fron1 warehouses any aid giving succour to terrorists is hard vered a part of the network of which it was
while expired ones are delivered to Gaza. to ston1ach. Fan1ily n1embers of son1e of previously unaware. It is believed to be
Keen to n1ake a profit fron1 the aid opera the hostages have tried to block the road to long to Palestinian Islamic Jihad, one of
tion, finns in Egypt are selling non-essen Keren1 Shalon1. Still, the arn1y has the abi 1- the sn1aller militant groups funded by Iran.
tial products, such as chocolate, to be load ity and resources to bring in supplies. Isra On a recent visit to the area with Israeli
ed onto aid lorries. el is unarguably the occupying power in at forces, The Economist saw an IDF brigade
find two large shafts by the wall of a school.
Cables that used the school's electricity to
provide power to the tunnel cou Id be seen
running down below ground.
Israel clain1s the subterranean city is
used solely to hide fighters, weapons and
rocket launchers. The I OF says it has so far
discovered over a thousand tunnel shafts
in Gaza city. Many are sn1all and can be de
stroyed quickly. But blowing up sorne of
the larger ones requires con1plex engineer
ing and de1nolition operations. The tunnel
in Shujaiya took over a week to find and
several large explosions to den1olish.
Colonel Nadav Maisels, who is in
charge of the mission in Shujaiya, says that
his troops have killed n1ost of the local Ha
n1as battalion, including its con1111anders,
but that dozens remain who are now "in
guerrilla n1ode". That means the JDF is of
ten operating under fire. With many sin1i
Ready and waiting and waiting lar tunnels ren1aining. Israel will have to ..
38 Middle East & Africa The Economist January 13th 2024
► decide for how much longer its troops car South Africa and the Palestinians
ry out such dangerous work.
The Shujaiya tunnel network is a priori
ty for the IDF because the neighbourhood
Old comrades
is just a ki lon1etre from the border with Is-
rael. It overlooks the kibbutzin1 of Nahal
Oz and Kfar Azza, where dozens of civilians
were murdered on October 7th. Others
JOHANNESBURG
were taken hostage and are sti II being held
History and opportunism explain South Africa's suppon for the Palestinian cause
in Gaza. "Ultimately our n1ission is that
people can come back and live in the kib
butzim in peace," says Colonel Maisels. H YPOCRISY HAS, it would seenl, no lim
its when it comes to South Africa's for
ful transition to den1ocracy. In Palestine's
plight, the ANC sees echoes of its own long
But senior officers admit they will not eign policy. Exactly a week before the tight for freedom.
be able to destroy the entirety of Gaza's country was due to accuse Israel of geno Other symbols of solidarity with Pales
tunnel network. The tin1e Israel has for cide before the International Court of Jus tine are visible all over South Africa. Mo
large-scale operations in Gaza city is run tice (ICJ) on January nth, President Cyril torway billboards proclai1n "Genocide Is
ning out. International pressure to scale Ramaphosa played host to Muhan1n1ad REAI.:'. Street artists have painted murals in
down the war, particularly from An1erica, Hamdan Dagalo, a Sudanese warlord cities, including a Palestinian flag that cov
is forcing Israel to begin withdrawing whose Janjaweed militia and its successor ers an entire apartn1ent block in Cape
troops. So is the need to allow hundreds of are accused of genocide and war crimes in Town's historic Bo-Kaap district. Even
thousands of reservists, who have been in Darfur. Adding to the insult, Mr Dagalo, homeless people begging at Johannesburg
uniforn1 for over three n1onths, to return to also known as Hen1edti, later visited the intersections have decorated their plac
civilian life. Israel faces growing calls to al genocide n1 useu n1 in Kigali, Rwanda. ards with #FreeGaza stickers.
low more than 1m Palestinians displaced Just as jarring was a ceremony on De
fron1 northern Gaza to start returning cen1ber 5th n1arking ten years since the A legacy of apartheid
there. That is not possible while the I DF is death of Nelson Mandela, a n1an seen by The salience of the Palestinian cause in
still blowing up tunnels. the world as a syn1bol of reconciliation and South Africa has deep roots. The ANC de
Meanwhile, another l DF division is peace. A Han1as delegation led by Bassen1 veloped an antipathy towards Israel during
fighting in and around Khan Younis, the Nain1, a senior official, joined Mandela's the years of apartheid, or white rule, when
second-largest city in the Gaza Strip, where grandson, Mandla, in a march through the the Jewish state supplied weapons and
Israeli intelligence believes the leader of streets of Pretoria, the capital. At their des technology to South Africa, which had
Han1as, Yahya Si nwar, is holed up along tination-the statue of Madiba (as Mande been put under a UN anns embargo. And
with n1ore than 100 Israeli hostages. The la is honorifically known) that stands Mandela saw in Vasser Arafat, the late lead
campaign in Khan Younis began on De proudly outside the president's office er of the Palestinians, a fellow "con1rade in
cember 1st and has yet to deliver any tangi they laid a wreath with Lindiwe Zulu, the arn1s" who was also trying to win freedom
ble results. "The problen1 is that they are social-development n1inister. for his people.
trying to achieve three different objec As sy mbols of solidarity go, it does not "South Africa and Palestine share a
tives," says one veteran comn1ander. "To get n1uch stronger than that, and puts co111n1on history of struggle," the ANC ob
destroy Han1as's Khan Younis brigade; to South Africa in the con1pany of only a served in its latest policy docun1ent, refer
eliminate Sinwar: and to rescue the hostag handful of countries that have diplomatic ring to links with the Palestine Liberation
es. Each of these n1issions requires a differ relations with Han1as, an outfit widely Organisation that go back decades. The
ent tactical approach, but they're trying to deemed to be terrorist. This designation docun1ent, published in late 2022, de
do all three at once." holds little weight for the ruling African scribed Israel as an .. apartheid state" and
The dilen1mas faced by Israel's generals National Congress (ANC), which was itself called for South Africa to downgrade its
in Gaza are only sharpening. They must often called a terrorist organisation before diplomatic presence in Israel. Israel
now also factor in the need to facilitate an orchestrating South Africa's largely peace- strongly objects to the apartheid analogy, ..
emergency hun1anitarian operation to pre
vent the real possibility of famine and an
outbreak of disease an1ong over 2m Pales
tinians, most of them crowded into the
south of the territory.
The generals say they need n1ore time
but ultimately these decisions-about how
long operations in Gaza city and Khan You
nis will continue, whether to extend hu
n1anitarian assistance to the displaced Pal
estinians and when to allow them to return
to what little remains of their homes-lie
with Israel's politicians. Binyan1in Netan
yahu, the prime minister, is under con
flicting pressures from America, which
has so far given Israel essential military
and diplon1atic support, and from his far
right coalition partners who control his
political fate and are threatening to bring
down his governn1ent. Political paralysis
in Jerusalem will mean more uncertainty
on the ground in Gaza. ■ Ties bound in struggle
The Economist January 13th 2024 Middle East & Africa 39
► which is in any case flawed: Arab-Israelis equally poor, because of its n1uddled re Zelensky, Ukraine's president.
face discrimination, but they have full sponse to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. .. South Africa is atte1npting to regain
democratic rights. Even so, the denial of While South Africa's diplomats insisted it some of the moral high ground as a voice of
statehood to Palestinians in land Israel oc was trying to avoid a new cold war, Western the global south, which it lost with its posi
cupied in 1967 resonates. countries were left aghast at South Africa's tioning over the Russia-Ukraine crisis,"
11 South Africa's voice has been loudest, failure to conden1n the invasion, and says Mr Gopaldas. Although South Africa's
mainly due to the fact that our liberation viewed its subsequent offers to n1ediate case before the ICJ, which was due to begin
history and struggle is most recent, and the conflict with suspicion. Russia did not as The Economist was going to press, has
that the system of apartheid that Israel appear to be any happier with South Afri annoyed Israel's Western allies, it has won
practises against the Palestinians is eerily ca's stance: it bombed Kyiv just as Mr Ra the country kudos from en1erging .. n1id
similar," says Suraya Dadoo, a South Afri n1aphosa and a number of other African dle" powers. Indonesia, Malaysia, Turkey
can writer and pro-Palestine activist. leaders arrived for well-publicised (albeit and the organisation of Islan1ic Co-opera
Perhaps n1ore puzzling was South Afri fruitless) negotiations with Volodymyr tion, among others, have joined the case. ■
ca's enthusiastic embrace of Han1as after it
attacked Israel on October 7th, even as
many Arab countries sought to distance
then1selves fron1 the group. The govern
ment was slow to condemn Hamas's atroc
ities, though it eventually did so, and was
quick to speak out against Israel's invasion
of Gaza and the high civilian death toll.
In the in1n1ediate aftern1ath of the Ha
n1as attack, even before the Israeli invasion
began, the foreign minister, Naled i Pandor,
had a call with Isn1ail Haniyeh, the leader
of Hamas, ostensibly to discuss getting aid
into Gaza. Hamas clain1ed that Ms Pandor
had expressed solidarity with the group,
though she denied this later. The call was
followed by a whistle-stop visit to Tehran,
where she discussed the issue with Ebra
hin1 Raisi, Iran's president .
At the san1e time relations between
South Africa and Israel deteriorated sharp
ly. In early Noven1ber South Africa recalled
all its diplon1ats fron1 Tel Aviv. Later that
month Parlian1ent voted to suspend all Africa's new cities
► parts of South-East Asia. spooking potential clients. Initiatives led gives me peace of n1ind and predictability
When it conies to building new cities in by the private sector, however, are disci about what my neighbour will do,.. he says.
Africa, however, reality son1etin1es strug plined by the market, says Kurtis Lockhart, Mr Njagi puts his finger on what 1nany
gles to match the hype. HOPE City, a $1obn the executive director of the Charter Cities believe is the key factor that determines
tech-city n1eant to house Africa's tallest Institute: ··rf they don't n1ake it work, they success. Tatu works because it has the free
skyscraper, should have been completed go out of business." don1 to set its own rules. It is n1ore than
on the outskirts of Accra, Ghana's capital, Second, location n1atters. Shenzhen just an SEZ, a concept that has n1ostly un
by 2016. Despite earning awards for Roland succeeded in part because it was an out derwheln1ed in Africa. Experts categorise it
0
Agan1bire, the businessman behind HOP E's post of Hong Kong. Likewise, Tatu, some instead as a "charter city a loosely defined
,
all-caps drean1, it was never built. Akright 2okn1 north of central Nairobi, is better tern1 that in essence describes an urban de
City near Uganda's capital, Kan1pala, was plugged into the capital and its labour n1ar velopn1ent with enough rreedon1 to bypass
conceived on a sin1ilarly grandiose scale, ket. cc1 Global, a big African outsourcing weak state institutions and shape its own
with shopping malls, a 50,000-seat sports firm, is building a 5,000-seat call centre in governance.
stadium and .,a signature golf course with Tatu, partly because the developn1ent is In a state like Kenya, where property
seeds for the greens flown in fron1 Florida". close to Nairobi's densely populated north rights are flin1sy and bureaucracy arbitrary,
Plagued by debt and scandal, little of the ern suburbs and two nearby universities, Tatu City offers con1rorting predictability.
project was ever realised. Last year the says its Kenya director, Rishi Jatania. Kon It is a sort or haven in the jungle. Nairobi is
con1pany behind it filed for bankruptcy. za, by contrast, sits in splendid isolation notorious for its crin1e, but Tatu, for the
Such failures are hardly the exception. about 8okn1 south-east of Nairobi on the 111on1ent, is safe. The barred windows
Many never move beyond the design stage. Athi Plains, where you are more Iikely to ubiquitous on houses elsewhere in Nairobi
Even those that do risk becon1ing perpetu see a giraffe than a hun1an being. are not yet in evidence here. Freewheeling
al building sites. .,The n1ost visible aspect Nairobi types who venture into the devel
of n1ost sn1art cities is roads with nothing Put off by potholes opn1ent can initially be aghast to see speed
on either side," notes Mira Slavova of War Infrastructure n1atters too, in a country lin1its strictly enforced. Rule-breakers
wick Business School in Britain. Yet giving where such things are often unreliable, Ta even have their wheels clan1ped. A strict
up on then1 would be pren1ature. There is tu City boasts its own water supply, energy no-littering policy n1eans Tatu's streets,
no ready n1anual that predicts whether or grid and internet network. Konza's n1an con1pared with the rest of the 111etropolis,
not a new city project will succeed, but if agen1ent seen1 n1uch n1ore airy-fairy when are eerily clean. "We are like Singapore,"
there is one country whose experience asked about such matters, grun1ble poten jokes Stephen Jennings, Rendeavour's CEO.
might con1e close, it is Kenya. One of its tial tenants touring the site. Tatu's plan No new city will directly answer the
projects has long been viewed as a pig's ear; ners eschew grandiose visions, preferring needs of Africa's urban poor. Son1e do not
the other has the n1akings of success. to grow organically and in response to de even pretend to. Since the average price of a
Take the pig's ear first. Unveiled in 2008 n1and. "You have to incubate a city," says property at Eko Atlantic, a swish new city
as a $15bn sn1art city project, Konza Tech Dean Landy, Rendeavour's head of urban developn1ent being built on the outskirts
nopolis was supposed to be the heart of planning and design. "A lot of n1egacities of Lagos, is $415,000, it "caters only to the
Kenya's .,silicon savannah" that, by 2020, try to build everything at once." upper echelon of the upper echelon", notes
would create 100,000 jobs and add 2% to Finally, the rule of law n1ust prevail in Mr Lockhart of the Charter Cities Institute.
GDP. Three years and many missed dead side new ecosysten1s. Tatu City's land ow Tatu City ain1s to be more inclusive. One
lines later, there is still far n1ore evidence nership is transparent. Konza's, until re bedroon1 flats in its cheaper districts sell
of savannah than silicon. cently, was not. Many residents welcon1e for $34,000. Such a price will still be unaf
By contrast, Tatu City, on the northern Tatu City's regulated environn1ent. Law fordable for n1ost Kenyans. Yet the point of
outskirts of Kenya's capital, Nairobi, is rence Njagi, a publisher, n1oved to Tatu charter cities is not to help the poorest di
flourishing. S0111e 23,750 people already after houses near his old hon1e were rectly, but indirectly. Strong governance,
live, study or work there and 78 businesses turned into bars. Strict building rules in coupled with fiscal incentives, are intend
have n1ade it home. Moderna, an A1nerican Tatu n1ake a repeat unlikely. "Living here ed to attract investn1ent, the benefits of
drugn1aker, is opening a $5oom vaccine which will ripple through the economy.
n1anufacturing facility, its first in Africa. Kenya has done n1uch that is worth en1-
Zhende Medical, a Chinese n1edical-sup u lating. Its courts have proved indepen
plies n1anufacturer, is also setting up shop. dent enough to see off politically connect
Tatu and Konza were conceived at the ed bigwigs wanting a share of the Tatu pie.
sarne ti111e. Each, at roughly 5,000 acres, is Above all, it has legislation robust and for
of a sin1ilar size. Both aspire to house pop ward-thinking enough to give Tatu the
ulations of more than 200,000 people. And space it needs to be a genuine charter city.
both have been designated Special Eco In n1uch of Africa laws passed in the
non1ic Zones (sEzs), n1eaning that the 1990s with export-processing zones in
businesses they house are eligible for tax mind are becon1ing outdated. Today's cit
benefits and other incentives. Why is one ies have far greater potential than the nar
n1ore likely to succeed than other? The an row industrial sites once envisaged. Up
swer lies not in their sin1ilarities, but in dating those laws requires n1uch greater
their differences, and these provide les co-ordination between government agen
sons for other developments in Africa. cies, meaning there is ,.potential surface
The first is ownership. Konza's propri area " for corruption to occur, notes Preston
etor is the state. Tatu City's is Rendeavour, a Martin, the president of the Adrianople
big private urban land developer. During Group, an advisory firn1. Getting those
Konza's troubled existence promised gov laws right, however, cou Id make a world of
ernment funding has failed to materialise difference. If African governn1ents want
while politically connected bigwigs have new cities to work, they need to give the
been accused of cashing in on the project, If you dream it, can you build it? developers n1ore of a free hand. ■
The
Economist
SPECIAL
REPORT:
Philanthropy
➔ January 13th 2024
3 No-strings giving
5 Power to the people
6 Giving directly
ove
ID
Subscriber-only live digital event
A conversation with
OpenAI's Sant Altntan and
Microsoft's Satya Nadella
Sam Altman
Chief executive, OpenAI
Satya Nadella
Chief executive, Microsoft
Some of the super-rich are experimenting with new a pproaches to philanthropy. They are hoping to get money
to the needy faster, Avantika Chilkoti reports
vealed failings in how it worked. Donors began to consider how Willian1 and Flora Hewlett Foundation, set up by a tech tycoon,
they could disburse money faster and with more impact. has long given "unrestricted" grants that do not specify how they
Just as the storn1 of global events was raging, a poster child for n1ust be used. Since 2015 the Ford Foundation has put $2bn into its
the new movement emerged. MacKenzie Scott received a 4 % stake Building Institutions and Networks (BUILD) programme, which
in Amazon when she and its founder, Jeff Bezos, divorced in 2019. hands recipients five years of funding, including a chunk of n1on
It was worth $38bn. In the san1e year she announced that she ey dedicated to investments in the organisations themselves.
would give the n1oney away .. until the safe is en1pty". As global But Ms Scott is leading a group of new big-ticket donors apply
problems spread in 2020, Ms Scott started handing out big grants, ing the strategy at scale and transforming the relationship be
to organisations in America and across the world, with no strings tween wealthy donors and the charities they fund. Since 2020,
attached. Without n1aking any big declaration or setting up a char Jack Dorsey, the co-founder of Twitter and Square, has put $1.5bn
itable foundation, the quiet billionaire has since shelled out into his fund, Start Small, and dished out a big chunk of it, largely
$16.5bn. For comparison, Chuck Feeney, an American duty-free ty in unrestricted grants. Brian Acton and his wife, Tegan, who came
coon who was one of the most generous philanthropists of recent into their wealth after Mr Acton co-founded WhatsApp, give out
tin1es, had given out $8bn by the tin1e of his death in October. An tens of millions of dollars every year with a similar no-strings ap
drew Carnegie, a 19th-century industrialist, gave away $350111, proach through their group, Wildcard Giving.
worth $6.2bn today. In many ways, this new no-strings approach is a reaction to the
The reason Ms Scott could give so much so quickly is that she approach, known as uphi lanthrocapitalism", that has don1inated
did away with the hoop-jumping and form-filling that have long the giving industry since the turn of the n1illennium. It aimed to
defined philanthropy, especially for the past 20 years. There was bring the discipline of the market and n1anagement practices ..
4 Special report Philanthropy The Economist January 13th 2024
► from business to the non-profit sector. At that tin1e, there was a where the pay-offs are largest.
hope that the rich were going to change the world. Bono and Bob But, in philanthropy, donors rarely op
Geldof, a pair of activist rock stars, were n1aking philanthropy "You just erate on the basis of rational judgment.
cool. The Gates Foundation, which now gives n1ore money every start writing People who see a problen1 up close have
year than many rich governn1ents spend on foreign aid, had just ideas about how it n1ight be solved. They
been born. When the founders of Google took the firn1 public, they
cheques, man" may have personal experience of it or per
pron1ised to put 1% of profits and 1% of equity into doing good. -Tegan Acton sonal attachment to the cause. They often
Businesspeople pron1ised to revolutionise the industry by ap work together, rather than in con1petition.
proaching giving like for-profit investn1ent. Foundations helped And NGos do not operate in an efficient
craft projects for NG0s to deliver, pushing them to measure im market. There is no single n1etric for a
pact, whether counting n1osquito nets or quantifying changed at charity's success con1parable to profit in
titudes to won1en. The logical framework, or .. logfran1e", a grid business. Charities rarely go under. "This is an environn1ent that
n1anagers use to plot a project, became a crucial planning tool, and fundamentally differs fro111 the n1arket-based econon1y.," says Har
''key performance indicators" the new measure for success. vey Fineberg, president of the Gordon and Betty Moore Founda
By the mid-2ooos the strategy had become the do1ninant ap tion, set up in 2000 by the co-founder of Intel and his wife. lt is11
proach within philanthropy. It developed its own scriptures, in based on partnership, rather than rivalry."
cluding a book by Matthew Bishop, a forn1er reporter at this news On top of that, the surge in giving that the philanthrocapitalists
paper. The subtitle to its first edition was, .. How the rich can save foresaw never e1nerged, either an1ong the wealthy or ordinary giv
the world and why we should let then1." The new approach ers. The rich are disproportionately in1portant in philanthropy. In
achieved 1nuch. The Bi11 & Melinda Gates Foundation, for in An1erica "n1icro" donors, who give $100 or less, make up over 60%
stance, developed a reputation for efficient, data-driven grant of all givers but only 3% of charitable dollars, according to the
maki ng, and poured billions of dollars into eradicating diseases Fundraising Effectiveness Project, a data provider. Big donors,
such as polio. Thanks, in large part, to its efforts, Africa was de who give $50,000 or 1nore, n1ake up just 0.2% of all donors but
clared free of wild poliovirus in 2020. The foundation's efforts to they contribute over 47% by value.
tackle n1alaria and improve sanitation have saved countless lives. Over the past two decades, the rich have grown richer. A boon1-
ing tech sector, in particular, has minted billionaires in their 20s
Too much process and 30s across the world. As of January 4th 2024 there were 2,562
However, in its attempts to 111easure the good it was doing, philan billionaires worldwide, including 746 in An1erica, 470 in China
throcapitalisn1 began to tie up charities in bureaucracy; it ended and 180 in India. The total wealth of the 400 richest An1ericans, ac
up not doing as n1uch good as it had hoped. In the face of urgent cording to Forbes, a business magazine, rose fron1 $955bn in 2003
global need, in the years before the pande1nic a dissatisfaction (worth $1.6trn today) to $4.5trn in 2023.
en1erged an1ong the big foundations handing out money, the Yet global giving ren1ains tiny. Citigroup, a bank, estin1ates the
NG0s receiving it and n1any experts looking on. value of assets held by the philanthropic sector to be $2.4trn, set
Andrew Serazin, head of Templeton World Charity Foundation, against $112trn in assets under n1anagement in wider capital n1ar
a big donor, says there is an obsession with process, paperwork kets. The share of ordinary An1ericans giving to charity dropped
and generally putting a nun1ber on everything, and the whole in fron1 two-thirds in 2000 to half in 2018, the latest year for which
dustry has a severe case of "logfran1e-itis". Rob Reich at Stanford data are available. An1ong the super-rich, the pace of giving has
University says philanthropic funds are a sort of "risk capital" and not kept up with wealth creation. Forbes estin1ates that those 400
when philanthropists n1ake their giving about risk-reward ratios, richest A1nericans in 2023 have given away less than 6% of their
they "undercut the distinctive thing philanthropic assets are able co111bined current net worth. Just 11 of the 400 have given n1ore
to bring to society". Rohini Nilekani. an Indian philanthropist, be than 20% of their wealth (see chart)-including Ms Scott, George
lieves recipients, not funders, are best placed to decide how funds Soros, a financier, and JeffSkoll, forn1er boss of eBay-and 127 have
are spent."I don't see how you can sit in your plush foundation of given less than 1%. In 2020 those figures were 10 and 127.
fice and think you understand what is needed in a local context." Even an1ong those who plan to do good, the san1e pattern
Many forn1er supporters have now accepted that n1aking the holds. The Institute for Policy Studies, an An1erican think-tank,
world a better place differs greatly from the business of 1naking led one study of people who have signed the Giving Pledge, a pro
n1oney. In the market, self-interest focuses n1inds, competition n1ise to give away the majority of their fortunes in their lifetimes.
n1eans bad ideas do not thrive, and resources are naturally drawn It found that the combined assets held by the 73 living pledgers
who were billionaires in 2010 rose fron1 $348bn to $828bn in 2022.
Now, the hope is that the new no-strings approach-which
H
son1e call "trust-based philanthropy -could increase the pace
Loadsamoney and efficacy of giving in a way that philanthrocapitalism did not.
Its ai1n is to do that by getting 111oney out the door faster, and shift
Number of billionaires, by country ing decision-making power from donors to charities.
At Jan 4th 2024 This special report looks at a variety of alternative approaches
Germany (122) Russia (100)
to giving that are now en1erging, and not just in the Western
China* India Rest of world
world. Chief an1ong them is the no-strings grant-n1aking that took
(470) (180) (947)
off during the panden1ic. The culture has already begun to change.
The new canonical text is by Anand Giridharadas, an American au
United States, 400 richest people, by share of wealth given awayt thor, entitled "Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing
At Sep 8th 2023, (number) the World" in which he calls the old way of giving a "paradox of
10-19.9% (20) >20% (11)
elite change-making that somehow seems to keep things the
1-4.9% 5-9.9% na san1e". When Ms Acton was asked how to set about giving n1oney
(141) (54) (47) away over a short period of time, she sumn1ed up the new zeit
Soun:e.Forbes 'Includes Hong ,ong tEsUmated 1fet1rneglvingas%of lfet1m0 givlngptus2023nerworth geist, .,You just start writing cheques, 1nan.'" ■
Th e Economist January 13th 2024 Special report Philanthropy 5
j NGOs I
about it or mistrust."
For generations, philanthropy has been characterised by n1is
trust of the charity sector and a general attitude of paternalism.
Non-profit organisations have had to write lengthy applications
for grants. Those I ucky enough to get funding have received n1on
ey ring-fenced for specific projects. An onerous process of n1oni
toring and evaluation has followed, which has meant recipients
spending a lot of time and money assembling impact assessments sat ions subn1it a short proposal and only those that make the cut
and budgets, all in the specific forn1at that each donor prescribes. fill in a full application. That saves groups fron1 wasting tin1e on
This top-down approach has son1etimes caused problems for unsuccessful bids. The Skoll Foundation, started by Jeff Skoll, for-
the charity sector. It can result in a pattern known in the industry n1erly boss of eBay, is sti II asking recipients for progress reports
as the .. non-profit starvation cycle". The cycle begins with funders but no longer prescribes what goes in then1. lt's all stuff the non-
11
who have unrealistic expectations of how much it costs to run an profit community has been begging for, for decades," says Fred
NGO. Under pressure to keep costs low, non-profit bosses cut back Blackwell, head of the San Francisco Foundation, a big funder.
on operational costs, like hiring staff, training them, setting up By making unrestricted gifts, no-strings donors are handing
data-collection systen1s and investing in IT. As a result of scrimp- non-profit organisations the power to decide for themselves how
ing and saving, the budgets and impact assessments that NGos funds are best spent. Jennifer Steele is head of Meals on Wheels
send to donors are patchy at best, mislead- San Francisco, a charity that received mon-
ing at worst, and the cycle continues. ey from both MacKenzie Scott and Jack
No-strings giving is still not yet as Dorsey in 2020. I can't tell you how free-
11
widespread in poorer countries such as Doing it differently i ng it was," she says, to feel trusted and to
11
Kenya as it is in An1erica. In a survey of United States, surveys of foundation leaders feel respected."
2021, % responding
An1erican foundation leaders in 2021 by To understand what they do with the
the Centre for Effective Philanthropy (CEP), money, consider Ms Scotfs big gifts. In
a research organisation, aln1ost every re- Extent to which foundations changed their 2022 the CEP (which itself received $1on1
spondent said they had changed the way grantmaking practices in 2020 from her) surveyed over 270 groups that re-
they work during the pandemic (see chart). ■ Not different ■ Somewhat different Very different ceived Ms Scott's money. It was clear these
More than three-quarters reported chang- o 20 o 60 so 100 organisations had been suffering from
ing their application processes to reduce what CEP analysts call a ..scarcity mindset"
the burden on recipients. The san1e share and desperately needed to invest in their
said they had n1ade the reporting process own organisations.
less cumbersome. Over 60% were provid- Extent to which foundations sustained Some 90% of respondents said they
ing more money in the form of unrestrict- those changes in 2021 were using or planning to use some of the
ed grants. ■ No changes sustained sustained some changes n1oney to in1prove financial stability by,
In part, no-strings giving is about n1ak- Sustained most changes Sustained all changes for instance, paying for fundraising activi-
ing fundraising less time-consuming and 0 20 60 80 100
ties or building up financial reserves. Over
less painful for recipients. Some big faun- 70% said they would spend on hiring and
dations are now running two-tier applica- almost 60% on IT infrastructure.
tion processes, whereby non-profit organi- souRe:CentreforEflec.tivePhilanthropy It is no bad thing that recipients are ..
6 Special report Philanthropy The Economist January 13th 2024
► spending n1ore on overheads. In the past, n1any philanthropists eficiaries". The second is "sustainability",
have been wi11ing to pay for a charity to roll out projects, such as where a recipient flounders as soon as the
building a new school or handing out food. But few have been will Groups that additional funding runs out. New staff
ing to fund the staff who plan those projects, their training or their spend more on need to be paid every n1onth. High-end
laptops. Academic research has shown that groups that spend tech needs n1aintenance.
more on overheads often deliver better results. Plus, as Nancy
overheads deliver A Jot of that, according to Degan Ali of
Lindborg, chief executive of the David and Lucile Packard Founda better results Adeso, a hun1anitarian group based in Ken
tion, says, unrestricted grants allow non-profit organisations with ya, comes down to proper planning by
experience on the ground to craft projects where they see need, charity bosses. When Adeso received $5m
rather than sin1ply rolling out projects that donors dream up. from Ms Scott in 2021, a huge sum for a
"Son1etin1es they have had to contort then1selves to 111eet donor group with an annual budget of $2n1 at the
objectives," Ms Lindborg adds. tin1e, Ms Ali set about building an endown1ent by investing in
There is reason to worry, however, about large sun1s of n1oney apart1nents around Nairobi, the Kenyan capital, and land in Soma
landing in a charity's bank account with little warning. An article lia. (So far, fortunately, both have appreciated in value.) Of groups
in the Stanford Social Innovation Review entitled "Riding the Wave that are caught off guard when a one-off gift runs out, she says, "I
of Abundance., identifies two big risks. The first is "perforn1ance guess they have never been hungry."
failure" where an organisation does not put the additional funds
11 On the donors' end, the initial reaction among old-school giv
to good use, account for them, stay responsive to funders and ben- ers to handing over large sums of 111oney with few conditions or ..
���=
GiveDirectly does what it says on the tin
-=--
► checks can be alarm. Unrestricted gifts can they can win grants directly.
lead to scarce funding being n1isspent. Lack-of-trust fund Now, as part of a broader effort to get
Done well, however, a no-strings approach Selected countrie.s, % responding that they trust closer to the problems they want to fix, do
NGOs to do what is right*, 2022
to giving does not n1ean "spray and pray". nors are trying to hand n1oney directly to
.. Trust-based philanthropy starts with do 0 20 40 0 so local groups. By the CE P's estin1ates, 43% of
ing your due diligence on an organisation," c ina . .
those Ms Scott has funded describe their
says Nicole Taylor, head of the Silicon Val- enyai . . . geographic scale as local, and 35% describe
ley Con1n1unity Foundation. "You under- India . it as national. Many recipients are comn1u
stand what they are doing, who they are lndon 1 . . nity-led organisations in America. West
supporting, and the impact they n1ake. If SaL1d1Arabia l ern donors often struggle to identify
that resonates, then you fund then1... Si apore • • • groups doing good work on the ground in
South Africa . .
Ms Scott's giving during the pandemic, poor countries. Doing due diligence on
Brazrl '
for exan1ple, was carefully considered. She I then1 can be tricky, too.
eo1ombi . .
hired the Bridgespan Group, a non-profit u I d s s. II The Mastercard Foundation is leading
consulting firm spun out of Bain & Compa- Bn in 1
the way. In 2018 it set a target that by 2030
;
ny, to help her develop a strategy and do G m ny three-quarters of all its progran1n1e part
due diligence on NGOS working on the top- •Ran1,g sjxo, mon�oria 111, po111r �dk' ners would be African. By mid-2023, 65%
ics she cares about, such as race relations sourc�: [dE-lman Trust �ron1Pler were, as well as 60% of the group's fund
and women's en1powerment. It was Ii ke ing, totalling around $3.6bn. Spotting
contracting the work done by foundation those organisations would be d ifficult for a
staff to experienced outsiders. donor whose progran1n1e officers all sit in an office in Toronto.
For her next round, Ms Scott is working with Lever for Change, That is why 80% of the Mastercard Foundation's staff, including
a group that is helping to run an open call to find 250 .,con11nunity its chief executive, Reeta Roy, are now based in Africa.
led, comn1unity-focused" organisations in America and hand No-strings giving is, in part, about recognising that non-profit
then1 $un each. By taking applications rather than selecting recip organisations know better than wealthy donors how n1oney is
ients, the process is open to sn1aller, less we JI-known groups. best utilised. Localisation goes one step further, recognising that
According to the CEP survey, 44% of non-profit leaders who re organisations based in a con1munity and led by locals know best.
ceived funding fron1 Ms Scott were interviewed in advance and Both strategies sound warn1 and fuzzy. In fact, their goal is to n1ake
28% were asked for financial reports. Though that 1nay not sound grant-1naking more effective and 1nore sustainable. "We are not
like a high percentage, there are lots of ways to check up on char doing it to be nice," says Ms Roy. ■
ities today. Recipients of Ms Scott's funds have n1ostly been well
known groups that other big donors had checked, funded and re-
ceived reports fron1 for years. Besides, as Heather Grady of Rocke-
feller Philanthropy Advisors points out, many big charities pub-
lish annual strategy docun1ents and budgets online, so donors
I I
Donors
Vehicular access
DAFs are just one option. Another is to es
tablish a Iin1ited-liability con1pany (LLC),
and bundle giving to NG0s with for-profit
investment and political advocacy. Donors
who give via LLCs forgo charitable tax de
ductions but get flexibility in return.
Meta's Mark Zuckerberg and his wife have,
through their LLC, the Chan-Zuckerberg
Initiative, been able to make venture in
vestn1ents in digital learning programmes,
while also giving grants to education char
ities, bion1edical research and 1nore. Lau
rene Powell Jobs, the widow of Apple's
Steve Jobs, has, through Emerson Collec
tive, her LLC, funded the Atlantic, a for-pro
fit magazine, and Mother Jones, a non-pro
fit one. In an exan1ple of the ways in which
donors mix and n1atch different vehicles,
Ms Powell Jobs also set up the Waverley
Street Foundation in 2021 as a "spend
down fund" that will put $3.5bn into fight-
ing clin1ate change over a ten-year period.
Once a donor has chosen a financial ve-
hicle, intermediaries set about helping
► donors' hands, and that ecosystem is now being used by the no then, choose projects to support. In the case of Mr Mohr, Founders
strings crowd. Banks such as Goldn1an Sachs and u es are offering Pledge helped him set up a DAF and identified malaria as a cause
rich clients philanthropy advisers as well as the usual suite of he cares about. The serial entrepreneur, who is busy building his
wealth n1anagers and accountants. Donors' networks and bou third business, is now funding research into the disease. The ap
tique advisory firms have en1erged, too. They do everything, from peal of Founders Pledge, Mr Mohr explains, is that donors can be
offering donor education to connecting big funders to each other. as hands-on or hands-off as they like.
There are even firn1s that loan out staff with grant-n1aking exper Intern1ediaries don't just take work off the hands of busy do
tise. .,At every pain point in the process there is someone you can nors. The idea, according to David Goldberg, who created Foun
outsource to,.. says Alexa Cortes Culwell, founder of Open Impact, ders Pledge, is to share the work, so that there are no longer count
a San Francisco-based adviser. less private foundations, all with their own team, doing their own
The first step for a fledgling philanthropist is to pick a vehicle research and running their own back-end. "There is less overhead,
through which to give. Donor-advised less duplication and less waste/' he says.
funds (DAF), a sort of savings account for Donors work together, too. Lever for Change is a group that
charitable giving, are becoming popular, helps donors run open calls to find organisations they want to
particular1y in America. There was $23obn "There is less fund through an application process, not simply by selection.
in American DAFs at last count in 2022, ac overhead, less Once a client has taken their pick from a shortlist of applicants, it
cording to the National Philanthropic markets the runners-up to other donors in what chief executive,
Trust, a charity. That is still sn1all con1-
duplication and Cecilia Conrad, calls a "secondary market", sharing the due dili
pared with the $1.2trn in private founda less waste" gence for free. For exan1ple, Lever for Change ran the $40111 Equal
tions. But the gap is closing fast (see chart -David Goldberg ity Can't Wait challenge for Melinda French Gates and other do
on next page). nors in 2020, looking for new ideas on won1en's en1powern1ent in
DAFs make giving quick and easy. An ac America. Once it had selected the recipients, it created a microsite
count can be set up within seconds. Funds with information on the other applicants, including video inter- ..
The Economist January 13th 2024 Special report Philanthropy 9
,
0 friends and business contacts recommend, and usually takes
2012 13 15 16 7 18 19 20 21 22 place within the local con1munity.
Beyond the regional financial hubs of Hong Kong and Singa- ..
10 Special report Philanthropy The Economist January 13th 2024
► pore, which are fairly well-off societies with vast diaspora con1- tals, universities and vocational training
111unities, Asian donors do not do n1uch international philanthro centres. Shiv Nadar. an IT billionaire and
py. Recent research, funded in part by the Gates Foundation, sug Asian philanth India's top donor, has built universities in
gests that the percentage of total giving that is cross-border re ropy is "too slow Chennai and Delhi named after himself.
mains in single digits even in developed Asian markets, like Japan Now, though, a new generation wants
and South Korea. In India and China it is negligible. In the West, by and too safe" to do things differently. A lot of Asian
contrast, n1any donate to the needy overseas. -Laurence Lien wealth is new n1oney. A booming technol
W hereas n1any American philanthropists use their giving to ogy sector has minted first-generation bil
hold the governn1ent to account, Asian donors often use gifts to lionaires. Some of the richest people in In
curry favour. China is the most extreme example. Research by Har dia, for example, started IT-services giants,
vard University shows that well-known funders give generously like Infosys and HCL Technologies.
to governn1ent-affiliated foundations and align their giving with There is also old 111oney in new hands. Atop the rich list in In
the Con1n1unist Party's policies. In the midst of a state crackdown donesia, Thailand and Philippines are siblings-the Hartono,
on the technology sector in recent years, Alibaba, an e-con1merce Chearavanont and Sy f an1ilies, respectively-who have inherited
group, Tencent, the world's biggest gaming company, and other sprawling conglomerates and are likely to pass them on to their
1
Chinese tech giants have dedicated billions of dollars to the party s chiId ren. Many in that younger generation have worked or studied
"common prosperity" agenda. abroad. They are returning home with new ideas about giving and
That has led to giving in the region that Laurence Lien, co an interest in causes, like women's rights and climate change, that
founder of Asia Philanthropy Circle, a donors' group, describes as their parents neglected.
"too slow and too safe". In India, estin1ates fron1 Bain and Dasra Maryanna Abdo at the Centre for Evidence and Implementa
suggest the rich put 55% of their giving into education and health tion, a research outfit with offices in Singapore, describes it as a
care. which are generally uncontroversial topics. There is a lot of n1ove away fron1 charity, a reactive sort of giving focused on meet
bricks-and-111ortar philanthropy, too. Over the years the Tata fan1- ing short-term need, and towards philanthropy, a n1ore proactive
ily, perhaps India's best-known philanthropists, have built hospi- giving that tries to find solutions to underlying problen1s. The
new generation is up for giving n1ore and hiring professionals
who know about philanthropy to help them. One-off handouts to
the needy on the doorstep are out. Strategic giving is in.
Donors are upping the pressure on each other to give 111ore. In
India, Ni thin and Nikhil Karnath, two brothers behind Zerodha, a
financial-services group, have con1n1itted $1oon1 to their Banga
lore-based Rainn1atter Foundation, which focuses on climate
change. They have joined the Young India Philanthropic Pledge,
which calls on Indians under 45 with a net worth of over tobn ru
pees ($12om) to commit to giving away a quarter of their wealth.
Governn1ents are doing their part to encourage giving, too. In
Singapore, a financial hub where n1any well-off Asians store their
wealth, the governn1ent has used a series of tax incentives to pro-
111ote the city-state as a centre for philanthropy. In India, big com
panies are legally required to spend at least 2o/o of after-tax profits
on corporate social responsibility (CSR).
A lot of that spending is una1nbitious; car n1anufacturers giv
ing to road safety and IT-services groups paying for digital-literacy
progran1mes. But just last year, CSR was responsible for 262bn ru
pees from 20,800 companies being channelled into worthy causes
of al] kinds, a sn1all but growing sum.
Asian fusion
A forn1al giving industry is gradually emerging. There are a hand
fu 1 of conferences on Asian philanthropy, and various annual re
ports that pick apart trends in the region. Funders· groups, like the
Asia Philanthropy Circle and AVPN, bring donors together to dis
cuss their giving and share due diligence on potential recipients.
The Grassroots, Resilience, ownership and Wellness (GROW)
Fund, led by EdelGive Foundation, the philanthropic arm of a
Mumbai-based financial-services group, is being talked about as a
n1odel by donors across the world . It has raised n1oney fron1 big
American donors, like the Gates Foundation and the MacArthur
Foundation, as well as local funders. And, rather than dishing out
sizeable chunks to well-known non-profit groups, it is identifying
relatively sn1all grassroots organisations to re-grant to, like the
Dehradun-based Latika Roy Foundation, which works with people
with developmental and other disabilities, and Nagpur-based
SI um Soccer, which uses the beautiful gan1e to keep street children
in shape and out of trouble.
None of this is to say that giving in Asia is becoming West- ..
The Economist January 13th 2024 Special report Philanthropy 11
The "effective altruism,, movement has always been louder than it is large
► ernised. Trends that go in and out of fashion in the West have little up solutions in sprawling, populous countries, he says. His own
influence in Asia. Donors in the region did not adopt the data-dri experience serves to iII ustrate the point. Ekstep Foundation, a
ven approach of philanthrocapitalisn1 20 years ago. The "no group he co-founded, developed the open-source infrastructure
strings" model An1erica's super-rich are experimenting with today used by the Ministry of Education to promote inclusive learning at
is not catching on either. Asians tend to do their own thing," says
11 schools. It proved invaluable during covid lockdowns. Since step
Naina Subberwal Batra, head of AVPN. ping down fron1 everyday operations at Infosys., Mr Nilekani
In a survey of non-profit groups in the region by the Centre for worked for a few years as a cabinet-level official helping to digitise
Asian Philanthropy and Society in 2022, a third of respondents re the Indian state.
ported a decline in unrestricted funding. which has always been That should not surprise anyone. How a person makes their
uncon1mon in the region anyway. Only 16% said they can consis n1oney shapes how they choose to give it away. Their everyday ex
tently raise n1oney to invest in their own organisations, rather periences n1atter, too. There is less roon1 for philosophising about
than to fund specific projects. in1pact in a region like Asia, where there is still such stark income
Nandan Nilekani, co-founder of Infosys, believes the desire of inequality. The super-rich do not have to look far to find social
big Asian donors to work with, not against, the state will continue problems that they can help to solve. And they do not need West
to be a crucial part of Asian philanthropy. It is the only way to scale erners to tell then1 how to do it. ■
12 Special report Philanthropy The Economist January 13th 2024
Europe's new power players next article). He cannot run for re-election
in 2027, and his self-confident manner of
Who's in charge? ten grates an1ong his fellow EU leaders.
Germany and France carry unmatched au
thority when aligned. But they seldon1 are.
With no clear leadership, who matters
these days depends on what is at stake.
Take defence and security, issues at the
BRUSSELS
front of everyone's minds, seeing the situa
Where real power lies in Europe is less clear than ever
tion in Ukraine and n1ore recently the Mid
► years, if not decades-the centre of gravity scene. His tricky coalition including lefty ernn1ents asked the con1mission to over
will shift decisive]y eastward. Greens and free-n1arket liberals has re see the procuren1ent of vaccines for the en
More broadly, the central Europeans duced his ability to cut deals in Brussels. tire bloc. An upshot of the pandemic-in
now have enough heft to push back on .,The German coalition moves slower than duced downturn was Next Generation EU,
ideas en1anating from farther west. Chief the debates within the EU," rues a bigwig in a €807bn ($89obn) recovery fund of loans
an1ong then1 is .,strategic autonon1y" a Brussels. That has cost it influence. and grants. The con1n1ission, by being in
shape-shifting concept pushed by Mr Mac Gern1any's absence has often been charge of its workings, has been able to
ron. This holds that Europe should be able France's gain. Many EU decisions have a steer the n1oney in ways that n1atch its own
to act independently of others, for example French tinge these days, for example the priorities. A good example is its plan to
by carrying more of the burden of defend absence of any n1ajor new trade deals (ab slash carbon en1issions to net zero by
ing itself. Policyn1akers in Poland or Slova horrent to French farmers) or a partial re 2050-an a111bition officials in Brussels are
kia find the security guarantees proffered laxation of European rules limiting budget far more enthusiastic about than many na
by NATO-and thus An1erica-far more deficits. But mostly the absence of German tional politicians, who have to defend the
convincing. French calls for EU arn1ed forc engagement styn1ies Mr Macron's ambi policy to voters wary that the green agenda
es to buy European (ie, often French) n1ili tions: federalist schen1es hatched in Paris will further dent their purchasing power.
tary kit have been largely ignored. truly take flight only when counterparts in Having n1ore discretion over EU n1oney
Still, for all the sway central Eu rope Berlin accede to then1. Nobody thinks the has given the con1mission fresh authority,
holds when it conies to Ukraine, its voice is poor chen1istry between the chilly, north dictating to member states how the cash
scarcely heard when it conies to other bits ern Mr Scholz and the effervescently Euro should be spent. These powers can be used
of European policymaking. (The moral au phile Mr Macron wi11 soon improve. as a stick: Hungary and Poland have been
thority accun1ulated in Warsaw and Brati deprived of money for hobbling the rule of
slava by helping Ukraine was son1ewhat Who else is there? law at home, for exan1ple in the way their
dented after they closed their borders to its France n1ight have sought helpful alli courts are run. Viktor Orban, Hungary's au
farn1 exports last April, irritating leaders in ances. But there are few obvious places to thoritarian leader, has been clan1ouring for
Kyiv.) For when it con1es to econon1ic poli look. Italy is led by Giorgia Meloni, whose around €3obn in suspended EU n1oney. In
cy, Europe is being n1ade to think ever hard-right populisn1 n1akes dealing with Poland Mr Tusk can1paigned in the au
more in French tern1s. Here Mr Macron's the mainstrean1 difficult. The Netherlands tumn in part on his ability to unlock the EU
clarion call for strategic autonon1y has is Josing its long-standing prin1e n1inister, funds that had been blocked due to his pre
proved far n1ore potent. Driven by a long Mark Rutte, perhaps in favour of Geert decessor's policies.
standing distrust of globalisation-and Wilders, an ideological ally of Ms Meloni. ls this the sign of a federal Eu rope ris
new fears about supply chains that can be Spain's chaotic politics have lin1ited its ap ing, a European superstate in the n1aki ng?
disrupted by panden1ics or n1essy geopoli petite to sway European debate. The re To the likes of Hungary and Poland, it can
tics-France wants the continent to be cently returned Donald Tusk in Poland is feel like it. But there are lin1its to the pow
n1ore self-sufficient. Tensions between liberal and pro-Eu, but is hobbled at hon1e. ers of the con1n1ission. Part of Mrs von der
An1erica and China, as well as the prospect Perhaps the biggest beneficiary of this Leyen's influence sten1s fron1 the fact she
of a new Tru1np adn1inistration con1e 2025, vacuun1 has been the Eu's centralised insti co-ordinates closely with national capi
have n1ade other Europeans listen. tutions in Brussels. Under the stewardship tals, for exan1ple on sanctions against Rus
Mr Macron has pushed the notion that of Ursula von der Leyen, herself a Gern1an, sia. She can sway the debate, for exan1ple
Europe has been Hnaive" in its dealings since 2019 the European Con1n1ission, the in Europe's attitude to China, where she
with the rest of the world, keeping its n1ar Eu's executive arm, has accun1ulated n1ore pron1oted a "de-risking" approach to trade,
kets open when its trading partners have power than ever before. The 32,000-strong less confrontational than the "decoupling"
not: witness An1erica with its protectionist Brussels machine has long been a forn1ida suggested by An1erica. Arguably she is the
green-transition plan, or China with out ble regulatory force, as Silicon Valley bar closest thing to a European leader these
size subsidies. EU rules banning national ons have found over the years. But increas days. But her power still depends on others
governn1ents from coddling favoured in ingly it has weighed in on matters of poli following her, even if, as expected, she is
dustries were shelved during covid-19, and tics and geopolitics, too. given a second tern1 later this year. And
never snapped back. With a n1antra of This started with covid-19, when gov- Brussels still spends little n1ore than 1% of
"Europe first", politicians now wield more the bloc's total GDP.
control over the shape of the econon1y. The r.oo k.m Elections have a way of rejigging the
French idea of Europe having an industrial European order, too. Populists have fared
policy was once taboo. Now it is the accept well in the Netherlands and Slovakia, not
ed approach. so in Poland and Spain. They are expected
France's dirigiste impulses prevailed be to gain ground in the European Parlia
Ru sia
cause its ideas filled the vacuun1 left by 0 n,ent's elections. The n1ost powerful force
Britain, which voted to leave the EU in 2016 Britain in post-war Europe-a squishy consensus
and finally exited four years later. Had it re in favour of liberal values and the rule of
mained a men1ber of the club, it would law-may come under threat.
have foiled French plans with enthusiasn1. Once the Euro-elections are out of the
Now the task is left to its erstwhile north way, attention will turn to those in An1eri
ern European allies, such as Denmark, Ire ca, sti II the chief guarantor of European se
land or the Netherlands, as well as the curity and the biggest contributor to
commission in Brussels. But that loose al Ukraine's war effort. A Trump victory
liance can n1erely water down French would be greeted with widespread horror.
plans, not prevent then1 entirely. I
That votes cast an ocean away from Paris,
European Union, January 2024
Britain is not the only one not to be
found at the Eu's top table. A more surpris
Members, by joining date: ■
1952-95 2004-13
Berlin or Warsaw will n1atter so n1uch to
Europe's future will surely unleash argu
ing absentee is Germany: Mr Scholz is seen
■ Negotiating accession ■ Official candidate ments that the architecture of power there
as missing in action on the European
Potential candidate ■ Accession negotiations frozen still has n1uch evolving left to do. ■
The Economist January 13th 2024 Europe 43
P"RIS BERLIN
Can the 34-year-old revive the Angry voters turn to new parties,
president's fonunes? left and right
► mans share Ms Wagenknecht's suspicion other parties said they n1ight switch. and are the first to emerge fron, tragedy,"
of the West and blame Ukraine, not Russia, Undercut by Ms Wagenknecht, Die says Vasyl Byduck, an absurdist perforn1er.
for ··provoking" a war for its own survival. Linke looks close to falling under the 5% He says comedy offers support to Ukrai
Those same impulses have boosted an threshold. Yet it is too soon for right-wing nians, giving them a way to make fun of
other relatively new outsider, the hard ers to cheer. Hans-Georg Maassen, a for even the n1ost horrific things. "We have a
right Alternative for Gern1any (AfD), into mer head of German intelligence who fancy phone app that tells you when the
second place in popularity, with a project heads a hard-right splinter in the opposi Russian n1issiles are about to land. You can
ed 22% of votes in a national election. Al tion Christian Democratic Union, the flag even change the voice of the warnings. You
though the two parties ostensibly occupy ship of German conservatism, now wants can haveMarge Simpson telling you you're
opposite political poles, son1e pundits be to set up his own party.Meanwhile the Free about to die....
lieve Ms Wagenknecht could draw more Democrats, a sn1all right-of-centre partner Many of the jokes can appear harsh to
voters away from the AfD than fron1 main in the traffic-light coalition, also flounder an outsider. Dead Russian soldiers are a
strean, parties such as Mr Scholz's Social near the 5% threshold. By the time of the controversial recurring theme. "I don't
Den,ocrats. One survey found 55% of AfD next national election, in 2025, the upstart think that a dead Russian is OK," counters
supporters, and 40% in Die Linke, would esw n1ay look less a n1innow an1ong sharks Nastya Zukhvala, perhaps the n1ost pron1i
consider voting for the esw. Far fewer in than one among many fish. ■ nent woman in the new wave...A dead Rus
sian for me is not OK. It's very good actual
ly." But war has also created no-go areas
Ukraine even for the most cynical of performers.
► ing-rose from under 60% in the late 1960s pecially when there is no formal transition
to a peak of over 180% in 2007. This was the 20 years past the peak period. In Britain, which takes exception to
era of now-failed mortgage lenders such as England, housing by tenure*,% anything so du 11 as a written constitution,
Northern Rock happily offering 130% loan 100 there is instead an awkward dance of hesi
to-value n1ortgages to new buyers. Those tant approaches and furtive exchanges.
Social rent
days are long gone, primarily as a result of 80 Talks between the opposition and the
tighter financial regulation. civil service were first forn1ally requested
A second factor was the sale of council 60 years ago. Official minutes record that
owned housing to existing tenants at dis the then prime n1inister, Alec Douglas
counted prices, which began in earnest in 0 Hon1e, approved then1 on three condi
the 1980s under the Right to Buy schen1e. tions. They had to be "discreet"; they had to
Around a tenth of Britain's housing stock be conducted .. on a factual basis"; and,
was transferred from state ownership to above all, the prime minister had to "know
0
private hands over the course of little more nothing whatsoever" about them (despite
than a decade. That, though, was a one 1918 40 60 80 2000 22 already knowing about then1).
tin1e trick. Policymakers from both main Sornce� ONS, •Armu.11 drtlct .ifh"f lQOO,
National Arrhlves fiscal �d� begtnnlng April from 7008
A precedent, the "Douglas-Ho1ne rules",
parties now say they are keen to put up was established-contact should be al
more houses. Talk of refonning the plan lowed. But who, when and on what terms
ning system to increase English house long-tern1 fiscal risk for the government. was not entirely clear. For a pri1ne n1inis
building to 300,000 new units a year is Britain's welfare systen1 is built on the im ter, the risk was that being seen to connive
welcome. But the most optimistic analysts plicit assumption that pensioners will ei with the opposition damaged morale with
believe that even a decade of building at ther have paid off their n1ortgages and own in his party. Opposition leaders fretted
such levels would reduce house prices by their hon1es by the time they retire or will about appearing presumptuous. Everyone
only around 10%; the house-price-to-earn be living in subsidised social housing. In could at least agree that discretion was es
ings ratio would still be around seven. 2021 there were almost 1.2m private-sector sential. As one private secretary opined:
An ageing population also plays a role tenants in England aged between 45 and "This really is the opposite of 'justice': it
in the supply of housing. Older Britons, 64, a rise of 70% on a decade before. As they perhaps ought to be done but it certainly
those n1ore likely to have benefited fron1 begin to retire over the coming decade n1ustn 't be seen."
the housing boom of previous decades, are their incomes will fall but their housing That means lots of cloak-and-dagger ar
living for longer than they did a few de costs wiII not. The resuIt wiII be a large rise rangements. In 1996 Tony Blair sun1n1oned
cades ago. And a hon1e owner in their 30s is in pensioner poverty, a large rise in the a succession of Sir Humphreys to a bor
twice as likely to move as a home owner in housing-benefit bill as the governn1ent rowed town house in Notting Hill. It also
their sos. Houses do not cycle back onto subsidises their housing costs, or, n1ost leaves room for petulance. Harold Wilson,
the market as quickly as they once did. probably, some con1bination of the two. a Labour prin1e n1inister, was accused of
Britain's politicians may struggle to re The housing ladder may have died two not sticking to the "rules"; after grudgingly
cognise it, therefore, but the nature of the decades ago but its allure as a n1etaphor re allowing access talks before the election in
British housing 1narket has changed fun mains. That continues to blind Britain's 1970, he neurotically sought to track all
dan1entally. The private rental market is no politicians and voters to the reality of the contact between the civil service and the
longer a waiting roon1: for many people it property market. Rather than harking back Tories. Mr Sunak reportedly grouses about
is the destination. In 2001 fewer than one to a bygone age, Britain's politicians need the risk of officials ..downing tools".
in ten Britons rented privately; now one in to accept that there is more to housing than For civil servants, the process is awk
five do. That has important in1plications home ownership. ■ ward. The 1neeti ngs are often usefu 1. Shad
for housing policy. Rather than fretting ow n1inisters can be tactfully warned about
about owner-occupation, for exan1ple, a holes in their plans or in a departn1ent's fi
modern housing agenda would be n1uch Officials and the opposition nances; officials can prepare for big re
Hush-hush
more concerned about professionalising f arms. But try too hard to impress the next
the rented sector. The British market is boss, and the current one n1ay find out.
unusually frag1nented; the typical land After long spells in opposition, politi
lord owns two or three properties, and the cians (some current Labour ones included)
single largest institution has a market can also suspect civiI servants have been
share of just 0.2%. Encouraging larger en captured by the other team, or simply not
tities into the rental sector would n1ake understand what officials are there for. In
Furtive pre-election talks are typical of
sense, among other things. 1991 John Prescott, a Labour brawler, bar
Britain's constitutional vagaries
The removal of the ladder has wider in1- relled into one n1eeting fresh fron1 a boozy
plications, too. Take n1onetary policy. In
S IR KEIR STARMER will soon ask Rishi Su award ceren1ony: I know I'n1 pissed, but I
11
the early 1990s aln1ost 45% of British nak for pern1ission for Labour shadow first want to ask one question: why do I
households had a 1nortgage compared ministers to begin talking to civil servants want some permanent cabinet secretary
with 30% today. The mortgage market has to help them prepare for government. In telling me things?"
conventionally been a n1ajor part of the fact, the opposition leader may already Sir Keir has poached some expertise;
transmission mechanism through which have asked. The prime minister may so far Sue Gray, his chief of staff, was a wily Cabi
changes in the Bank of England's base rate have refused. No one is quite sure what is net Office fixer. But if talks don't start soon,
have fed into consumer behaviour. In a going on, which is often the case when it warns Catherine Haddon of the Institute
world with a structurally sn1aller mortgage con1es to matters of state in Britain. for Government, a think-tank, his tean1
n1arket more pain has to be concentrated In n1any countries pre-election talks could find itself iII-prepared for office.
on a sn1aller number of households to get between opposition politicians and man Much silliness could be avoided, she says,
the same effect. darins are established routines. Questions if a prin1e minister agreed to clearer rules
The changing shape of the housing can be posed and plans tested. The idea is or let the top civii servant oversee chi ngs.
n1arket also poses an u nderappreciated to make handovers of power smoother, es- But where would be the fun in that? ■
48 Britain The Economist January 13th 2024
A country ripe for the radical right is on course to elect a centrist who wants a quieter politics
Mr Tice has cast his outfit in neo-Thatcherite colours: he de
nounces the governing "Consocialists·· and calls for deep cuts to
tax, governn1ent spending and regulation to stin1ulate Britain's
sluggish economy. The aim is to exploit the gulf between the Con
servative Party's self-image as the party of low taxes and low im
migration and its record in office. Mr Sunak's warnings that Mr
Tice will only help the Labour Party are n1et by Reforn1ers with a
shrug: splitting the right is the point. They hope the Tories suffer
an electoral calan1ity, the worse the better, and then split between
n1oderates and right-wingers. Reform ux would then challenge
the rump party to be the true voice of British conservatism. The
next election .,will be a punishment-beating from which they can't
come back in their current form", says one party figure.
This is not a strategy with n1ass appeal. Whereas the UK Inde
pendence Party (UKIP), which Mr Farage once led, routinely polled
second place in by-elections in the years before the EU referen •
dum, Reforn1 UK has not met the 5% threshold to keep its deposit
in ten of the 11 contests it has entered since 2022. The reason is
largely its small-state agenda-a return to UKI p's fusty roots,
which Mr Farage had to disguise as he wooed working-class voters
in poor towns who wanted higher spending. (Reforn1 UK's stint as
surged, to a net 745,000 in 2022. Just 9% of Britons say they trust ing on this week's con1n1on enen1y. And that's exhausting, isn't it?"
politicians to tell the truth. according to Ipsos, a pollster; that is His promise for a politics that "treads a little lighter on all of our
the lowest score since it began asking the question in 1983. lives" sounds like a repudiation of the past decade. But it also har
This sounds like fertile ground for Reforn1 UK, a right-wing nesses the desire for security and a n1ore parochial politics. Recall
outfit co-founded by Nigel Farage (and formerly known as the that the Vote Leave campaign pitched Brexit not as a risky adven
Brexit Party), that is led by Richard Tice, an ex-property developer. ture but as .,the safer option" than staying in a crisis-ridden EU,
Reform UK has seen an uptick in the polls, to 11%, according to The and as a means to get more money for the National Health Service.
Economist's poll tracker. But it is part of a fight between conserva Note how, three years later, Boris Johnson's pron1ise to "Get Brexi t
tive elites for the future of the right rather than a popular n1ove Done" was sold not as a continuation of the constitutional battle
n1ent that slices through established party lines, as Brexit and Mr but as a way for bored voters to "end the argument, stop the chaos"
Trump did. It draws aln1ost entirely from Tory ranks: son1e 20% of and hire more nurses and police officers. Sir Keir's post-populist
the Conservatives' 2019 voters say they will support Reform, pitch is a bet that British voters want to hear less from their politi
against just 2% of Labour's. cians and to see n1ore of their doctors. They always did. ■
International The Economistjanuary13th 2024 49
The new era of global sea power or planned subn1arine telecon1s cables
around the world, carrying 97% of global
Gun, boat, diplomacy internet traffic. The war in Ukraine and re
sulting tensions in Europe have under
scored the geopolitical risk to this infra
structure. In 2022 the Nordstrean1 1 and 2
gas pipelines through the Baltic Sea were
blown up by unknown assailants. A year
later data cables between Estonia, Finland
Naval might is back at the hean of competition-and conflict
and Sweden were mysteriously cut.
► change at a n1on1ent's notice. A ship n1ay it will have a vertical Jaunch system (VLS),
make a friendly port call one day and shoot Ship happens upright tubes with many more missiles,
down Houthi missiles the next. Naval fleet size*, 2023 and more advanced ones, than traditional
Moreover, the oceans are natural envi 250
torpedo tubes.
ronments for competition. The high seas The wars in Ukraine and the Middle
are international waters. The UN Conven 200 East show how such arn1s n1ight be put to
tion on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) grants Britain use in a 1najor conflict at sea. Russia has
countries a 200-nautical-mile exclusive 150 laid mines in Ukrainian waters and fired
France
economic zone off their coasts, yet states missiles at cargo ships berthed in Odessa.
quibble over the details. An1erica has not South 100 The Houthis have fired drones and ballistic
Korea
signed uNcws: China disregards key pro n1issiles at com1nercial shipping, and have
50
visions. Armies in peacetime rarely en n1anaged to board at least one vessel.
counter each other amid such haze. Blockade tactics are of deep interest be
0
At the san1e tin1e, naval power is a sup cause they would be crucial to any war in
ple tool of statecraft because it can resist China United States Russia US alliest
Asia. •J1f there is a war over Taiwan," writes
•1r1< , I dire MIi c , r ( rulse�. r
swift escalation. In a crisis on land, armies Source: USS frigates and submarines twnh major fleets Lonnie Henley, a former China analyst for
can be reinforced quickly with fresh the Pentagon's Defence Intelligence Agen
troops. At sea, sending forces to a flash cy, .,an extended Chinese blockade is Ii kely
point takes longer. Attribution-working submarines. Modern surveillance and pre to determine the outcome." A paper by Mi
out who attacked whom-also takes lon cision-guided weapons put large surface chael O'Hanlon of the Brookings Institu
ger. Naval crises are thus less likely to spi vessels increasingly at risk, particularly tion in Washington models a conflict in
ral into bloodshed. Mr Patalano cites South c]oser to enen1y shores. Submarines are far which China blockades the island by re
Korea's decision to show restraint after a less vulnerable to this. Though their n1ove quiring all ships wishing to visit Taiwan to
North Korean submarine attacked and ments and missions are usually shrouded dock on the Chinese mainland for inspec
sank one of its warships in 2010. in secrecy, they can sneak into enemy wa tion. To understand the possible challeng
ters to collect electronic intelligence or de es ahead, it is worth scrutinising the paper.
Still waters run deep liver special forces, covertly track enemy In the scenario an An1erican-led co
The relatively slow pace of naval confron f1eets at sea or loiter offshore in a crisis alition of around a hundred warships at
tations, and their inherent an1biguities, with the capacity to fire volleys of n1issiles. ten1pts to break the blockade by clearing a
help explain why China has used militar America's Ohio-class subs carry up to 154 shipping lane hundreds of miles to the east
ised fishing fleets to bully its neighbours cruise n1issi les, 26% more than An1erica's of Taiwan. It would take a 1nonth or more
across the South China Sea. The 111ost re best-anned surface ship. to clear 1ninefields, estin1ates Mr O'Han
cent exan1ple is in the Philippines, where Undersea warfare is particularly in1por lon, and longer if China could deploy ad
Chinese vessels have ramn1ed and ha tant because that is where the West has its vanced n1ines capable of repositioning
rassed Filipino ones attempting to resup sharpest technological edge over Russia themselves autonomously. An1erica or Tai
ply Second Tho1nas Shoal, a small reef and China, both of which have limited ca wan would need to subsidise insurance
which China claims. On January 3rd An1er pacity to detect, track and target An1erican payments, reflag cargo ships or promise to
ica responded by sending an aircraft-carri and allied subs. That explains why a n1id rein1burse owners if their vessels were
er to exercise with the Philippines. sized power like Australia is willing to sunk. They would also need to find crews
This peacetin1e shadow-boxing has a spend hundreds of billions of dollars over willing to head into a war zone. "Many
n1inatory quality. In the post-cold-war era three decades on leasing American nuc thousands of personnel would likely die,"
the oceans had become a "benign conduit lear-powered subs and building new ones concludes the paper.
for the projection of power", says Nick with Britain. The AUKUS deal was an In fact, says Mr Henley, reopening the
Childs of the International Institute for nounced by the three countries back in shipping lanes east of the island would not
Strategic Studies (nss), a think-tank in 2021. The prospective AU KUS-class sub also suffice. Taiwan's east-coast ports are iso
London. American and allied navies bom shows the increasing emphasis on fire lated by high mountains and narrow roads
barded Afghanistan and Iraq at leisure. Oc power: unlike Britain's current attack sub, that rely on vulnerable tunnels. Even if it
casionally they hunted pirates. "Now," says were to destroy the Chinese f1eet in battle,
Mr Childs, "we're back into a new age America would still have to get hundreds
where people are having to prepare for the East Chmo Sea of tonnes of cargo into Taiwan's main ports
CHINA
potential for warfighting at sea." This is un Taipei in the west every day, for months, "in the
fan1iliar territory. The last officer to have 0 face of extensive n1ining and hostile fl re,
served in the Falklands war between Brit close to China and under conditions of
ain and Argentina, the last big naval war Taiwan Strait Chinese air superiority". Supply by air
waged by a NATO country, is long retired. would probably be in1possible, he adds.
To fight hardier foes, ships are getting TAIWAN San1uel Paparo, the adn1iral non1inated
bigger and better armed, notes Mr Patala to be An1erica's next navy chief, has insist-
no, pointing to the example of the Italian ed that America could break through a Chi
navy's Francesco Morosini-an offshore pa nese quarantine: "The us alone has every
trol vessel. These were usually small ships Kaohsiung Philipp,ne Sea capabi1ity to break such a blockade." Mr
for coastal defence. But new ones are often O'Hanlon is Jess sure. His calculations sug
the same size as 199os-era frigates and South China Seo
150 km
gest that the outcomes are ··too close to
come armed with air-defence systems and call". Mr Henley is gloomier still. America
heavier weaponry. An1erica's next genera Cargo th rough put, tonnes m has created a navy built to defeat a Chinese
tion of destroyers might carry one-third By port, Jan-Sep 2023 landing on Taiwan, he warns, not one ca
n1ore n1issiles than the current ones. .,o eso 100 pable of penetrating a blockade of Taiwan
The prospect of high-intensity naval ese ports and airfields for prolonged peri
Source: Tar.van lntematk:lnal Ports Corporation
warfare is also boosting the importance of ods: "We cannot win with the force we are ..
The Economist January 13th 2024 International 51
-
A port for every storm
Perhaps not. But in a global contest for
the oceans, guerrilla raiding will not suf
Chin e inv tm nt in for ign p t *, 2000-21, $bn 20 fice. Moreover, the stress on larger, better
GJ=o.1 armed and costlier warships has led to few
er of then1. The Royal Navy, which once be
strode the world's oceans, will soon fa11 to a
paltry 16 frigates and destroyers. It has just
70 ships in total. In the space of around one
year alone, 2022-23, the PLAN grew by
around 30 ships, of which 15 were classed
by the Pentagon as "n1ajor surface con1bat
Po rt Lu anv I le, ants". A slide from last year produced by
Vanuatu the Office of National Intelligence, which
is a branch of the us Navy, showed China
having 50-55% n1ore warships than An1eri
Port of Bata, ca by 2035.
Equa orial Gum Russia's war in Ukraine has demon
strated that wars of attrition demand mass
and scale. That is even n1ore pronounced at
rid II J 1 , Im
un L n 1h h
sea. Fresh soldiers can be conscripted and
tanks scraped up fron1 warehouses. Such
choices are not open to navies, says Mr Pa
► currently building." scoot around, making then1 easier to lay. "A talano; replacing a single warship takes
The ability to exploit sea power cuts lot of blockades could be done by un three to five years. Replenishment is ex
both ways. Taiwan is vulnerable to block crewed vehicles," suggests Kevin Row pensive, hard and slow.
ade because it depends on seaborne in1- lands, who heads the Royal Navy's think If a war lasts that long, America wi11 be
ports for energy and agriculture. But China tank. Cyber operations could check a ship's at a disadvantage. Chinese shipyards have
also has to ship in n1ost of its oil as well as docun1entation and route, he adds. Con a capacity of more than 23trn gross tonnes,
raw materials. One retaliatory option versely, Ukraine has illustrated how a measure of a ship's volu n1e, according to
would be a "close-in" blockade near Chi drones can also attack a blockading fleet. American intelligence estimates. A1nerica
nese ports, attacking ships and laying Though Ukraine has n1ade a1nple use of can manage less than 100,000, though its
n1ines just as Russia does against Ukraine. old-fashioned anti-ship n1issiles, weapons allies Japan and South Korea would help
That, however, would present n1any of the which proved their worth n1ore than 40 close the gap somewhat. An1erica's navy
same problems as an effort to open Tai years ago in the Falklands war, it has also suffers from "a huge disconnect" between
wanese ports, including the risk of nuclear en1ployed uncrewed surface vehicles what it needs and what it has persuaded
escalation arising fro1n strikes against the (usvs)-essentially drone boats-to re Congress and Atnerican taxpayers to fund,
Chinese mainland. peatedly strike Russian ships in the Black says Emma Salisbury of Birkbeck College
An easier and safer approach n1ight be a Sea and ports on the Crin1ean and Russian in London. She notes that the British navy's
Hdistant" blockade: stopping China-bound coast. On January 4th a Houthi usv even share of the defence budget has remained
ships at choke points like the Strait of Hor can1e within a cou pie of n1iles of An1erican steady, at about one-third, for 50 years.
n1uz or the Strait of Malacca. Fiona Cun warships and an assortn1ent of merchant
ningham of the University of Pennsylvania shipping before it blew up. Sea change
calculates that An1erica's navy is large Aln1ost all n1ajor navies plan to operate Con1peting in an age of sea power will re
enough to intercept only a quarter of n1er large usv fleets in the future, alongside quire not just larger navies and the capaci
chant vessels passing through South-East crewed ships. Technology is outpacing the ty to build them but also a change in mind
Asian straits. A blockade would take a law. Much of the relevant law is more than set. Diplomacy will have to focus on ports,
n1onth to put into effect, she reckons, and a century old, says Co1nn1ander Caroline n1aritime alliances and trade routes. Sail
would need to be sustained for at least six Tuckett, the Royal Navy's top adviser on in ors will need to be recruited and trained in
n1onths to cause shortages of civilian and ternational law. Even in peacetime the UN far larger numbers. An1erica will have to
military goods in China. CLOS, adopted in 1982, puts obligations revive its 111erchant marine fleet to have
such a blockade wou Id den1onstrate such as rendering assistance to n1ariners any hope of moving sufficient troops and
two in1portant aspects of sea power. One is in distress-on the .,n1aster" of a vessel or equipn1ent in a Pacific war.
that it relies on global alliances, just as in the commanding officer of a warship. A In his book on the Battle of Jutland, the
an earlier age it relied on global en1pires. usv navigating autonon1ously has neither. indecisive naval battle of the first world
Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Sceptics argue that the n1i I itary i n1pact war, Andrew Gordon, a historian, sought to
Singapore and other partners in the region of usvs has been hyped. Basic gunfire, well explain what went wrong for the Royal Na
would have to permit America to use their aimed, could take many of them out. New vy. The issue, he concluded, was the ··tong,
waters and airfields, notes Ms Cunning weapons, Iike shipborne lasers, which calm lee of Trafalgar''. Britain's naval victo
han1 . The other is that the n1u ltinational n1ost big navies are testing, n1ight further ry over Napoleon in 1805 gave way to a long
nature of modern shipping poses a severe tilt the advantage to the defender. Never period of complacency and drift. In 1916
challenge to would-be blockaders deciding theless, Captain Rowlands argues that a none of Britain's admirals had waged a ma
what to stop and what to let through. The structural shift has taken place in the na jor war. Command of the seas was taken for
Ever Given, for instance, was Japanese ture of naval power. ··Having a navy used to granted among the n1ilitary elite. That res
built and owned but chartered by a Taiwan be a very expensive thing," he says. "There onates today. "You're seeing the long, calm
ese company, crewed by Indian officers were great barriers to entry. Now there lee of the second world war," warns Mr
and bringing goods from China to Europe. aren't. You don't need to have a baroque Childs. The churning waters of the Black
Blockades also show how technology is navy with billion-pound destroyers to ex Sea, Red Sea and South China Sea suggest a
changing naval warfare. Robotic n1ines can ert influence at sea." storn1 now approaches instead. ■
Business The Economistjanuary13th 2024 53
Silicon lowlands
recently en1erged, An1erica's government
pressed ASML to cancel planned deliveries
of even its older 1nachines to China.
Yet ASM L's spectacular success is also
underpinned by two other, less obvious
factors. The con1pany has created a net
NEUKOLLN AND VELDHOVEN
work of suppliers and technology partners
ASML, a mighty Dutch semiconductor firm, is at the heart
that n1ay be the closest thing Europe has to
of a critical supply chain
Silicon Valley. And its business n1odel in
►which is then reflected by a set of n1irrors healthy," says Mr Allan. Information flows
so smooth that the biggest imperfection is Living off the etch freely throughout the network, particular
no bigger than the distance grass can grow ASML ly between ASML, Trun1pf and Zeiss. Engi
in a millisecond. To make all this worth a neering teams fron1 different firms work
chi pmaker's while-the latest n1odel costs Market capitalisation, (bn together. Patents are shared, as are some fi
n1ore than $30001-and expose enough Li o aphy sy ems: 300 nancial data and, sometimes, profits...At
chips, the object that holds the wafer, f- 99 n1eetings you can't tell who is from which
called a "table", has to accelerate faster D p ultraviol t (DU 200 fl rm, " reports a fonner Zeiss executive.
than a rocket and come to a stop at exactly At the same time, many suppliers com
the right spot. Imm s101 pete with each other indirectly, for in
100
To get an idea of what it takes to build stance providing sin1ilar parts for different
such a device, pay a visit to a nondescript generations of ASML's n1achines. If a sup
factory in Neukolln, a neighbourhood of 0 plier runs into trouble, ASML dispatches a
Berlin. This is where ASML makes, among 1995 2000 OS 15 20 24 rapid intervention force, son1eti111es even
other things, "n1irror blocks", the n1ain if such help is not welcon1e. As a last resort,
part of a wafer table. These are sturdy piec Fi ancial , bn ASML can buy a supplier, as it did with
es of a special ceramic material, a square 20 Berliner Glas.
8cm thick and n1easuring about 5ocn1 on
each side. Some get polished, n1easu red,
■ Rev nu 15
It is this loosely coupled structure that
allowed ASML to outcon1pete n1ore verti
Net profi •
repolished, remeasured and so on, for 10 cally integrated rivals, reckons Willy Shih
nearly a year-until they are exactly the of Harvard Business School. Nikon and
right shape, including allowances for the Canon, two Japanese firn1s which once led
fact that they will sag by a few nanon1etres the n1arket for lithography machines,
once installed. never n1anaged to co1nn1ercialise EUV kit.
The factory is en1blematic of the com 2014 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23* (Canon is trying to stage a return with .,na
pany's unusual network of suppliers. Al noimprint" lithography, which physically
though its owner, Berliner Glas, was ac Revenues from China, '1/o stan1ps chip designs onto wafers.)
quired by ASML in 2020, it lives halfway be 20 ASML is now entrenching this don1i
tween being an independent company and nance by complen1enting its hardware
a unit of the Dutch parent. Son1ething sim with software and data. When real rockets
ilar is true of the 800 or so n1ostly Euro take off, their trajectory is wobbly and
pean finns that help put together ASML's needs to be sn1oothed out by a guidance
n1achines. ASML owns stakes in only a few con1puter, which collects data to predict
of then1. Yet their interdependence n1akes and adapt their course. A wafer table in a
then1 act like a single organisation. lithography 1nachine is sin1ilarly likely to
ASML outsources over 90% of what it n1iss the n1ark at first. The san1e is true of
Soun e\: LSEG Work.\(1ace; •Jam1ttry Seprernhf'r
costs to build one of its marvels and direct company reports 'JdllUdry June
the rest of the device. It is only with the
ly en1ploys less than half the estin1ated help of lots of data and n1achi ne learning, a
100,000 people the feat requires. This is type of AI, that they can be fine-tuned
partly because of its history. When it was vents the risk-reducing double sourcing and n1ade n1ore accurate. This is rapidly
spun out of Philips, a Dutch electronics that is prevalent in many other industries. turning ASML into an AJ platforn1.
giant, in 1984, ASML seemed stillborn. Its In the case of ASML, technical demands are Once Intel gets all the modules for its
idea to bui Id a Silicon stepper" the origi
11 so high and production volun1es so low (it new n1achine, it will take about two weeks
nal narne of the chip-copying n1achine, shipped 317 machines in 2022) that it to put the thing together. Adapting it to its
was promising. But it had not 111uch else would be uneconon1ical to n1anage several new location will take a few n1onths. Bits
going for it, in particular no production suppliers for a single part even if they n1ay have n1oved in transport, gravity may
lines. It instead relied on specialist suppli could be found. For such crucial con1po be slightly different in Oregon fron1 the
ers, many of them also fonner Philips un nents as lasers and n1irrors, which are Netherlands and other kit nearby 1nay
its, such as VDL, a contract 1nanufacturer. made by Trumpf and Zeiss, two Gennan create interference. Tests will collect data
The outsourcing is also a function of firms, respectively, it is in1possible. Wayne and trigger adjustn1ents. "We have thou
technology. The different parts of a litho Allan, who is in charge of sourcing on sands of knobs we can turn to put it into a
graphy n1achine are so cutting-edge that ASM L's board, talks of uco-dependency". perfect state," says Jos Benschop, who is in
doing it all could overwheln1 one firm. The upshot is that ASML mostly limits charge of technology at ASML .
You have to decide where you add the
11 itself to being the systenl's architect. It de ASML also uses the data fron1 one n1ach-
n1ost value and let others do the rest," says cides who does what, defines the interfac ine to turn the knobs of others. Of the
a fonner ASML insider. Semiconductor eco es between the main parts of its n1achines roughly 5,500 devices it has sold since its
nomics, too, favours not doing everything ('modules") and carries out research and founding 39 years ago, 95% are still in oper
yourself. The industry is prone to booms development. This set-up makes it easier ation and many send data home to head
and busts, because den1and n1oves up and to test the pieces and transport the n1a quarters. That will n1ake its products even
down more quickly than chipmakers can chines (shipping the latest model to Intel better, leading to more chipn1aking, which
install capacity. Prices rise and fall as involved 250 crates and 13 containers). It generates even 1nore data-and so on, in a
shortages turn to gluts. Manufacturers of also gives suppliers more freedo1n, includ 11flywheel" more typically associated with
chipmaking gear are exposed to the same ing to experin1ent with novel technologies. digital services such as internet search.
cycle. That makes owning all the assets ris It al I works because ASML has cultivated Even if Canon, Nikon or a Chinese con1pet
ky; better to shift some risk to suppliers, a culture of trust and transparency while itor finally managed to build EUV ma
who can lin1it it by catering to custon1ers preserving elen1ents of con1petition. Sup chines as powerful as ASM L's, it would not
working to different business cycles. pliers are not squeezed to the last penny. be able to catch up with the Dutch firm, ar
The required hyper-specialisation pre- Quite the opposite: .,We need them to stay gues Pierre Ferragu of New Street Research, ..
The Economist January 13th 2024 Business 55
► a firm of analysts. "It's mathematically im three years and to keeping the exen1ption Mining
The other
possible, as long as ASML keeps collecting fron1 the car tax. The farn1ers pooh-poohed
data from all the installed base." the concessions as insufficient. On Janu
If rivals cannot topple ASML, can any ary 4th an aggressive group of them pre
thing? Maybe physics. Even with the best vented Robert Habeck, the econon1y min Saudi gold
AI, you can't shrink transistors for ever ister, fron1 disembarking fron1 a ferry on
(certainly not in a con1n1ercially viable his return fron1 a family holiday. If the
RIYADH
way). If technical requirements becon1e train drivers are sin1ilarly unimpressed,
The crown prince wants the kingdom
too otherworldly the supplier network that could prove expensive for German
to be the Saudi Arabia of minerals
n1ay unravel. Or n1aybe economics. Chip business, reckons 1w Koln, a think-tank.
n1akers 1nay recoil at ASML's data hunger, The raiI strike could cost businesses €1oon1 TN WAADAL-SHAMAL, 1,2ookn1 north of Ri
which extends to other linked devices in ($1101n) a day if it forced them to interrupt lyadh, the Saudi capital, phosphate is ex
their factories. Some are pushing back production. The car, chemical and steel in tracted and bathed in chemicals to turn it
against its digital expansion, insiders say. dustries, Gern1any's biggest, are especially into an acid. Fron1 there it is shipped
Then there is geopolitics. ASM L's share reliant on rail transport. 1,5ookn1 east by rail to the port of Ras AI
price dipped after news broke about the The workers' mood is increasingly an Khair. The stuff is then made into fertiliser
cancelled deliveries to China. The worry is gry. Appeals are circulating with fantasies
11 or its precursor, an1monia, and sails west
less over lower sales; ASML cannot buiId its of revolution," warned Mr Habeck. The far to Brazil, south to Africa and east to India
n1achines fast enough anyway. Of greater right Alternative for Gern1any party is do and Bangladesh, where it ends up with
concern is the risk that strict export con ing its best to fan the grievances. In Dres farn1ers who, according to Ma'aden, the
trols could in tin1e push China to build its den the Free Saxons, another far-right state n1ining firn1 which runs the project,
own chipn1aking-gear industry. That could group, infiltrated the farn1ers' protest call grow 10% of the world's food. The venture
one day threaten ASM L's position at the ing for the "extinction of the traffic light" is vast. Its sales and don1estic investn1ent
centre of the sector. For the tin1e being, (as the governing coalition of the Social are equivalent to about 2% of the king
though, the con1pany's network and its De1nocrats, Free Den1ocrats and Greens is donl's non-oil GDP. Another sin1ilar one
network effects re111ain indomitable. Who referred to because of their party colours). will soon start shipping the equivalent of
said Europe couldn't do tech? ■ Thon1as Puls of 1w Koln fears that the another1%.
strikes will har111 the in1age of Gern1any as Phosphate is not the only n1ineral re
a place for business. Local bosses are alrea source Saudi Arabia is eyeing to fuel its
German business dy fretting about a Gern1an version of the post-oil future. On January 10th the gov
► cludes ads in such unlikely places as the ground are harder to extract quickly. A that school's ties to harder-headed cor
London Underground). In the past few harsh summer shuts down work for safety porate America, might be expected to insu
years it has fonned a new ministry for in reasons, halting projects for three or four late it from wider campus convulsions.
dustry and mineral resources, waived du months a year. Little has been done to real Not quite. Businesses too are facing a DEi
ties on in1ported machinery and raw mate ise Saudi Arabia's potential in power-hun reckoning. As a consequence, Harvard
rials, reduced licence fees and royalties, of gry processing and refining, where it could Business School (HBS) is facing pressure
fered state support for salaries and subsi excel thanks to plentiful energy. on two fronts.
dised rents. It has also replaced an arcane Last, turning the Saudi vision into reali Students at HBS are the holders of the
mining law with one more like the inves ty requires a radical shift among the winning tickets in the lottery of American
tor-friendly codes in Australia, Botswana world's n1iners. In an unpredictable world, capitalisn1. On average, they arrive with
and Canada. Licences that took years to se n1any prefer to shove 1 profits to share five years of work experience, nearly half of
cure are now handed out in two months. holders rather than into risky new projects. them from prestigious consulting or
The result has been a sharp rise in To change this, the prince will need all his financial firms. Two years of study for the
active licences-to around 2,300, a fifth powers of persuasion. ■ 115-year-old institution's MBA degree all
n1ore than two years ago. About 700 of but guarantee a con1fortable professional
these are for exploration. Some are going perch. Son1e do much better still. The
to foreigners. Mediuni-sized or specialist Management education fortunes of H BS alumni have helped build
outsiders such as Barrick Gold and Eur the school's reputation and, thanks to their
asian Resources Group have received A case study of generous donations, stock its coffers
licences to explore or have partnerships (combined with annual income from MBA
with Ma'aden. "I would rather have 50 °A> of negative spillovers tuition fees, executive education, a pub
lishing business and online courses, in
something than 1ooo/o of nothing," says
Robert Wilt, Ma'aden's chief executive. 2022 the school made $966111 in revenue).
"To draw big players in, Saudi Arabia After the murder of George Floyd, a
will need big discoveries," says Mark Bris black man, by a police officer in May 2020
Is Harvard Business School too woke?
tow, boss of Barrick Gold. To that end it is HBS underwent a self-examination typical
investing over $18on1 in incentives for ex
ploration. The Saudi Industrial Develop
n1ent Fund, a government vehicle, offers to
I T HAS BEEN an inhospitable winter in
Boston. Following the resignation of
Claudine Gay as president of Harvard Uni
of other A1nerican institutions at the ti1ne.
11What we could agree on is that the experi
ence of black students at the school, as
finance up to three-quarters of project versity on January 2nd, her interim re they reported upon graduation, was not
costs. The kingdom is also bankrolling a placement said he could not recall "a per quite the same as white students'. There
$200111 effort to n1ap its geology and create iod of con1parable tension" at the institu was a deficit," says Robert Kaplan, a faculty
a database of resources, on top of $5oon1 it tion. Ms Gay was ousted after a plagiarism men1ber involved in the review. Hes's ap
spent on an earlier survey. Ma'aden is do scandal erupted over her acaden1ic work. proach to DEJ has since resen1bled that of
ing n1ore prospecting, too, Mr Wilt says. But her position had been precarious for corporate An1erica-and of the rest of Har
The govern1nent is also training a cadre n1onths; son1e donors were upset that she vard. In 2021 it hired a chief diversity-and
of geoscientists and engineers. Such pro seemed to tolerate students' antisemitic i nclusion officer and tried to increase the
fessionals are in short supply not just in outbursts. For conservatives, Ms Gay, who diversity of the student body and faculty.
Saudi Arabia but everywhere. No amount was Harvard's first black and second fe Bringing o EI into the business-school
of n1oney can get you all the people you n1ale president, was also a syn1bol of liber classroon1 has been n1ore controversial.
need today, says John Bradford of the Colo al elites' fixation on diversity, equity and Compared with the rest of the university,
rado School of Mines. To ensure Saudi Ara inclusion (DEi). H BS faculty are probably less woke. The
bia can get then1 ton,orrow, it has tean,ed The ostensibly hard-headed sorts who pressure for more DEJ can1e n1ostly fron1
up with A111erican think-tanks in mining attend Harvard's 111anagement school, and students, recounts a professor. And if the ..
research and is working with Mr Bradford's
institution to create training programmes.
In November Ma·aden endowed a new
undergraduate degree in n1ining science
and engineering at King Fahd University of
Petroleun1 and Minerals.
The princely plan may misfire. Abroad,
it could run into the sort of resource na
tionalism it itself eschews. Partners in Af
rica, bruised by decades of outsiders ship
ping off resources without boosting devel
op111ent, insist that this tin1e benefits trick
le down to their economies. A partnership
with Saudi Arabia must be ..not just ex
tracting the ore and taking it away", says
Henry Dele Alake, Nigeria's solid-minerals
minister. It would require investments in
Nigerian processing and factories.
At home, Prince Muhan1n1ad's short
tin1elines are, sceptical executives note, at
odds with those typical of prospecting,
n1ine developn1ent and mining education,
all of which take years. Unlike phosphate
deposits. metal ores from deeper under-
The Economist January 13th 2024 Business S'l
Can't exit
partly to simulate the challenges faced by No pie in the sky
grown-up executives, it is hard to imagine Share prices, January 1st 2014= 100
emergency
a curriculun1 ignoring such issues entirely. $ tem,s
America's den1ography is changing, and so 350
are employees' expectations about what
their workplace ought to look like. The ---
300
current backlash against DEi policies re 250
Faulty door plugs open old wounds
quires bosses to be far more thoughtful
at the American planemaker 200
about how they approach then,. It is re
quiring the san1e of business schools. That
is easier said than done.
MBA students at Hes are taught using
N ERVOUS TRAVELLERS will break out in a
cold sweat to see pictures of a gaping
hole in the fuselage of an Alaska Airlines
150
100
the ··case n1ethod". Classes ask students to Boeing 737 MAX 9, blown out at 15,000 feet 50
put then1selves in the shoes of bosses (4,600 n1etres) after the plane had taken off
facing a specific problen1. Since 2020 stu over Oregon on January 5th. Nervous in
dents have complained that those shoes do vestors will have the san1e reaction to the
not fit. The result has been a significant in share prices of Boeing and Spirit Aerosys
crease in the ethnic and gender diversity of ten1s, a firn1 spun off by the planemaker in loose bolt shou Id not be too difficult. The
the case "protagonists". But, as one faculty 2005. Spirit manufactured the fuselage MAX 9, a larger version of Boeing's short
men1ber notes, .. the idea that you would be and the failing part, a plug in the airframe haul workhorse, n1akes up just over 15% of
studying a chief financial officer doing a where son1e MAX 9 n1odels can have an all 737 MAxes in service, and an even sn1all
discounted-cashflow n1odel, substitute a en1ergency exit. The two con1panies' mar er share of unfilled orders (see chart 1).
white n1an for a black woman, and then ket value plunged by 8% and 11%, respec Only four out of five of the existing MAX 9
high-five all around is ridiculous." tively, following the incident. fleet, or 171 aircraft in all, have the unused
HBS n1ade a course called .,inclusion" Miraculously, no one was seriously in exits. The bigger problen1 for Boeing is that
con1pulsory for first-year MBA students in jured; had the aircraft rapidly depressur the episode reinforces the in1pression that
the acaden1ic year of 2021-22. A version of ised at a higher altitude the outcon1e could it has lost its way.
it, which focused heavily on race and gen have been worse. The precise cause of the The descent of America's once high-fly
der. had previously been optional; "We malfunction re111ains unclear. The plane, ing aerospace chan1pion began in October
heard fron1 the students that you're teach delivered to Alaska Airlines on Noven1ber 2018, when a 737 MAX crashed in Indonesia.
ing the course to the people that don't need 11th, was brand-new. Sin1ilar unused e111er Five 111onths later the san1e n1odel crashed
it," says a faculty n1en1ber with knowledge gency exits were installed on a previous in Ethiopia. Both disasters were Jinked to
of the course. But n1any students and staff version of the 737 without problen1s. problen1s with flight-control software and
felt the new course lacked rigour and, part Regulators around the world have led to the grounding of the entire 737 MAX
ly because it was taught to a single group of grounded the entire fleet of MAX gs with fleet for 20 n1onths while the software was
1,000 people, discouraged discussion. the same door plug, pending inspections fixed. Boeing paid around $2obn in fines
Echoing worries about free speech on to ensure their airworthiness. Early indica and con1pensation. Critics alleged that the
other campuses, professors whisper that tions suggested a one-off n1an ufactu ring con1pany was paying too n1uch attention
conservative and religious students feel problen1 originating at Spirit. But on Janu to returning n1oney to shareholders and
less able to speak up more generally. The ary 8th United Airlines said that prelin1i not enough to engineering. A new chief ex
view is supported by the results of a stu nary examinations had identified other ecutive brought in at the start of 2020 to
dent survey shown to faculty last year. planes with .,installation issues" connect salvage Boeing's in1age, Dave Calhoun,
Shortly after the attacks on Israel on Octo ed with the door, such as .,bolts that needed pron1ised to return the firn1 to its roots of
ber 7th and the invasion of Caza, Bill Ack additional tightening". This indicates a technical excellence.
man's comments about the war and Har "pattern of poor workmanship" at Spirit The door drama is only the latest sign
vard's can1pus politics caused s01ne H BS over which Boeing should have had better that Mr Calhoun's task ren1ains incon1-
students to lobby the school to disinvite oversight, says Bernstein, a broker. plete. Deliveries of Boeing's long-haul 787
the billionaire investor (and HBS graduate) Thankfully for Boeing, its airline cus Drean1liner have been suspended several
fron1 appearing on campus as a "protago ton1ers and their passengers, fastening the tin1es in the past few years because of qual- .+
nist" in a case about his hedge fund.
As in boardrooms, Hss's thinking on
DEI is in flux. The inclusion course was Mini MAX
first redesigned, to less dan1ning reviews,
then shelved. In June 2023 Francesca Gino, Boeing, unfilled aircraft orders, 000 Financials, $bn
one of its architects, was put on unpaid ad At December 31st 2023
n1inistrative ]eave after accusations of Revenues Operating profit/loss
fraud in her work (she has filed a Jawsuit 120 15
against Harvard University alleging breach 737 10
100
of contract and gender-based discrimina 5
tion). ln the end, Mr Ackn1an did visit. Like 80
787 0
America Inc, HBS is learning to walk the
60 -5
DEJ tightrope-the hard way. ■ Airbus
m Boein -10
0
Correction In ,_Unsustainable developments"
(December 9th) and the accompanying leader,
"Power trip", we incorrectly stated that the
767 I
201
I J M r1 i i I I
20 23
,,,,,,,,
201 20
..
23
-15
► ity-control problen1s. In April 2023 the The 777x delay alone has set the con1- Son1e of Boeing's woes on Mr Calhoun's
con1pany said it would have to fix the verti pany back at least $8bn in extra costs. The watch were beyond his control. Soon after
cal stabilisers on 737s in production at close call over Oregon wiII pile on n1ore, by he took over at the start of 2020, covid sent
Spirit and in storage. Although it was not a forcing it to spruce up production process the industry into a tailspin. Both Boeing
safety risk, the defect put another dent in es. Boeing has not turned an annual profit and Airbus lost roughly half their 111arket
1
Boeing s reputation. Another knock can1e since 2018. It lags behind its European capitalisation between March and autun1n
in August, when the planen1aker said it arch-rival, Airbus, in orders for short-haul of that year. But whereas Airbus shares are
would need to correct in1properly drilled jets by 4,800 to 7,300. It is struggling to re now trading at an all-tin1e high, Boeing's
holes in part of the pressurised cabin of 165 hire skilled workers laid off during the are worth half what they were at their peak
737 MAxes assen1bled by Spirit. Ironing out covid-19 lull as it tries to increase produc in early 2019 (see chart 2 on previous page).
n1anufacturing niggles is one reason that tion of the 737 MAX fron1 38 a n1onth to 50 If the An1erican planen1aker is to soar
deliveries of Boeing's 777x, another long by 2025-26, in order to 111eet strong de again, Mr calhoun will need not just to re
haul jet, will begin only in 2025, six years n1and from airlines dealing with a surge in spond to problen1s but also to stop any new
behind schedule. post-panden1ic .. revenge" flying. ones en1erg1ng. ■
Steel yourself
came the number-one target for accusa
tions of dun1ping-selling goods abroad at
lower prices than at home-in industries
including chen1icals. metals and textiles.
Although low-cost goods were great news
for consumers, they were less welcome for
son1e rich-world industrial workers. It lat
SINGAPORE
er becan1e fashionable to blan1e the ·'china
Xi Jinping's search for economic growth risks setting off another trade war
shock", which led to lay-offs in affected in
C
1
H I NA S LEADERS are obsessed with lith porters in powerhouse provinces have dustrial areas, for contributing to Donald
ium-ion batteries, electric cars and so been told to expand production. During Trump's electoral victory in 2016.
lar panels. These sorts of technologies will, the first 11 n1onths of 2023 capital spending The con1ing n1anufacturing boon1
Xi Jinping has proclain1ed, becon1e "pillars on smelting n1etals, manufacturing vehi cou Id be even larger, given the sheer scale
of the econon1y... He is spending big to en cles and making electrical equipment rose of the Chinese economy, which has dou
sure this happens-meaning, in the years by 10%, 18% and 34%, respectively, com bled in size over the past decade. Michael
to con1e, that his an1bitions will be felt pared with the same period in 2022. Pettis of Peking University notes that even
across the world. A n1anufacturing export Such developn1ents will be pron1pting if China sin1ply were to n1aintain the cur
boom could very well lead to a trade war. f1ashbacks among veteran Western policy rent size of its n1anufacturing sector,
Mr Xi's n1anufacturing obsession is ex makers. China's rise was accon1panied by which accounts for 28% of GDP, and were
plained by the need to offset China's prop an epochal shift in global trade. In the de to achieve its target of 4-5% GDP growth ov
erty slun1p, which is dragging on economic cade that followed the country's accession er the next decade, its share of global
growth. Sales by the country's 100 largest to the World Trade Organisation in 2001, its manufacturing output would rise from 31%
real-estate developers fe11 by 17% in 2023, to 36%. If Mr Xi's ambitions are fulfilled,
and overall investn1ent in residential the increase will be bigger still.
buildings dropped by 8%. After a decade in Al so in th is section China's capital investment, which is
which capital spending on property out more than double America's as a share of
61 A guide to party-speak
stripped econo1nic growth, officials now GDP, is funded by its thrifty households
hope that manufacturing can pick up the 62 The impact of shipping snarl-ups and their saving piles. During earlier
slack. State-owned banks-corporate Chi n1anufacturing boon1s, son1e observers
63 Buttonwood: Ackman's activism
na's main source of financing-are funnel had expected the country's consumers to
ling cash to industrial firn1s. In return for 64 The missing Al boom use these savings to splurge on goods, only
an extension of pandemic-era tax breaks to be proved wrong. Consumers are likely
65 Free exchange: Team Transitory
and carve-outs for green industries, ex- to continue to prefer saving to spending. In ..
The Economist January 13th 2024 Finance & economics 61
Changes unseen
bounding from a grin1 2022. But most an It can go higher
alysts now expect n1uch slower overall Global manufacturing value added,%
growth, owing to tumult in the property 30
market and the government's wariness
about borrowing to support household in 25
con1es. In the absence of higher private
consumption, "policymakers would need 20 SHANGH1'1
The Communist Party's economic
to bring the economy down n1uch faster to 15 jargon is increasingly important
correct overcapacity" says Alicia Garcia
Herrero of Natixis, a bank. lt would have
to grow at 3-4%, not 5%." Alternatively, if
the higher rate of growth is to be sustained,
11 10
5
A NEW COMMUNIST PARIT slogan was
born on January 9th. The phrase, which
appeared on the front page of the People's
n1ore goods wi 11 have to be sold abroad. Daily, a party n1outhpiece, defies easy in
I I I
It will help that they are getting cheap I
terpretation. A loose translation n1ight
I j I I I I I I
2004 10 15 20 22
er-as can be seen in the steel n1arket, read "nine issues that must be grasped". As
Source� World ll<tnk
which is vital for China's car and renewable is typical of party-speak, it has been abbre
industries. Early last year investors expect viated into a three-syllable catchphrase:jiu
ed output to fall, as Chinese construction last era of Chinese n1anufacturing stin1u ge yi. The issues it refers to include other
flagged. Instead, in a remarkable feat, the lus. Attitudes towards Chinese exports slogans, such as "breaking free from the
country's steel giants produced n1ore 111et have hardened. Western countries are both historical cycle of rising and falling" and
al even as the property industry suffered. more protective of their don1estic ind ustri "taking the lead of the great social revolu
Steel n1ills, which have access to cheap al bases and more sceptical that China will tion as the fundamental purpose". Only by
capital, are willing to take considerable eventually become a n1arket econon1y. fathon1ing such principles can one engage
losses in order to preserve n1arket share. Frictions are already starting to devel in .,self-revolution"-yet another slogan,
As a result. industrial prices fell by 2% op. In November Britain launched a probe focused on combating corruption.
in the first 11 months of 2023, and profits by into Chinese excavators, after JCB, a local These buzzwords do not roll off the ton
4o/o. In 2012, during a previous era of manu firn1, alleged that Chinese rivals were gue. They are oblique and often resistant to
facturing stin1ulus, overcapacity meant flooding the 1narket with cut-price ma decryption. Norn1al folk frequently ignore
that the profit on a couple of tonnes of steel chines. The EU is conducting an anti-sub them. They represent, however, the lan
"was just about enough to buy a lollipop", sidy probe into Chinese electric vehicles guage of party power-" the very currency
according to Yu Yongding, an econon1ist. and an anti-dun1ping probe into Chinese on which [the party] to a large extent de
Many producers are now heading for a sin1- biodiesel. The Biden adn1inistration has pends", says David Bandurski of China Me
ilar situation. An employee at a supplier in asked the EU to tax Chinese goods, offering dia Project, a research group. The jargon
Shanghai estimates that some are losing to drop American tariffs on European steel sets the tone for economic campaigns. It
about 350 yuan ($50) on each tonne of steel in return. On January 5th China decided to even defines entire epochs of growth. At a
reinforcement they sell. Meanwhile, re hit Europe where it hurts, announcing an tin1e when China's leaders are attempting
newable firn1s, such as LONGL the world's anti-dun1ping investigation into brandy. to drag the economy fron1 the doldrums,
largest solar-equipn1ent manufacturer, And it is not just the rich world that is there is even n1ore reason than norn1al to
and Goldwind, a wind-turbine n1aker, are getting angry. In September India in1posed pay attention to party-speak.
also suffering. Both reported sharply lower fresh anti-dun1ping duties on Chinese Apparatchiks reserve the right to define
profits in the third quarter of 2023. steel; in December it introduced new du their buzzwords. But Xi Jinping, China's
It is not only China's industrial prices ties on industrial laser n1achines. Indeed, su pren1e leader, has elevated the impor
that are falling-the country's currency is, aln1ost all the anti-dumping investigations tance of ideology in everyday life and busi- .+
too. The yuan is down by 9% on a trade that India's trade authorities are now con
weighted basis since its peak in 2022, ducting concern China. On the other side
meaning that overseas con1petitors face a of the world, Mexico is in a tricky spot. It
double whan1n1y. At the same time, West benefits fron1 decisions by Chinese com
ern politicians are more willing to fight on panies to n1ove production in order to
behalf of domestic firn1s than during the avoid American tariffs, but it also wants to
avoid don1estic markets being flooded by
subsidised in1ports. It seen1s the latter is
Property problems now taking precedence. In December the
China, year-on-year change governn1ent announced an So% tariff on
in quarterly bank loans, yuan trn some in1ports of Chinese steel.
China's leadership has little roon1 for
manoeuvre. In Decen1ber officials issued a
� - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
Real estate
6 statement calling industrial overcapacity,
exacerbated by weak don1estic den1and,
one of the biggest challenges facing the
econon1y. Given the numerous other chal
2 lenges facing the economy, they can hardly
Industrial afford to alienate n1ore of China's trading
0
partners with fights over dumping and
-2 subsidies. Unfortunately, the alterna
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
2011 13 15 17 19 21 23
I
tive-a new year with nothing to offset the
Sources.: PBoC: Wind
property mess and lacklustre consun1er
spending-may be even less attractive. ■ Self-revolving
62 Finance & economics The Economist January 13th 2024
Bottle job
low-end n1an ufacturing, and indicate in
creased tolerance for slower growth.
Such confusion is not enough to stop
party-speak spreading. Since Mr Xi first
used the words profound changes unseen
11
Bill Ackman takes on Harvard University, and offers a lesson in activist investing
► fron1 January 5th to 7th in San Antonio, bottlenecks than elsewhere. "Supply con n1and. The global econon1y is also not try
Texas, discussed a nu1nber of papers on straints bind during periods of high de ing to adjust to a shift from services to
this topic. According to one, presented by mand," she concluded. Another paper, pre goods, which econon1ists considered an
Oleg ltskhoki of the University of Califor sented by Callum Jones, an economist on other culprit for snarled supply chains.
nia, Los Angeles, price growth as a result of the Federal Reserve·s board, agreed with In the n1ost recent s& P survey respon
bottlenecks during covid-19 was more per the conclusion. Bottlenecks explained dents were 50% less likely to point to high
sistent in America than elsewhere. about half the rise in inflation fron1 2021 to er den1and as a reason for extra costs than
Other papers suggest why this was the 2022, his work found, but that was because the long-run average; two years ago they
case. One, outlined by Ana Maria Santacreu they exacerbated loose n1onetary policy. were 75% n1ore likely to do so. As a conse
of the St Louis branch of the Federal Re Although difficulties in the Suez and quence, business leaders are n1ore relaxed
seive, found that in countries where gov Panan1a canals echo recent history, the about the current crunch. The world's great
ern n1ents provided n1ore fiscal sti n1u lus, context is very different. Rich-world shipping canals may be bottlenecks. Fortu
such as America, the post-pandemic re policymakers are no longer attempting to nately, however, there is not much pres
opening did less to alleviate supply-chain use fiscal and n1onetary policy to juice de- sure in the rest of the bottle. ■
64 Finance & economics The Economist January 13th 2024
11,,.... ... .
Case Western Reserve study (and also other Country leaders, by age
Donald Joe
work), or that incumbents would other Trump 70 Biden 78
wise have had n1ore than the average nun1- US presidents at tf.
ber of years to live. Dr Olshansky's explana first inauguration
1789-2021
tion, favouring the latter, is that presidents
have tended to hail fron1 privileged back
UN members*
grounds (all but ten, he says, had been col 2023
lege-educated), with the health advantages
that brings.
Death, however, is not the only tern1-
shortening medical event an incumbent
OECD countries
2023
• Biden 81
n1ight suffer. A debilitating heart attack or
stroke n1ight force a resignation or require 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
the invocation of the 25th an1endn1ent to Sources; PPW Research Centrei Th� fconomr.-.t Age
America's constitution, which deals with
presidential incapacity. Broadly speaking,
the risk of stroke doubles with each pas diately after presentation) and working analysed what relevant data they could col
sing decade. That is a worry. Then there is men1ory (ren1embering them half an hour lect pertaining to the two men.
the question of n1ental wellbeing. Strokes later), it is downhill fron1 the age of 20 or Both co1ne fron1 long-lived families,
aside, the passing years bring two threats so. S01ne scores fall by as n1uch as half a with an octogenarian and a nonagenarian
to the brain: specifie den1entias such as standard deviation below the population parent each. That is a good predictor of lon
Alzhein1er's disease, and a n1ore general n1ean by the ti1ne someone is 85. gevity. But Mr Trump's brothers died at the
slowing of the wheels-though recent re ages of 42 and 71 and his father developed
search suggests the two may overlap. Not all men are created equal Alzheimer's. Both count against hin1 in the
Medical i1naging makes it possible to All this n1ight be grounds for caution when calculation-as do his weight and lack of
examine the brains of those without syn1p faced with elderly candidates. But Dr 01- exercise con1pared with Mr Biden.
toms of den1entia for the clumps of mis shansky, at the University of Illinois, is Nevertheless, Dr Olshansky concluded
shapen proteins that are one of Alzheim having none of it, for two reasons. One is from these sorts of data, con1bined with
er's characteristics. A study fron1 2019, by the general point he n1akes about 1nost what is publicly available about the n1en's
Jonathan Schott, a neurologist at UCL, and candidates' privileged backgrounds grant n1edical records, that both had a higher
his colleagues showed that such plaques ing them a health-pron1oting environn1ent than average probability of surviving the
still seen1 to cause harn1, even in those in which to grow up. The other, specific to following four years. Mr Biden, they reck
without a formal diagnosis of Alzhein1er's. Mr Biden and Mr Trun1p, is that he thinks oned, had a 95% chance con1pared with
Conversely, work published in 2022 by a they n1ay be n1ade fron1 sterner genetic 82% for a typical man of his age; for Mr
team fron1 Northwestern University, in stuff than most of their fellow beings-in Trump the figures were 90% compared
Chicago, looked at neurofibrillary tangles, other words, that they are super-agers. with 86% for his conten1poraries. Notably,
another Alzhein1er's 111arker. It reported Mr Trun1p is unquestionably a child of then, their calculations gave Mr Trun1p, the
that so-called "su per-agers"-those lucky privilege. His father was a multimillion younger n1an, a worse prognosis.
enough in the disposable-soma genetic aire businessn1an. Mr Biden's family for They have not yet fully pronouneed on
lottery to 1naintain healthy 1ninds in tunes were n1ore n1ixed. But he still had the the n1atter this tin1e around. But Dr Ol
healthy bodies long after others· decrepi leg-up of being sent to a private school as a shansky stated on January 7th, in an article
tude-had fewer of these tangles than did teenager. So far, so typical . The super-ager in the Hill, a Washington-based newspa
apparently disease-free non-super-agers. argun1ent is n1ore intriguing. Four years per, that, Today his IMr Biden's) chances
11
Regardless of its cause, though, cogni ago, during the previous Biden-Trun1p of surviving through a second tern1 in of
-
tive decline is the age-related syn1pton1 contest, Dr Olshansky and five colleagues fice are close to 75% (about 10% better sur
n1ost widely discussed about the candi vival than for an average man his age). Sin1-
dates, especially in the context of apparent ilar, although slightly less favourable sur
··senior 111oments .. displayed by both n1en. The gifts reserved for age vival prospects are present for Trump."
In 2021, for instance, Mr Biden seen1ed to US, cognitive test scores, standard deviations As to senior n1oments, Dr Olshansky is
forget the nan1e of Lloyd Austin, his de from the mean across lifespan inclined to write at least son1e of then1 off
fence secretary. Mr Trump has confused Xi - Arithmetic Comprehension as sampling errors resulting from relent
Jinping, the Chinese president, with Kini Vocabulary less scrutiny. Of an incidentinJune 2022 in
Jong Un, who leads North Korea. 0. which Mr Bi den fell off his bicycle, for ex
Research suggests n1ental powers an1ple, he observes that the president had
change with age in different ways-some B e s or caught his foot in a pedal strap, rather than
declining while others improve, at least for 0 losing his balance, an accident that might
a ti n1e. Work by Joshua Hartshorne and happen to anyone. More pertinent, he says,
Laura Germine, of Harvard and the Massa hor erm memory is the fact that a 79-year-old (as Mr Biden
chusetts General Hospital respectively, then was) was cycling in the first place. ■
supports the idea that wisdom does indeed
ors o Working m
increase with age, up to a point. Arithn1eti The Richard Casement internship We invite
0.8
cal and con1prehension skills, as well as promising journalists to apply for our Richard
vocabulary, in1prove until 50, though they 15 30 40 so O 70 80 90 Casement internship. The successful candidate will
start to decline thereafter (see chart 2). Age spend three months with us covering science and
Source: "When does cognitive functioning peakr, technology, and will be paid. The dead line for
However, for tasks involving short by Joshua H.1rrshorrM\ and l;aLJra G>rmimi, 201S applications is February 5th. For details visit:
tern1 n1en1ory (ren1embering things imn1e- economist.com/casemenl:2024
68 Science & technology The Economist January 13th 2024
Treasure quest
country's ministry of culture estin1ates
that over 480,000 artworks have fallen
into Russian hands. At least 38 n1useun1s,
hon1e to nearly 1.5n1 works, have been
dan1aged or destroyed.
Ukrainian officials have also sent a
KHERSON AND KYIV
nun1ber of collections to other parts of
Russia has looted hundreds of thousands of artworks, Ukraine says.
Europe to protect then1 fron1 Russian
Recovering them will not be easy
bon1bs. These include dozens of Ukrainian
► especially sn1aller regional ones, had re after whom the museum is named, and re Such occasions are not only meaning
lied on paper catalogues, often outdated or ligious icons. They left behind some sculp ful because of Mr Barenboim's health. They
incomplete, says Mariana Tomyn, an offi tures which were too heavy to 1nove (see have taken on political poignancy, too. The
cial at the culture n1inistry. Some of those picture on previous page), says Ihor Rusol, academy's students largely come from the
catalogues have now gone. Efforts to dig an en1ployee, plus a few portraits of Lenin. Middle East, and include both Israelis and
itise inventories, which began only three Last sun1n1er n1useum officials con Palestinians. The institution aims to foster
years ago, have taken on a new urgency. cluded, fro1n photos and videos online, understanding and intellectual curiosity
Ukraine will seek redress. Prosecutors that some of the stolen art was being stored alongside musical ability: as well as learn
in Kyiv are investigating Russian officials at the Tavrida 1nuseum in Simferopol, in ing to master their instruments, students
and Ukrainians involved in the plunder. occupied Crimea. Reached by telephone, take lessons in history, literature and phi
Mrs Tomyn is working on a new restitution the Tavrida's director, Andrei Malgin, ac losophy. The acaden1y's faculty includes
law and the overhaul of an outdated one on knowledges that the Kherson collection is not only renowned n1usicians, but also ex
the protection of cultural heritage. And held in his museun1. Mr Malgin, who was perts on constitutional theory, Holocaust
since late October a special army unit has placed under sanctions by the EU in June n1emory and post-colonial literature.
begun to n1onitor damage to cultural sites. for his role in the plunder, says the works The idea for the acaden1y grew out
But there is little hope of recovering what were moved "for safekeeping". of the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, an
the occupiers have stolen. Russian officials Inside the empty basement of Kher ensen1ble that Mr Barenboim founded in
wiII ship Ukrainian collections stored in son's art museum, Mr Rusol says he ex 1999 with Edward Said, an An1erican-Pales
Crimea to Russia if Ukraine retakes the pects no gestures of goodwi II from the Rus tinian academic. The orchestra similarly
peninsula, says Vyacheslav Baranov, an sians ... There is only one thing," he says, brings together Arab and Israeli musicians
archaeologist at Ukraine's National Acad Ukraine can do to ensure that the city's sto in the hope that playing together can
emy of Sciences. len art returns hon1e: Win the war." ■
11 encourage dialogue across the region's cul
There have been some breakthroughs. tural and political divisions. In the nearly
On November 26th, after a long court bat 25 years since it was established, the or
tle, hundreds of historical treasures from Classical music and conflict chestra has won global acclaim and regu
In counterpoint
Crimea were returned to Ukraine from the larly tours internationally.
Netherlands. The collection, which in Mr Barenboim has long had a knack for
cludes Scythian gold carvings fro1n the the symbolic. In 2001 he conducted ex
fourth century ec, had been on display at tracts fron1 Tristan and Isolde", an opera
11
the Allard Pierson Museu1n in A1nsterdam by Richard Wagner, during a concert with
in 20Lf. Russia den1anded the return of the Bertin Staatskapelle in Jerusalen1. That
the objects to the Crin1ean n1useun1s defied an informal Israeli ban on perfor
Two Arab-Israeli musical initiatives
which had loaned then1. The Dutch mances of the antisemitic German con1-
reckon with the war in Gaza
supren1e court ruled in 2021 that they poser's n1usic, fan1ously loved by Adolf
belonged in Ukraine.
They are not the only ones to make their
way back. At the Lavra museum complex in
T H ESE DAYS it is relatively rare to see
Daniel Barenboim perforn1. The Israeli
Argentine conductor and pianist, now 81
Hitler, and sparked furious debate about
free expression and Israel's modern identi
ty. In 2005 Mr Barenboim led a concert
Kyiv, Maksyn1 Ostapenko slowly unwraps a years old, has reduced his public con1n1it- with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra in
bundle of white packing paper. Out of it 1nents because of a neurological condi Ran1allah, a city in the West Bank. He was
en1erges a Bronze Age battle-axe. Another tion. Yet some events den1and an appear later granted a Palestinian passport in rec
bundle yields a sixth-century Khazar ance. On January 19th he is scheduled to ognition of his work fostering cultural ties
sword. In the summer of 2022 the weap conduct a concert by the students of the between Israel and its Arab neighbours.
ons, plus a few other objects probably des Barenboin1-Said Acaden1y, a conservatoire The Israel-Han1as war has sharpened
tined for An1erica's antiquities market, he opened in Berlin in 2016. the focus of the Barenboim-Said Acade1ny .+
surfaced at John F. Kennedy airport. The
American authorities sent then1 back to
Ukraine a year later. Most were probably
excavated illegally in southern Ukraine,
near Crimea, says Mr Ostapenko, the mu
seum's director, or discovered by Russian
troops digging trenches. Such archaeologi
cal looting has thrived in the occupied ter
ritories, he adds. "The damage done to cu 1-
tural heritage is in1n1easurable:·
Across the street fron1 Kherson's re
gional n1useun1 sits the city's art n1useum.
It was under renovation when Russia in
vaded; some of the staff told the new au
thorities that its collection had been trans
ported north. It was actually being stored
in the basement and eventually the Rus
sians found out, thanks to local informers,
including the ex-director of the regional
n1useum. By the tin1e the Ukrainians re
captured the city, the Russians had n1ade
off with about 10,000 of the n1useun1's
14,000 works, including paintings by Ilya
Repin and Oleksii Shovkunenko, the artist Playing with heart
72 Culture The Economist January 13th 2024
Mighty minnows
essay published after Han1as's attack on
October 7th, in which 1,200 people, tnost of
then1 Israeli civilians, were killed, Mr Ba
renboitn wrote of the need to offer alterna
tive perspectives to those who are ..attract
ed to extremisn1". Music-n1aking could
play only a sn1all role in reconciliation, but
it still had "immense value" in helping
How adroit small countries can survive and thrive in a messy world
people see the humanity of their enen1ies.
The conductor has acknowledged that thanks to the far-sighted leadership of Lee
son1e consider his perspective, and his The S ma II States Club. By Armen Kuan Yew. Botswana is "a dia1nond in the
work, naive. For n1any, music dwindles Sarkissian. Hurst; 272 pages; $3495 and £25 rough", as Mr Sarkissian puts it, ··a model of
into insignificance amid so n1uch suffer econotnic prudence and efficient gover
I
11
ing. (The total death to1l in Gaza exceeds T WAS Aperilous n1oment. At a reception nance in Africa A trio of European coun
•
23,000, according to the Hamas-run health during a visit to Britain by Mikhail Gorb tries 1nake it into his collection: Switzer
n1inistry; women and children make up a achev in the 1980s, a young Soviet re land, which has n1ade a virtue out of neu
large proportion.) The war, detractors ar searcher from Cambridge University faced trality; Ireland, forn1idably well-connected
gue, is evidence of the failure of these an astute question fron1 Margaret Thatch as well as ··con1passionate, open and glo
kinds of projects. When hatred leads to er. .,Young man," the pri n1e minister asked, bal"; and impressively pragmatic Estonia,
bloodshed, the argument goes, what good do you feel Armenian or do you feel •sovi
11 which has changed beyond recognition
is a disciplined string section? et'?" How to respond without either betray sinee its Soviet days to becon1e a pioneer of
Both the academy and the orchestra are ing his treasured ethnic roots or appearing sin1plified taxation and e-govern1nent.
deeply affected by the conflict. Yet its con publicly disloyal to the Soviet state, within The Middle East has the n1ost intriguing
sequences are especially obvious at the earshot of the spies in Gorbachev's entou cluster of small-state stars. Qatar has n1ade
academy, says its dean, Michael Baren rage? .. I an1 of course Arn1enian," Armen the most of its gas and of the security that
boim, who is also concertmaster of the Sarkissian replied, adding that he was a co1nes from hosting a big American air
West-Eastern Divan Orchestra (and its co grateful Soviet citizen who had received an base, while hedging its bets in foreign poli
founder's son). Men1bers of the profes excellent education back home. cy (it recently played a role in hostage and
sional orchestra meet intern1ittently for That is the sort of agile diplon1acy that prisoner swaps between Israel and Hamas,
perforn1ances, but the conservatoire's stu Mr Sarkissian adn1i res in small states. Born for exan1ple). The United Arab Emirates
dents work together every day. into a giant country, the Soviet Union, Mr (pictured) punches above its weight as a lo
Rather than withdraw into an echo Sarkissian went on to be prin1e 111inister gistics hub with the help of strean11ined
chamber with like-minded individuals, and n1ore recently president of a sn1all one, decision-making and clever investn1ents.
students are forced to interact with peers Arn1enia. Having achieved ren1arkable Mr Sarkissian is impressed by the skilled
who 111ay have a very different perspective success against the odds, he is intrigued by lobbying and econon1ic ingenuity of Israel,
on the region's politics. The younger Mr small states that have done so too, and the the "startup nation" -though now en
Barenboi111 says that son1e students prefer lessons they n1ay hold for the rest of the gulfed in a horrendous war-which, like
to reflect on those differences alone, while world. His portraits of several of these Armenia, has a traumatic history and
others want to engage in discussion. Over countries, peppered with personal anec a global diaspora.
all, though, he is struck by their continued dotes, are compelling case studies. Yet Armenia itself has not n1anaged to
con1n1itn1ent to the project's values of co They are a varied bunch. Fron1 inauspi n1atch Israel's econon1ic prowess, as Mr
operation and dialogue. cious beginnings Singapore becan1e one of Sarkissian shows. It has failed to n1ake the
The orchestra's professional players the world's n1ost successful city-states, n1ost of its diaspora. Internal argun1ents ..
have also continued to perform together
since war broke out. In Noven1ber some
gave chan1ber concerts in Britain, Gern1any
and Hong Kong under the banner of the
West-Eastern Divan Ensen1ble, an offshoot
of the main group (pictured on the previ
ous page). Such occasions ren1ain princi
pa1ly about the n1usic: in London the en
semble played works by Beethoven, Men
delssohn and Elliott Carter, an An1erican
avant-garde con1poser. Yet the decision to
play in public is still a telling gesture.
Those involved do not pretend that per
forming quartets or symphonies can play a
n1eaningful role in diplon1acy. Mr Baren
boim has said that music can only "change
things on a small scale. On a large scale, it
is up to politics." The logic of the initiatives
lies in their ability to act as alternative
n1odels of engagement. The younger Mr
Barenboim likens them to a controlled
scientific experin1ent: they show that if
you change how people meet, they may
treat each other differently. ■ The sky's the limit in Dub ai
The Economist January 13th 2024 Culture 73
Earthly powers
For Tim Alberta, a journalist at the encounters plenty of n1en and won1en try
Atlantic, the Lynchburg bicentennial was a ing to live by traditional Christian values.
pivotal n1on1ent, as it forged an unholy al Donald Trump casts a shadow over
liance between evangelical believers and much of the book. (In 2020 85% of white
right-wing nationalists. Falwell, he argues, evangelicals who regularly went to reli
was one of the n1ost consequential figures
11 gious services voted for him.) Mr Alberta is
of the late 20th century", as his noxious no fan of the forn1er president, whon1 he
blend of "Christianity and conservatisn1 calls a "lecherous, impenitent scoundrel".
The Kingdom, the Power would roi I An1erica's political landscape Though politicians on the right have long
and the Glory. By Tim Alberta. and radicalise its Protestant subculture". exploited the evangelical n1oven1ent for
Harper; 496 pages; $35 And roiled it still is. As Mr Alberta pow their own gain, the author is appalled by
idea was old, the excitement around super Chadwick Boseman, the star of .. Black
heroes had been renewed. ''The Avengers" Panther", died in 2020. Last n1onth Disney
became the first Marvel movie to make fired Jonathan Majors after he was found
more than $1bn at the global box office. 2 guilty of assaulting and harassing his
When Fury's words were used in the then-girlfriend. The actor played the vil
0 1
trai]er for "The Marvels (2023, pictured), lain at the heart of the "Multiverse Saga",
however, they took on a different tone. He a the story which would connect the filn1s
roes may seem antiquated, he argued, but 2008 10 12 1 16 18 20 23 released between 2021 and 2027.
"the world can still use then1". If it was an Ill 11
Another reason is to do with geopoli
attempt to convince the viewer, it did not tics. The first 23 filn1s were all released in
work . Released in Noven1ber, "The Mar China, the world's largest theatrical n1ar
vels", the 33rd instalment in the Marvel n1atic universe" n1odel, in which plotlines ket, but between 2020 and 2022, none was.
Cinematic Universe (Mcu), made around and characters were shared across films. (China did not give a clear reason why, but
$2oon1 at the box office. It beca111e the As Marvel's universe grew, its con1petitors it was probably building up its domestic
poorest-perfon11ing MCU filn1 to date, and tried, and failed, to en1ulate its success. oc filn1 industry.) Though this de facto ban is
will probably lose money. Comics-which owns Batn1an, Superman now over, cinen1atic universes are hard to
Nor was "The Marvels" a one-off disap and Wonder Won1an-set up, and recently understand when audiences have missed
pointn1ent. "Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quan scrapped, its "Extended Universe". Warner several entries. Making matters worse, Dis
tun1ania" also underperforn1ed. According Bros has turned the Harry Potter franchise ney+ is not available in China, so fans can
to CinemaScore, an audience-rating into a "Wizarding World". Universal twice not watch the TV entries.
benchn1ark, of the past eight MCU filn1s, tried to launch a "Dark Universe" of mon Yet part of the proble111 is of Marvel's
five have scored B+ or worse (see chart). sters such as Dracula and the Mumn1y, but own n1aking. Since 2021 the Mcu has re
Fans complain of dull characters, sloppy both attempts failed after a single release. leased an average of 3.3 filn1s and 3.7 televi
writing and an1ateurish special effects. Efforts to build out Robin Hood and his sion series every year-a rate that seems to
Marvel productions on the small screen merry men (Lionsgate), Power Rangers strain audiences, internal creative tean1s
have not fared n1uch better. Recent MCU (also Lionsgate) and King Arthur and his and special-effects departments. For pros
television series on Disney+, including round table (Warner Bros) all faltered. pective viewers hoping to watch a new
"Secret Invasion", about Fury's character, title, 33 filn1s and 11 seasons of television is
have been poorly reviewed and, estimates simply too much homework. The focus on
suggest, little watched. It does not bode the "n1ultiverse", which draws on filn1s
well for the shows due to be released in the predating the existing cinematic universe,
con1ing n1onths. aggravates this issue.
The decline is surprising: for a long Audiences n1ay yet tire of superheroes
time, the Marvel brand seemed invincible. n1uch as they tired of Westerns in the late
Disney bought the con1ic-book con1pany 1960s. But for now, the genre goes on. The
in 2009 and it became a prized asset. The 23 third "Guardians of the Galaxy" film
n1ovies released between 2008 and 2019 grossed $846n1, n1aking it the fourth-high
grossed almost $23bn in total, making est-grossing filn1 of 2023, and received an A
Marvel the largest filn1 franchise in history. rating on Cinen1ascore. ..Spider-Man:
Marvel kept standards high even as it Across the Spiderverse", an animated film
increased production. The company re by Sony, was also among the most popular
leased 2.75 films, on average, in 2016-19, up fi ln1s last year.
fron1 1.2 in 2008-13. Of those 23 movies, Bob Iger, Disney's CEO, who initiated
only one ranked lower than A- on Cine Marvel's expansion, has said the franchise
maScore. Three films received an A+, can return to its former glory by slowing
awarded to fewer than 100 of over 4,000 the pace of production. "fve always felt
n
filn1s n1easured since 1979. "Black Panther that quantity can be actually a negative
(2018) even became the first comic-book when it comes to quality. And I think that's
adaptation to be nominated for Best Pic exactly what happened. We lost son1e fo
ture at the Oscars. cus." He, and Marvel's many fans, will be
Marvel pioneered an innovative "cine- Captain Marvel, flying into difficultie s holding out for the heroes. ■
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Economic data
Gross domestic product Consumer prices Unemployment Current-account Budget Interest rates Currency units
%change on year ago � change on year ago rate balance balance 10-yr gov't bonds change on per S %change
latest quarter- 2023t latest 2023t % %of GDP, 202 % of GDP. 202 3t latest,% year ago, bp Jan 10th on year ago
Unrted States 2.9 ] 4.9 2.4 3.1 ,�O\' 4.1 3.7 loc -2.8 -6.3 4.0 43.0
China 4.9 5.3 5.5 -0.5 NO\I 0.7 5.0 Novtl 2.1 -3.8 2.4 H -30.0 7.17 -5.4
Japan 1.5 -29 1.8 2.9 Nov 33 25 klv 3.1 -5.1 0.6 11.0 146 - 91
Britain 0.3 03 -0.5 0.2 3.9 �v 6.8 4.3 ,u·, M
-2.9 -3.9 3.9 27.0 0.79 3.8
Canada -1.1 1.0 3.1 Nov 3.8 5.8 ) -0.6 -1.5 3.3 16.0 134 nil
Euro area nil -0.5 0.6 2.9 Dec 5.5 6.4 Noy 23 -3.3 2.2 -5.0 0.91 22
Austria . , .8 3 -21* -0.7 5.7 )« 7.7 4.9 1.6 -22 28 ·11.0 0.91 21
Belgium 1.4 3 1.5 1.3 05 Dec 2.6 5.6 Nov -1.3 -4.6 -14.0 0.91 21
France 0.6 ] -0.5 0.9 4.1 J«: 5.7 7.3 NC� -1.0 -5.0 2.7 -6.0 0.91 21
German y -0.4 Q3 -0.5 -0.2 3.8 Dec 6.0 3.1 Nov 5.5 -2.2 2.2 -5.0 0.91 22
Greece 1.8 113 0.1 2.4 2.9 4.0 9.4 N, ' -6.5 -2.1 -99.0 0.91 21
Italy 0.1 Q3 0.4 0.7 05 Oec 6.1 7.5 Nov 0.7 -5.3 -37.0 0.91 22
Netherlands -0.8 3 •1.2 0.2 1.0 4.4 3.5 Nov 8.2 ·2.1 -9.0 0.91 21
Spain 1.8 Q3 1.2 2.3 33 O« 3.5 11.9 1.6 -4.1 . -20.0 0.91 22
Czech Republic -1.0 j -2.5 -0.5 73 �0\1 10.6 2.6 -1.4 -3.9 3.9 -71.0 22.4 -0.5
Denmark -0.5 Q3 -2.6 1.5 0.7 O« 3.8 2.9 Nov 11.1 1.5 2.4 -8.0 6.80 1.9
Norway -1.9 13 -2.1 0.4 4.8 5.4 3.6 ktH 17.2 10.6 3.4 29.0 10.3 -33
Pcland 0.5 Q3 6.1 0.5 6.1 Oec 11.3 5.1 � 1.0 -4.8 5.2 -85.0 3.96 103
Russia 5.5 3 na 2.8 7.5 Nov 6.2 2.9 �. ,\ 3.0 -2.8 11.B 141 89.5 -22.3
Sweden - 1.4 Q3 •1.2 -0.6 5.8 l;;J\I 6.0 7.1 Nov\ 4.6 -0.3 2.2 3.0 10.2 2.0
Switzerland 0.3 3 1.1 0.8 1.7 ec 2.2 2.2 � 7.2 -0.7 0.8 -56.0 0.85 81
Turke 5.9 1.1 4.3 64.8 0a: 53.1 8.8 Nov' -4.4 -5.0 23.7 1,508 30.0 -37.3
Australia 2.1 0.9 1.9 5.4 J3 5.7 3.9 �ov 0.6 0.5 4.0 7.0 1.49 -2.7
Hong Kong 4.1 0.3 3.4 25 0\1 2.2 2.9 NovU 6.3 -1.7 3.5 15.0 7.82 -0.1
India 7.6 8.6 6.9 5.6 ID\/ 5.7 8.1 �r -0.5 -5.9 7.2 -13.0 83.0 -1.5
Indonesia 4.9 03 na 4.9 2.6 It'!;; 3.7 5.3 Q31 0.8 -2.5 6.6 -22.0 151570 nil
Malaysia 33 3 na 4.0 1.5 Nov 2.5 3.3 ov� 1.8 -5.1 3.8 -15.0 4.64 -5.8
Pakistan nil 2C , . .
na nil 29.7 Dec 31.4 6.3 JOJ1 -0.3 -8.0 15.0 ttt 96.0 281 -18.9
Philfpplnes 5.9 3 13.9 5.4 3.9 6.0 4.2 I \ •4.1 -7.2 63 -82.0 56.3 -2.5
Singapore 2.8 � 7.0 0.9 3.6 Nov 4.9 2.0 Q3 18.8 -0.7 2.9 -6.0 1J3 nil
South Korea 1.3 l 25 1.3 31 ){I( 3.6 3.3 2.1 -2.7 3.4 -11.0 1,320 -5.7
Taiwan 2.3 03 7.8 1.2 2.7 O« 2.5 3.4 Nov 12.9 -0.1 1.2 3.0 31.1 -21
Thailand 1.5 3.1 15 -0.B De: 1.3 0.9 oc:,, 0.8 -2.7 2.8 2S.0 35.0 -41
Argentina -0.8 Q3 11.3 -1.1 161 I•,,· 135.3 5.7 QJI -3.4 -4.4 na na 815 -77.9
Brazil 2.0 �3 0.6 3.0 4.7 lov 4.6 7.5 ov�n -1.4 -7.5 10.7 -209 4.89 7.0
Chile 0.6 3 1.3 nil 3.9 7.6 8.7 Nov\U -4.0 ·3.2 5.6 24.0 918 -9.5
Colombia -0.3 3 1.0 1.2 9.3 11.7 9.0 �ov\ -3.4 -4.2 9.6 -354 3,952 21.7
Mexico 3.3 Q3 43 3.4 4.7 Dec 5.5 2.8 Nov -1.4 -3.8 9.2 59.0 17.0 12.6
Per u -1.0 3 -1.1 -0.5 3.2 )e:: 6.3 7.3 �I ·1.0 -2.7 6.8 -114 3.70 3.0
Egypt 2.7 na 3.8 33.6 Dec 37.7 7.1 Q3i •1.6 -6.2 na na 30.9 -10.4
Israel 3.3 2.5 0.9 33 IOV 43 2.8 ·1ov 5.4 -4.9 4.1 80.0 3.74 -72
Saudi Arabia 8.7 na -1.1 1.7 2.3 5.1 Q3 3.0 -2.0 na na 3.75 nil
South Africa -0.7 -1.0 0.6 5.6 Nov 6.0 31.9 -2.1 -5.2 9.7 -13.0 18.7 -8.7
Source: Haw-r Analytics. •<Jt. changf> on prevtous qwrtf"f, annual rale. 1 The I conomtsl lr11elhgNKe Unu f".'illmale/forec-cnt. INot c;easoncilly adju'ited. t New serk!S. 0 YPar ending June. t ft alesl 3 monlhs.. U l month movin�
aVEfdgt>. year yield. I tt l.>oll.u denominaled bond�. Note: F.uro area comumet prl( ei are h..irtnonlsed.
Markets Commodities
�• IMng<�on: % (harigP on:
The Econom/stcommodity-prtee index
lndr.x OOP Dec �th lndE>..x one Dec 30th % c han91• or,
In loc411 currency Jan 10th week 2022 Jan 10th week 2022 2020=100 Jan 2nd Jan 9th" month year
United States S&P 500 4,783.5 1.7 24.6 Pakistan KSE 63,919.9 -1.1 58.1 Dollar Index
United States NAScomp 14,969.7 2.6 43.0 Singapore STI 3,180.0 -0.6 -2.2 All Items 129.8 127.9 -0.5 •4.1
China Shanghai Comp 2,an.1 -3.0 -6.8 South Korea KOSPI 2,542.0 -2.5 13.7 Food 130.1 128.7 -3.0 -8.8
China Shenzhen Comp 1,732.7 -4.4 -123 Taiwan TWI 17,465.6 -0.5 23.5 Industrials
Japan N1kkei 225 34,441.7 2.9 310 Thailand SET 1,413.5 -1.1 - 15.3 All 129.5 1271 1.8 01
Japan Topi>< 2,444.5 3.3 29.2 Argentina MERV 1,070,425.0 10.1 429.7 Non-food agriculturats 127.2 127.0 1.9 -6.2
Britain FTSE 100 7,651.8 -0.4 2.7 Braz il BVSP* 130,841.1 -1.5 19.2 Metals 130.1 1273 1.8 2.0
Canada S&P TSX 20,989.4 0.8 8.3 Mexico IPC 55,318.7 -0.7 14.1
Sterling Index
Euro area EURO STOXX SO 4,469.0 0.5 17.8 Egypt EGX 30 25,466.8 01 74.4
All items 132.1 1293 -1.6 - 83
France CAC 40 7,426.1 0.2 14.7 Israel TA-12S 1,880.0 -11 4.4
Germany DAX• 16,689.8 0.9 19.9 Saudi Arabia Tadawul 12,136.9 1.7 15.1 Euro Index
Italy FTSE/MIB 30,450.8 1.2 28.4 South Africa JSE AS 73,587.0 -11 0.7 All items 135.5 133.8 -1.7 -5.8
Netherlands AEX ns.o -0.6 125 World, dev'd MSO 3,161.5 1.S 21.5 Gold
Spain IBEX 35 10,067.1 0.1 22.3 Eme Ing markets MSCI 989.0 -1.4 3.4 S per oz 2,066.6 2,027.5 2.2 8.1
Poland WIG 76,840.6 -0.3 33.7
Brent
Russia RTS, S terms 1, 115.5 3.9 14.9
S per barr� 76.2 n.9 5.9 -2.8
Switzerland SMI 11,255.0 0.8 4.9 US corporate bonds, spread over Trea suries
Turkey BIST 7,874.2 6.2 42.9 Dec 30lh Sourc� Bloomberg; CME Group; Col.look; Refiniliv Data�tream;
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India BSE 71,657.7 0.4 17.8 Hlgh-yi•ld 400 502
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Obituary Mike Sadler
- - --- - -
sia (later Zambia), and left it to join an artillery unit. But he was taught him well.
persuaded in a bar in Cairo to join the Long Range Desert Group In very old age his sky-blue eyes were blind. But endless deserts
(LRDG), which provided transport for the SAS and could train hin1 of sand or sea lay behind then1, n1apped by the stars. ■