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Fundamentals of Advanced Accounting

6th Edition Hoyle Solutions Manual


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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

CHAPTER 7
FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS AND
HEDGING FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK

Chapter Outline

I. In today’s global economy, a great many companies deal in currencies other than their
reporting currencies.
A. Merchandise may be imported or exported with prices stated in a foreign currency.
B. For reporting purposes, foreign currency balances must be stated in terms of the
company’s reporting currency by multiplying it by an exchange rate.
C. Accountants face two questions in restating foreign currency balances.
1. What is the appropriate exchange rate for restating foreign currency balances?
2. How are changes in the exchange rate accounted for?
D. Companies often engage in foreign currency hedging activities to avoid the adverse impact
of exchange rate changes.
E. Accountants must determine how to properly account for these hedging activities.

II. Foreign exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market under a variety of
different currency arrangements.
A. Exchange rates can be expressed in terms of the number of U.S. dollars to purchase one
foreign currency unit (direct quotes) or the number of foreign currency units that can be
obtained with one U.S. dollar (indirect quotes).
B. Foreign currency trades can be executed on a spot or forward basis.
1. The spot rate is the price at which a foreign currency can be purchased or sold today.
2. The forward rate is the price today at which foreign currency can be purchased or sold
sometime in the future.
3. Forward exchange contracts provide companies with the ability to “lock in” a price
today for purchasing or selling currency at a specific future date.
C. Foreign currency options provide the right but not the obligation to buy or sell foreign
currency in the future, and therefore are more flexible than forward contracts.

III. FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters (FASB ASC
830) prescribes accounting rules for foreign currency transactions.
A. Export sales denominated in foreign currency are reported in U.S. dollars at the spot
exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Subsequent changes in the exchange rate
until collection of the receivable are reflected through a restatement of the foreign currency
account receivable with an offsetting foreign exchange gain or loss reported in income.
This is known as a two-transaction perspective, accrual approach.
B. The two-transaction perspective, accrual approach also is used in accounting for foreign
currency payables. Receivables and payables denominated in foreign currency create an
exposure to foreign exchange risk; this is the risk that changes in the exchange rate over
time will result in a foreign exchange loss.

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

IV. FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (FASB ASC
815) governs the accounting for derivative financial instruments and hedging activities
including the use of foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency options.
A. The fundamental requirement is that all derivatives must be carried on the balance sheet at
their fair value. Derivatives are reported on the balance sheet as assets when they have a
positive fair value and as liabilities when they have a negative fair value.
B. U.S. GAAP provides guidance for hedges of the following sources of foreign exchange risk:
1. foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities.
2. unrecognized foreign currency firm commitments.
3. forecasted foreign denominated currency transactions.
4. net investments in foreign operations (covered in Chapter 10).
C. Companies prefer to account for hedges in such a way that the gain or loss from the hedge
is recognized in net income in the same period as the loss or gain on the risk being
hedged. This approach is known as hedge accounting. Hedge accounting for foreign
currency derivatives may be applied only if three conditions are satisfied:
1. the derivative is used to hedge either a cash flow exposure or fair value exposure to
foreign exchange risk,
2. the derivative is highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows or fair value
related to the hedged item, and
3. the derivative is properly documented as a hedge.
D. Hedge accounting is allowed for hedges of two different types of exposure: cash flow
exposure and fair value exposure. Hedges of (1) foreign currency denominated assets and
liabilities, (2) foreign currency firm commitments, and (3) forecasted foreign currency
transactions can be designated as cash flow hedges. Hedges of (1) and (2) also can be
designated as fair value hedges. Accounting procedures differ for the two types of hedges.
E. For cash flow hedges of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, at each
balance sheet date:
1. The hedged asset or liability is adjusted to fair value based on changes in the spot
exchange rate, and a foreign exchange gain or loss is recognized in net income.
2. The derivative hedging instrument is adjusted to fair value (resulting in an asset or
liability reported on the balance sheet), with the counterpart recognized as a change in
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI).
3. An amount equal to the foreign exchange gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability is
then transferred from AOCI to net income; the net effect is to offset any gain or loss on
the hedged asset or liability.
4. An additional amount is removed from AOCI and recognized in net income to reflect (a)
the current period’s amortization of the original discount or premium on the forward
contract (if a forward contract is the hedging instrument) or (b) the change in the time
value of the option (if an option is the hedging instrument).
F. For fair value hedges of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, at each
balance sheet date:
1. The hedged asset or liability is adjusted to fair value based on changes in the spot
exchange rate, and a foreign exchange gain or loss is recognized in net income.
2. The derivative hedging instrument is adjusted to fair value (resulting in an asset or
liability reported on the balance sheet), with the counterpart recognized as a gain or
loss in net income.

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

G. Under fair value hedge accounting for hedges of foreign currency firm commitments:
1. the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized currently in net income, and
2. the change in fair value of the firm commitment is also recognized currently in net
income.
This accounting treatment requires (1) measuring the fair value of the firm commitment, (2)
recognizing the change in fair value in net income, and (3) reporting the firm commitment
on the balance sheet as an asset or liability. A decision must be made whether to
measure the fair value of the firm commitment through reference to (a) changes in the spot
exchange rate or (b) changes in the forward rate.
H. Cash flow hedge accounting is allowed for hedges of forecasted foreign currency
transactions. For hedge accounting to apply, the forecasted transaction must be probable
(likely to occur). The accounting for a hedge of a forecasted transaction differs from the
accounting for a hedge of a foreign currency firm commitment in two ways:
1. Unlike the accounting for a firm commitment, there is no recognition of the forecasted
transaction or gains and losses on the forecasted transaction.
2. The hedging instrument (forward contract or option) is reported at fair value, but
because there is no gain or loss on the forecasted transaction to offset against,
changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument are not reported as gains and
losses in net income. Instead they are reported in other comprehensive income. On
the projected date of the forecasted transaction, the cumulative change in the fair value
of the hedging instrument is transferred from other comprehensive income (balance
sheet) to net income (income statement).

V. IFRS is very similar to U.S. GAAP with respect to the accounting for foreign currency
transactions and hedging of foreign exchange risk.
A. IAS 21 requires the use of a two-transaction perspective in accounting for foreign currency
transactions with unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses accrued in net income in
the period of exchange rate change.
B. IAS 39 allows hedge accounting for foreign currency hedges of recognized assets and
liabilities, firm commitments, and forecasted transactions when documentation
requirements and effectiveness tests are met. Hedges are designated as cash flow or fair
value hedges.
C. One difference between IFRS and U.S. GAAP relates to the type of financial instrument
that can be designated as a foreign currency cash flow hedge. Under U.S. GAAP, only
derivative financial instruments can be used as a cash flow hedge, whereas IFRS also
allows non-derivative financial instruments, such as foreign currency loans, to be
designated as hedging instruments in a foreign currency cash flow hedge.

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

Answer to Discussion Question

Do we have a gain or what?


This case demonstrates the differing kinds of information provided through application of current
accounting rules for foreign currency transactions and derivative financial instruments.

The Ahnuld Corporation could have received $200,000 [$2.00 x 100,000 tchecks] from its export
sale to Tcheckia if it had required immediate payment. Instead, Ahnuld allows its customer six
months to pay. Given the future exchange rate of $1.70, Ahnuld would have received only
$170,000 if it had not entered into the forward contract. This would have resulted in a decrease in
cash inflow of $30,000. In accordance with current accounting standards, the decrease in the value
of the tcheck receivable is recognized as a foreign exchange loss of $30,000. This loss represents
the cost of extending credit to the foreign customer if the tcheck receivable is left unhedged.

However, rather than leaving the tcheck receivable unhedged, Ahnuld sells tchecks forward at a
price of $180,000. Because the future spot rate turns out to be only $1.70, the forward contract
provides a benefit, increasing the amount of cash received from the export sale by $10,000. In
accordance with current accounting standards, the change in the fair value of the forward contract
(from zero initially to $10,000 at maturity) is recognized as a gain on the forward contract of
$10,000. This gain reflects the cash flow benefit from having entered into the forward contract, and
is the appropriate basis for evaluating the performance of the foreign exchange risk manager.
(Students should be reminded that the forward contract will not always improve cash inflow. For
example, if the future spot rate were $1.85, the forward contract would result in $5,000 less cash
inflow than if the transaction were left unhedged.)

The net impact on income resulting from the fluctuation in the value of the tcheck is a loss of
$20,000. Clearly, Ahnuld forgoes $20,000 in cash inflow by allowing the customer time to pay for
the purchase, and the net loss reported in income correctly measures this. The $20,000 loss is
useful to management in assessing whether the sale to Tcheckia generated an adequate profit
margin, but it is not useful in assessing the performance of the foreign exchange risk manager. The
net loss must be decomposed into its component parts to fairly evaluate the risk manager’s
performance.

Gains and losses on forward contracts designated as fair value hedges of foreign currency assets
and liabilities are relevant measures for evaluating the performance of foreign exchange risk
managers. (The same is not true for cash flow hedges. For this type of hedge, performance should
be evaluated by considering the net gain or loss on the forward contract plus or minus the forward
contract premium or discount.)

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

Answers to Questions

1. Under the two-transaction perspective, an export sale (import purchase) and the subsequent
collection (payment) of cash are treated as two separate transactions to be accounted for
separately. The idea is that management has made two decisions: (1) to make the export sale
(import purchase), and (2) to extend credit in foreign currency to the foreign customer (obtain
credit from the foreign supplier). The income effect from each of these decisions should be
reported separately.

2. Foreign currency receivables resulting from export sales are revalued at the end of accounting
periods using the current spot rate. An increase in the value of a receivable will be offset by
reporting a foreign exchange gain in net income, and a decrease will be offset by a foreign
exchange loss. Foreign exchange gains and losses are accrued even though they have not
yet been realized.

3. Foreign exchange gains and losses are created by two factors: having foreign currency
exposures (foreign currency receivables and payables) and changes in exchange rates.
Appreciation of the foreign currency will generate foreign exchange gains on receivables and
foreign exchange losses on payables. Depreciation of the foreign currency will generate
foreign exchange losses on receivables and foreign exchange gains on payables.

4. Hedging is the process of eliminating exposure to foreign exchange risk so as to avoid


potential losses from fluctuations in exchange rates. In addition to avoiding possible losses,
companies hedge foreign currency transactions and commitments to introduce an element of
certainty into the future cash flows resulting from foreign currency activities. Hedging involves
establishing a price today at which foreign currency can be sold or purchased at a future date.

5. A party to a foreign currency forward contract is obligated to deliver one currency in exchange
for another at a specified future date, whereas the owner of a foreign currency option can
choose whether to exercise the option and exchange one currency for another or not.

6. Hedges of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities are not entered into until a
foreign currency transaction (import purchase or export sale) has taken place. Hedges of firm
commitments are made when a purchase order is placed or a sales order is received, before a
transaction has taken place. Hedges of forecasted transactions are made at the time a future
foreign currency purchase or sale can be anticipated, even before an order has been placed or
received.

7. Foreign currency options have an advantage over forward contracts in that the holder of the
option can choose not to exercise if the future spot rate turns out to be more advantageous.
Forward contracts, on the other hand, can lock a company into an unnecessary loss (or a
reduced gain). The disadvantage associated with foreign currency options is that a premium
must be paid up front even though the option might never be exercised.

8. An enterprise is required to recognize all derivative financial instruments as assets or liabilities


on the balance sheet and measure them at fair value.

9. The fair value of a foreign currency forward contract is determined by reference to changes in
the forward rate over the life of the contract, discounted to the present value. Three pieces of
information are needed to determine the fair value of a forward contract at any point in time
during its life: (a) the contracted forward rate when the forward contract is entered into, (b) the
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

current forward rate for a contract that matures on the same date as the forward contract
entered into, and (c) a discount rate; typically, the company’s incremental borrowing rate.

The manner in which the fair value of a foreign currency option is determined depends on
whether the option is traded on an exchange or has been acquired in the over the counter
market. The fair value of an exchange-traded foreign currency option is its current market price
quoted on the exchange. For over the counter options, fair value can be determined by
obtaining a price quote from an option dealer (such as a bank). If dealer price quotes are
unavailable, the company can estimate the value of an option using the modified Black-
Scholes option pricing model. Regardless of who does the calculation, principles similar to
those in the Black-Scholes pricing model will be used in determining the value of the option.

10. Hedge accounting is defined as recognition of gains and losses on the hedging instrument in
the same period as the recognition of gains and losses on the underlying hedged asset or
liability (or firm commitment).

11. For hedge accounting to apply, the forecasted transaction must be probable (likely to occur),
the hedge must be highly effective in offsetting fluctuations in the cash flow associated with the
foreign currency risk, and the hedging relationship must be properly documented.

12. In both cases, (1) sales revenue (or the cost of the item purchased) is determined using the
spot rate at the date of sale (or purchase), and (2) the hedged asset or liability is adjusted to
fair value based on changes in the spot exchange rate with a foreign exchange gain or loss
recognized in net income.

For a cash flow hedge, the derivative hedging instrument is adjusted to fair value (resulting in
an asset or liability reported on the balance sheet), with the counterpart recognized as a
change in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI). An amount equal to the foreign
exchange gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability is then transferred from AOCI to net
income; the net effect is to offset any gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability. An additional
amount is removed from AOCI and recognized in net income to reflect (a) the current period’s
amortization of the original discount or premium on the forward contract (if a forward contract is
the hedging instrument) or (b) the change in the time value of the option (if an option is the
hedging instrument).

For a fair value hedge, the derivative hedging instrument is adjusted to fair value (resulting in
an asset or liability reported on the balance sheet), with the counterpart recognized as a gain
or loss in net income. The discount or premium on a forward contract is not allocated to net
income. The change in the time value of an option is not recognized in net income.

13. For a fair value hedge of a foreign currency asset or liability (1) sales revenue (cost of
purchases) is recognized at the spot rate at the date of sale (purchase) and (2) the hedged
asset or liability is adjusted to fair value based on changes in the spot exchange rate with a
foreign exchange gain or loss recognized in net income. The forward contract is adjusted to
fair value based on changes in the forward rate (resulting in an asset or liability reported on the
balance sheet), with the counterpart recognized as a gain or loss in net income. The foreign
exchange gain (loss) and the forward contract loss (gain) are likely to be of different amounts
resulting in a net gain or loss reported in net income.

For a fair value hedge of a firm commitment, there is no hedged asset or liability to account for.
The forward contract is adjusted to fair value based on changes in the forward rate (resulting in
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

an asset or liability reported on the balance sheet), with a gain or loss recognized in net
income. The firm commitment is also adjusted to fair value based on changes in the forward
rate (resulting in a liability or asset reported on the balance sheet), and a gain or loss on firm
commitment is recognized in net income. The firm commitment gain (loss) offsets the forward
contract loss (gain) resulting in zero impact on net income. Sales revenue (cost of purchases)
is recognized at the spot rate at the date of sale (purchase). The firm commitment account is
closed as an adjustment to net income in the period in which the hedged item affects net
income.

14. For a cash flow hedge of a foreign currency asset or liability (1) sales revenue (cost of
purchases) is recognized at the spot rate at the date of sale (purchase) and (2) the hedged
asset or liability is adjusted to fair value based on changes in the spot exchange rate with a
foreign exchange gain or loss recognized in net income. The forward contract is adjusted to
fair value (resulting in an asset or liability reported on the balance sheet), with the counterpart
recognized as a change in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI). An amount
equal to the foreign exchange gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability is then transferred
from AOCI to net income; the net effect is to offset any gain or loss on the hedged asset or
liability. An additional amount is removed from AOCI and recognized in net income to reflect
the current period’s allocation of the discount or premium on the forward contract.

For a hedge of a forecasted transaction, the forward contract is adjusted to fair value (resulting
in an asset or liability reported on the balance sheet), with the counterpart recognized as a
change in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI). Because there is no foreign
currency asset or liability, there is no transfer from AOCI to net income to offset any gain or
loss on the asset or liability. The current period’s allocation of the forward contract discount or
premium is recognized in net income with the counterpart reflected in AOCI. Sales revenue
(cost of purchases) is recognized at the spot rate at the date of sale (purchase). The amount
accumulated in AOCI related to the hedge is closed as an adjustment to net income in the
period in which the forecasted transaction was anticipated to occur.

15. In accounting for a fair value hedge, the change in the fair value of the foreign currency option
is reported as a gain or loss in net income. In accounting for a cash flow hedge, the change in
the entire fair value of the option is first reported in other comprehensive income, and then the
change in the time value of the option is reported as an expense in net income.

16. The accounting for a foreign currency borrowing involves keeping track of two foreign currency
payables—the note payable and interest payable. As both the face value of the borrowing and
accrued interest represent foreign currency liabilities, both are exposed to foreign exchange
risk and can give rise to foreign currency gains and losses.

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

Answers to Problems

1. C (Foreign exchange gain/loss on foreign currency transaction)

An import purchase causes a foreign currency payable to be carried on the


books. If the foreign currency depreciates, the dollar value of the foreign
currency payable decreases, yielding a foreign exchange gain.

2. D (Method of accounting for foreign currency transactions)

Current accounting standards require a two-transaction perspective, accrual


approach.

3. B (Foreign exchange gain/loss on foreign currency transaction)

Foreign exchange gains related to foreign currency import purchases are


treated as a component of income before income taxes. If there is no foreign
exchange gain in operating income, then the purchase must have been
denominated in U.S. dollars or there was no change in the value of the
foreign currency from October 1 to December 1, 2015.

4. C (Calculate foreign exchange gain/loss on foreign currency transaction)

The dollar value of the LCU receivable has decreased from $110,000 at
December 31, 2015 to $95,000 at February 15, 2016. This decrease of $15,000
should be reported as a foreign exchange loss in 2016.

5. D (Calculate foreign exchange gain/loss on foreign currency borrowing)

The increase in the dollar value of the euro note payable represents a foreign
exchange loss. In this case a $25,000 loss would have been accrued in 2015
and a $10,000 loss will be reported in 2016.

6. D (Foreign exchange gain/loss on foreign currency transaction)

A foreign currency receivable will generate a foreign exchange gain when the
foreign currency increases in dollar value. A foreign currency payable will
generate a foreign exchange gain when the foreign currency decreases in
dollar value. Hence, the correct combination is franc (increase) and peso
(decrease).

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

7. D (Calculate foreign exchange gain/loss)

The merchandise purchase results in a foreign exchange loss of $8,000, the


difference between the U.S. dollar equivalent at the date of purchase and at
the date of settlement.
The increase in the dollar equivalent of the note’s principal results in a
foreign exchange loss of $20,000.
The total foreign exchange loss is $28,000 ($8,000 + $20,000).

8. D (Forward contract cash flow hedge of foreign currency denominated


asset/liability)

The Thai baht is selling at a premium (forward rate exceeds spot rate). The
exporter will receive more dollars as a result of selling the baht forward than
if the baht had been received and converted into dollars on April 1. Thus, the
premium results in additional revenue for the exporter.

9. D (Forward contract fair value hedge of foreign currency firm commitment)

The parts inventory will be recognized at the spot rate at the date of receipt
(FC100,000 x $.23 = $23,000).

10. D (Determine the fair value of a forward contract)

The forward contract must be reported on the December 31, 2015 balance
sheet as a liability. Barnum has locked-in to purchase ringgits at $0.042 per
ringgit but could have locked-in to purchase ringgits at $0.037 per ringgit if it
had waited until December 31 to enter into the forward contract. The forward
contract must be reported at its fair value discounted for two months at 12%,
which is $4,901.50 [($.042 – $.037) x 1,000,000 x .9803].

11. C (Calculate foreign exchange gain/loss on foreign currency transaction)

The 10 million won receivable has changed in dollar value from $35,000 at
12/1/15 to $33,000 at 12/31/15. The won receivable will be written down by
$2,000 and a foreign exchange loss will be reported in 2015 income.

12. B (Forward contract fair value hedge of foreign currency denominated


asset/liability)

The nominal value of the forward contract on December 31, 2015 is a positive
$2,000, the difference between the amount to be received from the forward
contract actually entered into, $34,000 ($.0034 x 10 million), and the amount
that could be received by entering into a forward contract on December 31,
12. (continued)

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

2015 that matures on March 31, 2016, $32,000 [$.0032 x 10 million]. The fair
value of the forward contract is the present value of $2,000 discounted for
three months, which is $1,941.20 [$2,000 x .9706]. On December 31, 2015,
MNC Corp. will recognize a $1,941.20 gain on the forward contract and a
foreign exchange loss of $2,000 on the won receivable. The net impact on
2015 income is –$58.80.

13. A (Forward contract cash flow hedge of forecasted foreign currency


transaction)

The krona is selling at a premium in the forward market, causing Pimlico to


pay more dollars to acquire kroner than if the kroner were purchased at the
spot rate on March 1. Therefore, the premium results in an expense of
$10,000 [($.12 – $.10) x 500,000].
The Adjustment to Net Income is the amount accumulated in Accumulated
Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) as a result of recognizing the Premium
Expense and the fair value of the forward contract. The journal entries would
be as follows:

3/1 no journal entries

6/1 Premium Expense $10,000


AOCI $10,000

AOCI $2,500
Forward Contract $2,500

Foreign Currency $57,500


Forward Contract 2,500
Cash $60,000

AOCI $7,500
Adjustment to Net Income $7,500

14. C (Option cash flow hedge of forecasted foreign currency transaction)

This is a cash flow hedge of a forecasted transaction. The original cost of the
option is recognized as an Option Expense over the life of the option.

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

15-17. (Option fair value hedge of a foreign currency firm commitment)

15. B

16. D
The easiest way to solve problems 15 and 16 is to prepare journal entries for
the option fair value hedge and the firm commitment. The journal entries are
as follows:
9/1/15
Foreign Currency Option $2,000
Cash $2,000
12/31/15
Foreign Currency Option $300
Gain on Foreign Currency Option $300
Loss on Firm Commitment $980.30
Firm Commitment $980.30
[($.79 – $.80) x 100,000 = $1,000 x .9803 = $980.30]
Net impact on 2015 net income:
Gain on Foreign Currency Option $300.00
Loss on Firm Commitment (980.30)
$(680.30)
3/1/16
Foreign Currency Option $700
Gain on Foreign Currency Option $700

Loss on Firm Commitment $2,019.70


Firm Commitment $2,019.70
[($.77 – $.80) x 100,000 = $3,000 – $980.30 = $2,019.70]

Foreign Currency (C$) $77,000


Sales $77,000

Cash $80,000
Foreign Currency (C$) $77,000
Foreign Currency Option 3,000

Firm Commitment $3,000


Adjustment to Net Income $3,000

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

15-17. (continued)

Net impact on 2016 net income:


Gain on Foreign Currency Option $ 700.00
Loss on Firm Commitment (2,019.70)
Sales 77,000.00
Adjustment to Net Income 3,000.00
$78,680.30

17. B Net cash inflow with option ($80,000 – $2,000) $78,000


Cash inflow without option (at spot rate of $.77) 77,000
Net increase in cash inflow $ 1,000

18-20. (Forward contract fair value hedge of a foreign currency firm commitment)

The easiest way to solve problems 18 and 19 is to prepare journal entries for
the forward contract fair value hedge of a firm commitment. The journal
entries are as follows:

3/1 no journal entries

3/31 Forward Contract $1,250


Gain on Forward Contract $1,250
($1,250 – $0)

Loss on Firm Commitment $1,250


Firm Commitment $1,250

Net impact on first quarter net income is $0.

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

18-20. (continued)

4/30 Loss on Forward Contract $250


Forward Contract $250
[Fair value of Forward Contract is
(($.120 – $.118) x 500,000) = $1,000;
$1,000 – $1,250 = $250]
Firm Commitment $250
Gain on Firm Commitment $250
Foreign Currency (pesos) $59,000
Sales [500,000 pesos x $.118] $59,000
Cash [500,000 x $.120] $60,000
Foreign Currency (pesos) $59,000
Forward Contract 1,000
Firm Commitment $1,000
Adjustment to Net Income $1,000

Net impact on second quarter net income is: Sales $59,000 – Loss on Forward
Contract $250 + Gain on Firm Commitment $250 + Adjustment to Net Income
$1,000 = $60,000.

18. A

19. C

20. B Cash inflow with forward contract [500,000 pesos x $.12] $60,000
Cash inflow without forward contract [500,000 pesos x $.118] 59,000
Net increase in cash flow from forward contract $ 1,000

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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

21-22. (Option cash flow hedge of a forecasted foreign currency transaction)

The easiest way to solve problems 21 and 22 is to prepare journal entries for
the option cash flow hedge of a forecasted transaction. The journal entries
are as follows:

11/1/15
Foreign Currency Option $1,500
Cash $1,500

12/31/15
Option Expense $400
Foreign Currency Option $400
(The option has no intrinsic value at 12/31/15 so the entire change in fair
value is due to a change in time value; $1,500 – $1,100 = $400 decrease in
time value. The decrease in time value of the option is recognized as an
expense in net income.)

Option Expense decreases net income by $400.

2/1/16
Option Expense $1,100
Foreign Currency Option 900
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) $2,000
(Record expense for the decrease in time value of the
option; $1,100 – $0 = $1,100; and write-up option to fair
value ($.40 – $.41) x 200,000 = $2,000 – $1,100 = $900.)

Foreign Currency (BRL) [200,000 x $.41] $82,000


Cash [200,000 x $.40] $80,000
Foreign Currency Option 2,000

Parts Inventory $82,000


Foreign Currency (BRL) $82,000

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) $2,000


Adjustment to Net Income $2,000

7-14
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

21-22. (continued)

Net impact on 2016 net income:


Option Expense $ (1,100)
Cost-of-Goods-Sold (82,000)
Adjustment to Net Income 2,000
Decrease in Net Income $ (81,100)

21. B

22. C

23. (10 minutes) (Foreign currency payable -- import purchase)

a. The decrease in the dollar value of the LCU payable from November 1 (60,000
x .345 = $20,700) to December 31 (60,000 x .333 = $19,980) is recorded as a
$720 foreign exchange gain in 2015.
b. The increase in the dollar value of the LCU payable from December 31
($19,980) to January 15 (60,000 x .359 = $21,540) is recorded as a $1,560
foreign exchange loss in 2016.

24. (10 minutes) (Foreign currency receivable – export sale)

a. The ostra receivable decreases in dollar value from (50,000 x $1.05) $52,500
at December 20 to $51,000 (50,000 x $1.02) at December 31, resulting in a
foreign exchange loss of $1,500 in 2015.
b. The further decrease in dollar value of the ostra receivable from $51,000 at
December 31 to $49,000 (50,000 x $.98) at January 10 results in an additional
$2,000 foreign exchange loss in 2016.

25. (10 minutes) (Foreign currency receivable – export sale)

9/15 Accounts Receivable (FCU) [100,000 x $.40] $40,000


Sales $40,000

9/30 Accounts Receivable (FCU) $2,000


Foreign Exchange Gain $2,000
[100,000 x ($.42 – $.40)]

10/15 Foreign Exchange Loss $5,000


Accounts Receivable (FCU)
[100,000 x ($.37 – $.42)] $5,000

Cash $37,000
Accounts Receivable (FCU) $37,000
26. (10 minutes) (Foreign currency payable -- import purchase)

7-15
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

12/1/15 Inventory $52,800


Accounts Payable (LCU) [60,000 x $.88] $52,800

12/31/15 Accounts Payable (LCU) [60,000 x ($.82 – $.88)] $3,600


Foreign Exchange Gain $3,600

1/28/16 Foreign Exchange Loss $4,800


Accounts Payable (LCU) [60,000 x ($.90 – $.82)] $4,800

Accounts Payable (LCU) $54,000


Cash $54,000

27. (15 minutes) (Determine U.S. dollar balance for foreign currency transactions)

Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold are reported at the spot rate at the date the
inventory was purchased. Sales are reported at the spot rate at the date of sale.
Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable are reported at the spot rate at the
balance sheet date. Cash is reported at the spot rate when collected and the
spot rate when paid.

a. Inventory [50,000 pesos x 40% x $.17] ..................................................... $3,400


b. COGS [50,000 pesos x 60% x $.17] .......................................................... $5,100
c. Sales [45,000 pesos x $.18]....................................................................... $8,100
d. Accounts Receivable [45,000 – 40,000 = 5,000 pesos x $.21] ................ $1,050
e. Accounts Payable [50,000 – 30,000 = 20,000 pesos x $.21] ................... $4,200
f. Cash [(40,000 x $.19) – (30,000 x $.20)] .................................................... $1,600

7-16
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

28. (25 minutes) (Prepare journal entries for foreign currency transactions)

2/1/15 Equipment $17,600


Accounts Payable (L) [40,000 x $.44] $17,600

4/1/15 Accounts Payable (L) $17,600


Foreign Exchange Loss 400
Cash [40,000 x $.45] $18,000

6/1/15 Inventory $14,100


Accounts Payable (L) [30,000 x $.47] $14,100

8/1/15 Accounts Receivable (L) [40,000 x $.48] $19,200


Sales $19,200

Cost-of-Goods Sold $9,870


Inventory [$14,100 x 70%] $9,870

10/1/15 Cash [30,000 x $.49] $14,700


Accounts Receivable (L) [$19,200 x 3/4] $14,400
Foreign Exchange Gain 300

11/1/15 Accounts Payable (L) [$14,100 x 2/3] $9,400


Foreign Exchange Loss [20,000 x ($.50 – $.47)] 600
Cash [20,000 x $.50] $10,000

12/31/15 Foreign Exchange Loss $500


Accounts Payable (L) [10,000 x ($.52 – $.47)] $500

Accounts Receivable (L) [10,000 x ($.52 – $.48)] $400


Foreign Exchange Gain $400

2/1/16 Cash [10,000 x $.54] $5,400


Accounts Receivable (L) [10,000 x $.52] $5,200
Foreign Exchange Gain 200

3/1/16 Accounts Payable (L) [10,000 x $.52] $5,200


Foreign Exchange Loss 300
Cash [10,000 x $.55] $5,500

7-17
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

29. (20 minutes) (Determine income effect of foreign currency payable – import
purchase)

a. Benjamin, Inc. has a liability of AL 160,000. On the date that this liability
was created (December 1, 2015), the liability had a dollar value of $70,400
(AL 160,000 x $.44). On December 31, 2015, the dollar value has risen to
$76,800 (AL 160,000 x $.48). The increase in the dollar value of the liability
creates a foreign exchange loss of $6,400 ($76,800 – $70,400) in 2015.

By March 1, 2016, when the liability is paid, the dollar value has dropped to
$72,000 (AL 160,000 x $.45) creating a foreign exchange gain of $4,800
($72,000 – $76,800) to be reported in 2016.

b. Benjamin, Inc. has a liability of AL 160,000. On the date that this liability
was created (September 1, 2015), the liability had a dollar value of $73,600
(AL 160,000 x $.46). On December 1, 2015, when the liability is paid, the
dollar value has decreased to $70,400 (AL 160,000 x $.44). The drop in the
dollar value of the liability creates a foreign exchange gain of $3,200
($70,400 – $73,600) in 2015.

c. Benjamin, Inc. has a liability of AL 160,000. On the date that this liability
was created (September 1, 2015), the liability had a dollar value of $73,600
(AL 160,000 x $.46). On December 31, 2015, the dollar value has risen to
$76,800 (AL 160,000 x $.48). The increase in the dollar value of the liability
creates a foreign exchange loss of $3,200 ($76,800 – $73,600) in 2015.
By March 1, 2016, when the liability is paid, the dollar value has dropped to
$72,000 (AL 160,000 x $.45) creating a foreign exchange gain of $4,800
($72,000 – $76,800) to be reported in 2016.

7-18
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

30. (30 minutes) (Foreign currency borrowing)

a. 9/30/15 Cash $100,000


Note payable (dudek) [1,000,000 x $.10] $100,000
(To record the note and conversion of 1 million
dudeks into $ at the spot rate.)

12/31/15 Interest Expense $525


Interest Payable (dudek) $525
[1,000,000 x 2% x 3/12 = 5,000 dudeks x
$.105 spot rate]
(To accrue interest for the period 9/30 – 12/31/15.)

Foreign Exchange Loss $5,000


Note Payable (dudek) [1 m x ($.105 – $.10)] $5,000
(To revalue the note payable at the spot rate of
$.105 and record a foreign exchange loss.)

9/30/16 Interest Expense [15,000 dudeks x $.12] $1,800


Interest Payable (dudek) 525
Foreign Exchange Loss [5,000 dudeks x
($.12 – $.105)] 75
Cash [20,000 dudeks x $.12] $2,400
(To record the first annual interest payment,
record interest expense for the period 1/1 – 9/30/16,
and record a foreign exchange loss on the
interest payable accrued at 12/31/15.)

12/31/16 Interest Expense $625


Interest Payable (dudek) [5,000 dudeks x $.125] $625
(To accrue interest for the period 9/30 – 12/31/16.)

Foreign Exchange Loss $20,000


Note Payable (dudek) [1 m x ($.125 – $.105)] $20,000
(To revalue the note payable at the spot rate of
$.125 and record a foreign exchange loss.)

7-19
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

30. (continued)

9/30/17 Interest Expense [15,000 dudeks x $.15] $2,250


Interest Payable (dudek) 625
Foreign Exchange Loss [5,000 dudeks x
($.15 – $.125)] 125
Cash [20,000 dudeks x $.15] $3,000
(To record the second annual interest payment,
record interest expense for the period 1/1 – 9/30/15,
and record a foreign exchange loss on the interest
payable accrued at 12/31/16.)

Note Payable (dudek) $125,000


Foreign Exchange Loss 25,000
Cash [1 m dudeks x $.15] $150,000
(To record payment of the 1 million dudek note.)

b. The effective cost of borrowing can be determined by considering the total


interest expense and foreign exchange losses related to the loan and comparing
this with the amount borrowed:

2015
Interest expense $525
Foreign exchange loss 5,000
Total $5,525 / $100,000 = 5.525% for 3 months
5.525% x 12/3 = 22.1% for 12 months
2016
Interest expense $2,425
Foreign exchange losses 20,075
Total $22,500 / $100,000 = 22.5% for 12 months

2017
Interest expense $2,250
Foreign exchange losses 25,125
Total $27,375 / $100,000 = 27.38% for 9 months
27.38% x 12/9 = 36.5% for 12 months

Because of appreciation in the value of the dudek, the effective annual


borrowing costs range from 22.1% – 36.5%.

7-20
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

30. (continued)

The net cash flow from this borrowing is:

Cash outflows:
Interest ($2,400 + $3,000) $5,400
Principal 150,000
$155,400

Cash inflow:
Borrowing (100,000)
Net cash outflow $ 55,400

Ignoring compounding, this results in an effective borrowing cost of


approximately 27.7% per year [($55,400 / $100,000) = 55.4% over two years;
55.4% / 2 years = 27.7% per year].

7-21
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

31. (40 minutes) (Forward contract hedge of foreign currency receivable)

a. Cash Flow Hedge

Date Journal Entry Debit Credit


12/1/15 Accounts Receivable (K) $ 43,200.00
Sales $ 43,200.00
To record sales and foreign currency account receivable.

No entry for the forward contract.

12/31/15 Accounts Receivable (K) $ 1,600.00


Foreign Exchange Gain $ 1,600.00
To revalue the foreign currency account receivable and recognize a
foreign exchange gain.

AOCI $ 1,960.60
Forward Contract $ 1,960.60
To record the change in fair value of the forward contract as a liability.

Loss on Forward Contract $ 1,600.00


AOCI $ 1,600.00
To record a loss on forward contract to offset the foreign exchange gain.

AOCI $ 400.00
Premium Revenue $ 400.00
To allocate the forward contract premium over the life of the contract.

Impact on 2015 income:


Sales $ 43,200
Foreign Exchange Gain 1,600
Loss on Forward Contract (1,600)
Premium Revenue 400
Total $ 43,600

7-22
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

31. (continued)

a. Cash Flow Hedge (continued)

Date Journal Entry Debit Credit


3/1/16 Accounts Receivable (K) $ 2,400.00
Foreign Exchange Gain $ 2,400.00
To revalue the foreign currency account receivable and recognize a
foreign exchange gain.

AOCI $ 839.40
Forward Contract $ 839.40
To adjust the carrying value of the forward conract to its current fair value.

Loss on Forward Contract $ 2,400.00


AOCI $ 2,400.00
To record a loss on forward contract to offset the foreign exchange gain.

AOCI $ 800.00
Premium Revenue $ 800.00
To allocate the forward contract premium over the life of the contract.

Foreign Currency (K) $ 47,200.00


Accounts Receivable (K) $ 47,200.00
To record the receipt of korunas from the foreign customer.

Cash $ 44,400.00
Forward Contract $ 2,800.00
Foreign Currency (K) $ 47,200.00
To record settlement of the forward contract.

Impact on 2016 income:


Foreign Exchange Gain $ 2,400
Loss on Forward Contract (2,400)
Premium Revenue 800
Total $ 800

Impact on net income over both periods: $ 44,400.00


which is equal to cash inflow.

7-23
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

31. (continued)

b. Fair Value Hedge

Date Journal Entry Debit Credit


12/1/15 Accounts Receivable (K) $ 43,200.00
Sales $ 43,200.00
To record sales and foreign currency account receivable.

No entry for the forward contract.

12/31/15 Accounts Receivable (K) $ 1,600.00


Foreign Exchange Gain $ 1,600.00
To revalue the foreign currency account receivable and recognize a
foreign exchange gain.

Loss on Forward Contract $ 1,960.60


Forward Contract $ 1,960.60
To record the change in fair value of the forward contract as a liability
and recognize a loss on forward contract.

Impact on 2015 income:


Sales $ 43,200.00
Foreign Exchange Gain 1,600.00
Loss on Forward Contract (1,960.60)
Total $ 42,839.40

7-24
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

31. (continued)

b. Fair Value Hedge (continued)

Date Journal Entry Debit Credit


3/1/16 Accounts Receivable (K) $ 2,400.00
Foreign Exchange Gain $ 2,400.00
To revalue the foreign currency account receivable and recognize a
foreign exchange gain.

Loss on Forward Contract $ 839.40


Forward Contract $ 839.40
To adjust the carrying value of the forward conract to its current fair value
and recognize a loss on forward contract.

Foreign Currency (K) $ 47,200.00


Accounts Receivable (K) $ 47,200.00
To record the receipt of korunas from the foreign customer.

Cash $ 44,400.00
Forward Contract 2,800.00
Foreign Currency (K) $ 47,200.00
To record settlement of the forward contract.

Impact on 2016 income:


Foreign Exchange Gain $ 2,400.00
Loss on Forward Contract (839.40)
Total $ 1,560.60

Impact on net income over both periods: $ 44,400.00


which is equal to cash inflow.

7-25
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

32. (40 minutes) (Forward contract hedge of foreign currency payable)

a. Cash Flow Hedge

Date Journal Entry Debit Credit


12/1/15 Cost of Goods Sold $ 43,200.00
Accounts Payable (K) $ 43,200.00
To recognize the purchase of materials immediately as cost of goods sold
and record a foreign currency account payable.

No entry for the forward contract.

12/31/15 Foreign Exchange Loss $ 1,600.00


Accounts Payable (K) $ 1,600.00
To revalue the foreign currency account payable and recognize a
foreign exchange loss.

Forward Contract $ 1,960.60


AOCI $ 1,960.60
To record the change in fair value of the forward contract as an asset.

AOCI $ 1,600.00
Gain on Forward Contract $ 1,600.00
To record a gain on forward contract to offset the foreign exchange loss.

Premium Expense $ 400.00


AOCI $ 400.00
To allocate the forward contract premium over the life of the contract.

Impact on 2015 income:


Cost of Goods Sold $ (43,200)
Foreign Exchange Loss (1,600)
Gain on Forward Contract 1,600
Premium Expense (400)
Total $ (43,600)

7-26
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

32. (continued)

a. Cash Flow Hedge (continued)

Date Journal Entry Debit Credit


3/1/16 Foreign Exchange Loss $ 2,400.00
Accounts Payable (K) $ 2,400.00
To revalue the foreign currency account payable and recognize a
foreign exchange loss.

Forward Contract $ 839.40


AOCI $ 839.40
To adjust the carrying value of the forward contract to its current fair value.

AOCI $ 2,400.00
Gain on Forward Contract $ 2,400.00
To record a gain on forward contract to offset the foreign exchange loss.

Premium Expense $ 800.00


AOCI $ 800.00
To allocate the forward contract premium over the life of the contract.

Foreign Currency (K) $ 47,200.00


Cash $ 44,400.00
Forward Contract $ 2,800.00
To record settlement of the forward contract.

Accounts Payable (K) $ 47,200.00


Foreign Currency (K) $ 47,200.00
To record the payment of korunas to the foreign supplier.

Impact on 2016 income:


Foreign Exchange Loss $ (2,400)
Gain on Forward Contract 2,400
Premium Expense (800)
Total $ (800)

Impact on net income over both periods: $ (44,400.00)


which is equal to cash outflow.

7-27
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

32. (continued)

b. Fair Value Hedge

Date Journal Entry Debit Credit


12/1/15 Cost of Goods Sold $ 43,200.00
Accounts Payable (K) $ 43,200.00
To recognize the purchase of materials immediately as cost of goods sold
and record a foreign currency account payable.

No entry for the forward contract.

12/31/15 Foreign Exchange Loss $ 1,600.00


Accounts Payable (K) $ 1,600.00
To revalue the foreign currency account payable and recognize a
foreign exchange loss.

Forward Contract $ 1,960.60


Gain on Forward Contract $ 1,960.60
To record the change in fair value of the forward contract as an asset
and recognize a gain on forward contract.

Impact on 2015 income:


Cost of Goods Sold $ (43,200.00)
Foreign Exchange Loss (1,600.00)
Gain on Forward Contract 1,960.60
Total $ (42,839.40)

7-28
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

32. (continued)

b. Fair Value Hedge (continued)

Date Journal Entry Debit Credit


3/1/16 Foreign Exchange Loss $ 2,400.00
Accounts Payable (K) $ 2,400.00
To revalue the foreign currency account payable and recognize a
foreign exchange loss.

Forward Contract $ 839.40


Gain on Forward Contract $ 839.40
To adjust the carrying value of the forward contract to its current fair value
and recognize a gain on forward contract.

Accounts Payable (K) $ 47,200.00


Foreign Currency (K) $ 47,200.00
To record the payment of korunas to the foreign supplier.

Foreign Currency (K) $ 47,200.00


Cash $ 44,400.00
Forward Contract $ 2,800.00
To record settlement of the forward contract.

Impact on 2016 income:


Foreign Exchange Loss $ (2,400.00)
Gain on Forward Contract 839.40
Total $ (1,560.60)

Impact on net income over both periods: $ (44,400.00)


which is equal to cash outflow.

7-29
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

33. (30 minutes) (Option hedge of foreign currency receivable)

a. Cash Flow Hedge

6/1 Accounts Receivable (P) $62,000


Sales [$.062 x 1,000,000] $62,000

Foreign Currency Option $2,500


Cash $2,500

6/30 Accounts Receivable (P) $4,000


Foreign Exchange Gain
[($.066 – $.062) x 1,000,000] $4,000

AOCI $700
Foreign Currency Option $700
[($.0018 – $.0025) x 1,000,000]

Loss on Foreign Currency Option $4,000


AOCI $4,000

Option Expense $700


AOCI $700

Date Fair Value Intrinsic Value Time Value Change in Time Value
6/1 $2,500 $0 $2,500 –
6/30 $1,800 $0 $1,800 – $ 700
9/1 $1,000 $1,000 $0 – $1,800

7-30
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

33. (continued)

9/1 Foreign Exchange Loss $5,000


Accounts Receivable (P) $5,000
[($.061 – $.066) x 1,000,000]

AOCI $800
Foreign Currency Option $800
[$1,800 – $1,000]

AOCI $5,000
Gain on Foreign Currency Option $5,000

Option Expense $1,800


AOCI $1,800
(Change in time value of option is recognized as expense)

Foreign Currency (P) $61,000


Accounts Receivable (P) $61,000

Cash $62,000
Foreign Currency (P) $61,000
Foreign Currency Option 1,000

Impact on Net Income over the Two Accounting Periods:


Sales $62,000
Foreign Exchange Gain 4,000
Loss on Foreign Currency Option (4,000)
Foreign Exchange Loss (5,000)
Gain on Foreign Currency Option 5,000
Foreign currency option expense (2,500)
Impact on net income $59,500 = Net cash inflow

7-31
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

33. (continued)

b. Fair Value Hedge

6/1 Accounts Receivable (P) $62,000


Sales [$.062 x 1,000,000] $62,000

Foreign Currency Option $2,500


Cash $2,500

6/30 Accounts Receivable (P) $4,000


Foreign Exchange Gain $4,000
[($.066 – $.062) x 1,000,000]

Loss on Foreign Currency Option $700


Foreign Currency Option $700

9/1 Foreign Exchange Loss $5,000


Accounts Receivable (P) $5,000
[($.061 – $.066) x 1,000,000]

Loss on Foreign Currency Option $800


Foreign Currency Option $800

Foreign Currency (P) $61,000


Accounts Receivable (P) $61,000

Cash $62,000
Foreign Currency (P) $61,000
Foreign Currency Option 1,000

Impact on Net Income over the Two Accounting Periods:


Sales $62,000
Foreign Exchange Gain 4,000
Foreign Exchange Loss (5,000)
Loss on Foreign Currency Option (1,500)
Impact on net income $59,500 = Net cash inflow

7-32
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

34. (30 minutes) (Option hedge of foreign currency payable)

a. Cash Flow Hedge

6/1 Inventory [$.085 x 1,000,000] $85,000


Accounts Payable (M) $85,000

Foreign Currency Option $2,000


Cash $2,000

6/30 Foreign Exchange Loss $3,000


Accounts Payable (M) $3,000
[($.088 – .085) x 1,000,000]

Foreign Currency Option $2,000


AOCI $2,000
[$4,000 – $2,000]

AOCI $3,000
Gain on Foreign Currency Option $3,000

Option Expense $1,000*


AOCI $1,000

Date Fair Value Intrinsic Value Time Value Change in Time Value
6/1 $2,000 $0 $2,000 -
6/30 $4,000 $3,000 $1,000 -$1,000*
9/1 $5,000 $5,000 $0 -$1,000**

7-33
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

34. (continued)

9/1 Foreign Exchange Loss $2,000


Accounts Payable (M) $2,000
[($.09 – $.088) x 1,000,000]

Foreign Currency Option $1,000


AOCI $1,000
[$5,000 – $4,000]

AOCI $2,000
Gain on Foreign Currency Option $2,000

Option Expense $1,000**


AOCI $1,000

Foreign Currency (M) $90,000


Cash $85,000
Foreign Currency Option $5,000

Accounts Payable (M) $90,000


Foreign Currency (M) $90,000

Impact on net income:


Option Expense ($2,000)

7-34
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Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

34. (continued)

b. Fair Value Hedge

6/1 Inventory $85,000


Accounts Payable (M) $85,000
[$.085 x 1,000,000]

Foreign Currency Option $2,000


Cash $2,000

6/30 Foreign Exchange Loss $3,000


Accounts Payable (M) $3,000
[($.088 – $.085) x 1,000,000]

Foreign Currency Option $2,000


Gain on Foreign Currency Option $2,000
[$4,000 – $2,000]

9/1 Foreign Exchange Loss $2,000


Accounts Payable (M) $2,000
[($.09 – $.088) x 1,000,000]

Foreign Currency Option $1,000


Gain on Foreign Currency Option $1,000
[$5,000 – $4,000]

Foreign Currency (M) $90,000


Cash $85,000
Foreign Currency Option 5,000

Accounts Payable (M) $90,000


Foreign Currency (M) $90,000

Impact on net income:


Foreign Exchange Loss ($5,000)
Gain on Foreign Currency Option 3,000
Impact on net income ($2,000)

7-35
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

35. (30 minutes) (Forward contract cash flow hedge of foreign currency
denominated asset)

Account Receivable (FCU) Forward Forward Contract


Spot U.S. Dollar Change in U.S. Rate to Change in
Date Rate Value Dollar Value 4/30/16 Fair Value Fair Value
11/01/15 $.53 $53,000 - $.52 $0 -
12/31/15 $.50 $50,000 -$3,000 $.48 $3,8441 +$3,844
4/30/16 $.49 $49,000 -$1,000 $.49 $3,0002 - $ 844

1
($52,000 – $48,000) x .961 = $3,844; where .961 is the present value factor for four
months at an annual interest rate of 12% (1% per month) calculated as 1/1.01 4.
2
$52,000 – $49,000 = $3,000.

2015 Journal Entries

11/01/15 Accounts Receivable (FCU) $53,000


Sales $53,000

There is no entry for the forward contract.

12/31/15 Foreign Exchange Loss $3,000


Accounts Receivable (FCU) $3,000

AOCI $3,000
Gain on Forward Contract $3,000

Forward Contract $3,844


AOCI $3,844

Discount expense $333.33


AOCI $333.33
[100,000 x ($.53 – $.52) x 2/6]

The impact on net income for the year 2015 is:


Sales $53,000.00
Foreign Exchange Loss (3,000.00)
Gain on Forward Contract 3,000.00
Net Gain (Loss) 0.00
Discount Expense (333.33)
Impact on net income $52,666.67

7-36
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

35. (continued)

2016 Journal Entries

4/30/16 Foreign Exchange Loss $1,000


Accounts Receivable (FCU) $1,000

AOCI $1,000
Gain on Forward Contract $1,000

AOCI $844
Forward Contract $844

Discount expense $666.67


AOCI $666.67

Foreign Currency (FCU) $49,000


Accounts Receivable (FCU) $49,000

Cash $52,000
Foreign Currency (FCU) $49,000
Forward Contract 3,000

The impact on net income for the year 2016 is:


Foreign Exchange Loss $(1,000.00)
Gain on Forward Contract 1,000.00
Net Gain (Loss) 0.00
Discount Expense (666.67)
Impact on net income $(666.67)

7-37
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

36. (30 minutes) (Forward contract fair value hedge of net foreign currency
denominated asset)

Account Receivable (Payable) (mongs) Forward Forward Contract


Change in U.S. Rate to Change in
Date U.S. Dollar Value Dollar Value 1/31/16 Fair Value Fair Value
11/30/15 $265,000 ($159,000) - $.52 $0 -
12/31/15 $250,000 ($150,000) -$15,000 (-$9,000) $.48 $7,9211 +$7,921
1/31/16 $245,000 ($147,000) -$ 5,000 (-$3,000) $.49 $6,0002 - $1,921

1
($104,000 – $96,000) x .9901 = $7,921; where .9901 is the present value factor for one
month at an annual interest rate of 12% (1% per month) calculated as 1/1.01.
2
$104,000 – $98,000 = $6,000.

2015 Journal Entries

11/30 Accounts Receivable (mongs) $265,000


Sales $265,000
[$.53 x 500,000]

Inventory $159,000
Accounts Payable $159,000
[$.53 x 300,000]

There is no formal entry for the forward contract.

12/31 Foreign Exchange Loss $15,000


Accounts Receivable (mongs) $15,000

Accounts Payable (mongs) $9,000


Foreign Exchange Gain $9,000

Forward Contract $7,921


Gain on Forward Contract $7,921

The impact on net income for the year 2015 is:


Sales $265,000
Net Foreign Exchange Loss $ (6,000)
Gain on Forward Contract 7,921
Net Gain (Loss) 1,921
Impact on net income $266,921

7-38
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

36. (continued)

2016 Journal Entries

1/31 Foreign Exchange Loss $5,000


Accounts Receivable (mongs) $5,000

Accounts Payable (mongs) $3,000


Foreign Exchange Gain $3,000

Loss on Forward Contract $1,921


Forward Contract $1,921

Foreign Currency (mongs) $245,000


Accounts Receivable (mongs) $245,000

Accounts Payable (mongs) $147,000


Foreign Currency (mongs) $147,000

Cash $104,000
Foreign Currency (mongs) $98,000
Forward Contract $6,000

The impact on net income for the year 2016 is:


Net Foreign Exchange Loss $(2,000)
Loss on Forward Contract (1,921)
Impact on net income $(3,921)

The net effect on the balance sheet is an increase in cash of $104,000 and an
increase in inventory of $159,000 with a corresponding increase in retained
earnings of $263,000 ($266,921 – $3,921).

7-39
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

37. (40 minutes) (Forward contract fair value hedge – foreign currency receivable
and firm commitment (sale))

a. Foreign Currency Receivable

10/01 Accounts Receivable (LCU) $69,000


Sales $69,000
[100,000 x $.69]

There is no formal entry for the forward contract.

12/31 Accounts Receivable (LCU) $2,000


Foreign Exchange Gain $2,000
[($.71 – $.69) x 100,000]

Loss on Forward Contract $8,910.90


Forward Contract $8,910.90
[($.74 – $.65) x 100,000 x .9901]

1/31 Accounts Receivable (LCU) $1,000


Foreign Exchange Gain $1,000
[($.72 – $.71) x 100,000]

Forward Contract $ 1,910.90


Gain on Forward Contract $ 1,910.90
[(($.72 – $.65) x 100,000) – 8,910.90]

Foreign Currency (LCU) $72,000


Accounts Receivable (LCU) $72,000

Cash $65,000
Forward Contract $7,000
Foreign Currency (LCU) $72,000

The impact on net income:


Sale $69,000.00
Foreign Exchange Gain 3,000.00
Loss on Forward Contract (8,910.90)
Gain on Forward Contract 1,910.90
Impact on net income $65,000.00 = Cash Inflow

7-40
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

37. (continued)

b. Foreign Currency Firm Commitment (Sale)

10/01 There is no entry to record either the sales agreement or the


forward contract as both are executory contracts.

12/31 Loss on Forward Contract $8,910.90


Forward Contract $8,910.90

Firm Commitment $8,910.90


Gain on Firm Commitment $8,910.90

1/31 Forward Contract $1,910.90


Gain on Forward Contract $1,910.90

Loss on Firm Commitment $1,910.90


Firm Commitment $1,910.90

Foreign Currency (LCU) $72,000


Sales $72,000

Cash $65,000
Forward Contract $7,000
Foreign Currency (LCU) $72,000

Adjustment to Net Income $7,000


Firm Commitment $7,000

Impact on Net Income:


Sales $72,000
Net Loss on Forward Contract (7,000)
Net Gain on Firm Commitment 7,000
Adjustment to Net Income (7,000)
$65,000 = Cash Inflow

7-41
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

38. (30 minutes) (Forward contract fair value hedge of a foreign currency firm
commitment (purchase))

Forward Forward Contract Firm Commitment


Rate to Change in Change in
Date 10/31 Fair Value Fair Value Fair Value Fair Value
8/1 $.30 $0 - $0 $0 -
9/30 $.325 $4,950.501 + $4,950.50 $(4,950.50)1 – $4,950.50
10/31 $.320 (spot) $4,0002 – $ 950.50 $(4,000)2 + $ 950.50

1
($65,000 – $60,000) x .9901 = $4,950.5; where .9901 is the present value factor for one
month at an annual interest rate of 12% (1% per month) calculated as 1/1.01.
2
($64,000 – $60,000) = $4,000.

a. Journal entries
8/1 There is no entry to record either the purchase agreement or the
forward contract as both are executory contracts.
9/30 Forward Contract $4,950.50
Gain on Forward Contract $4,950.50
Loss on Firm Commitment $4,950.50
Firm Commitment $4,950.50
10/31 Loss on Forward Contract $950.50
Forward Contract $950.50
Firm Commitment $950.50
Gain on Firm Commitment $950.50
Foreign Currency (rupees) $64,000
Cash $60,000
Forward Contract 4,000
Inventories (Cost-of-Goods-Sold) $64,000
Foreign Currency (rupees) $64,000
Firm Commitment $4,000
Adjustment to Net Income $4,000
b. Assuming the inventory is sold in the fourth quarter, the net impact on net
income is negative $60,000:
Cost-of-Goods-Sold $(64,000)
Adjustment to Net Income 4,000
Net impact on net income $(60,000)
c. The net cash outflow is $60,000.
39. (30 minutes) (Option fair value hedge of a foreign currency firm commitment
(sale))
7-42
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

Firm Commitment Option Option


Spot Change in Premium Change in
Date Rate Fair Value Fair Value for 9/1 Fair Value Fair Value
6/1 $1.00 - - $0.020 $2,000 -
6/30 $0.94 $(5,881.80)1 – $5,881.80 $0.028 $2,800 + $800
9/1 $0.88 $(12,000)2 – $6,118.20 N/A $12,000 + $9,200
1
($94,000 – $100,000) x .9803 = $(5,881.80), where .9803 is the present value factor for
two months at an annual interest rate of 12% (1% per month) calculated as 1/1.01 2.
2
$88,000 – $100,000 = $(12,000).

a. Journal Entries

6/1 Foreign Currency Option $2,000.00


Cash $2,000.00

There is no entry to record the sales agreement


because it is an executory contract.

6/30 Loss on Firm Commitment $5,881.80


Firm Commitment $5,881.80

Foreign Currency Option $800.00


Gain on Foreign Currency Option $800.00

9/1 Loss on Firm Commitment $6,118.20


Firm Commitment $6,118.20

Foreign Currency Option $9,200.00


Gain on Foreign Currency Option $9,200.00

Foreign Currency (lek) $88,000.00


Sales $88,000.00

Cash $100,000.00
Foreign Currency (lek) $88,000.00
Foreign Currency Option 12,000.00

Firm Commitment $12,000.00


Adjustment to Net Income $12,000.00

39. (continued)

b. Impact on Net Income

7-43
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

The impact on net income for the second quarter is:


Loss on Firm Commitment $(5,881.80)
Gain on Foreign Currency Option 800.00
Impact on net income $(5,081.80)

The impact on net income for the third quarter is:


Sales $88,000.00
Loss on Firm Commitment (6,118.20)
Gain on Foreign Currency option 9,200.00
Adjustment to Net Income 12,000.00
Impact on net income $103,081.80

The impact on net income over the second and third quarters is:
$98,000 ($103,081.80– $5,801.80)

c. Net Cash Inflow

The net cash inflow resulting from the sale is:


$98,000 ($100,000 – $2,000)

7-44
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

40. (20 minutes) (Option fair value hedge of a foreign currency firm commitment
(purchase))

Firm Commitment Option Option


Spot Change in Premium Change in
Date Rate Fair Value Fair Value for 12/20 Fair Value Fair Value
11/20 $.20 - - $.008 $400 -
a) 12/20 $.21 $(500)1 – $500 $.0103 $500 + $100
b) 12/20 $.18 $1,0002 + $1,000 $.0004 $0 – $400
1
$10,000 – $10,500 = $(500).
2
$10,000 – $9,000 = $1,000.
3
The premium on 12/20 for an option that expires on that date is equal to the option’s
intrinsic value. Given the spot rate on 12/20 of $.21, a call option with a strike price of $.20
has an intrinsic value of $.01 per pijio.
4
The premium on 12/20 for an option that expires on that date is equal to the option’s
intrinsic value. Given the spot rate on 12/20 of $.18, a call option with a strike price of $.20
has no intrinsic value – the premium on 12/20 is $.000.

a. The option strike price ($.20) is less than the spot rate ($.21) on December 20, the
date the parts are to be paid for. Therefore, Big Arber will exercise its option.
The journal entries are as follows:

11/20 Foreign Currency Option $400


Cash $400
There is no entry to record the purchase agreement
because it is an executory contract.

12/20 Loss on Firm Commitment $500


Firm Commitment $500
Foreign Currency Option $100
Gain on Foreign Currency Option $100
Foreign Currency (pijio) $10,500
Cash $10,000
Foreign Currency Option 500
Parts inventory $10,500
Foreign Currency (pijio) $10,500
The following entry is made in the period when the inventory affects net
income through cost-of-goods-sold:

Firm Commitment $500


Adjustment to Net Income $500

7-45
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-
Hill Education.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
— Autan teitä parhaani mukaan, sanoi Sanders.

Hän lähti vieden mukanaan jesuiitan sähkösanoman ja päästyään


Joelle pani erityisen lähetin viemään sen.

Päivää myöhemmin hän lähti kulkemaan kapeata jokea, jota


myöten päästään baptistilähetysasemalle.

Tätä jokea myöten Sanders kulki varovasti neljäkymmentä mailia.


Se ei ollut helppoa kulkua. Tyvenen veden hymyilevän pinnan alla
väijyivät hiekkasärkkien viettävät kärjet. Ne olivat oikeastaan
vaarattomia, mutta Tembolinijoki juoksi aikoinaan läpi
mailienmittaisen metsän, ja joskus siihen sortui puita, jotka juuttuivat
kiinni hiekkaan, jykevät oksat pistäen esiin hiekasta. Olisipa
höyrylaiva koskenut näihin haaroihin — mahonkioksa, jota tuki
valtava puunrunko, oli niin tukeva, että Atlannin alusta pienempi laiva
ei voinut sitä kestää, ja jos sellaiseen ajoi täydellä höyryllä, meni
parhaankin laivan pohja puhki.

Pieniä kalastajakyliä oli siellä täällä matkan varrella, sillä tämä


seutu kuuluu Isisiin, ja päämaasta se erosi monessa suhteessa, eikä
vähimmin Msimba Msamban vuoksi, vihreän paholaisten, joka
kulkee yöllä ja on kaikkien kyläläisten kauhu.

Sanders, joka ei koskaan kuluttanut matkaa hukkaan, pysähtyi


tunniksi jokaiseen kylään, toimitti asioita, jotka vaativat hänen
ratkaisuaan (eräässä oli paha murhapalaver, johon hänen oli
myöhemmin käytävä uudestaan käsiksi), ja toisen päivän aamuna
hän saapui baptistilähetysasemalle.

Täällä häntä odotti aivan toisenlainen mies. Pieni olento, hyvin


tärkeä, niin kuin pienet joskus ovat, hyväksyi mielellään herran
nimen ja »ei aivan».

Joskus tapaa ihmisiä, jotka ovat »ei aivan» kaikissa suhteissa,


mutta kummallista kyllä, enimmät heistä tavataan eräässä
ulkolähetyssaarnaajien luokassa. Herra varjelkoon minua puhumasta
kuitenkaan pahaa niistä, jotka uhraavat terveytensä ja elämänsä
täyttäessään velvollisuuttaan ja uskonsa kutsumusta.

Hra Haggins, baptistilähetysaseman johtaja, oli kuitenkin »ei


aivan».

Hän oli ollut lontoolainen katusaarnaaja, hanakka kunnialle ja


kiivas hallituksen vastustaja, kuuluipa hallitukseen minkä puolueen
miehiä hyvänsä. Sanders edusti hallitusta ja tunnettiin yleisesti
kylmäkiskoiseksi Sanaa ja sen julistajia kohtaan. Hän pieksi ihmisiä,
hirtti eräitä suorasukaisesti vähäisin tutkimuksin, ja hra Hagginsin
edeltäjä oli kertonut hänen myöskin harjoittaneen julmuuksia. Se oli
maksanut baptistilähetykselle, joka oli saattanut tarinan julkisuuteen,
tuhannen puntaa, ja vaikkakin hra Haggins kirjoitti Sandersista
kauheita asioita heidän julkaisuunsa, niin sen toimittaja ei kuitenkaan
julkaissut niitä.

— Hauskaa tavata teidät, hra Sanders, sanoi lähetyssaarnaaja


Sandersin astuessa maihin, — paristakin syystä halusin tavata teitä.
Erityisesti halusin keskustella teidän julmuudestanne minun
alkuasukasevankelistaani Balibia kohtaan…

— Vai niin, sanoi Sanders lyhyesti. — Teidän evankelistanne


huvittelihe vapaina hetkinään eräiden akasavalaisten naisten
kanssa.
— Se ei ole totta, sanoi hra Haggins ponnekkaasti. Sanders katsoi
häneen terävästi.

— Jos sanotte minua valehtelijaksi, sanoi hän, — niin minä…

Hän pidättäytyi.

— Se ei ole totta, sanoi hra Haggins tulisena. — Uskon


veljeemme…

— Tämä ei kuulu asiaan! keskeytti Sanders. — Tulin sanomaan


teille, että teidän on suljettava asemanne ja tuotava tavaranne
päämajaan.

Hra Haggins mykistyi.

— Suljettava — asemani? kertasi hän.

— Juuri niin, sanoi Sanders kuivakiskoisesti — Luulen uuden


verotuksen aiheuttavan kapinoita.

— Mutta minä en lähde, sanoi hra Haggins vihasta kiehuen ja


pahaa ennustavana. — Se on häpeämätöntä; te koetatte hävittää
asemani — teen ilmoituksen Englantiin — meillä on ystäviä
parlamentissa…

Hän puhui vielä paljon samaan tyyliin, kuumassa äänilajissa.

— Jos teitä huvittaa sähköttää, sanoi Sanders ponnistaen koko


kärsivällisyytensä, — niin sangen mielelläni lähetän sen.

Sanders kävi muissakin paikoissa, myöskin lähetyssaarnaaja-


sairaanhoitajattaren, nti Ruth Glandynnen luona, ja joka asemalla
hän oli murheellinen vieras.
*****

Sir Harry Coleby, K.C.M.G., asui mahtavassa valkeassa palatsissa


rannikkokaupungissa, jonka nimi on teille varmaankin jo tuttu. Palatsi
sijaitsi laajan kukkulan rinteellä, ja sen alapuolella oli leveäkatuinen
kaupunki, jonka pääasiallisimman väestön muodostivat sysimustat
neekerit, jotka puhuivat englantia ja herroittelivat toisiaan.

Sir Harry oli lihava, valkohiuksinen, harjasviiksinen ja


punakkanaamainen. Hän sanoi itseään »mieheksi paikalla», se oli
hänen omituisuutensa.

Hänen työskentelynsä oli kuin moottorin työskentelyä, sarja


räjähdyksiä. Hän räjähti liikarasitetulle sihteerilleen, hän räjähti
upseereille; hän räjähti kaikelle ja jokaiselle, joka vain joutui
kosketuksiin hänen kanssaan.

Hän kirosi ihmisten silmiä niin perinpohjaisesti ja raivokkaasti, että


olisi luullut jonkun hänen läheisen sukulaisensa antautuneen
silmälääkärin alalle ja hänen koettavan auttaa tätä.

Kieltämätön tosiasia oli, että vaikka hän oli ollut rannikolla vasta
kuusi kuukautta, niin häntä vihasivat kaikki.

Isisin komissaari Sanders, Kru-joen hra komissaari de la Court,


lukuisat alakomissaarit, tarkastajat ja upseerit, jotka asuivat
enimmäkseen yksikseen kapealla ja kuumalla rantakaistaleella,
ajattelivat päivittäin häntä ja iloitsivat suuresti lukiessaan uutisen —
se oli eräässä merkityksettömässä Lagosin lehdessä —, että Hänen
Ylhäisyytensä piti ilmastoa kovin rasittavana.
Sir Harry tuli eräänä päivänä virastoonsa — se tapahtui
kuvernöörin talossa pidetyn virallisen illallisen jälkeen, ja hän oli
hieman hilpeä — ja tapasi Sandersin viimeisen verotusasiaa
koskevan kirjeen.

— Hitto soikoon, jos tuo lurjus vielä kiusaa minua, niin passitan
hänet kotiin, hän raivosi ja ryhtyi jatkamaan jumalallista riitaa
Sandersin kanssa.

— Sanokaa hänelle…, karjui hän lyöden nyrkkiä pöytään.

— Anteeksi, että keskeytän, Teidän Ylhäisyytenne, sanoi sihteeri,


— mutta eikö meidän olisi syytä ilmoittaa siirtomaaminsteriöön tästä
muutoksesta…

Hän oli tunnollinen virkamies, joka oli viettänyt ikänsä Rannikolla


ja tiesi enemmän läntisestä keski-Afrikasta kuin monet sihteerit.

— Ei mitään ilmoittamista, tiuskaisi hänen päämiehensä, — minä


hallitsen täällä, minä olen mies paikalla, minä koroitan veroja, herra.

— Siitä koituu ikävyyksiä, Teidän Ylhäisyytenne, sanoi sihteeri


hiljaa.

Sir Harry henkäisi syvään ja toimitti pitkällä, tiivistetyllä lausunnolla


sihteerin, Sandersin ja alkuasukkaat omasta valtakunnastaan
paholaisen luo.

Neekerikirjuri toi sähkösanoman ja ojensi sen kuvernöörille.

— Tässä on »tärkeä», Browne, ärisi hän. — Ottakaa selvä tästä


lyhennyskirjoituksesta älkääkä sekautuko asioihin, jotka eivät kuulu
teille.
Sihteeri otti neljä tiheään kirjoitettua kaavaketta.

Kirjelmä alkoi:

»Airlight, Transport, Divine, Sunlight, Meridan.»

»Airlight» merkitsi »tärkeä», »transport» oli »toimikaa heti»; sen


hän totesi ja istuutui ottamaan selvää lyhennyskirjoituksesta.

Mitä kauemmas hän pääsi selaten kahta kirjaansa saadakseen


selvän kirjoituksesta, sitä korkeammalle kohosi Hänen Ylhäisyytensä
sihteerin mieli. Lopetettuaan hän antoi sähkösanoman päällikkönsä
käteen, ja Sir Harry luki:

Hyvin tärkeä. Heti toimittava. Lähetysseurat ilmoittaneet, että


heidän asemansa Isisissä, Akasavassa, Ochorissa, Ngombissa
Sandersin sulkemat. Ymmärretään hänen pelkäävän
levottomuuksia uuden verotuksen voimaanpanosta. Ennen uuden
verotuksen määräämistä tiedoittakaa yksityiskohdat
siirtomaaministeriöön.

Sanotaan, että sir Harry Coleby tuli aivan hulluksi, kun hän luki
tämän sähkösanoman. Hän ei ollut tottunut siihen, että Downing
Streetiltä saneltiin hänelle. Hän oli niitä miehiä, jotka ylenkatsoivat
siirtomaaministeriötä. Menikö hän sekaisin vai onko tämä hänen
sihteerinsä liioittelevaa kuvausta, en tiedä. Mutta joka tapauksessa
hän lähetti Hänen Majesteettinsa siirtomaaministerille
sähkösanoman, joka muistutti mainitulle herralle elävästi niitä
hyökkäyksiä, joita hän koki ensimmäisen Home Rulelain myrskyisinä
päivinä. Se ei ollut hullu sähkösanoma eikä paha sähkösanoma; sen
oli sir Harry kirjoittanut parhaalla tyylillään, ja se antoi
siirtomaaministeriön Lontoossa tietää, että sir Harry oli mies paikalla
ja toimi omalla vastuullaan, eikä hänelle ollut asiaa kenelläkään
sivullisella, ja jos joku sekaantuisi hänen toimiinsa, niin — minun
sanani!

Sir Harry oli kerran ennen lähettänyt sellaisen sähkösanoman, ja


silloin siirtomaaministeri oli peräytynyt. Kuvernöörin
onnettomuudeksi siirtomaaministerinä oli tällä kertaa mies.

Kymmenen aikaan samana iltana Hänen Ylhäisyytensä sai


sähkösanoman. Se oli selvää englantia, ja kuvernööri istui ja luki sitä
kauan, ennen kuin hän sen ymmärsi. Se kuului:

Seuraajanne matkustaa yhdeksäntenä. Luovuttakaa virkanne


lähimmällenne ja matkustakaa ensimmäisellä mahdollisella laivalla.

Alla oli: »Camberlain».


AKASAVAN KAPINA

Vain alkuasukas voi tarkoin mitata alkuasukkaan mielen syvyydet.


Sanders oli siitä omituinen, että hänellä oli eräs merkillinen
ominaisuus — hyvä käsityskyky.

Hän erehtyi harvoin, koska hän ei turvautunut sääntöihin. Hän tiesi


esimerkiksi, että alkuasukkaan muisti on lyhyt, mutta oli kuitenkin
valmis kuulemaan jonkun harmaapartaisen nelikymmenvuotiaan
yksityiskohtaista selostusta tapahtumasta, joka oli sattunut
parikymmentä vuotta sitten ja jonka hän itse oli täysin unohtanut.

Muuan tieteellinen retkikunta kulki kerran Ochorissa —


muistaakseni se oli tähtitieteellinen, ja kun he tarvitsivat jotakin, niin
he menivät ja ottivat.

Bosambo, päällikkö, valitti, sillä hän tunsi rahan arvon niin hyvin,
ettei ottanut vastaan espanjalaista douroa puraisematta sitä eikä
sekoittanut Saksan markkaa shillinkiin.

Sanders oli salaisesti pahoillaan retkikunnan menettelystä, mutta


katsoi tarpeelliseksi puolustaa maanmiestensä tekoja.
— He olivat hallituksen lähettämiä, sanoi hän silloin, — ja sitä
paitsi valkeita miehiä. Ja se on valkoisten miesten tapa.

Bosambo ei sanonut mitään, mutta muisti.

Vuosia myöhemmin tapahtui jotakin Akasavassa, ja onnettomien


olosuhteiden vallitessa Sandersia uhkasi kaksi miljoonaa puntaa
maksava sota ja koko hänen työnsä tuhoutuminen ja kuolema.

Tämä tapahtui syksyllä. Elonkorjuun aikana komissaari Sandersin


alaiset maat olivat olleet aivan hiljaiset ja rauhalliset. Sato oli ollut
hyvä, kalaa oli joessa viljalti, kulkutauteja ei nimeksikään.

— Eikä yhtään rikosta, sanoi Sanders itsekseen ja siveli


kasvojaan. —
Pieni maanjäristys olisi nyt tervetullut.

Eurooppalainen lukija voi kauhistua tätä tunteettomuutta, mutta


Sanders tiesi.

Jokivarrelta saapuneet tiedot olivat olleet tyydyttäviä — jos ollaan


tyytyväisiä yleiseen hyvinvointiin ja vaurauteen. Isisiläiset,
ngombilaiset, akasavalaiset, bolegilaiset, bomongolaiset — kaikki
nämä kansat olivat hiljaisia ja hyvinvoipia.

Ainoat huolestuttavat tiedot tulivat Ochorista. Siellä oli


salaperäinen tuli hävittänyt viljan puoliksi — tuli, joka oli ilmaantunut
yht'aikaa kahteenkymmeneen eri viljelmään. Myöskin ilmoitettiin, että
Bosambo, päällikkö, kohteli alaisiaan tavallista ankarammin.

Sanders tuli hyvin miettiväiseksi, kun sai kuulla nämä uutiset, sillä
Bosambo oli viekas ja taitava mies, joka tunsi alkuasukkaat yhtä
hyvin kuin Sanders itse. Sanders teki omat johtopäätöksensä ja
valmistautui pitkälle matkalle. Hän astui pieneen alukseensa aamun
sarastaessa.

Edellisinä päivinä miehet olivat pinonneet puita »Zairen»


alakannelle, kunnes »Zaire» näytti puutavaralaivalta. Alhaalla
teräskannella, pienen komentosillan edessä olevassa
syvennyksessä, perässä olevalla tasakannella, jossa tavallisesti oli
uneliaita hausoja, oli nyt miehenmittaisia halkopinoja.

Sitä paitsi oli useita kasoja kiiltävää, mustaa kivihiiltä, jota


koneenkäyttäjä Joka piti erittäin suuressa arvossa, mikäli hän
ymmärsi, sillä hiili ei ole Joella aivan tavallista.

»Zaire» oli äskettäin uusittu. Valkeat työmiehet, jotka oli suurilla


kustannuksilla tuotu Lagosista tai Sierra Leonesta tai jostakin noista
suurista kaukaisista kaupungeista, olivat korjanneet koneita ja
tehneet ne voimakkaammiksi ja, mikä ihmeellisintä, asettaneet
uuden koneen, joka ison kattilan paineella salaperäisesti pyöritti
ihmeellistä ratasta hämmästyttävän nopeasti. Siitä lähti kaksi
lankakimppua, jotka oli kääritty niin, ettei lankoja näkynyt. Ne
hävisivät reiän läpi kannelle ja tulivat näkyviin jälleen komentosillalla,
jossa ne oli kiinnitetty isoon navassa liikkuvaan lamppuun.

Eikä tämä ollut ainoa uutuus. Komentosillan kummassakin


kulmassa olleet konekiväärit oli siirretty keskilaivalle ja niiden sijalle
oli asetettu pitkät teräspiippuiset Hotchkisstykit, joissa oli
kumipäällyksiset kannattimet. Alhaalla oli kiilloitettuja puulaatikolta,
joihin lihavat panokset oli pakattu kuin viinipullot.

Sanders meni laivaan mukanaan valikoitu miehistö ja puoli


komppaniaa hausoja, eikä hänellä ohut hämärintäkään tietoa siitä,
mihin hän retkensä päättäisi.
Hän ei ollut kaukana päämajasta, kun hänen rinnallaan seisova
ruorimies huudahti, ja Sanders katsahti ylöspäin.

Taivaansinessä kaksi lintua liiteli kauniissa ympyrässä.

Pienempi lintu kierteli sinne tänne.

Sanders juoksi hyttiinsä ja sieppasi kiväärin.

Isompi lintu oli kotka, joka oli toimittamassa tavallista tehtäväänsä;


mutta sen riitaveljenä oli, niin kuin komissaari heti huomasi,
hallituksen uskollinen palvelija — kirjekyyhkynen.

Linnut olivat jo aivan lähellä, pölyävänä höyhenpilvenä, kun


Sanders tähtäsi ja ampui. Ensimmäinen laukaus meni ohi, mutta
toinen pudotti linnut veteen.

Tusina miehiä hyppäsi veteen ja ui paikalle, jossa linnut taistelivat


kuoleman kanssa.

Eräs miehistä sai ne kiinni, väänsi kätevästi kotkan niskat nurin ja


palasi laivalle.

Kyyhkynen oli kuollut — todennäköisesti jo aikaisemmin kuin kuula


oli siihen osunut. Toisen säären ympärillä oli kuminauha ja revitty
paperilippunen.

Sanders avasi sen ja luki. Se oli arabiankielinen ja kaikki, mitä oli


jäljellä, supistui kolmeen sanaan:

»… Akasava… sota… kuningas.»

— Hm! sanoi Sanders.


Hänellä oli mies Akasavassa silmälläpitämässä, luotettava
vakooja, jonka arvostelukyky oli epäilyksien yläpuolella. Oli
merkillepantava seikka, että viesti oli lähetetty kirjekyyhkysen
matkassa; Sanders käänsi laivansa keulan pohjoiseen ja
valmistautui pahimpaan.

Kello kaksi iltapäivällä, kahden päivänmatkan päässä päämajasta,


hän tuli kolmen joen haaraan, jossa laskelmien mukaan vakoojan
olisi pitänyt odottaa häntä antaakseen lisätietoja.

Mutta miehestä ei näkynyt merkkiäkään, ja vaikka laiva risteili


joella kulkien rannalta toiselle, ei vakooja näyttäytynyt. Sandersilla ei
ollut muuta tehtävää kuin jatkaa matkaansa. Hän saapui Akasavan
kaupunkiin sinä yönä puolenyön tienoissa kulkien vaivatta
hiekkasärkkien ja karien ohi uuden valonheittäjänsä avulla.

Hän kiinnitti laivansa joen keskellä olevan saaren rantaan ja odotti


päivänvaloa. Aamun koitteessa »Zaire» tuli Akasavan rantaan;
sotilaat istuivat alemmalla kannella jalat riippuen partaan yli ja
kiväärit valmiina.

Mutta mitään ei ollut havaittavissa. Kansa kokoontui rannalle


katselemaan laivan tuloa, ja puolen tunnin kuluttua Toloni, kuningas,
saapui sotilaineen ja neuvonantajineen ynnä rumpuineen —
osoittamaan kunnioitustaan.

Sanders meni maihin mukanaan käskyläinen, kulki kylän läpi


kuninkaan kanssa ja kuunteli, mitä tällä oli hänelle kerrottavaa.

Sanders ei kysynyt mitään vakoojastaan, koska se olisi ohut


turhaa, mutta hän katseli tarkoin ympärilleen.
Kaikki näytti rauhalliselta. Naiset jauhoivat viljaa raajojensa
edessä, alastomat lapset leikkivät reippaina kaduilla, heidän
naurunsa raikui iloisena, kun käytiin majasta majaan, ja — mikä
parasta — miehet olivat hyvällä tuulella.

— Herra, sanoi kuningas, kun Sanders teki lähtöä, — kaikki on


hyvin, niin kuin näet, ja minun kansani on täynnä ruokaa ja
laiskuutta. Sairautta ei ole, eikä kukaan vahingoita toista.

— Niin on sen vuoksi, sanoi Sanders, joka ei koskaan lyönyt


laimin tilaisuutta opettaa hyviä tapoja, — että minun herrani kuningas
on antanut teille suojeluksensa ja jokainen voi elää rauhassa
vihollisiltaan.

— Niin on, sanoi toinen yksinkertaisesti. — Olemme koiria sinun


läsnäolossasi ja sokeita herramme suuren kuninkaan loistavien
kasvojen edessä.

Sanders lähti oikotietä »Zairelle».

Se oli pieni polku, joka kulki korkean, tiheän norsuruohon läpi.

— Herra, sanoi Toloni pysähtyen polun suulla, — tämä ei ole


sopiva tie sinun suuruudellesi, sillä polulla on vettä ja kosteikossa
elää paljon käärmeitä.

— Tämä on tieni, sanoi Sanders lyhyesti.

Akasavan kuningas arveli, ennen kuin läksi kulkemaan polkua.

Se oli, niin kuin hän oli sanonut, epämiellyttävä tie, sillä sateet
olivat olleet hyvin ankarat, ja paikoin oli polulla nilkkoihin asti liejua.
Sanders aikoi jo luopua päähänpistostaan, kun hän puolitiessä
rantaan tuli paikalle, jossa maata oli äskettäin kaivettu ja siihen oli
luotu kumpu.

— Kuka on haudattu tähän? kysyi hän.

Kuningas katsoi häneen kiinteästi.

— Muuan Karama, vastasi hän.

— Tämä ei ole hautauspaikka, sanoi Sanders, — sillä jos muistan


oikein, teidän kuolleenne lepäävät eräällä saarella joen keskellä.

— Niin kyllä, vastasi päällikkö, — mutta tämä mies oli ollut kauan
kuolleena, ja hänestä oli jäljellä ainoastaan luut. Ja kun minun
mieheni pelkäsivät hänen henkeänsä, niin he hautasivat hänet
siihen, missä hän oli.

Selitys oli tyydyttävä, ja Sanders jatkoi matkaansa, vaikkakin


hauta oli Ali Hasrahin, hänen luotettavan vakoojansa, jonka
kuninkaan miehet olivat tavanneet ja keihästäneet kuoliaaksi, kun
hänen juuri lentoon laskemansa kyyhkynen vielä kierteli sinisellä
taivaalla.

— Meneekö herrani kauas? kysyi kuningas seisoessaan laivan


porraslankun luona.

— Menen pohjoiseen, vastasi Sanders. — Miksi kysyt?

— Siellä on ollut suuria sateita, sanoi kuningas, — ja monet joet


tulvivat. Ja sellaisina aikoina vieraita tulee Ranskan ja Portugalin
maista näille alueille; nytkin olen kuullut eräästä arabialaisesta, joka
ostelee ihmisiä kymmenen päivän päässä täältä, Kalali-joella.
Oliko tämä se sanoma, jonka Ali oli lähettänyt?

Se mahdollisuus näytti Sandersista hyvin todennäköiseltä. Mies oli


voinut kuulla jotakin sellaista, lähettänyt sanomansa ja painunut
pohjoiseen hankkimaan tarkempia tietoja.

Sanders lähti, jätti Isisi-joen oikealle, kulki Kalalia myöten — joka


on vähän tunnettu joki.

Toloni, kuningas, olisi voinut lähettää hänet suotta matkaan, mutta


hän oli ottanut sen huomioon. Akasavan valtias nyt kuitenkin oli
puhunut totta jossakin tarkoituksessa.

*****

El Mahmud, huonomaineiseksi tunnettu kauppias, löysi tien


Sandersin alueelle kevätaikana, kun joet tulvivat ja kun muutamat
joet, joilla ei koskaan ollut nähty kanootteja, vielä vähemmin El
Mahmudin koreata feluccaa, olivat purjehduskelpoisia.

Hän toi tullessaan suuria määriä kauppatavaraa, salaisia


viinapulloja, tupakkaa, hamppua ja oman hienon persoonansa.

Hän oli harmaaviiksinen mies, joka istui katoksen alla silkkityynyllä


ja tupakoi, ja hänellä oli loppumattomasti omituisuuksia.

Hänellä oli monta suunnitelmaa, ja hän näytteli osaa monessa


paikassa.

Hän oli juuri aseistamassa erästä Kalalin kylää kivääreillä, joita


ranskalaiset olivat käyttäneet hyödykseen vuonna 1875, kun
Sanders äkkiä yllätti hänet.
El Mahmudia varoitettiin, ja hän suuntasi aluksensa täysin purjein
kohti turvapaikkaa, neljän mailin päässä yläjuoksussa olevaa
särkkää, jonka toiselle puolen ei »Zairen» kokoinen laiva päässyt
millään keinolla.

Hänen pieni suunnitelmansa osoittautui, kumma kyllä, hieman


huonoksi sen vuoksi, että »Zairella» oli uusia varusteita. Sandersin
uuden Hotchkiss-tykin ensimmäinen laukaus lävisti feluccan laidan
niin kuin kiväärinkuula tikkulaatikon. Toinen vei mukanaan El
Mahmudin yksityishytin katon.

»Zaire» tuli uppoavan feluccan luo, otti sen köyteen ja hinasi


matalalle.

Kaiken huomioonottaen El Mahmud, joka hiukan tunsi englantia


puhuvia ihmisiä ja heidän omituisia tapojaan, olisi mieluummin
nähnyt aluksensa uppoavan.

— Seikki, hänen päämiehensä sanoi »Zairen» ryhtyessä


hinaamaan venettä, — on vielä kylliksi aikaa vapautua paljosta, joka
on meille vahingoksi, kun engelsmanni tarkastaa venettä.

El Mahmud vaikeni, ja hänen päämiehensä veti esiin pitkän


veitsen ja koetteli sen terää.

Hän katsoi kysyvästi herraansa, mutta El Mahmud pudisti


päätänsä.

— Olet hullu! Tämä americano hirttää sinut kuin porsaan, jos hän
vain saa haistaa veren hajua. Odotetaan — mikä on kirjoitettu, sen
täytyy tapahtua.
Kauan hänen ei tarvinnut odottaa. Niin pian kuin »Yön Ilo» — se
oli aluksen runollinen nimi — oli saatu rantaan, hänet vietiin
Sandersin luo.

— Miten tulit tänne? tivasi komissaari, ja El Madmud selitti tyynesti


ja selkeästi, että hän oli suurten sateiden vuoksi lähtenyt kulkemaan
uutta jokea, jota ei ennen ollut olemassakaan, ja siten tullut Isisiin.
Se oli tyydyttävä selitys, niin kuin Mahmud tiesi. Vaikeampaa oli
selittää kiväärien myyntiä, sillä sellainen homma on kaikkien
sivistyskansojen mielestä anteeksiantamaton rikos. Vielä
vaikeampaa oli selittää, miksi feluccan pohjalla oli sidottuna
kaksikymmentäyksi orjaa. Mutta miekkosellapa olikin lupakirja
»työväen värväämiseen», jonka oli allekirjoittanut joku Dom
Reynaldo de Costay Ferdinez, jonkin portugalilaisen rannikkoalueen
kuvernööri.

Sanders ei mielellään ryhtynyt aiheuttamaan »ristiriitoja»


erittäinkään portugalilaisten viranomaisten kanssa, sillä ristiriidat
aiheuttivat pitkiä, pitkiä kirjeitä, raportteja, tiedoituksia ja selostuksia,
joskus sinisiä kirjojakin. Tämä tiesi vuosia kestävää kirjeenvaihtoa,
virallisia tarkastuksia ja lopuksi potkua, olipa sitten oikeassa tai
väärässä.

— Kaikkien lakien mukaan, El Mahmud, sanoi hän, — olet vikapää


kuolemaan, mutta hyväksyn kuitenkin kertomuksesi osittain, vaikka
uskonkin sinun valehtelevan. Vien laivallani sinut paikkaan, josta on
kahdenkymmenen mailin matka Portugalin alueelle, ja siellä lasken
sinut vapaaksi ja annan sinulle ruokaa ja aseesi.

— Entä alukseni ja lastini? kysyi El Mahmud.

— Edellisen poltan ja jälkimmäisen takavarikoin, sanoi Sanders.


El Mahmud kohautti olkapäitään.

— Kaikki on säädetty, sanoi hän.

Sanders otti hänet laivalle ja vei hänet haluamaansa paikkaan —


joka oli lähinnä hänen leiriään — ja päästi hänet vapaaksi antaen
hänelle ja hänen seuralaisilleen ruokaa ja ammuksia kymmeneksi
päiväksi.

— Mene Jumalan nimeen, sanoi hän miehen äidinkielellä.

El Mahmud seisoi rannalla ja katseli, kun laiva palasi keskelle


jokea.

Hän odotti, kunnes sen keula oli kääntynyt myötävirtaan ja


Sanders näkyi selvästi komentosillalla; sitten hän istuutui, kohotti
kiväärinsä, tähtäsi tarkoin ja ampui.

Sanders oli antamassa Abibulle ohjeita Hotchkissin panosten


pakkaamisesta laatikkoihin, ne kun oli otettu kannelle kaiken
mahdollisuuden varalta.

— Nämä… sanoi hän ja kaatui eteenpäin.

Abibu otti hänet syliinsä ja laski hänet kannelle.

— Se mies — älä päästä häntä, sanoi Sanders hiljaa.

Abibu sieppasi panoksen, avasi pitkäpiippuisen Hotchkissin lukon


ja latasi.

El Mahmud juoksi nopeasti metsää kohti. Hänellä oli juostavanaan


kaksisataa metriä aukeata, ja Abibu käytti tykkiä, joka oli
tähtäimeltään tarkka. Sitä paitsi hänellä oli aikaa, eikä hän hätiköinyt.
El Mahmudin kauhistuneet seuralaiset palasivat sinä iltana
etsimään herraansa noudattaen työssä suurta ahkeruutta.

*****

Kuu nousi metsän yli ja levitti joelle hopeataan, ja Toloni,


Akasavan kuningas, tarkkaili rannalla poppamies Tilagin
ennustamaa merkkiä.

Hän sai odottaa kauan, ennen kuin näki väreet, jotka syntyvät
krokotiilin uidessa, mutta kun ne tulivat näkyviin kulkien joen poikki
suoraan rannasta rantaan, ei hän kääntänyt niistä silmiään…

Suoraan kuin nuoli lennossa, poikkeamatta pienimpäänkään


mutkaan suorasta linjasta.

— Se on hyvä merkki, sanoi Toloni ja nousi pensaan varjosta, joka


kätki hänet näkyvistä.

169

Hän odotti hetken ja painui sitten äänettömästi metsään


heilauttaen keihäitään.

Hän tuli kuuden neuvonantajansa luo, jotka odottivat


kärsimättöminä metsäpolun varrella.

— Kaikki on kuin pitääkin, sanoi hän. — Tilagi on puhunut totta,


sillä krokotiili ui rannasta rantaan, ja Akasavan päivä on tullut.

Hän kulki toisten edellä nukkuvaan kaupunkiin ja meni omaan


majaansa. Se oli hänen määräyksestään tyhjä. Tuli kyti majan
keskellä, ja hänen nahkavuoteensa oli valmiina sängyntapaisella
jalustalla.

Hän meni jälleen ulos.

— Lähetä Tilagi luokseni, sanoi hän odottavalle päämiehelle.

Kun vanhus tuli, ryppyinen vanha mies, joka käveli työläästi


keppiin nojaten, Toloni kutsui hänet majaansa.

— Isä, sanoi hän, — täydenkuun aikana, kun vesi oli korkealla,


näin mustan krokotiilin jättävän paikkansa Isisin rannalla, ja se ui
rannasta rantaan, niin kuin olit sanonut.

Vanhus nyökäytti päätään mitään puhumatta.

— Kaikki tämä on minun suunnitelmilleni suosiollista, sanoi


kuningas, — ja kaikki tapahtuu sinun puheesi mukaan.

— Olet suuri kuningas, kähisi vanhus. — Tässä maassa ei


koskaan ole ollut niin suurta kuningasta, sillä sinulla on valkeiden
miesten muisti, ja sinä olet suurempi kuin Sandi. Akasavan muut
kuninkaat ovat olleet hulluja ja kuolivat hulluina eräässä suuressa
puussa Sandin pantua nuoran heidän kaulaansa; mutta heillä oli
mustan miehen aivot.

Kuningas käyskenteli edestakaisin majassaan. Hän oli pitkä mies,


komearakenteinen, ja kantoi päätään korkealla.

— Kaikki ovat kanssani, sanoi hän. — Isisiläiset, ngombilaiset,


bomongolaiset…

Hän pysähtyi.

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