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Cubic Spline Interpolation 1
5.6 Cubic Spline Interpolation
For Exercises 1 through 3, use the values given below for the temperature, T ,
pressure, p, and density, ρ, of the standard atmosphere as a function of altitude.
This data was drawn from Table A.6 in Frank White, Fluid Mechanics:
z (m) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
T (K) 288.16 284.91 281.66 278.41 275.16 271.91 268.66
p (Pa) 101,350 95,480 89,889 84,565 79,500 74,684 70,107
ρ (kg/m3 ) 1.2255 1.1677 1.1120 1.0583 1.0067 0.9570 0.9092
1. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the temperature of the
standard atmosphere at an altitude of z = 800 m, 1600 m, 2350 m and 2790 m?
At what altitude is the temperature of the standard atmosphere 273.1 K?
The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 5) is

     
3000 0 c1 0
 500 2000 500   c2   0 
     

 500 2000 500   c3
 
 = 
  0 .

 500 2000 500   c4   0 
0 3000 c5 0
We solve this system and then use the equations

h0 h0
c0 = 1+ c1 − c2 (1)
h1 h1

h5 h5
c6 = − c4 + 1 + c5 (2)
h4 h4
cj+1 − cj
dj = (3)
3hj
aj+1 − aj 2cj + cj+1
bj = − hj (4)
hj 3
to determine c0 , c6 , the dj and the bj , respectively. The complete set of spline
coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
288.16 −0.0065 0 0
284.91 −0.0065 0 0
281.66 −0.0065 0 0
278.41 −0.0065 0 0
275.16 −0.0065 0 0
271.91 −0.0065 0 0
2 Section 5.6
Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find
T (800 m) = 282.96 K,
T (1600 m) = 277.76 K,
T (2350 m) = 272.885 K, and
T (2790 m) = 270.025 K
The data suggests that T = 273.1 K for z between 2000 m and 2500 m. Solving
273.1 = 275.16 − 0.0065(z − 2000),
for z, we find z = 2316.92 m.
2. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the pressure of the stan-
dard atmosphere at an altitude of z = 800 m, 1600 m, 2350 m and 2790 m?

     
3000 0 c1 1.674
 500 2000 500   c2   1.602 
     

 500 2000 500   c3  =  1.554
   
.

 500 2000 500   c4   1.494 
0 3000 c5 1.434
We solve this system and then use the equations (1) - (4) to determine c0 , c6 , the
dj and the bj , respectively. The complete set of spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
101350 −12.027809524 0.000584429 −0.000000018
95480 −11.456595238 0.000558000 −0.000000018
89889 −10.911809524 0.000531571 −0.000000008
84565 −10.386166667 0.000519714 −0.000000015
79500 −9.877523810 0.000497571 −0.000000013
74684 −9.389738095 0.000478000 −0.000000013
p(800 m) = 92092.77 Pa,

p(1600 m) = 83531.57 Pa,
p(2350 m) = 76103.26 Pa, and
p(2790 m) = 72000.86 Pa
3. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the density of the stan-
dard atmosphere at an altitude of z = 800 m, 1600 m, 2350 m and 2790 m? At
what altitude is the density of the standard atmosphere 1.1000 kg/m3 ?
     
3000 0 c1 0.0000126
 500 2000 500   c2   0.0000120 
     

 500 2000 500 


 c3  = 
  0.0000126 .

 500 2000 500   c4   0.0000114 
0 3000 c5 0.0000114
We solve this system and then use the equations (1) - (4) to determine c0 , c6 , the
dj and the bj , respectively. The complete set of spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
1.22550000000 −0.00011781905 0.00000000456 −0.000000000238
1.16770000000 −0.00011344048 0.00000000420 −0.000000000238
1.11200000000 −0.00010941905 0.00000000384 0.000000000390
1.05830000000 −0.00010528333 0.00000000443 −0.000000000524
1.00670000000 −0.00010124762 0.00000000364 0.000000000105
0.95700000000 −0.00009752619 0.00000000380 0.000000000105
ρ(800 m) = 92092.77 kg/m3 ,

ρ(1600 m) = 83531.57 kg/m3 ,
ρ(2350 m) = 76103.26 kg/m3 , and
ρ(2790 m) = 72000.86 kg/m3
The data suggests that the density is 1.1000 kg/m3 for z between 1000 m and 1500
m. Solving
1.1000 = 1.1120 − 0.00010941905(z − 1000) + 0.00000000384(z − 1000)2

+0.000000000000390(z − 1000)3
for z, we find z = 1110.10 m.
Exercises 4 through 9 are based on the following data for the density, ρ, viscosity,
µ, kinematic viscosity, ν, surface tension, Υ, vapor pressure, pv , and sound
speed, a, of water as a function of temperature. This data was drawn from
Tables A.1 and A.5 in Frank White, Fluid Mechanics:
4 Section 5.6
T ρ µ ν Υ pv a
(◦ C) (kg/m3 ) (×10−3 N·s/m2 ) (×10−5 m2 /s) (N/m) (kPa) (m/s)
0 1000 1.788 1.788 0.0756 0.611 1402
10 1000 1.307 1.307 0.0742 1.227 1447
20 998 1.003 1.005 0.0728 2.337 1482
30 996 0.799 0.802 0.0712 4.242 1509
40 992 0.657 0.662 0.0696 7.375 1529
50 988 0.548 0.555 0.0679 12.34 1542
60 983 0.467 0.475 0.0662 19.92 1551
70 978 0.405 0.414 0.0644 31.16 1553
80 972 0.355 0.365 0.0626 47.35 1554
90 965 0.316 0.327 0.0608 70.11 1550
100 958 0.283 0.295 0.0589 101.3 1543
4. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the density of water when
T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C?
The complete set of spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
1000.0 0.21433480609 −0.02715022091 0.00057167403
1000.0 −0.15716740304 −0.01000000000 0.00057167403
998.0 −0.18566519391 0.00715022091 −0.00085837015
996.0 −0.30017182131 −0.01860088365 0.00086180658
992.0 −0.41364752086 0.00725331370 −0.00058885616
988.0 −0.44523809524 −0.01041237113 0.00049361807
983.0 −0.50540009818 0.00439617084 −0.00038561610
978.0 −0.53316151203 −0.00717231222 0.00004884634
972.0 −0.66195385371 −0.00570692194 0.00019023073
965.0 −0.71902307315 0 0.00019023073
ρ(34◦ C) = 994.56 kg/m3 ,

ρ(68◦ C) = 979.04 kg/m3 ,
ρ(86◦ C) = 967.86 kg/m3 , and
ρ(91◦ C) = 964.28 kg/m3
5. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the viscosity of water
when
T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C? At what temperature is the viscosity 1.000 ×
10−3 N·s/m2 ?

aj bj cj dj
1.788 −0.059859545287 0.001321431793 −0.000014547726
1.307 −0.037795227356 0.000885000000 −0.000014547726
1.003 −0.024459545287 0.000448568207 −0.000004261368
0.799 −0.016766591495 0.000320727172 −0.000006406802
0.657 −0.012274088733 0.000128523104 0.000000888577
0.548 −0.009437053571 0.000155180412 −0.000002147506
0.467 −0.006977696981 0.000090755247 −0.000001298555
0.405 −0.005552158505 0.000051798601 0.000000341725
0.355 −0.004413668999 0.000062050350 −0.000001068345
0.316 −0.003493165501 0.000030000000 −0.000001068345
µ(34◦ C) = 0.736655 × 10−3 N · s/m2 ,

µ(68◦ C) = 0.416322 × 10−3 N · s/m2 ,
µ(86◦ C) = 0.330521 × 10−3 N · s/m2 , and
µ(91◦ C) = 0.312536 × 10−3 N · s/m2
The data suggests that the viscosity is 1.000 × 10−3 N · s/m2 for T between 20◦ C
and 30◦ C. Solving
1.000 = 1.003 − 0.024459545287(T − 20) + 0.000448568207(T − 20)2

−0.000004261368(T − 20)3
for T , we find T = 20.12◦ C.
6. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the kinematic viscosity
of water when T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C? At what temperature is the
kinematic viscosity 1.000 × 10−5 m2 /s?

aj bj cj dj
1.788 −0.060110993495 0.001354149024 −0.000015304967
1.307 −0.037619503252 0.000895000000 −0.000015304967
1.005 −0.024310993495 0.000435850976 −0.000003475163
0.802 −0.016636522766 0.000331596097 −0.000006794382
0.662 −0.012042915439 0.000127764635 0.000000652691
0.555 −0.009291815476 0.000147345361 −0.000001816381
0.475 −0.006889822656 0.000092853921 −0.000001387166
0.414 −0.005448893900 0.000051238954 0.000000365044
0.365 −0.004314601743 0.000062190261 −0.000001073009
0.327 −0.003392699129 0.000030000000 −0.000001073009
ν(34◦ C) = 0.740325 × 10−5 m2 /s,

6 Section 5.6
ν(68◦ C) = 0.425114 × 10−5 m2 /s,

ν(86◦ C) = 0.341119 × 10−5 m2 /s, and
ν(91◦ C) = 0.323636 × 10−5 m2 /s
The data suggests that the kinematic viscosity is 1.000 × 10−5 m2 /s for T between
20◦ C and 30◦ C. Solving
1.000 = 1.005 − 0.024310993495(T − 20) + 0.000435850976(T − 20)2
−0.000003475163(T − 20)3
7. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the surface tension of
water when T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C? At what temperature is the
surface tension 0.0650 N/m?

aj bj cj dj
0.0756 −0.000151130032 0.000001669505 −0.000000055650
0.0742 −0.000134434984 0.000000000000 −0.000000055650
0.0728 −0.000151130032 −0.000001669505 0.000000078251
0.0712 −0.000161044888 0.000000678019 −0.000000057353
0.0696 −0.000164690415 −0.000001042572 0.000000051161
0.0679 −0.000170193452 0.000000492268 −0.000000047292
0.0662 −0.000174535776 −0.000000926500 0.000000038008
0.0644 −0.000181663445 0.000000213733 −0.000000004739
0.0626 −0.000178810444 0.000000071567 −0.000000019052
0.0608 −0.000183094778 −0.000000500000 −0.000000019052
Υ(34◦ C) = 0.0705630 N/m,
◦
Υ(68 C) = 0.0647639 N/m,
Υ(86◦ C) = 0.0615256 N/m, and
Υ(91◦ C) = 0.0606164 N/m
The data suggests that the surface tension is 0.0650 N/m for T between 60◦ C and
70◦ C. Solving
0.0650 = 0.0662 − 0.000174535776(T − 60) − 0.000000926500(T − 60)2
+0.000000038008(T − 60)3
8. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the vapor pressure of
water when T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C?

aj bj cj dj
0.611 0.046085867698 0.001092119845 0.000045929338
1.227 0.081707066151 0.002470000000 0.000045929338
2.337 0.144885867698 0.003847880155 0.000071353308
4.242 0.243249463058 0.005988479381 0.000101657431
7.375 0.393516280069 0.009038202320 0.000126016967
12.34 0.612085416667 0.012818711340 0.000177274699
19.92 0.921642053265 0.018136952320 0.000209884235
31.16 1.347346370275 0.024433479381 0.000273188359
47.35 1.917972465636 0.032629130155 0.000317362328
70.11 2.665763767182 0.042150000000 0.000317362328
pv (34◦ C) = 5.317320 kPa,

◦
pv (68 C) = 28.561362 kPa,
pv (86◦ C) = 60.101034 kPa, and
pv (91◦ C) = 72.818231 kPa
9. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the sound speed of water
when T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C?

aj bj cj dj
1402.0 5.06969501718 −0.06045425258 0.00034847509
1447.0 3.96515249141 −0.05000000000 0.00034847509
1482.0 3.06969501718 −0.03954574742 0.00025762457
1509.0 2.35606743986 −0.03181701031 −0.00037897337
1529.0 1.60603522337 −0.04318621134 0.00125826890
1542.0 1.11979166667 −0.00543814433 −0.00165410223
1551.0 0.51479810997 −0.05506121134 0.00235814003
1553.0 0.12101589347 0.01568298969 −0.00177845790
1554.0 −0.09886168385 −0.03767074742 0.00075569158
1550.0 −0.62556915808 −0.01500000000 0.00075569158
a(34◦ C) = 1517.890943 m/s,

a(68◦ C) = 1552.801835 m/s,
a(86◦ C) = 1552.213912 m/s, and
a(91◦ C) = 1549.360187 m/s
8 Section 5.6
10. Consider the following data set

x 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
y 0.500000 1.425639 2.640859 4.009155 5.305472
y′ 1.500000 2.305472
(a) Construct the not-a-knot cubic spline for this data set.
(b) Construct the clamped cubic spline for this data set.
(c) The data for this problem is taken from the function y = (x + 1)2 − 0.5ex .
Plot the error in each of the splines from parts (a) and (b) as a function of
x. Which spline produced the better results?
(a) The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

     
3 0 c1 1.737486
 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  0.918456  .
0 3 c3 −0.431874
We solve this system and then use the equations (1) - (4) to determine c0 ,
c4 , the dj and the bj , respectively. The complete set of not-a-knot spline
coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
0.500000 1.4854520 0.807897 −0.15249
1.425639 2.1789815 0.579162 −0.15249
2.640859 2.6437760 0.350427 −0.32959
4.009155 2.7470105 −0.143958 −0.32959
(b) The linear system for the coefficients cj (0 ≤ j ≤ 4) is
     
1 0.5 c0 1.053834
 0.5 2 0.5   c1   1.737486 
     

 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  0.918456
   
.

 0.5 2 0.5   c3   −0.431874 
0.5 1 c4 −0.861486
We solve this system and then use equation (3) to determine the dj and equa-
tion (4) to determine the bj . The complete set of clamped spline coefficients
is
aj bj cj dj
0.500000 1.5000000 0.755699 −0.106286
1.425639 2.1759845 0.596270 −0.174718
2.640859 2.6412160 0.334193 −0.286882
4.009155 2.7602475 −0.096130 −0.478194
(c) For the not-a-knot cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 3.814 × 10−3 ; for the clamped
cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 5.388 × 10−4 . A plot of the error in both splines as
a function of x is shown below.
11. Repeat Exercise 10 for the data set

x 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
y 0.000000 0.608198 1.386294 2.290727 3.295837
y′ 1.000000 2.098612
which is taken from the function f (x) = x ln x.

     
3 0 c1 1.019388
 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  0.758022  .
0 3 c3 0.604062
coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
0.000000 1.014474 0.435869 −0.0640483
0.608198 1.402306 0.339796 −0.0640483
1.386294 1.694066 0.243724 −0.0282463
2.290727 1.916605 0.201354 −0.0282463
     
1 0.5 c0 0.649188
 0.5 2 0.5   c1   1.019388 
     

 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =
  

 0.758022 .

 0.5 2 0.5   c3   0.604062 
0.5 1 c4 0.265176
10 Section 5.6
is
aj bj cj dj
0.000000 1.000000 0.486076 −0.106567
0.608198 1.406150 0.326225 −0.0522821
1.386294 1.693163 0.247802 −0.0327921
2.290727 1.916371 0.198613 −0.0218293
12. Repeat Exercise 10 for the data set

x 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
y 0.000000 0.176777 0.500000 0.530330 0.000000
y′ 0.000000 −3.141593
which is taken from the function f (x) = x sin(πx).

     
1.5 0 c1 1.757352
 0.25 1 0.25   c2  =  −3.514716  .
0 1.5 c3 −6.72792
coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
0.000000 −0.228760 5.029424 −5.143808
0.176777 1.321488 1.171568 −5.143808
0.500000 0.942808 −2.686288 −2.398656
0.530330 −0.850084 −4.485280 −2.398656
     
0.5 0.25 c0 2.121324
 0.25 1 0.25   c1   1.757352 
     

 0.25 1 0.25   c2  =
  

 −3.514716 .

 0.25 1 0.25   c3   −6.727920 
0.25 0.5 c4 −3.060819
is
aj bj cj dj
0.000000 0.000000 3.473078 −2.578585
0.176777 1.253054 1.539140 −5.519157
0.500000 0.987782 −2.600229 −3.462481
0.530330 −0.961547 −5.197090 2.231995
13. Experimentally determined values for the partial pressure of water vapor, pA ,
as a function of distance, y, from the surface of a pan of water are given below.
The derivative of the partial pressure with respect to distance is estimated to
12 Section 5.6
be −0.0455 atm/mm when y = 0 and 0 atm/mm when y = 5. Estimate the

partial pressure at distances of 0.5 mm, 2.1 mm and 3.7 mm from the surface
of the water using a clamped cubic spline.
y (mm) 0 1 2 3 4 5
pA (atm) 0.100 0.065 0.042 0.029 0.022 0.020

     
2 1 c0 0.0315
 1 4 1   c1   0.0360 
     

 1 4 1   c2 
   = 
 0.0300 
.

 1 4 1   c3 
  

 0.0180 

 1 4 1   c4   0.0150 
1 2 c5 0.0060
We solve this system and then use equation (3) to determine the dj and equation
(4) to determine the bj . The complete set of clamped spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
0.100 −0.0455000 0.01369856 −0.00319856
0.065 −0.0276986 0.00410287 0.000595694
0.042 −0.0177057 0.00588995 −0.00118421
0.029 −0.00947847 0.00233732 0.000141148
0.022 −0.00438038 0.00276077 −0.000380383
pA (0.5 mm) = 0.0802748 atm,

pA (2.1 mm) = 0.0402871 atm, and
pA (3.7 mm) = 0.0235588 atm
Natural Boundary Conditions:

Another set of boundary conditions which can be used when no other in-
formation is available about f is the natural (or free) boundary conditions
s′′ (a) = s′′ (b) = 0. Since s′′ (a) = s′′0 (a) = c0 and s′′ (b) = s′′n (b) = cn , the
natural boundary conditions immediately translate to
c0 = 0 and cn = 0.
Combining these two equations with equation (5) for j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n − 1

provides a complete linear system for determining the cj . The coefficient ma-
trix for this system is tridiagonal and strictly diagonally dominant. If f ′′ (a) =
f ′′ (b) = 0, the natural cubic spline has a fourth-order error bound (see Birkhoff
and de Boor [7]); otherwise, the natural cubic spline produces errors that are
only second-order near the boundaries (see de Boor [2]). Exercises 14 - 19 deal
with the natural cubic spline.
14. Determine the natural cubic spline for the data in the example “A Clamped
Cubic Spline.” Compare the error in the natural cubic spline to that of the
not-a-knot cubic spline.

     
2 0.5 c1 −3.89232
 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  −1.59504  .
0.5 2 c3 −0.50304
(4) to determine the bj . The complete set of natural spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
0.00000 1.961266 0.000000 −1.250183
0.82436 1.023629 −1.875274 1.061154
1.00000 −0.0557800 −0.283543 0.0686057
0.90980 −0.287869 −0.180634 0.120423
For the natural cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 6.304 × 10−2 ; for the not-a-knot cubic
spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 9.916 × 10−3 . A plot of the error in both splines as a function
of x is shown below.
15. Determine the natural cubic spline for the data in Exercise 10. Compare the
error in the natural cubic spline to that of the not-a-knot cubic spline.
14 Section 5.6

     
2 0.5 c1 1.737486
 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  0.918456  .
0.5 2 c3 −0.431874
aj bj cj dj
0.500000 1.720584 0.000000 0.522776
1.425639 2.112666 0.784164 −0.297232
2.640859 2.673906 0.338316 −0.425888
4.009155 2.692806 −0.300516 0.200344

     
2 0.5 c1 1.019388
 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  0.758022  .
0.5 2 c3 0.604062
aj bj cj dj
0.000000 1.13983175 0.0000000 0.306257
0.608198 1.36952450 0.4593855 −0.172101
1.386294 1.69983425 0.2012340 0.033659
2.290727 1.92631250 0.2517225 −0.167815

     
1 0.25 c1 1.757352
 0.25 1 0.25   c2  =  −3.514716  .
0.25 1 c3 −6.727920
aj bj cj dj
0.000000 0.506565 0.000000 3.208688
0.176777 1.108194 2.406516 −6.670896
0.500000 1.060659 −2.596656 −4.642800
0.530330 −1.108194 −6.078756 8.105008
16 Section 5.6
18. Determine the natural cubic spline for the following data sets. In each case,
compare the natural cubic spline with the not-a-knot cubic spline.
(a) viscosity of water (Exercise 5)
(b) vapor pressure of water (Exercise 8)
(c) sound speed of water (Exercise 9)
(d) pressure of the standard atmosphere (Exercise 2)
(e) density of the standard atmosphere (Exercise 3)
(a) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
1.788 −0.052230255227 0.000000000000 0.000041302552
1.307 −0.039839489545 0.001239076568 −0.000029512761
1.003 −0.023911786592 0.000353693727 −0.000000251507
0.799 −0.016913364086 0.000346148524 −0.000007481212
0.657 −0.012234757065 0.000121712178 0.000001176353
0.548 −0.009447607656 0.000157002762 −0.000002224200
0.467 −0.006974812313 0.000090276772 −0.000001279554
0.405 −0.005553143091 0.000051890150 0.000000342416
0.355 −0.004412615322 0.000062162627 −0.000001090109
0.316 −0.003496395622 0.000029459343 −0.000000981978
(b) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
0.611 0.052390086309 0.000000000000 0.000092099137
1.227 0.080019827381 0.002762974107 0.000033504315
2.337 0.145330604166 0.003768103571 0.000074883601
4.242 0.243157755954 0.006014611607 0.000099961280
7.375 0.393438372016 0.009013449999 0.000129271280
12.34 0.612488755981 0.012891588398 0.000165953600
19.92 0.920106604060 0.017870196410 0.000251914318
31.16 1.353084827778 0.025427625962 0.000116389126
47.35 1.896554084829 0.028919299744 0.000902529177
70.11 2.745698832906 0.055995175064 −0.001866505835
(c) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
1402.0 4.72066205821 0.00000000000 −0.00220662058
1447.0 4.05867588358 −0.06619861746 0.00103310291
1482.0 3.04463440747 −0.03520553015 0.00007420894
1509.0 2.36278648656 −0.03297926194 −0.00032993867
1529.0 1.60421964630 −0.04287742208 0.00124554575
1542.0 1.12033492823 −0.00551104972 −0.00165224431
1551.0 0.51444064078 −0.05507837902 0.00236343149
1553.0 0.12190250866 0.01582456581 −0.00180148167
1554.0 −0.10205067541 −0.03821988422 0.00084249518
1550.0 −0.61369980703 −0.01294502895 0.00043150096
(d) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
101350.0 −11.859197436 0.00000000000 0.00000047679
95480.0 −11.501605128 0.00071518461 −0.00000015195
89889.0 −10.900382051 0.00048726154 0.00000003501
84565.0 −10.386866667 0.00053976923 −0.00000005207
79500.0 −9.886151282 0.00046166154 0.00000009328
74684.0 −9.354528205 0.00060158462 −0.00000040106
(e) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
1.2255 −0.00011650436 0.00000000000 0.00000000000362
1.1677 −0.00011379128 0.00000000543 −0.00000000000129
1.1120 −0.00010933051 0.00000000350 0.00000000000073
1.0583 −0.00010528667 0.00000000459 −0.00000000000084
1.0067 −0.00010132282 0.00000000334 0.00000000000102
0.9570 −0.00009722205 0.00000000487 −0.00000000000324
19. Show that the natural cubic spline satisfies the following minimum curvature
property: Let g be any function, continuous and twice continuously differen-
18 Section 5.6
tiable on the interval [a, b], which interpolates f over the partition
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn−1 < xn = b.
Then Z b Z b
2
′′
[s (x)] dx ≤ [g ′′ (x)]2 dx,
a a
where s is the natural cubic spline.
Let g be any function, continuous and twice continuously differentiable on the

interval [a, b], which interpolates f over the partition
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn−1 < xn = b.
Also, let s denote the natural cubic spline. First, observe that
Z b Z b
[g ′′ (x)]2 dx = [g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x) + s′′ (x)]2 dx
a a
Z b Z b
= [g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]2 dx + 2 s′′ (x)[g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]dx
a a
Z b
+ [s′′ (x)]2 dx.
a
Next, focus on the term

Z b n−1
X Z xi+1
s′′ (x)[g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]dx = s′′ (x)[g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]dx.
a i=0 xi
After integrating by parts twice, it follows that

Z xi+1
x
s′′ (x)[g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]dx = {s′′ (x)[g ′ (x) − s′ (x)] − s′′′ (x)[g(x) − s(x)]}|xi+1
i
xi
Z xi+1
+ s(4) (x)[g(x) − s(x)]dx.
xi
Since s is a cubic polynomial on [xi , xi+1 ], s(4) (x) ≡ 0. Furthermore, since both s
and g interpolate f at each xi ,
x
{s′′′ (x)[g(x) − s(x)]}|xi+1
i
= 0.
Therefore,
Z b n−1
x
X
′′ ′′ ′′
s (x)[g (x) − s (x)]dx = s′′ (x)[g ′ (x) − s′ (x)]|xi+1
i
a i=0
= s (x)[g ′ (x) − s′ (x)]|b − s′′ (x)[g ′ (x) − s′ (x)]|a
′′
= 0,
due to the natural boundary conditions satisfied by s. Thus

Z b Z b Z b Z b
[g ′′ (x)]2 dx = [g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]2 dx + [s′′ (x)]2 dx ≥ [s′′ (x)]2 dx,
a a a a
since the integral of a non-negative function is always non-negative.

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Wir kommen jetzt auf die
fremden Vögel,
welche zu den Fasanen gehören können.
Unter diesen verdient
der Goldfasan,
oder
der chinesische gehaubte dreyfärbige
Fasan,
mit allem Recht die erste Stelle. A l b i n , K l e i n und H a l l e nennen
diesen Vogel den rothen Fasan: allein man hätte ihn fast eben so gut
den blauen nennen können; aber diese beyde Benennungen wären
eben so unvollkommen gewesen, als der Name Goldfasan, weil alle
drey nur eine von den drey prächtigen Farben, die auf seinem
Gefieder glänzen, anzeigen und die übrigen auszuschließen
scheinen. B ü f f o n hat ihn deswegen den chinesischen gehaubten
dreyfärbigen Fasan genannt. Bey L i n n e heißt er der gemalte und
bey M ü l l e r n der bunte Fasan.
Man kann diesen Fasan als eine Spielart von dem gemeinen
annehmen, die sich unter einem bessern Himmel verschönert hat.
Es sind zween Zweige Einer Familie, die sich seit langer Zeit
getrennet und sogar zwey verschiedene Raçen gemacht haben, die
aber einander doch noch erkennen: denn sie thun sich zusammen,
paaren sich und zeugen mit einander; doch muß man bekennen,
daß die Frucht, die aus ihrer Vermischung entsteht, etwas von der
Unfruchtbarkeit der Maulthiere hat.
Die Schönheit dieses Vogels hat gemacht, daß man ihn in unsern
Fasanerien gezogen und vermehrt hat, wo man ihn nun oft antrifft.
Er hat keine rothe Haut um die Augen, wie unser Fasan. Der
Augenring, der Schnabel, die Füße und Krallen sind gelb, so, wie der
Busch von langen und schönen Federn, die er erheben kann, wann
er will. H a l l e beschreibt ihn anders, als ihn die B ü f f o n s c h e n
gemalten Figuren angeben. Er sagt, er sey scharlachroth mit
schwarzen parallelen Schuppen quer durchschnitten, der
Federbusch entstehe von den Ohren her, lagere sich auf der Seite
des Halses, liege wie Fischohren an und lasse sich erheben. Bey
dem unsrigen hingegen entstehen diese hellgelbe Federfasern
schon bey dem Ursprunge des Schnabels, bedecken die ganze
Scheitel und die längsten fallen den Nacken hinab. Um die Augen ist
auch noch alles bis an die Backen lichtgelb; gegen die Kehle zu
bekommt diese Farbe eine röthliche Schattirung; der ganze untere
Theil des Körpers ist scharlachroth, und von eben dieser Farbe
gehen über den Schwanzfedern andere lange und schmale Federn
heraus, deren Kiel gelb ist. Der obere Theil des Halses fällt aus dem
Orangefarbigen ins Rothbraune und hat schwarze Schuppen; oben
an dem Rücken ist ein breiter grüner Streif; der übrige ganze Rücken
und Deckfedern des Steißes sind schön gelb. Die längsten
zugespitzten Schwanzfedern haben auf einem dunkeln Grund eine
Menge bräunlichgelber rundlicher kleiner Flecken, andere aber
dunklere Streifen. Der obere Theil des Flügels und die grösten
Federn desselben sind braun, die äussersten davon etwas schwarz
und haben einige weiße Flecken, das übrige ist schön blau; die
Schenkel sind hellbraun. Dieser Fasan ist etwas kleiner, als der
unsrige.
Das Weibchen des Goldfasans ist ein wenig kleiner, als das
Männchen, und sein Schwanz ist kürzer. Man sieht an ihm die
langen Federn des Busches nicht, sondern blos hinten am Kopf
einige kleine Federn etwas hervorragen. Es hat von allen den
schönen Farben des Männchens nichts, sondern die Farben seines
Gefieders sind sehr gemein und noch schlechter, als an der
gewöhnlichen Fasanhenne; mit der Zeit aber wird es manchmal so
schön, als das Männchen. Man hat in England bey der Milady E s s e x
eines gesehen, welches innerhalb sechs Jahren aus seiner unedeln
Schnepfenfarbe in die schöne Farbe des Männchens stuffenweise
übergegangen war, von dem man es blos an den Augen und dem
kürzern Schwanze unterscheiden konnte. Leute, welche Gelegenheit
gehabt haben, auf diese Vögel genau zu merken, haben den Herrn
v o n B ü f f o n versichert, daß diese Veränderung der Farbe bey den
meisten Weibchen Statt fände und anfienge, wenn sie 4 Jahre alt
wären; daß um diese Zeit die Männchen einen Widerwillen gegen
sie bekämen und sie mißhandelten; daß ihnen alsdann die langen
schmalen Federn wüchsen, die bey dem Männchen die
Schwanzfedern begleiten; mit einem Worte, daß sie dem Männchen
immer ähnlicher würden, jemehr sie an Alter zunähmen.
Edwards versichert, man habe bey dem Herzog v o n L e e d s eine
gemeine Fasanhenne gesehen, die das Gefieder des Hahns
angenommen, und setzt hinzu, daß eine solche Veränderung nur
bey Vögeln, die in der Hausthierschaft leben, Statt finde.
Die Eyer der Goldfasanhenne gleichen denen vom Perlhuhne viel
und sind verhältnißmäßig kleiner, als die von der Haußhenne, und
röthlicher, als unsere Fasaneyer.
Hans Sloane hat ein Männchen gegen fünfzehn Jahr erhalten.
Es scheinet, daß dieser Vogel dauerhaft seyn muß, weil er so lang
ausser seinem Vaterlande lebt. Er gewöhnt sich gut an das unsrige
und vermehrt sich leicht, sogar mit unserer europäischen
Fasanhenne. L e R o i hat eine solche chinesische Henne mit einem
französischen Fasanhahn zusammen geworfen, und die zween
Jungen, die davon entstunden, glichen den unsrigen sehr, doch war
das Gefieder schlecht gefärbt und auf dem Kopf hatten sie nur einige
gelbe Federn, wie der chinesische Fasan. Als man diesen beeden
jungen Blendlingshahnen europäische Fasanhennen gab, so
befruchtete einer davon die seinige im zweyten Jahr und es kam
eine Fasanhenne heraus, die nie wieder konnte befruchtet werden.
Die zwey Blendlingshahnen haben bis ins vierte Jahr weiter nichts
gezeugt, in welchem Jahre sie Gelegenheit fanden, zu entwischen.
Vermuthlich ist dieses der schöne Fasan, von dem man sagt, das
die Federn in China mehr gälten, als der Vogel, und einerley mit
dem, den M a r k u s P a o l o in seinen c h i n e s i s c h e n Reisen
bewunderte, und dessen Schwanz drey Schuh lang war.
Der schwarz und weiße chinesische Fasan

scheint nach dem Muster des vorhergehenden gebauet zu seyn, nur
ist er größer: denn er übertrifft selbst den europäischen an Größe.
Mit dem letztern hat er einen sehr merklichen Zug von Aehnlichkeit,
nemlich die rothe Einfassung der Augen, die aber noch breiter, als
bey jenem, ist: denn sie fällt ihm an beyden Seiten unter den
Unterschnabel, in Gestalt der Backenlappen, herab, und auf der
andern Seite erhebt sie sich, wie ein dopelter Kamm, über den
Oberschnabel.
Das Weibchen ist ein wenig kleiner, als das Männchen, von dem
es aber in Absicht auf die Farbe sehr abgeht. Es ist weder, wie das
Männchen, am Obertheile des Körpers weiß, noch am Untertheile
schwarz mit einem purpurfarbigen Widerschein. Man siehet nur
etwas weniges Weißes unter der rothen Einfassung der Augen, die
bey weitem nicht so groß, als am Männchen, ist. Das übrige alles ist
rothbraun, bald dunkler, bald heller, ausser unter dem Bauche und
an den Seitenfedern des Schwanzes, wo man schwarze
Querstreifen auf einem grauen Grunde erblickt. Sonst aber geht das
Weibchen in dieser Raçe weniger von dem Männchen ab, als in den
übrigen Fasanraçen, und hat auch, wie dieses, eine Haube, doch
nicht von so langen Federn, wie das Männchen; sie hat auch die
braune Farbe des Kopfs, da sie hingegen bey dem Männchen
schwarz ist und sich auf dem weißen Nacken vortreflich ausnimmt.
Die Füße sind an beyden roth und bey dem Männchen mit weit
stärkern Sporen, als des Goldfasans seine sind, bewaffnet. In dem
Linne-Müllerischen System heißt dieser Vogel lateinisch
Nycthemerus, deutsch aber, wie bey H a l l e n , der weiße Fasan.
Im nördlichen Theile von China findet man eine Art von Fasanen,
deren Flügel und Schwanz mit einer großen Anzahl runder Flecken,
welche Augen ähnlich sehen, besäet sind, daher man diese Vögel
Argus,
sonst aber
Luen
nennet. Sie sind gelb mit schwarzen Flecken oder Punkten. Das
Gesicht ist roth und am Kopf eine gedoppelte blaue Federhaube, die
rückwärts fällt; um die Augen herum und an der Wurzel des
Schnabels ist er schwarz; der Hinterkopf, die Kehle und der Hals
sind roth, nur ist der Nacken blau. Der Schwanz ist keilförmig und
hat mit den Flügeln einerley Farbe; die zwo mittlern Federn sind sehr
lang und ragen sehr viel über die andern hervor. Der Größe nach
gleicht dieser Vogel einem indianischen Hahn.
Den Napaul
oder
gehörnten Fasan
setzt E d w a r d s unter die Truthühner, weil er um den Kopf fleischige
Auswüchse hat, nennt ihn aber den gehörnten Fasan. Er scheint in
der That dem Fasan näher, als dem Truthahn, anzugehören: denn
diese fleischige Auswüchse sind nichts weniger, als diesem letztern,
eigen, indeme sie der Hahn, das Perlhuhn, der Kasuar und andre
mehr ebenfalls haben. Man findet sie sogar auch an Fasanen: denn
die Haut um die Augen des weißen Fasans bildet in der That einen
gedoppelten Kamm über dem Schnabel und Backenlappen unter
demselben. Ueberdiß ist der Napaul aus dem Klima der Fasanen,
indem ihn M e a d aus Bengalen bekommen hat; er hat auch den
Schnabel, die Füße, die Sporen, die Flügel und die gänzliche Gestalt
des Fasans.
Der Napaul wird ein gehörnter Fasan genannt, weil er in der That
zwey Hörner auf dem Kopfe hat. Diese Hörner sind blau, cylindrisch,
am Ende stumpf, liegen rückwärts und kommen in Absicht auf ihre
Substanz mit schwieligem Fleisch überein. Er hat keinen Zirkel von
rother und zuweilen schwarz punktirter Haut, wie die Fasanen, um
die Augen, sondern dieser ganze Raum ist mit schwarzen Haaren in
Gestalt der Federn besetzt; unter diesem Raum und dem Ursprung
des Unterschnabels nim̄ t eine Art von Kragen, der aus einer
schlappen Haut bestehet, seinen Anfang, welcher hinab fällt und frey
auf der Kehle und dem Obertheil des Halses hängt. Dieser Kragen
ist in der Mitte schwarz, mit Haaren von eben dieser Farbe besäet
und mit mehr oder weniger tiefen Runzeln gefurcht; und es ist
wahrscheinlich, daß ihn der Vogel aufblasen und zusammen ziehen
kann. Die Seitentheile daran sind blau mit einigen orangefärbigen
Flecken und auswärts ohne Haare; die innere Oberfläche aber, die
auf dem Hals anliegt, ist mit kleinen schwarzen Federn, wie der Theil
des Halses, den sie bedecket, besetzt; der Wirbel des Kopfs ist roth;
der Vordertheil des Körpers röthlich; der Hintertheil mehr
schwarzbraun. Ueber den ganzen Körper, Schwanz und Flügel
mitgerechnet, sieht man schwarze weiß eingefaßte Flecken, die
ganz nahe beysammen ziemlich regelmäßig ausgesäet sind. Diese
Flecken sind am Vordertheile rund, am Hintertheil haben sie die
Gestalt der Thränen, und zwar so, daß sich die Spitze gegen den
Kopf kehret. Die Flügel reichen nicht über den Ursprung des
Schwanzes.
Man hat zwar in Amerika keine wahre Fasanen gefunden; unter

der Menge verschiedener Vögel aber, die diese weite Gegenden
bevölkern, siehet man einige, die mehr oder weniger Aehnlichkeit mit
dem Fasan haben. Von diesen nähert sich jedoch
Der Katraka,
oder, wie er sonst genannt wird,
der Fasan von Guiana
demselben am meisten. Er kommt mit ihm, in Absicht auf die Gestalt
überhaupt, auf den ein wenig gebogenen Schnabel, die roth
eingefaßten Augen und den langen Schwanz, überein. Schnabel und
Füße sind roth und der ganze Vogel ist dunkelrothbraun, die Seiten
des Kopfes, welche röthlich sind, und den Bauch, welcher
aschfarben oder schmutzig weiß ist, ausgenommen.
Man weiß von seiner Naturgeschichte zur Zeit noch nichts, und
der Name Katraka wird ihm in Mexiko gegeben.
Anhang.
Viele Reise- und Naturbeschreiber haben noch andern Vögeln den

Namen der Fasanen gegeben, die aber B ü f f o n nicht dafür erkennen
will, ob sie gleich auf seinen gemalten Platten unter Fasanennamen
vorkommen.
Diese Vögel sind folgende:
1.) Der Fasan von den Antillen
des B r i s s o n , oder der Fasan von der Insel Kayriouacou des d u
Te r t r e , welcher viel längere Beine und einen kürzern Schwanz, als
der Fasan, hat.
2.) Der gekrönte indianische Fasan
des B r i s s o n , welcher sich von dem Fasan durch seine ganze
Gestalt, durch die besondere Bildung des Schnabels, durch seine
Sitten und Gewohnheiten, durch seine längern Flügel und durch
seinen kürzern Schwanz unterscheidet, und, seine Größe
ausgenommen, mehr Aehnlichkeit mit dem Geschlechte der Tauben
zu haben scheint.
3.) Der gehaubte kayennische Fasan,
ein amerikanischer Vogel, den B ü f f o n unter diesem Namen
bekommen hat, der aber von dem Fasan, in Absicht auf die Größe,
die Stellung des Körpers, den langen und dünnen Hals, den kleinen
Kopf, die langen Flügel ⁊c. abzugehen scheinet.
4.) Der Hokkofasan von Guiana,
welcher nichts weniger, als ein Fasan, ist;
und 5.) alle andere Hokkos von Amerika,
die B r i s s o n , B a r r e r e und andere zu den Fasanen gerechnet haben,
von denen wir aber, so, wie von den vorigen, hier nicht weiter reden
wollen.
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Analysis 1st Edition Bradie Solutions

5.6 Cubic Spline Interpolation

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 5) is

Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

273.1 = 275.16 − 0.0065(z − 2000),

for z, we find z = 2316.92 m.

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 5) is

p(800 m) = 92092.77 Pa,

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 5) is

Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

ρ(800 m) = 92092.77 kg/m3 ,

1.1000 = 1.1120 − 0.00010941905(z − 1000) + 0.00000000384(z − 1000)2

for z, we find z = 1110.10 m.

The complete set of spline coefficients is

ρ(34◦ C) = 994.56 kg/m3 ,

The complete set of spline coefficients is

µ(34◦ C) = 0.736655 × 10−3 N · s/m2 ,

1.000 = 1.003 − 0.024459545287(T − 20) + 0.000448568207(T − 20)2

for T , we find T = 20.12◦ C.

The complete set of spline coefficients is

ν(34◦ C) = 0.740325 × 10−5 m2 /s,

ν(68◦ C) = 0.425114 × 10−5 m2 /s,

The complete set of spline coefficients is

The complete set of spline coefficients is

Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

pv (34◦ C) = 5.317320 kPa,

The complete set of spline coefficients is

Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

a(34◦ C) = 1517.890943 m/s,

10. Consider the following data set

(a) The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

11. Repeat Exercise 10 for the data set

(a) The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

12. Repeat Exercise 10 for the data set

(a) The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

be −0.0455 atm/mm when y = 0 and 0 atm/mm when y = 5. Estimate the

The linear system for the coefficients cj (0 ≤ j ≤ 5) is

pA (0.5 mm) = 0.0802748 atm,

Natural Boundary Conditions:

Combining these two equations with equation (5) for j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n − 1

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

(a) viscosity of water (Exercise 5)

(b) vapor pressure of water (Exercise 8)

(c) sound speed of water (Exercise 9)

(d) pressure of the standard atmosphere (Exercise 2)

(e) density of the standard atmosphere (Exercise 3)

(a) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is

(b) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn−1 < xn = b.

Let g be any function, continuous and twice continuously differentiable on the

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn−1 < xn = b.

Next, focus on the term

After integrating by parts twice, it follows that

due to the natural boundary conditions satisfied by s. Thus

since the integral of a non-negative function is always non-negative.

Der schwarz und weiße chinesische Fasan

Man hat zwar in Amerika keine wahre Fasanen gefunden; unter

Viele Reise- und Naturbeschreiber haben noch andern Vögeln den