ACICode 440.11 - Presentation

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The New ACI Code 440.11-22
Chapter · June 2023

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32519-9_184
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The New ACI CODE
440.11-22 Prof. Dr. Vicki Brown
Presenter: Prof. Dr. Vicki Brown Mr. Will Gold
Widener University / USA Dr. Carol Shield
06.06.2023
1 The New ACI Code 440.11-22 fib Symposium 2023 – Istanbul
Presentation Objective: Introduce the new ACI Code for GFRP RC, discuss key
design requirements, and explain limitations that apply to using the Code.
Presentation Outline:
• Introduction
• Transitioning from Guide to Code
• Key Design Requirements
• Future Code Revisions

1
Prof. Dr. Vicki Brown , Mr. Will Gold, Dr. Carol Shield
The new ACI CODE 440.11-22 Building Code

Requirements for Structural Concrete Reinforced
with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bars
• Published September 2022
• Dependent on ACI 318-19
o Mandated to use 318-19 requirements where possible
o Same layout and chapters as 318-19
o Consistent numbering with 318-19
• Adopted by ICC for inclusion in 2024 version of
the International Building Code

2
ASTM D7957-22 – Standard Specification

for Solid Round GFRP Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement
•Glass fiber, vinyl ester resin bars only
•Manufactured by pultrusion
•Specified material properties
•Specified durability properties

3
GFRP material properties

GFRP
• Higher tensile strength, but less stiff than steel
• Elastic up to failure - no ductility but good Steel
deformability
• Anisotropic behavior
Yield Stress (MPa) Tensile Strength (MPa) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Yield Strain (%)
Steel 276 to 500 480 to 690 200 0.14 to 0.25
GFRP N/A 530 to 1200* 45 to 60 N/A
* Strength varies by bar size
4
Applications where GFRP reinforcement is a good choice:
Any concrete member susceptible to corrosion by

chloride ions or chemicals
Any concrete member requiring non-ferrous Bridge deck in
reinforcement due to electromagnetic considerations Amarillo, Texas
As an alternative to epoxy, galvanized, or stainless Sea wall in

Saudi Arabia
steel rebars
Where machinery will “consume” the reinforced
member (i.e. mining and tunneling)
Applications requiring thermal non-conductivity Floor slab in hospital MRI room

5
• Introduction

6
Required development of design methods for GFRP-

RC members under torsion and GFRP-RC columns.

7
Chapter 1 – General
Chapter 16 – Connections between Members
Chapter 2 - Notation and Terminology
Chapter 17 – Anchoring to Concrete
Chapter 3 - Referenced Standards
Chapter 18 – Earthquake-Resistant Structures
Chapter 4 – Structural System Requirements
Chapter 19 – Concrete: Design and Durability
Chapter 5 – Loads
Requirements
Chapter 6 - Structural Analysis
Chapter 20 – GFRP Reinforcement Properties,
Chapter 7 – One-Way Slabs Durability, and Embedments
Chapter 8 – Two-Way Slabs Chapter 21 – Strength Reduction Factors
Chapter 9 – Beams Chapter 22 – Sectional Strength
Chapter 10 – Columns Chapter 23 – Strut &Tie Models
Chapter 11 – Walls Chapter 24 – Serviceability Requirements
Chapter 12 – Diaphragms Chapter 25 – Reinforcement Details
Chapter 13 – Foundations Chapter 26 – Construction Documents and Inspection
Chapter 14 – Plain Concrete Chapter 27 – Strength Evaluation of Existing
Chapter 15 – Beam-Column and Slab-Column Joints Structures

8
Code DOES cover: Code does not currently

• Beams cover:
• One-way and two-way slabs •Lightweight concrete
• Columns •Prestressed concrete
• Walls •Deep beams
• Foundations •Shotcrete
• Joints/Connections between •SDC D-F totally excluded
members •SDC B-C excluded if part of the
• Strength evaluation of existing lateral load resisting system
structures
• Torsion

9
• Introduction

10
Design Tensile Properties
Design tensile strength and rupture strain for straight bars

∗
∗ 𝜀𝜀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝜀𝜀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓
Design tensile strength for transverse reinforcement

∗
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ≤ 0.005𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓
CE is an environmental reduction factor = 0.85

11
Effects of Fire and High Temperatures

• Bond diminishes when temperatures approach the
Glass Transition Temperature
• Tg value of 120°C typical; ASTM D 7957 requires a
minimum Tg of 100°C.
• Code limited to structures not requiring a fire
resistance rating except where fire resistance has
been shown to be adequate and approved by the
building official.
• Proper detailing and use of insulation can provide fire
resistances in excess of 2 hours
• Service temperatures not permitted to exceed Tg - 15°C

12
Creep-rupture Behavior
• GFRP reinforcing bars subjected to a

constant load over time can suddenly fail
• Phenomenon is known as creep rupture (or
static fatigue)
• Keep stress due to unfactored sustained
loads less than 0.3 ffu

13
Control of Deflections: limits identical to those in ACI 318

Immediate deflections calculated by effective moment of inertia method:
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 2
≤ 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
0.8 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
1−γ 1−
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
Long term deflection can be calculated from:
Δ(𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙−𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = 0.6 𝜉𝜉 Δ𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Δ𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = short term deflection due to sustained load
= time-dependent factor equal to 1.0 at 3 months and 2.0 at 5 years or more

14
Bar Spacing for Control of Crack Widths
0.81 𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓

𝑠𝑠 ≤ − 2.5𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 0.66
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏
Ef = elastic modulus of the GFRP reinforcement

ffs = reinforcement stress under service loads
kb = 1.2 (bond factor)
cc = clear cover
Crack widths less than 0.41 to 0.71 mm are generally acceptable

15
Flexural Strength
Concrete Crushing GFRP Rupture
Find neutral axis and GFRP stress ff by True c has to be less than cb. Conservative
equilibrium and strain compatibility to take moment arm as d – β1cb / 2 or use
equilibrium and strain compatibility.
Strength reduction factor ϕ dependent on failure mode

16
Strength Reduction Factors

Shear and Torsion  ϕ = 0.75 Bearing  ϕ = 0.65
Moment, Axial Force, Combined Moment/Axial Force

Net tensile strain at
Flexural Strength reduction factor, Φ
failure, εft
εft = εfu 0.55 (tension-controlled)
εfu < εft < 0.8εfu 1.05 – 0.5εft / εfu (transition)
εft ≤ 0.8εfu 0.65 (compression-controlled)

17
Shear Design Equations

𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛 = 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓
Shear strength provided by concrete reinforced with GFRP is lower than shear
strength provided by concrete reinforced with steel reinforcement
• Increased crack width  Less aggregate interlocking
• Small compressive zone depth  Less concrete resistance in the compressive zone
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 5𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐 = 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑  Compression area of the elastic cracked transformed section
𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 Afv = amount of GFRP shear reinforcement within spacing, s

𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 = fft = min(ffb, 0.005Ef)  strain in stirrups limited to 0.005 to provide
𝑠𝑠
adequate aggregate interlock
18
Moment Redistribution
• Moment redistribution is smaller in GFRP-RC flexural members than for
members with steel reinforcement, but does occur due to concrete cracking
• Direct Design Method (DDM) and Equivalent Frame Methods (EFM) are
permitted, based on observed moment redistribution in GFRP RC
• Moment redistribution is not allowed beyond that required for DDM/EFM
• Inelastic analysis is also out of scope

19
Column Design Philosophy

As axial loads increase, bars in compression
At lower axial loads, all bars are in tension “disappear” (treated as concrete)
Tf2 Tf2
Tf3 Tf3
At higher axial loads, all bars “disappear” in compression

For Pu > 0.1f’cAg,
GFRP design tensile
strain in GFRP is
limited to 0.01

20
• Introduction

21
Anticipated Changes for Next Code Version

Diaphragm Chapter
• Calibration of Shear Friction Models
Expanded Fire Resistance Requirements
• Validation of commentary approach through ASTM E119 testing
• Consideration of other elements (columns and walls)
• Guide for Fire Resistance of GFRP-RC Structures
Lightweight Concrete
ACI Design Handbook to Accompany ACI Code 440.11

22
Future Code Revision Topics
• Additional FRP bar types (e.g. BFRP)

• Bundled bars
• Anchoring to concrete
• Precast connections
• Seismic
• Prestressed reinforcement

23
Thank You for Attending!
Questions?

24
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Chapter · June 2023

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Widener University / USA Dr. Carol Shield

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

The new ACI CODE 440.11-22 Building Code

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

ASTM D7957-22 – Standard Specification

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

GFRP material properties

Applications where GFRP reinforcement is a good choice:

Any concrete member susceptible to corrosion by

As an alternative to epoxy, galvanized, or stainless Sea wall in

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Required development of design methods for GFRP-

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Code DOES cover: Code does not currently

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Design Tensile Properties

Design tensile strength and rupture strain for straight bars

Design tensile strength for transverse reinforcement

CE is an environmental reduction factor = 0.85

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Effects of Fire and High Temperatures

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

• GFRP reinforcing bars subjected to a

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Control of Deflections: limits identical to those in ACI 318

Long term deflection can be calculated from:

Δ(𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙−𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = 0.6 𝜉𝜉 Δ𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Δ𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = short term deflection due to sustained load

= time-dependent factor equal to 1.0 at 3 months and 2.0 at 5 years or more

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Bar Spacing for Control of Crack Widths

0.81 𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓

Ef = elastic modulus of the GFRP reinforcement

Crack widths less than 0.41 to 0.71 mm are generally acceptable

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Strength reduction factor ϕ dependent on failure mode

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Strength Reduction Factors

Moment, Axial Force, Combined Moment/Axial Force

εft = εfu 0.55 (tension-controlled)

εfu < εft < 0.8εfu 1.05 – 0.5εft / εfu (transition)

εft ≤ 0.8εfu 0.65 (compression-controlled)

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Shear Design Equations

𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 Afv = amount of GFRP shear reinforcement within spacing, s

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Column Design Philosophy

At higher axial loads, all bars “disappear” in compression

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Anticipated Changes for Next Code Version

ACI Design Handbook to Accompany ACI Code 440.11

The New ACI Code 440.11-22

Future Code Revision Topics

• Additional FRP bar types (e.g. BFRP)