Chapter 2 - Differential Calculus
Chapter 2 - Differential Calculus
© VTC 2016
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Learning outcome
demonstrate an understanding of calculus of one variable and solve problems on the rate
of change
Learning contents
recognize the intuitive concept of the limit of a function
recognize the concept of differentiation from first principle
fundamental differential formulae
addition rule, product rule, quotient rule and chain rule
second derivatives
implicit differentiation and parametric differentiation
applications of differentiations
Reference books
Croft, A., & Davison, R. (2008). Mathematics for Engineers - A Modern
Interactive Approach, Pearson Education.
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Differentiation - Interpretation of a derivative
Introduction
Differentiation is a technique for analyzing the way in
which functions change (i.e. the rate at which some
variable is changing). For example, the rate at which
the voltage across a capacitor is changing.
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Rates of change may be positive, negative or zero. The
following function y(t) has different rates of change
over different regions of t.
+ve
-ve
Exercise
Indicate the regions of t on which the rate of change
of y is positive, zero and negative respectively.
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Average rate of change across an interval
The average rate of change of y(t) across the interval
t=t1 to t=t2 :
change in y y (t 2 ) y (t1 )
gradient of chord AB
change in t t 2 t1
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e.g. The voltage, v(t), across a capacitor varies with time, t, according
To v(t ) 5 2 e 2 t .
Solution:
v(0) 5 2e 0 7.00
2 ( 5)
v(5) 5 2e 5.00
v(5) v(0) 5.00 7.00
0.4
50 5
the rate of change 0.4
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Rate of change at a point
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y(t)
y(t+d t) B
A
y(t)
t t d t
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Consider A as a fixed point and B move along the curve
towards A, as B gets closer to A (d t 0), the chord
approximates more closely to the tangent at A.
d y
Gradient of tangent at A = lim
d t 0 d t
In other words,
dy
lim
Rate of change of y at A = d t 0 d t
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Terminology and notation
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e.g. Find the rate of change of y( t ) t 1
2
Or solution: dy y2 y1
lim lim
d t 0 d t d t 0 t t
2 1
[(t d t ) 2 1] (t 2 1)
lim
d t 0 dt
t 2 2td t (d t ) 2 1 t 2 1
lim
d t 0 dt
d t (2t d t )
lim
d t 0 dt
2t
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dy
Other possible notation : y ' y
dt
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Existence of derivatives
For some functions the derivative does not exist at
certain points at which the function is discontinuous or
at which the function has a cusp or corner.
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Exercise
Refer to the figure, state whether y' is +ve, -ve or zero
at the points.
A 0
B +ve
C 0
D -ve
E +ve
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Tutorial for students
We will demonstrate the following questions:
Tutorial 4:
Question 1
Question 2
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Differentiation-Table of derivatives & Higher derivatives
Table of derivatives
df ( x )
Function f (x) Derivative
dx
constant k 0
x 1
kx k
kx n knx n1
1
ln x x
1
ln kx
x
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df ( x )
Function f ( x) Derivative dx
e kx ke kx
sin kx k cos kx
sin( kx ) k cos( kx )
cos kx k sin kx
cos( kx ) k sin( kx )
2
tan kx k sec kx
2
tan(kx ) k sec (kx )
sec kx k sec kx tan kx
sec(kx ) k sec(kx ) tan(kx )
Angles in radians
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Rules of differentiation
d d
kf ( x ) k f ( x)
dx dx
d d d
( f ( x ) g( x )) f ( x ) g( x )
dx dx dx
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e.g. Find
dy given y x.
dx
Solution: 1
1
yx 2 dy d 2
x
dx dx
1 12
x
2
dz
e.g. Find given z 1 .
dx x
1
Solution: zx 2
1
dz d 2
x
dx dx
1 3 2
x
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dz
e.g. Find given z is
dt
5t
5t
(a) e (b) cos( ) .
2
Solution
(a) (b) dz d 5t
dz d 5t cos( )
e dt dt 2
dt dt taking k
5
2
5t
5e 5
sin( )
5t
2 2
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e.g. Find dy given y is
dx
1
(a) 5 x ln(9 x )
3 (b) 8 sin 7 x 9e 7 3
3x
x
dy d dy d 1
(5 x ln 9 x)
3 (8 sin 7 x 9e 7 3 )
3x
dx dx x
dx dx d d d
d 3 d 8 sin 7 x 9 e 3 x 7 x 3
5 x ln 9 x dx dx dx
dx dx 56cos7x 27e3x 21x 4
1 1
56cos7x 27e 21( 4 )
3x
15 x
2
x
x
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Evaluating a derivative
To find the rate of change of a function at a particular point, evaluate its
derivative at the point.
e.g. Find the value of the derivative of y 3 x 3
where x = 5. Interpret
the result.
Solution:
dy d 3
3x
dx dx
9x2
dy
x 5 9(5) 9 25 225
2
dx
dy y ' (5)
Notation :
dx x5 or
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e.g. Find the rate of change of current i(t), given by
6 t
i (t ) 3e 2t , t 0 when t = 0.5 seconds.
di d 6t
3e 2t
dt dt
6t
18e 2
di 6 ( 0 .5 )
t 0.5 18e 2
dt
1.104
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x
e.g. Find y ' ( ) given y( x ) cos
2
d x
y ' cos
dx 2
1 x
sin
2 2
1
y ' x sin( )
2 2
-0.5
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Higher Derivatives
dy
The function is called the first derivative of y with
dx
respect to (w.r.t.) x.
dy
The derivative of is called the second derivative of
dx
d2y
y, denoted by 2
or y" .
dx
By differentiating the second derivative, the third
d3y
derivative 3
is obtained.
dx
The second and subsequent derivatives are known
as higher derivatives.
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Notation :
If y is a function of x, we write y=y(x).
dy
If the 1st derivative exists, it is denoted by dx .
2
d y
If the 2nd derivative exists, it is denoted by 2 .
dx
3
d y
If the 3rd derivative exists, it is denoted by 3 .
dx
n
d y
If the nth derivative exists, it is denoted by n .
dx
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e.g. Find the first, second and third derivatives of y x 5 e 3 x sin x
Solution: dy d 5 3 x
x e sin x
dx dx
5 x 3e cos x
4 3x
2
d y d
2
5 x 3e cos x
4 3x
dx dx
20 x 9e sin x
3 3x
3
d y
3
60 x 27e cos x
2 3x
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2 3
e.g. Determine d y and
d y given y ln 2t cos 5t .
2 3
Solution: dt dt
dy d
ln 2t cos 5t
dt dt
1
5 sin 5t
t
d 2 y d 1
2
t 5 sin 5t
dt dt
t 2 25 cos 5t
d3y d 2
3
t 25 cos 5t
dt dt
2t 3 125 sin 5t
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Tutorial and Exercise for students
We will demonstrate the following questions:
Tutorial 4:
Question 4
Question 5
Question 6
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DIFFERENTIATION - The product rule and the quotient rule
u( x )
Form of quotient function y( x )
v( x )
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ex x
e.g. y( x )
ln x
e.g.
t2 1
y(t ) u( x) t 2 1
cos t
v( x) cost
e.g.
2 x u ( x) (3 x 7)
f ( x ) (3 x 7)e
v( x) e 2 x
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Page
The product rule
dx dx
(ln x) 2
x
e
e x ln x ln x 1
x
(ln x) 2
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where y(t ) 1
2
e.g.3 Find dy t .
y '
dt cos 3t
Solution:
u ( x) t 2 1, v( x) cos 3t
du dv
v u
dy
dt 2 dt
dt v
d 2 d
cos 3t (t 1) (t 1) cos 3t
2
dt dt
cos 2 3t
cos 3t (2t ) (t 2 1)3 sin 3t
cos 2 3t
2t 3(t 2 1) sin 3t
2
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cos 3t cos 3t
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Differentiation - The chain rule
Composite function
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e.g. Write y in terms of t if y ln z and z t 2 5t
Solution:
y ln(t 5t )
2
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The chain rule dy dy dz
If y =y(z) and z = z(x), then
dx dz dx
dy
e.g.1 Given y z 3
and z 5 x 7 , find .
dx
Solution:
dy 2 dz
3z , 5
dz dx
dy dz
3z 5
2
dz dx
15 z 2
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15(5 x 7) 2
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dy
e.g. Given y ln z and z t 5t , find
2
dt
.
Solution:
dy 1
dz z
dz
2t 5
dt
dy dz 1
(2t 5)
dz dt z
2t 5
2
t 5t
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e.g. Given y cos 5t
4
, find dy .
Solution: dt
dy 3 dz
4 z , 5 sin 5t
dz dt
dy dz
4 z (5 sin 5t )
3
dz dt
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3
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(sin x x 2 ) dy
e.g. Given ye , find .
dx
Solution:
Let z sin x x , then y e
2 z
dy z dz
e , cos x 2 x
dz dx
dy dz
e (cos x 2 x)
z
dz dx
(sin x x 2 )
(cos x 2 x)e
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dy
e.g. Find given y ln( x x 1)
2
Solution: dx
Let z x x 1, then y ln z
2
dy 1 dz
, 2x 1
dz z dx
dy dz 1 2x 1 f'
(2 x 1) 2
dz dx z x x 1 f
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Implicit differentiation
of x . We write y =f (x).
Examples:
y x2 x
y e cos 2 x
3x
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Sometimes you have an equation connecting x and y
such that it is impossible to write in the form of
y = f (x).
Examples x 2 y 3 sin x cos y 5
sin( x y) e x e y y 3
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Method
Chain rule is the basic tool used to differentiate implicit
functions.
d 5
e.g. Find (y )
dx
Let zy 5
then find dz
dx
dz
Steps : a) Find
dy
5y 4
b) Find dy
dx dy
c) By the chain rule, dz dz dy 5y 4
dx dy dx dx
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d
e.g. Find (cos y)
dx
Solution:
dy
( sin y)
dx
d df dy
In general, ( f ( y ))
dx dy dx
d 4y
e.g. Find (e )
dt
Solution: 4y dy
4e
dt
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dy
e.g. Find given y 4 x x 7 3 y
dx
Solution: Differentiating both sides w.r.t x
dy dy
4y 3
1 7x 3
6
dx dx
dy
(4 y 3)
3
7x 1
6
dx
dy 7 x 1
6
3
dx 4 y 3
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e.g. Find y' given that x 3 y 3 xy 5 sin y 8
Solution:
d 3 d 3 3 dy
( x y) y x x 3x y x y'
2 3
dx dx dx
d 5 d d 5
(3 xy ) y
5
3x 3x y 3 y 5 15 xy 4 y '
dx dx dx
d
(sin y 8) (cos y ) y '
dx
3 x 2 y x 3 y '3 y 5 15 xy 4 y ' (cos y ) y '
( x 3 15 xy 4 cos y ) y ' 3 y 5 3 x 2 y
3 y 5 3x 2 y
y' 3
x 15 xy 4 cos y
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Parametric differentiation
If x and y depend upon a third variable, say t, we call t a
parameter.
For example, if y (5 t )2 and xt
(5 x ) 2 dy
By eliminating t, y = ___________ and can be
dx
determined.
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In some cases, elimination of t is difficult or impossible, but
dy
the derivative can still be found using the chain rule.
dx
dy
dy dy dt dt
dx dt dx dx
dt
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dy
e.g. Given y (5 t ) 2
and xt find .
dx
Solution:
dy dy dt
dx dt dx
dy
dt
dx
dt
2(5 t )
1
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e.g. 2 Given y cos t t 3 and x e 3t t find
dy .
Solution: dx
dy
dy dy dt
dt
dx dt dx dx
dt
dy
dt sin t 3t
2
dx 3e 1
3t
dt
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Tutorial and Exercise for students
We will demonstrate the following questions:
Tutorial 5:
Question 1 (a) to (c)
Question 2 (a) to (d)
Question 3 (a) to (c)
Question 5 (a) to (b)
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Applications of differentiation (I)
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Key points :
1.The equation of a straight line passing through the
point ( x1 , y1 ) with slope m :
y y1
m
x x1
4x 4
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e.g. Find the equation of the normal to y x at the point (2,4).
2
Solution:
Step 1 – Find the slope
m1 m2 1; m1 4
1
m2
4
y y1
m2 Step 2 – Sub the point
x x1 and slope into eqt
y4 1
x2 4
4 y 16 x 2
x 18 Step 3 – Rearrangement
y
4
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e.g. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to y x 1
when x = 3.
1
y x 1 m1 m2 1 ; m1
4
1
y' m2 4
2 x 1
y 0
y ' (3)
1
1 4
2 4 4
x 3
y0 1
y 4x 12
x3 4
4y
1
x 3 WRONG !!!
x3
y
4
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x 3 doesn' t mean y 0 y x 1 ; x 3
y 3 1 2
Tangent : Normal :
y2 1 m1 m2 1; m2 4
x 3 4 y2
4
4y 8 x 3 x3
x5 y 2 4 x 12
y y 4 x 14
4
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Applications of differentiation (II)
D
B
X1
C
X2
A
Remark :
The point at which y ' =0 is called a stationary (critical)
point.
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e.g. Determine the location of the maximum and
minimum points of y x2 4
Solution: dy Step 1 dy
2 x ; For continuous function, 0
dx dx
2x 0 Step 2
x0
x 0 is the stationary pt
y' 2 x Step 3
when x 0 (right side) y ' 0
min. pt
when x 0 (left side) y ' 0
when x 0, y -4 ; (0,4)is the min. pt
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e.g. Determine the position of any maximum and
3 2
t
minimum points of y 2t 3t
3 2
Solution: y ' t 2 t 2 ; For continuous function, y' 0
Step 1
(t 1)(t 2) 0 Step 2
t 1 or t 2
t -1 or 2 are the stationary pts
when t 1 (right side) y ' 0
max. pt
when t 1 (left side) y ' 0 Step 3
Step 4
When t -1, y 4.17 (1,4.17)is the max.pt
when t 2 (right side) y ' 0
min. pt
when t 2 (left side) y ' 0
When t 2, y 0.33 (2,0.33) is the min.pt
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e.g. Sketch a diagram which shows that y ' does not have to
exist at a local maximum or minimum point. Give a reason for
your answer.
Solution:
y B At A and B, it is impossible to
draw tangents: that is, they
do not exist. Hence, at these
points, y’ does not exist.
A
x
0
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The nature of functions
When y’ >0 , y is increasing. When y’ <0, y is decreasing.
When y’ is increasing the function is concave up. In this case y” >0.
When y’ is decreasing the function is concave down. In this case y” <0.
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The second derivative test states:
If y ' =0 and y" <0 at a point, then the point is a max point.
If y ' =0 and y" >0 at a point, then the point is a min point.
If y '=0 and y" =0, the second derivative test fails and we
must return to the first derivative test.
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x3 x2
e.g. Use the second derivative test to find all y 2x 1
maximum and minimum points of 3 2
Solution: y' x 2 x 2 ; y' 0 Step 2
Step 1
( x 2)( x 1) 0
x 2 or x 1
Step 3
13 1
Step 4 Stationary pts are (2, ) or (1, )
3 6
y" 2 x 1
y" (2) 3 0 max Step 5
y" (1) 3 0 min Step 6
13 1
(2, ) is the max pt; and (1, ) is the min pt.
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Practical Example 1
e.g. A rectangular block, with square base of side x mm, has a
total surface area of 150 mm2. Show that the volume of the
block is given by V 1 (75 x x 3 ) . Hence find the maximum
2
volume of the block. 150 2 x 2
Solution:
H
4x
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2
75 x x 3
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dV 1
(75 3 x 2 ) 0
dx 2
3 2 75
x
2 2
x5
d 2V 3
2
(2 x) 3 x
dx 2
V " ( 5 ) 3 ( 5 ) 15 0 max.
1
Maximum Vol. ( 75 ( 5 ) 5 3 ) 125 mm 3
2
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Practical Example 2
A window frame is made in the shape of a rectangle with a
semicircle on top. Given that the area is to be 8 m2, show
that the perimeter of the frame is P 8 r ( 2) . Find the
minimum cost of r 2
producing the frame if 1 metre costs $75.
Solution: r radius
h height r
Area 8m 2
r 2 h
2rh
2
2 r
P 2h 2r
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1 r 2
h (8 )
2r 2
1 r
2
2 r
P 2 (8 ) 2r
2r 2 2
8 r
r (2 )
r 2
8
r( 2)
r 2
8
r ( 2)
r 2
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2
P ' 8r 20
2
8
r 1.497 m
2
2
16
P" 3 P" (1.497 ) 0 min .
r
minimum cost ($) P ( r ) unit cost
P (1.497 ) 75
10.689 75
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Practical Example 3
A simply supported beam carries a uniformly distributed load (w)
with a constant flexural rigidity (EI) as shown in the following
figure. The bending moment (M) along the beam is governed by
the following equation.
M
w
2
Lx x 2
where x is the distance from the support A.
wL2
Prove that the maximum bending moment, M max .
8
EI
A B
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Solution
M
w
2
Lx x 2
dM
dx
d w
dx 2
Lx x 2
w
L 2 x
2
dM
0
dx
w L
L 2 x 0 x
2
2
d 2M d w w
L 2 x 2 w 0 max
dx 2 dx 2
2
M max
w L
2
L
2
L
2
2
w L2 L2 wL2
2 2 4 8
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Practical Example 4
A wooden beam has a rectangular cross section of
height h cm and width w cm (see figure). The strength
S of the beam is directly proportional to its width and the
square of its height. What are the dimensions of the
cross section of the strongest beam that can be cut
from a round log of diameter 24 cm? (Given that S =
kh2w, where k is a constant of proportionality)
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Absolute Maximum and Absolute Minimum
Consider the following figure again.
D
B
X1
C
X2
A
We know that B is a local max. point and C is a local
min. point.
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Definition:
( a, f (a) ) is called an a maximum point of
y = f (x) in an interval I if f (x) < f (a) for all points in I.
( b, f (b) ) is called an absolute minimum point of
y = f (x) in an interval I if f (x) > f (b) for all points in I.
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e.g. Find the absolute max. and min. points of f ( x) x 3 x 2 x 2
on the interval 2 x 2.
Solution:
f " ( x) 6 x 2
f ' ( x) 3x 2 x 1 0
2
1
(3 x 1)( x 1) 0 f " ( ) 4 0 max .
3
1 f " (1) 4 0 min .
x or x 1
3
1 1 1 3 1 2 1
when x ; f ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2
3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
2 2.185
27 9 3
when x 1; f (1) (1) 3 (1) 2 (1) 2
111 2 1
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f (2) (2) (2) (2) 2
3 2
8 4 2 2
8
f (2) (2) (2) (2) 2
3 2
842 2
4
(2,8) is the absolute min.pt
(2,4) is the absolute max.pt
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Practical Example on Engineering
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Maximum Power Transfer
By Ohm’s law
V i( Rs X )
Let y be the power transferred to load resistor
y i2 x
V 2x
y f(x)
( Rs x )2
Now power y is a function of x, Power depends on the value of x, given that
V and Rs are kept constant.
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Maximum Power Transfer
dx ( R s x )4
( R s x )2 2 x( R s x )
V 2
( R s x )4
Rs x
V 2
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Maximum Power Transfer
dy Rs x
V 2
0 when x Rs
© VTC 2016 dx ( Rs x ) 3
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Tutorial and Exercise for students
We will demonstrate the following questions:
Tutorial 6:
Question 1
Question 2
Question 4
Question 5
Question 6
Question 10
Question 11
The remaining questions in the tutorial should be done by
students 87
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