Art App Module

City College of San Jose del Monte
Art Appreciation
ART APPRECIATION
“There is nothing that grounds men and women more concretely than the work of their
hands.
When Plato claimed that man, more than anything else, is his soul and his capacity to think,
and Aristotle added that his being social and political is what sets him apart, the masters of
thought disappointed
by missing out on one of the most important aspects of man: his capacity to create and
appreciate these creations. The result of this facet of man is art and the humanities.
It is no puzzle then why the field was called humanities.
It is the work of man: his hymns, verses, paintings, and sculptures that define his humanity,
his being man or woman. Without the great works of civilization, man would not have been
man.”
Written, collated, and arranged by:
Rachelle Casido
Belle Estrada
Sadeka Sarra Mesalucha
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Source: Art Appreciation for the New General Education Curriculum
Art Appreciation
Chapter 1
HUMANITIES and ART

APPRECIATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. understand the importance of Humanities and Art Appreciation in every individual’s

life;
2. gain a general knowledge of the creation and functions of arts; and
3. recognize the certain purpose of art as well as its classification and discuss their
characteristics.
CARE TO SHARE
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students of the following
questions:
1. Do you think of yourself as a creative person? If you do, why? If you do not, why not?
2. Are you more creative and most productive when feeling happy? How about when you
are not?
3. What talent/s would you like to improve as a person? Why?
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Art Appreciation
Meaning and Importance of Humanities
tymologically, the term “Humanities” is from a Latin word humanus which means
E educated. It refers to the learning of arts such as architecture, dance, literature, music,
painting, theatre, and sculpture (Sanches, 2011). They are branches of knowledge that
focuses on the human opinions, and relationships (Machlis, 2003). As a branch of
learning, the artwork is considered as the material object while its creativity and appreciation
is the formal object (Menoy, 2009& Marcos, et al., 2010).
Likewise, Humanities is more concerned on how a person expresses his/her feelings.

These feelings can be in facial manifestations or body movements. Laughing, crying, clenching
our fists, curling our toes, stretching out our fingers, and crossing our arms are
representations of humanities (Menoy, 2009).
As a branch of knowledge, Humanities explores on human conditions through the use of

analytical, critical, or theoretical methods. These methods are in the form of ideas and words
that help makes our life more meaningful. Moreover, Humanities can also be as the study on
how an individual documented and processed his/her experiences particularly in connecting
to others (Stanford University, 2016). Imparting humanities as an academic science is
designed to let our learners (particularly the new generations) become creative and artistic
individuals. Humanities help the students to connect with the community through art
exposure like museum outings, concerts, theatre performance, etc. (Marcos, 2010).
Description of Art Appreciation
When we look around, we see a lot of things that relate to art. Art can come in the form
of many items such as posters, paintings, portraits, covers, and more. People look at art in
different ideas that they want to know more about or may be studying. Art can show ideas
about the past, what is currently happening and what may happen in the future. It can also
show meaning, love, boredom, and creativity (Ramos, 2012). Art can be meaningful because
of the colors, shapes, and depictions it can create.
Art Appreciation is a way to motivate ideas and allows individuals to illustrate their feelings
when they viewed an artwork. It helps develops critical and innovative skills in thinking and
teaches essential qualities in listening, observing, and responding to multiple viewpoints It
also requires an ability to differentiate what is apparent and what is not (Gargaro & Jilg, 2016
and Sanger, 2012).
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Art Appreciation
The Creation of Arts
In our life, we experience so much fragmentation of our thoughts and feelings. But, by
creating arts, it brings things back together. We merely make art because of so many reasons,
and we enjoy the process of it.
The word “art” is from a Latin arti, which means craftsmanship, inventiveness, mastery of
form, skill. It includes literature, music, paintings, photography, sculpture, etc. It serves as an
original record of human needs and achievements. It usually refers to the so-called “fine arts”
(e.g., graphics, plastic, and building) and to the so-called “minor arts” (everyday, useful,
applied, and decorative arts). It is the process of using our senses and emotions in making
creative activities (Marcos, 2010). It is a human capability to make things beautiful (e.g.,
buildings, illustration, designing, painting, sculpture, and Photography) through the
production of his/her imagination depending on the preparation, theme, medium, and values
used.
Significantly, the word artist comes from the French word artiste and the Spanish artista,
which means “performer.” It is someone who creates art that is merely trades and
professions by which different people make their livings (Goines, 2004).
The term “artists” most often refers to those who create within a context of the fine arts
such as acting, dancing, drawing, filmmaking, painting, sculpture, writing, photography, and
music. They are those who use imagination, and a skill to construct works that may be judged
to have aesthetic importance. Creativity is a characteristic of an artist that progressed in the
extent of his/her life to express feelings. These are all processed in three significant phases
namely: Creation of Forms; Creation of Ideas; and Creation of the Materials (Sanchez, 2011).
a. The Creation of ideas. Artists are usually impressionable persons. They used their
experiences as their basis in the making of dance, picture, a poem, or a play or a song.
For example, a composer may write a song on the developing romance between a man
and a woman, or on the pains of a broken-hearted.
b. The Creation of the Materials. The artist uses different materials or mediums to give
form to an idea. For example, a painter uses pigments; a sculptor uses wood, metal or
stone; an author uses words; and a composer who uses musical sounds to determine
the notes.
c. The Creation of Forms. There are diverse forms used by the artists in expressing their
ideas. It is a medium of artistic expression recognized as fine art. This form is used to
explain the physical nature of the artwork like in metal sculpture, an oil painting, etc.
Functions of Arts
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Art Appreciation
From the very

beginning, arts have been
part of human history. It
described, defined, and
deepened the human
experience. In the Prehistoric
period for example, peoples
performed songs and dances
to gratify their ancestors.
Likewise, hunters brushed
different figures on the walls
of caves to depict their day to
day experiences. Arts also
serve several functions which
are item outcome to its
purpose (Menoy, 2009),
namely:
1. Individual Function- The artists perform arts because of the passion of their respective
art forms. A singer presents a concert for free because of his advocacy and the love of
singing. For example, Regine Velaquez (Asia’s Songbird) is well-known for possessing
extensive vocal range.
2. Social Function- Man associates with others through his art performance that arouses
social consciousness. Examples of this association are the choral singing, group
dancing, public art exhibits and other practices.
3. Economic Functions- Arts are emerging as a potent force in the economic life of people
assumes an essential role as a direct and indirect contributor to state economies.
Example of this is by generating economic vitality in under-performing regions through
crafts, tourism, and cultural attractions.
4. Political Functions- Art provides a forum for ideas that will lead to employment,
prestige, status, and power. During election period, for example, the candidates
created their artworks (poster) which expresses their propaganda, agenda and
political views about making a stable society.
5. Historical Functions- Art is an essential technique for information to be recorded and

preserved. It serves to document or reconstruct historical figure and events. Most arts
that are in Museums, for example, are filled with amazing stories about the world most
excellent and most creative people who brought us the treasures. By looking at a work
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Art Appreciation
of art’s colors, materials, and symbolism, we can learn about the story and culture that
produced it in the past.
6. Cultural Functions- Art is an articulation and transmission of new information and

values. Example, when you think of Manila, you probably think of Fort Santiago, Luneta
Park, and its world-renowned churches, or the famous Intramuros.
7. Physical Functions- Buildings are artistically designed and constructed to protect their
occupants and make their life inside more meaningful. Architects, Industrial and
Graphic Designers, and Interior Decorators share responsibility in building
environment that balance forms and functions.
8. Aesthetic Functions- Any artwork means beauty. It is visual spice for gracefully adorned
interiors and can bring out the most elegant features of different décor elements. It
reasonably reproduced visual images which communicate through fantastic
persuasions and meaningful words.
Purpose of Art
Creativity or imagination is the primary basis of art. Art is created when an artist produces
a stimulating experience that is considered by his audience to have artistic merit. The artwork
is the visual expression of an idea or experience of an artist, through the use of a medium
(Frank, 2011). It allows expression of the individuality of the artist. Through artistic endeavors,
we can share what is important to us with others and can learn about the values of feelings
of those sharing art with us. Some purposes of art are the following (Marcos et al., 2011).
1. Create Beauty- Art is an expression of our thoughts, emotions, and intuitions. It is the
communication of concepts that cannot be faithfully portrayed by words alone. The
Artist has considered nature as the standard of beauty. The example of beauty can be
in a snowy mountain scene, and the art is the photograph of it shown to the family.
2. Provide Decoration- Artworks are used to create a pleasing environment. It is intended

to beautify things to please and amuse the viewers through its colors and patterns.
3. Reveal Truth- Artwork helped to pursue truth and attempted to reveal about how the
world works. It is a kind of language that allows artists to send a message to the souls
of the recipients that help change their attitudes, their sensibility, and their ethics.
4. Express Values- Arts can illuminate our inner lives and enrich our emotional world.
Through arts, the artist will be encouraged to develop their creativity, challenge, and
communication skills. It also promotes self- esteem and wellness.
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Art Appreciation
5. Commemorate Experience- Art serves to convey the personal experiences of an artist
and record his impression in his work.
6. Create Harmony- An artist makes use of the composition to put an order in the diverse
content of his work.
Classifications of Art
Many changes in the arts took place during the early modern period. Its classification can
be on many characteristics, including form, shape, function, use, or social context. Works of
art are classified in various ways, namely:
1. Visual Arts
These arts are those forms

that create works which are
primarily visual (forms
perceived by the eyes). The
man can take the beauty of
nature through a piece of
paper so that other people
may take time appreciating
the captured image.
Examples of these arts
include:
a. Painting- This form of visual art aims to evoke an emotion from the viewers. It is
practice by applying colors or other media to a surface with a brush or other
objects.
b. Sculpture- This form of visual arts characterized as the art of representing an
imagined or observed objects in hard materials such as glass, metals, or wood in
three dimensions.
c. Architecture- This form of art provides us the physical structure we lived. It is a
profound expression of human culture in a particular period, and it will endure and
outlive us in forms of monuments that future generations will study and strive to
understand.
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Art Appreciation
d. Drawing- This form of art enhances the way we see the world around and
conditions us to capture its details in a two-dimensional medium. This has been a
critical element of art throughout history and in the contemporary art world.
e. Photography- This form of art is a process of creating portraits by recording
radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as electronic image sensors or
photographic films.
2. Performing Arts
These arts are those forms in which

the artists used his/her own body,
face, and presence as a medium.
Examples of these arts are as follows:
a. Theatre (Drama) - This form of art
uses performers to present the
experience of a real or imagined event
before a live audience in a specific
place and time.
b. Music- This form of art helps to
express our mood and feel the way
through our emotions and ideas.
Based on a study, different types of
music may be suitable to different
moods though classical music is still
recommended as the most calming
music option.
c. Dance- This form of art is expressed through body movement which entails social
interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting.
d. Film- This form of art allows us to explore the complexities of the human situation. This is
used to work out our emotions, to make history comes alive, science is explained, and literary
works are brought into life.
e. Installation Art- The fundamental nature of this form of art is the participation of the
spectators. In this work of art, viewers become active and navigate the work in an
environment that they can experience visually. It also has the capacity of passing on particular
information about any significant event around the world and interactively represents
documentary issues.
f. Opera- This form of art helps to tell stories through music. This is also performed with a full
orchestra composed of the various musical instrument sections. In this art form, singers and
musicians perform a dramatic work by combining text (called a libretto) and musical score.
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Art Appreciation
g. Stagecraft- This form of art is a technical aspect of theatrical production. This includes
constructing and arranging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, the design of costumes,
makeup, and procurement of props, stage management and recording and mixing of sounds.
3. Literary Arts
These arts centered on creative

writing and other composition
processes which intended to read.
These include prose and poetry
(e.g., novels, short stories, sonnet,
ballad, epic, and essay).
The Value of Arts in the Educational System
Knowing and practicing the arts disciplines are fundamental to the development of the
minds and spirits of the students (National Art Education Association, 1994). Arts are
inseparable from education. When early humans drew images on the walls of the caves, the
artworks have been the means of recording human experiences and of making sense of the
world. It educates us on how early people lived and survived. Thus, without the skills in the
arts, no one can claim that he/she is professionally trained.
There are several reasons for the arts to be included in an educational system. It is evident
that involvement in the arts has been shown to help students in their academic, personal, and
social development. Listed below are other details for this assertion.
1. Arts are worth studying because it served to connect our imaginations with the most
profound questions of human existence.
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Art Appreciation
2. Arts are always used because it helps to present issues and ideas to teach, persuade,
and entertain people.
3. Arts are integral to every person’s daily life because it helps shape our spiritual, political,
economic, cultural, and social environments.
4. Arts are refreshing because it offers unique sources of enjoyment and it investigates
relationships between thought and actions.
5. Arts develop students’ attitudes because it teaches self-discipline, reinforces self-
esteem, fosters the thinking skills and creativity and values the importance of teamwork
and cooperation.
MY TURN
Art-Slogans are powerful marketing tools that can motivate your clients to support your
brand. It is an advertising tag-line or phrase that advertisers create to express the importance
and benefits of their product visually.
Let the students do their creative art for advertisement. Let them use one size of
cardboard or cartolina in making the art-slogan. Below are examples of a catchy
product/company slogan:
Choose any of the following slogans listed below and make an art-logo out of it.
Cebu Pacific- “It’s time every Juan flies.”

Globe Telecom- “Abot mo ang mundo.”
Rebisco- “Ang sarap ng filling mo.”
Selecta Cornetto- “Saan aabot ang 20 pesos mo?”
McDonalds- “Love ko ‘to.”
Meralco- “May liwanag ang buhay.”
m&m- “Melts in your mouth not in your hands”
Coca-Cola- “Sasarap ang tanghalian.”
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Art Appreciation
Let’s Try It
Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Essay: Answer the following questions below briefly but precisely.
1. If you were an artist, what art would you make?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What is the importance of Humanities as a science of Art?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Which of the following classification of art (Visual, Performing, Literary) you think you
have inclination? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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Art Appreciation
CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________
Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Evaluation: In your own words, briefly discuss the following concepts listed below.
1. Humanities
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Art
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Stagecraft
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Creation of Art
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Purpose of Art
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Visual Art
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Performing Arts
_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
8. Literary Arts
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
9. Art Education
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 2
Aesthetic Arts and Crafts
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. explain the difference between aesthetic arts and crafts;

2. identify the types of arts and crafts;
3. discuss the principles in understanding artistic composition; and
4. enumerate the motivated functions of art.
CARE TO SHARE
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students of the following
questions:
1. What is the relationship between Art and Crafts?

2. Is Art a reflection of our values? Support your answer.
3. Is artistic skill learned or natural?
4. Why is Art considered as a “distinct character and a reflection of society”?
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The Difference between Aesthetic Arts and Crafts
esthetics is from the Greek word eisthesis which means “perception.” It is a branch
A of philosophy devoted to the study of art and beauty used during the 18th century
by Alexander Baumgarten, a German philosopher. This term also refers to the
principles governing the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in visual art
(Rader, 1979).
On the other hand, the term “craft” comes from a German word Kraft which means
“power” or “ability.” It usually employed in branches of the decorative arts or associated
artistic practice. It also implies the application of human skills through the use of a hand. It
tends to produce things for various human purposes, and tend to exhibit their prettiness
around a goal external to the object itself (Dutton, 1990).
Arts and Crafts started during the 19th century in Europe as a design reform and as a social
movement motivated by the William Morris. It involves activities related to making things
which require a combination of skill, speed, and patience.
William Morris who was born on March 24, 1834, in Walthamstow,

England was known for his pattern designs, particularly on fabrics, and
wallpapers. As a proponent of socialist ideals, Morris believed that a
designer should have the skill of any media in producing designs that
intricate intertwining fruit, flower, and foliage pattern. He died on
October 3, 1896, at the age of 62 years old in London, England.
Types of Arts and Crafts
Artists may have unique skills and perceptive abilities, but they are Figure 1. William Morris (1834-1896)
also people with needs and the motivation to meet those needs.
Creating different works of art that are accepted by one’s audience can lead to an artist’s
social acceptance and recognition. Their works of art have been used to create pleasing
environments. Arts and crafts have different types, namely: textile wood, metal, paper or
canvass, and plant crafts.
Textile Crafts. The word textile is from a Latin phrase texere which means “to braid" or
"to construct." These also refer to any craft where you work with fabric, yarn or surface
design. It uses plant or any synthetic fibers in creating practical or decorative objects. These
include the following:
1. Cross-stitch- Stitching can also be a form of natural pain relief. It is a popular form of
counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster-like pattern are
used to form a picture.
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Art Appreciation
2. Crocket- It is a process of creating fabric from yarn, thread, or other material strands
using a crochet hook.
3. Sewing- It is the crafts of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a
needle and thread.
4. Weaving- It is a fabric production method in which yarns are interlaced at right angles
to form a fabric or cloth.
5. Tatting- It is a technique for handcrafting particularly in making durable lace which is
constructed by a series of knots and loops.
6. Shoemaking- It is the process of making footwear.
7. Lace- It is an openwork fabric, patterned with open holes in the work, made by machine
or by hand.
8. Macramé- It is a form of textile-making which requires very few tools and just some
pure knowledge of basic knotting.
9. Millinery- It is the designing and manufacture of hats.
10. String art- It is an arrangement of colored thread strung between points to form an
abstract geometric design.
Wood Crafts. These refer to a skill that pertains to the woods, especially in making one's
way through the woods or in hunting, trapping, etc. It also relates to subsistence lifestyles
with implications of hunting-gathering (Horace, 1906). These include the following:
1. Carpentry-It is a skilled trade in the cutting, shaping, and installation of building

materials during the construction of buildings.
2. Marquetry- It is the art and craft of applying pieces of veneer (thin slices of wood) to
a structure to form decorative designs.
3. Woodturning- It is a form of woodworking that is used to create wooden objects.
4. Wood carving- It is a form of woodworking to form a wooden figure or objects by
using a knife or a chisel.
5. Cabinetry- It is a skill in making a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and drawers
for keeping various objects.
6. Upholstery- It is the work of building cushion and cover furniture.
Metal Crafts. These refer to the art of executing artistic designs in metal for both practical
and aesthetic purposes. These arts are designed for decorative items or functional objects
that are beneficial and useful to us all. These works are of bronze, silver, gold, tin, copper,
lead, brass, and iron. These include the following:
1. Jewelry- It is a form of personal adornments, such as brooches, rings, necklaces,

earrings, and bracelets.
2. Metal Casting- It is a process by which a liquid material (bronze, copper, glass,
aluminum, and iron) is poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the
desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.
3. Welded sculpture- It is an art form in which statue is made using welding techniques.
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Art Appreciation
Paper or Canvas Crafts. It refers to an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making
backpacks, tents, marquees, and other sustainable items. These include the following:
1. Bookbinding- It is the process of physically assembling a book from some folded or

unfolded sheets of paper or other material.
2. Card making- It is a hand-made technique for producing greeting cards.
3. Collage- It is a technique where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different
forms, thus creating a new whole.
4. Origami- It is a Japanese cultural art of paper folding.
5. Paper-Mache- It is a composite material consisting of paper pieces or pulp, sometimes
reinforced with textiles, bound with an adhesive.
6. Scrapbooking- It refers to a method of arranging, preserving, and presenting personal
and family history in a book form.
7. Rubber Stamping- It is a craft in which some type of ink made of dye or pigment applied
to an image or pattern that carved, molded, laser engraved or vulcanized, onto a sheet
of rubber.
Plants Crafts- These refer to skills using plant parts as the medium. These include the
following:
1. Corn dolly making- It relates to the making of shapes and figures (known as ‘dollies’)
from straw (such as barley, oats, and wheat).
2. Floral Design- It is the art of using plant materials and flowers to create a pleasing and
balanced composition.
3. Pressed flower craft- consists of drying flower petals and leaves in a flower press to
flatten and exclude light and moisture.
Principles of Understanding Artistic Design and Composition
Art principles are created by combining art elements. Artists utilize organizing principles
to develop forms that inform. Among the fundamental principle of art are harmony, variety,
balance, movement, emphasis, proportion, and rhythm. Whether analysing or composing
artwork, one must have a complete understanding of how art principles are created (Elsen,
1981).
The Principle of Harmony. When all of the elements of art interact well in an artwork, visual
harmony is attained. This is accomplished by using similar types of geometric shapes, lines or
colors within a work of art to create a unified composition. Likewise, using various cool or
warm colors would help to produce a harmonious work of art.
The Principle of Variety. A stable composition will also demonstrate the principle of
variety. It is accomplished by using differing colors, lines, and shapes within an artwork to
make key areas stand out. Artists can use this idea to direct a viewer’s eye to a place within
the art that he or she wants to emphasize.
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Art Appreciation
The Principle of Balance. It refers to the symmetry of opposing visual forces. It is created
in a work of art when colors, forms, shapes or textures are combined harmoniously.
The Principle of Movement. It is the way that an eye moves throughout a work of art. In
this work of art, our eye moves up through the pattern in the rippling surface of the water to
the two paddlers. An artist creates a visual movement to drive the eye to the focal point of
the artwork.
Principle of Emphasis. It refers to the need for an artist to create a focal point within an
artwork. This artistic point is an essential part of a work of art, and the viewer’s eye should
drawn to that area.
Principles of Proportion. This principle is created when the sizes of elements in an artwork
art are combined harmoniously. The artist usually tries to make all of the parts in a
composition relate logically to each other to depict the human form within the proper
proportion.
Principle of Rhythm. It refers to the use of visual pattern within a work of art. Models
within an artwork are created by repeating certain colors, line or shapes in specific areas. It
can also be used to form a variety of texture within a work of art.
Motivated Functions of Art
The motivated purposes of art are intentional and conscious actions on the part of the
artist. Art may bring political change or comment on the life in a society. It may also convey
specific propaganda, or just as a form of communication (Holly, 2002). Primary motivated
functions of arts are as follows:
a. Art for Acting. Art may pursue to bring about a certain emotion, to relax or to entertain
the viewer.
b. Art for healing. Art is utilized by art therapists, psychotherapists, and clinical
psychologists as art therapy. The end product is a method of curing, through creative
acts.
c. Art for political change. One of the essential functions of the art of the early twentieth
century has been to use visual images to bring about legislative modification.
d. Art for propaganda (Commercialism). Art is utilized to influence popular ideas or
moods delicately.
e. Art for communication. Art has a goal, directed toward another individual. For
example, graphic is a form of art for communication in which the artist expresses
his/her emotions, feelings, and moods.
___________
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Art Appreciation
Class Activities
a. Talent Show (Limited performances online)
In this show, the students will discover several creative activities and deliberate how art
can be used as a form of communication and as a means to express thoughts and feelings.
Instructions:
1. Prepare the students in showcasing their talents (either in dancing, singing, poetry, or
anything that they can think of). The talent shows are all about showing off something
that the students are proud.
2. Tell the students that the presentation of talent can be in individually, in a pair or the group.
3. Provide an alternative role for those who do not wish to perform, such as being the event’s
planner or master of the ceremony.
3. Give them enough time for the rehearsal. Prepare music and props as needed. Set rule
regarding total running time.
4. Introduce each performer and their talent by name before they come on the stage. If
students are acting as announcers, assist them as if possible.
Note: The teacher should prepare follow-up discussions with the students during the next
meeting.
Guide questions for discussion and sharing:
1. How did it feel to perform online? What went well?

2. Did the talent show make you feel good? Why and why not?
3. What would you do differently next time? Would you perform again?
4. What was the part about acting in the talent show your favorite?
5. What did you learn from being part of the talent show?
_____________________
b. Art Work
Let the students show to the class any work of art (like painting, drawing, literary
composition, sculpture, and others) and have them explain what that art is all about. As a
class, discuss how important is the talent in the life of every human being.
__________________
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Art Appreciation
c. Pressed Flower Craft
Materials required
1. Toothpicks
2. Wood glue
3. Container to hold the glue
4. Pressed flowers (any home-made or purchased air dry presses; microwave presses; or
traditional method of pressing in books)
Instructions
1. Arranged the pressed flowers on the paper, but do not glue anything.
2. Pour a small amount of glue into a shallow dish or container for easy access.
3. Start sticking the flowers on the bottom layer of the arrangement.
4. Turn the pressed flower over so that the glue is facing down and carefully place the flower
on the paper.
5. Apply pressure on the flower and hold for a few seconds. Repeat the process till all of the
flowers are fixed.
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Art Appreciation
CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Essay: Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Do all arts express beauty? Justify your answer.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
2. When can you say that a craft is made with the application of human intelligence?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. How Art and Crafts started during the 19th century? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Do we need to attend formal schooling in order to become a professional artist? Why or

why not?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the contribution of William Morris in the realm of arts and crafts?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
20
Art Appreciation
CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________
Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Identification: Identify the following questions under column B. Write your answer on the
blank provided under column A.
Column A Column B
1. He was a German Philosopher who first used the word
“aesthetics” during the 18th century in Europe.
2. He developed Arts and Crafts as a design reform and social
movement during the 19th century.
3. It refers to the use of visual repetition within a work of art.
4. It is the process of making footwear.
5. It is a method of fabric production in which two distinct sets of
threads are interlaced at right angles to form cloth.
6. It is a traditional Japanese art of paper folding.
7. It refers to typical memorabilia which include photographs,
printed media, and artwork.
8. A principle that relates to the equilibrium of opposing visual
forces.
9. It is a form of woodworking that is used to create wooden
objects on a machine tool known as a lathe.
10. It is an art design that uses plant materials and flowers to
create a pleasing and balanced composition.
21
Art Appreciation
Chapter 3
Art Contents, Forms, and

Movements
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. understand the meaning of ‘content’ in art.

2. differentiate representational art and non-representational art.
3. distinguish the different levels of meaning. 435351
4. learn various kinds and sources of subject.
CARE TO SHARE
What made you notice an artwork?
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Art Appreciation
n viewing art, there are clues that mediate between the artwork and the viewer,
I allowing the viewer to comprehend more easily what he sees.
These clues are the three basic components of a work of art:
Subject- the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from examining the artwork; It
answers the question “What”.
Content- the meaning that is communicated by the artist or the artwork; It answers the
question “Why”.
Form- the development and configuration of the artwork; how the elements and the medium
or material are put together. It answers the question “How”.
(Look at the paining by artist David Bailly entitled ‘Selbstbildnis mit vanitassymbolen’ or Self
Potrait with Vanitas Symbol. List down everything that you see within the four corners of the
work. List as many as you can in 3 minutes. Share it during online class.)
23
Art Appreciation
Types of Subject
Representational Art- these types of art have subjects that refer to objects or events
occurring in the real world. This is also termed figurative art because the figures depicted are
easy to make sense and be deciphered.
MONA LISA
Leonardo da Vinci
1503
(Despite not knowing Mona Lisa is, it is clear

that the painting is of a woman that is
realistically-proportioned.
-Only the upper torso is shown.

-A beguiling and mysterious smile is flashed.
-The background is a landscape.
Non- Representational Art- Art forms that do not make a reference to the real world,
whether it is a person, place, thing, or even a particular event. It is stripped down to visual
elements, such as shapes, lines, and colors that are employed to translate a particular
feeling, emotion, and even concept.
Jackson Pollock
1948
24
Art Appreciation
Sources and Kinds of Subject
For non-representational art, a higher, level of perceptiveness and insight might be

required to fully grasped the feeling, emotion, or the concept behind the work. For
representational art, it is easier to infer the subject matter because from the figures
depicted in the artwork, there is already a suggestion as to its implication.
Sources of Subject
-Nature
-History
-Greek and Roman Mythology
-Judeo-Christian tradition
-Sacred oriental texts
-Other works of art
Kinds of Subject
-History
-Still life
-Animals
-Figures
-Nature
-Landscape
-Seascape
-Cityscape
-Mythology
-Myth
-Dreams
-Fantasies
25
Art Appreciation
(Fields Near Auvers by Vincent Van Gogh) (A Cockchafer, Beetle, Woodlice, and
Other Insect)
CONTENT IN ART
The meaning or message that is expressed or communicated by the artwork. In

understanding the content of art, it is important to note that there are various levels of
meaning:
1. Factual Meaning- The mist rudimentary level of meaning for it may be extracted from the
identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork and understanding how these elements
relate to one another.
2. Conventional Meaning- It pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork

using motifs, signs, and symbols, and other cyphers as bases of its meaning. These
conventions are established through time, strengthened by recurrent use and wide
acceptance by its viewers or audience and scholars who study them.
3 Subjective Meaning- When subjectivities are consulted, a variety of meanings may arise
when a particular work of art is read. These meanings stem from the viewer’s or audience’s
circumstances that come into play when engaging with art (what we know, what we
learned, what we experienced; what values we stand for. Meaning may not be singular,
rather, multiple and varied.
26
Art Appreciation
Chapter 4
The Western Art History
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. describe the history of Art in Prehistoric Civilization;

2. discuss the Medieval arts in Europe;
3. identify the famous artists in Western Europe; and
4. analyse the most common Paintings in Classical Greek
CARE TO SHARE
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students about their
perception on the picture below.
27
Art Appreciation
istorically speaking, the human instinct to create art is universal. Art is an approach
H of a human being to communicate his/her beliefs and express ideas about his/her
experiences. It also provides valuable insights into the past and existing cultures.
It helps us to understand how others have lived and what they valued (Annenberg
Foundation, 2017).
The history of art reflects the remnant of civilization, the study of artworks, and the lives
of artists illuminate much about our shared past. It helps us to discover, authenticate who
made a particular art object (Meyer, 2009). It also helped us to appreciate the stylistic and
recognized development of artistic practices on a large scale and within a broad historical
viewpoint.
The history of art also covers the entire history of humankind since prehistoric times. Art
is a product of man’s emotional and intellectual connection with the world. It also aimed to
produce a message which will either provoke an unexplainable consciousness within the
hearts of its viewers or incite wisdom among inquisitive minds. Leroi-Gourhan (1967) lists
three primary domains of the expression of feeling associated to the first periods of humanity
that may add to our understanding of the beginnings of art such as Psycho-physiological
impressions; Magic-religious; and techno-economic.
Art in Prehistoric Civilization
The term “prehistoric” relates to the time before written history. Specifically, the writing
developed in ancient Mesopotamia before 3000 B.C.E., so this period includes visual culture
(paintings, sculpture, and architecture) made before that date (Zucker, 2015). The oldest
recognized decorative art forms come from Africa date back to 100,000 BC.E.
Prehistoric art has four main periods: Stone Age, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The
remaining artifacts of this period are small sculptures and cave paintings. During these early
times, different forms of art were created and performed as a sign of communication or
adoration to the deity. This practice shows how cultural and religious factors played little to
the development of the art forms that made the ancient society so famous until now.
Ancient people often represented their worldviews and beliefs through visual images. Art
emerged with the appearance and the dispersal of entirely modern people through Africa,
Asia, Australia, America and Europe. Paintings, sculptures, engravings, and potteries are
expressions for beauty and complex social and spiritual systems. Prehistoric art like animals
are the favorite subjects of hunters, herdsmen, and breeders.
Prehistoric art is a symbolic system that is an integral part of the culture that creates it
(Honour et al., 2005). Many archaeologists have identified Stone Age art, namely: petroglyphs
(rock carvings and engravings); pictographs (graphic imagery, symbols); ancient sculpture
28
Art Appreciation
(totemic statues, ivory carvings); and megalithic arts (performs or any other works associated
with the formation of stones).
The oldest European cave art is the El Castillo Cave

(Cave of the Castle) in Spain. This cave was discovered in
1903 by Hermilio Alcalde del Río, a Spanish archaeologist.
Some Archaeologists argue that artwork inside this cave
are probably a creation of Homo neanderthalensis. Hand
stencils, claviforms (club shapes) and disks made by
blowing paint onto the wall in El Castillo cave found that
date back at least 40,800 years, making them older than
those of the Chauvet Cave in central France, which dated to Figure 2. El Castillo Cave painting, Spain
around 39,000 years (Kwong, 2012).Other old cave painting
sites in France include Lascaux, Grotte de Cussac, Pech Merle, Cave of Niaux, and Font-de-
Gaume.
Stone Tools for Art Making
Stone is formed based on the composition of minerals on it. It classified as Mineral

growth, Sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Volcanic. Sedimentary rocks shaped through the
deposition and compression of particulate matter. On the other hand, Metamorphic rocks
changed from the result of extreme temperature and pressure. Volcanic rocks are from
molten igneous magma (Prindle, 1994).
The tools made of tone were the instruments by which early man developed and
progressed. All human culture founded on the ingenuity and brainpower of our early
ancestors in creating sophisticated tools that enable them to survive. The first stone tools
(eoliths- which are now believed to be naturally produced by geological processes such as
glaciation) and other types of organic materials (wood, bone, ivory, and antler) were about
two million years ago. The oldest human tools were a simple stone chopper, such as those
unearth at Olduvai George in Tanzania. Many Paleoanthropologists (people who study the
origins and predecessors of the present human species) confirmed that the Palaeolithic Man
produced four types of tools in creating an art namely: pebble tools (with a single sharpened
edge for cutting or chopping): Bifacial tools (hand axes); Flake tools; and Blade tools.
Pebble Tools (Pebble chopper). It is a first cutting device and considered as the oldest
type of tool made by humans. The tool contains a rounded stone struck some blows with a
similar stone used as a pounder, which created a serrated crest that served as a chopping
blade.
Bifacial tools. It is a hand ax prehistoric stone tool flake with two faces or sides. These
tools may be oval, triangular, or almond-shaped in form and characterized by axial symmetry.
The cutting edge could be straight or jagged and is used as a knife, pick, scraper, or weapon.
29
Art Appreciation
The technique was distinctive of the hand-ax tradition of the lower Palaeolithic period and the
Acheulian culture.
Flake tools. These are hand tools used during Stone Age. They are usually formed by
crushing off a small or large fragment then used as the tool. Both cores and flakes could be as
stone tools. New flakes were very sharp, but quickly became blunt during use and had to be
sharpened again by further flaking, a process called “retouch.”
Blade tools. These are a Stone tool created by striking a long narrow flake from a stone
core. This procedure of cutting the stone and creating the blades is called lithic reduction.
After chipping the blades, they integrated into larger tools, such as spears.
Medieval Arts in Europe
The primitive art of the Western world covers an extensive range of time and place over
1000 years. Specifically, Medieval art in Europe grew out of the artistic culture of the Roman
Empire and the iconographic practices in the church of the early Christian (Oliquiano, 2012).
These sources were mixed with the influential "barbarian" artistic culture of Northern Europe
to make an extraordinary creative legacy. Medieval art portrayed in Pietistic painting
(religious art) displayed in a Ceramics, fresco and mosaic paintings, Goldsmith and Silversmith,
Stained Glass, illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, Tapestry, and Heraldry in churches.
a. Illuminated Manuscripts (Illumination) - They were colorful religious texts which often
use of gold and silver as its main feature. The term illuminate is the Latin word
“illuminate” which means to adorn or to enlighten. It is the embellishment of a
manuscript with bright colors. The artist who produced the impressive artwork on
illuminated manuscripts was called Illuminators.
b. Metalwork- Metalworkers were very skilled in creating religious objects for church
decorations. Experts in Bronze art produced beautiful jewels, sculptures, and even
church doors.
c. Silversmith and Goldsmith- They were excellent artists who created new shapes of
jewelry. The Medieval church demanded to employed silversmiths and goldsmiths in
the church to produce e2222 with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other
materials. The early Christians used ceiling and wall mosaics in their churches and
cathedrals.
d. Paintings- Artists who were skillful in Iconography uses Fresco and panel painting with
the religious theme during the medieval period. Fresco is performed mostly on wall
covers or ceilings. Likewise, Panels is a painting which showed on several pieces of
wood that joined together. It is also for the Icons of Byzantine art.
e. Bayeux Tapestry- It is embroidery in colored wool. It is consists of eight long strips of
unbleached linen, sewn together to form a continuous panel of 230 feet long and 20
inches high.
f. Ceramics- They were hand shaped cooking pots, jars, and pitchers.
30
Art Appreciation
g. Stained Glass- It is usually applied exclusively to the windows of medieval churches,
castles, and cathedrals. It creates the primary form of art where small pieces of glass
are arranged to form pictures or patterns which are held together
h. by strips of lead and supported by a hard frame.
i. Heraldry- It is the manner of designing coats of arms and insignia. Specimens of coats
of arms were worked using embroidery, paper, painted wood, stonework and stained
glass.
Famous Artists in Western Europe
The great artists introduced the advancement of arts during the middle periods. During
this era, artists split away from the influences of the Byzantium art style and developed into
the Gothic visual art. The Medieval painters and sculptors were founders of the movement
towards greater realism which culminated in the Renaissance art style. Most famous artists
during medieval period were Donatello, Giotto, Leon Battista Alberti, Cimabue, Filippo
Brunelleschi, Fra Angelico and Lorenzo Ghiberti.
1. Donatello (also known as Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi). He was born in 1386 in
Italy. He was the son of Nicolo di Betto Bardi, a wool merchant in Florence. He learned
the fabrication of metals and other substances which known as metallurgy. His most
famous works of art include David, Mary Magdalene, Madonna, Salome, Zuccone, and
St. Mark, St. John the Evangelist and St. George and the Dragon. He also invented a
technique known as schiacciato (shallow relief), which achieved effects of spatial
depth. He died on December 13, 1466.
2. Giotto di Bondone. He was born about 1266 in Vespignano village, Florence. He was
the son of Giorgio Vasari, a small landed farmer. He worked with others artists for the
Cathedral of San Francesco in Assisi and began painting a fresco cycle there with
scenes from the Old and New Testaments. In 1300, he was invited by Pope Benedict
XI in Rome to paint a mosaic over the entrance to St. Peter's Basilica. He died on
January 8, 1337, in Florence.
3. Leon Battista Alberti- He was born in Genoa on February 14, 1404, in Italy. As an
Architect, he was hired by Pope Nicholas V in the renovation of the papal palace and
of the Roman bridge of Acqua Vergine. He died in Rome on April 25, 1472.
4. Giovanni Cimabue- He was born in Florence in 1240. He devoted all his time wrapping
his paper and his books with photographs of horses, houses, people, and other various
things he dreamt up. He made mosaics .as well as paintings, which include the frescoes
of New Testament scenes in the upper church of St. Francis of Assisi. He died in 1302.
5. Filippo Brunelleschi- He was born in 1377 in Florence, Italy. He was the son Brunellesco
Di Lippoo, an Italian lawyer and his mother was Giuliana Spini. He was a sculptor and
goldsmith in one of the Florentine workshops. He died on April 15, 1446.
6. Fra Angelico (also known as Beato Angelico, which means "Blessed Angelic One”)- He
was born in 1395 in Florence, Italy. As a Painter, his most famous works of art include
the Annunciation, The Madonna and Saints and the Transfiguration of Christ painting.
31
Art Appreciation
7. Lorenzo Ghiberti- He was born in 1380 in Florence, Italy. He was admitted to the Gold
Guild and started his apprenticeship as a goldsmith in 1392. He started work on the East
Doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni. The Bronze doors (known as the “Gates of
Paradise”) had 10panels depicting scenes from the Old Testament. He died in 1445.
Most Common Paintings in Classical Greek
During the classical era, most paintings were discovered in panels, tomb, and vases. It
portrays natural symbols with dynamic masterpieces about battle scenes, mythological
figures, and everyday scenes. It also discloses a grasp of linear perspective and naturalist
illustration (Rayos, 2018). Familiar paintings in classical Greek are as follows:
a. Kerch Vase Painting
Kerch Vase is red-figured pottery named after the place where it discovered. Most
common motifs were scenes from the life of women, mythological beings or mythical story
or event. This type of painting used a technique known as polychromy which combined
different colors especially the brilliant one in an artistic manner. The shapes commonly found
are:
a. Krater (it is a bowl used for mixing wine and water)

b. lebesgamikos (a container with high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath)
c. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a small, broad foot)
d. pelike (a wine container)
b. Panel Painting
Panel Painting was especially famous for making beautiful altarpieces. This type of
paintings executed on flat panels of wood or metals which can be either a small, single piece
or several boards that are together. The earliest known old panel painting is the Pitsa Panel
(dated between 540 and 530 B.C.E.).
c. Tomb/Wall Painting
Popular Tomb or wall painting during classical period uses either tempera (water-based) or
encaustic (wax) as a method of fresco. Colors in this type are made with grind powder stains
in pure water, dry and set with plaster to become a lasting part of the wall.
___________
32
Art Appreciation
Class Activity
a. Shape the Rock
Imagine how the prehistoric people were able to make an artwork all over the caves.
Make your style of cave art using a stone as your working canvas and another stone as your
medium to create an artwork.
Materials:
1. Flat rock (any shape)

2. Stones (with sharp edges)
Procedure:
1. Using the sharp-edged rock, scratch the flat rock with your desired design.
2. Put varnish utilizing a mixture of white glue diluted with water to preserve your plan
on the stone.
3. The rock design should imitate the character of a prehistoric artwork.
4. You may also use patterns that display the identity of your region of City.
b. Mosaic in a Wood
The Greeks first manufactured mosaics during ancient time. This art of creating images
with an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials was usually
black and white used in the floor and pathways. Either in triangular or square design, pebbles
are applied with mortar or other adhesive to create floor and wall mosaics.
Materials:
1. Sheet of wood
2. Colored Tiles
3. Pencil
4. Grout float
5. Paper towel
6. Spray bottle
7. Sponge
8. White vinegar
9. Gloves
Procedures:
33
Art Appreciation
1. Create your decorative mosaic by sketching a design into a piece of flat wood (long
coupon band size).
2. Select your tile and wrap it in a cloth. Using a Hammer, Break the Tile. (Note: wearing
of safety goggles to protect your eyes is necessary).
3. Gather your broken tiles into color categories.
4. Glue each piece individually and put it in your design.
5. Spread the grout using a grout float.
6. Allow the grout to become stable for 20 minutes.
7. Using a sponge and water, gently wipe off excess grout.
8. Spray white vinegar to get grout dust off using a paper towel or cloth.
c. Bright Me Up
During the medieval time of Rome, Stained glass was used and has been one of the
prominent features of every cathedral built using the Christian symbolism.
Materials:
1. Big empty glass bottle
2. Black permanent marker
3. Acrylic paint
4. Paintbrush
5. White glue
6. Water
7. Candle
Procedures:
1. Select a design for your “stained glass” bottle candle holder that has essential
medieval symbolism. You may use the themes, motifs, and patterns that advertise your
region or City.
2. Trace your design outside the bottle using the permanent black marker.
3. Color your design using acrylic paint.
4. Re-outline your design with a black marker to make the outline accurate and precise.
5. Apply a glaze composed of white glue diluted in water.
6. Place the light candle inside the bottle and light so you can see the stained glass effect.
34
Art Appreciation
Painting Analysis
Research the significant history of the following Western Arts and discuss the values that
you learned from it.
Pitsa panels from Archaic Greece

Petroglyphs, from Sweden
35
Art Appreciation
CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Essay
1. How do you describe art as a cultural document?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Why ancient arts are mostly found in Caves? What are their significant values?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the importance of Stone during Paleolithic period? Explain.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Matching type: Match Column A to B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the box
provided before each item.
Column A Column B
1. It is a way to communicate beliefs and express ideas a. Artifacts
about the human experience.
2. It refers to the time before written history. b. Pictographs
3. It is an archaeological material of small sculptures and c. Megalithic arts
paintings found in caves.
4. It refers to rock carvings and engravings. d. Ceramics
5. This applies to pictorial imagery or symbols. e. Polychromy
6. This refers to totemic statues and ivory carvings. f. Pebble chopper
36
Art Appreciation
7. This relates to petroforms or any other works g. Sculpture

associated with the formation of stones.
8. It is a club shape and disks made by blowing paint onto h. Fresco
the wall in El Castillo cave.
9. They were hand shaped which produced cooking pots i. Bifacial
and jars.
10. They were religious texts embellished with vibrant j. Pitsa
colors which often featured the use of gold and silver.
11. It is a primordial cutting tool and considered as the k. Claviform
oldest type of device made by humans.
12. This tool may be oval, triangular, or almond-shaped in l. Illuminated Manuscripts
form and characterized by axial symmetry.
13. It is a method of painting water-based pigments on a m. Prehistory
freshly applied plaster usually on a wall surfaces.
14. It is known as the earliest panel painting during the n. Petroglyphs
Archaic period between 540 and 530 B.C.E.
15. It is the combination of different colors especially the o. Art
brilliant one in an artistic manner.
37
Art Appreciation
Chapter 4
The Filipino Art and Crafts
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. understand the Pre-Colonial Art forms in the Archipelago;

1. identify the famous indigenous musical instruments in the Philippines;
2. demonstrate knowledge about importance of Philippine Artistic Handicrafts;
3. determine the common handicraft materials and the traditional handiwork in the
Philippines; and
4. recognize the importance of the Philippine GAMABA Awards and its awardees.
CARE TO SHARE
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will facilitate any of the activities below:
1. Divide the class into five groups. Let each group compose a four-verse poem or song
honoring the great Philippine contemporary artists that have discussed in this lesson.
They may write it in whatever language or dialect they prefer and let them share their
composition in class.
2. Let the students create a masterpiece (a drawing, a dance, a drama, a song or

whatever artistic view they could picture). Their rendition must show nationalism or
promotion of a Filipino traditional art. Let them share their masterpiece in class.
3. Let the students name at least three festivals celebrated in their region/
municipality/City. Let them enumerate the different activities that showcase in these
festivals. Let them share this in class.
38
Art Appreciation
ike in any other country, art influenced the life of the Filipinos and the things that
L surround them. The Philippine arts reflect a Filipino society with diverse cultural
influences and traditions of the Malayan peoples such as the Chinese and Indians.
Islamic traditions were introduced to the Philippine Islands in the 14th century.
Likewise, Europe and the United States intensely influenced Filipino artists. However,
while drawing on Western forms, the works of Filipino musicians, painters, and writers are
imbued with distinctly Philippine themes. By expressing the richness of the culture of the
archipelago in all its diversity, Filipino artists have helped in shaping a sense of national
identity. Many Malay cultural traditions have continued until this time despite foreign rule.
Muslims and tribal groups maintained distinct traditions in dance, music, and sculpture.
Indigenous arts in the Philippines are labors of love and patience. The intricate carvings on
wood, metal, stone or glass are products of skillful hands and imaginative minds of the
different tribes of the archipelago. Indigenous musical instruments like the flute, drums,
rainsticks, native guitars, and bells made of bamboo, animal skin, seeds, and seashells. The
careful manipulation of these materials produces sounds and unique instruments used mostly
in tribal dances and rituals (Ramirez, 1999).
Pre-Colonial Art forms in the Archipelago
The arts in the Philippine archipelago had its past and continued to develop by numerous
modern artists. With their different context regarding history, style, cultural symbols, and
meanings, these artworks are portrayed (Estrella, 2017).The following are some known
artforms in the Philippines:
Agung. It is a musical instrument of the Kulintang ensemble which is played by one or two
persons depending on its number. By using a rubber-padded beater, this instrument is
performed on both the boss/knob and the face of the gong.
Banog-banog. It is a dance that portrays hunters shielding in their chickens from the
famishing hawk.
BlitB’laan. It is a courtship dance of the Bilaan of Davao del Sur mimicking birds during
mating season. The females scurry to safety, burying their heads under their wings (using the
malong), but the aggressive males follow them wherever they go.
Cañao. It is a ritual-dance performed during native feasts or celebrations in the highlands

of the Cordilleras in the Luzon area of the Philippines. It is a symbol of triumph or expectation
for abundant crops.
39
Art Appreciation
Gangsa. It is an indigenous musical instrument of the Bontoc tribes of Kalinga, Ifugao in
the mountain regions (the Cordillera) of the northern Philippines.
Inamong. It is an ethnic dance among Tigwahanon Manobos in the Province of Bukidnon

and performed during their harvest time. This type of dance shows a couple, with their bodies
and arms slightly bent forward, mimicking the movement of a pair of flirting among monkeys.
Kadal Iwas. It is a dance performed by the T-boli and Tausug tribes respectively which
mimic a mealtime of monkeys in removing nits and lice from each other. A variation of this
dance is to mimics a monkey who sits on an anthill by mistake and is attacked by angry ants
all over his body.
Kashawing. It is a ritual among the Maranaos and is performed to ensure a good harvest.
Kinabua. It is ritual dance among the Mandaya tribes in Northern Mindanao. This type of
dance portrays the Hawks’ use of sweet songs to lure out the hen and the chicks that are
made into a meal.
Mamakar. It is a Bontoc War Dance performed during the planting season and a bountiful
harvest.
Man-manok. It is a dance performed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. This type of dance mimics fowls
wherein a tribal blankets that represent the colorful plumage of wild cocks are shown off by
the warriors who intend on winning the attention of the maiden hen.
Mayvanuvanua. It refers to a sacrificial rite performed at the beginning of the summer

fishing season among mataw fishers in Batanes Island. This type of dance is an act of invitation
to capture the fish dorado successfully.
Mumbaki. It is a local term which refers to the “sayer of prayers” among the Ifugaos in
Northern Luzon. These prayers are performed during funerals, wedding, Thanksgiving, and
other celebrations. This is offered to the supreme deity, Maknongan.
Ngilin. It is a cultural dance performed among the Kalinga tribe during Marriage rituals
and other celebrations like the budong (peace pact). This type of dance is played to simulate
the romantic or peaceful interactions of a rooster and a hen.
Pagdiwata. It refers to a ritual performed among the ethnic group in the north and central
Palawan. The ceremony is held on various occasions including bountiful harvests and
weddings.
Pangalay (also known as Sea Gypsies).It is a native dance of the Badjao performed during
weddings and other social gatherings. This type of dance emphasizes the agility of the upper
40
Art Appreciation
body wherein the rhythmic bounce of the shoulder with the simultaneous alternating waving
of arms is the essential movement.
Sampak. It is a war dance performed by the Mandaya tribe. This type of dance requires
excellent skill in the handling of a shield, spear, and a sword.
Saut. It is a ritual dance performed by a male Talaanding tribe presenting their expertise
in style and arts in fighting their opponent. This ritual dance is also an offering to their
magbabaya (god).
Talip. It is a courtship dance among the Ifugao. This is performed during the celebration of
the intaneg (wedding). In this dance, the man traps a woman with an attractive blanket to
place on her shapely shoulders.
Famous Indigenous Musical Instruments in the Philippines
Aerophones. It refers to any musical instrument which produces sound without the use of
strings or membranes. Examples of these are as follows:
a. Baliing- Nose flutes of the Apayao

b. Bansik - Bamboo flute of the Negrito
c. Kaleleng- a Long bamboo tube of the Bontoc
d. Bulungudyong -Vertical & long flute of the B'laan
e. Kalaleng - Bamboo flute of the Tinggian
f. Lantoy– Nose flute of the Mangyan
g. Palandag (Palendag) – Lip-valley flute of the Bagobo
h. Paldong and Tongali – Lip valley flutes of the Kalinga
i. Pulalo – Lip valley flute of the Mansaka
j. Sahunay - Pipe with reed (clarinet) of the Tausog
Chordophones. It refers to any musical instrument which makes sound by way of trembling
strings stretched between two points. Examples of these are as follows:
a. Faglong – Two-stringed, lute-like instrument of the B'laan

b. Kolitong – Bamboo guitar of the Kalingga
c. Kudlong - Two stringed boat lute of the Bagobo
d. Kudyapi -Two stringed boat lute of the Maranao
e. Kulit-en – Guitar of the Tinggian
f. Pas-ing – Guitar of the Igorot
g. Serongagandi – a Decorated bamboo tube of the Maranao
h. Saludoy –Bamboo guitar of the T’boli
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Art Appreciation
Idiophone. It refers to any musical instrument which produced sound primarily by way of the
instrument's vibrating, without the use of strings or membranes.
a. Afiw –Jaw Harp of the Bontoc

b. Agung - Bossed gong of the Maranao
c. Balingbing – Bamboo buzzer of the Kalingga
d. Bangibang – Percussion bar of the Ifugao
e. Gabbang – Bamboo xylophone of the Tausog
f. Kinaban – Jaw Harp of the Hanunoo
g. Kubing –Jaw Harp of the Ata and Maranao
h. Kulintang - Metal xylophone of the Maranao
i. Kumbing – Jaw Harp of the Manobo
j. Palipal – Bamboo clapper of the Ifugao
k. Tagutok – Decorated bamboo scraper of the Maranao
l. Tanggunggu – Gong chime of the Kalagan, B'laan, Manuvu, Bagobo
m. Tongkaling - Pellet bells or crotal bells of the B’laan
Membranophone. It refers to any musical instrument which produces sound by way of a

vibrating stretched membrane.Most membranophones are drums, such as:
a. Dabakan - Glass shaped drum of the Maranao

b. Gandang – Double headed cylindrical drum of the Maranao
c. Libbit – Conical drum of the Ifugao
d. Sulibao – Conical drum of the Ibaloy
Importance of Philippine Artistic Handicrafts
The Philippines is abundant in natural resources that scattered throughout its islands.
Filipino artist used the parts of trees, plants, and other natural resources as the raw materials
and turned them into simple, yet useful tools or instruments. This type of work is called
Artistic Handicrafts (sometimes called artisanry). Although this type of art changes from time
to time it is still imperative to continue and is preserve due to the following reasons:
1. It promotes our cultural legacy through the use of indigenous materials.

2. It shows an individual's creativity and superior ingenuity.
3. It encouraged producers to produce more raw materials.
4. It generates employment.
5. It developed values of perseverance and resiliency.
Common Handicraft Materials
Every Filipino family owns handicraft products like baskets, brooms, feather dusters, and
other furniture. Likewise, accessories like earrings, bracelets, necklaces, and other clothing
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Art Appreciation
apparel made from native products such as beads, shells, and seeds. These are clear
indications that our handicraft industry is enjoying the patronage of Filipinos.
Filipino handicraft makers fashion them into accessories, bags, bamboo sofa sets, baskets,
cabinets, clothes, lamp shades, wall décor, and others. The following are the typical materials
needed in the making of Filipino handicrafts:
a. Abaca (Musa Textilis) - It is a tree-like herb resembling the banana plant. It is durable
and dyed in different colors.
b. Bamboo (BambusaSpinosa) - It is for the furniture industry because of its strength and
durability. It is also valuable material for basket and hat making.
c. Buri (CoryphaElata)- It is a palm from which three kinds of fibers, namely buri, raffia,
and until, are taken. It can be dyed merely and woven into many shapes. The buri leaf
is the most flexible material used for making hats, boxes and other novelty items.
d. Caragumoy (Pandanus Simplex) - It is greenish grey as it dries and is used traditionally
in making bags, baskets, hats, and mats.
e. Coconut (CocosNucifera) - It is the most utilized palm in the Philippines. Its cocomidrib
is used primarily as handicraft material for the production of baskets, and brooms
(tingting). The coco shells are used for manufacturing articles such as buttons, coin
banks, lamp shades, pins, and others.
f. Kalas- It is a by-product of the buri palm. Locally, the term "kalas" (which means “to
loosen") refers to the loosened strands of a buri rope. It creates an unusual, rustic
pattern with distinct characteristics from its original material when artistically woven.
g. Leather- It is a material created through the tanning of skins of animals like carabaos,
horses, snakes, alligators, goats, lizards, and others.
h. Pandan-Dagat (PandanusTectorius) - It is a variety of screw pine abundantly distributed
along sandy beaches and coastal brushes in the Philippines.
i. Rattan (Calamus Maximus) - It is the most flexible material used in the manufacturing
industry and been known to extend up to hundreds of meters long.
j. Seagrass (RhynchosporaCorymbosa) – It is a type of grass in shallow salty and brackish
waters. The stems are distinctly triangular, and the leaves are broad and long.
Traditional Handiwork in the Philippines
The following are some handicrafts in the different regions of the Philippines:
1. Jewelry (Central Luzon, Southern Luzon, and Mindanao Regions). This handicraft is
mostly in Central Luzon region, mainly from the province of Bulacan. You can also find
related of this from Mindanao regions, but down south, you can even get powerful
brass amulets and other accessories.
2. Metal Craft (Southern Luzon and Mindanao Regions). This type of handicraft is in
Southern Luzon region, particularly in the province of Batangas. A very popular metal
craft which is locally and internationally as an excellent source for a portable knife is
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Art Appreciation
called Balisong. Traditional weapons made from brass, bronze, and gold, are also
abundant in the island of Mindanao.
3. Pots and Jars (Ilocos Region).The pots and jars known as burnay can found explicitly
in the province of Ilocos Sur. These creations are made from Grade A clay through a
method that has been practiced by locals since the pre-colonial times.
4. Woven fabrics (Mindanao Regions). These fabrics are woven traditionally, by
interlacing threads using a manual machine called a loom. One of the common
materials in this region is called malong which is historically used as a skirt and
sometimes as a blanket.
5. Wood Carvings (Cordillera and Southern Luzon Regions). Fantastic wood carvings
produced by the Ifugao in the northern region of the Cordilleras. Often, these wood
carvings are depicting their indigenous gods. Excellent kitchenware like wooden
bowls and utensils are in this region.
Philippine GAMABA Awards
Gawad sa Manlilikhang Bayan Awards or GAMABA is an award that recognizes folk and
indigenous artists who remain loyal to their traditions. This award is managed by the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) through Gawad ng Bayan
Committee. It began as a project of the Philippine Rotary Club Makati- Ayala but was
adopted by the Philippine government in 1992 and become an institution through a
Republic Act 7335.
This award aims to support and motivate these artists to preserve their artistic
heritage for the present and future generations. These artists are recognized as the
Country’s Intangible National Living Treasure.
To become a National Living Treasure, the candidate must have the following
qualifications:
1. Must be an occupant of an indigenous/traditional cultural community anywhere in the

Philippines that has preserved native customs, beliefs, rituals, and traditions and has
syncretized whatever external elements that have influenced it.
2. Must have involved in a folk art tradition that has been in existence and documented
for at least 50 years.
3. Must have consistently performed or produced over a significant period, works of
superior and distinctive quality.
4. Must acquire a mastery of tools and materials needed by the art, and must have an
established reputation in the art as master and maker of works of extraordinary
technical quality.
5. Must pass on and will pass on to other members of the community their talents in the
folk art for which their group is traditionally known.
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Art Appreciation
GAMABA Awardees and Nominees
1. Ginaw Bilog (1993).A native of Oriental Mindoro who faithfully helps preserved the
Hanunuo Mangyan script and their Ambahan poetry.
2. Masino Intaray (1993).A native of Palawan who exemplary shared his skills in basal or
gong music ensemble. He is a musician and epic chanter (Kulilal and Bagit).
3. Samaon Sulaiman (1993). A Maguindanao of Mama SaPano who showed outstanding
artistry and dedication to his chosen instrument, the Magindanao kutyapi.
4. Lang Dulay (1998). A T'boli of Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, for her skills in weaving the
abaca ikat cloth known as t'nalak.
5. Salinta Monon (1998). A Tagabawa-Bagobo of Bansalan, Davao del for fully
demonstrating her creative and expressive aspects of the Bagobo abaca ikat weaving
called inabal.
6. Alonzo Saclag (2000). A Kalinga of Lubuagan for his mastery of the Kalinga dance and
the performing arts.
7. Frederico Caballero (2000). A Panay-Bukidnon of Calinog, lloilo for his mastery of
chanting the epic tradition of Central Panay, the Sugidanon.
8. Uwang Ahadas (2000). A Yakan of Lamitan, Basilan for his dexterity in playing Yakan
musical instruments such as the agung, gabbang, tuntungan, and kwintangan.
9. Darhata Sawabi, (2005). A weaver of Parang, Sulu province for helping preserve the
art of “Pissyabit weaving.”
10. Eduardo Mutuc (2005). A Kapampangan from Central Luzon for reviving the metal or
smithcraft of Plateria which is in Spanish colonial era.
11. Haja Amina Appi (2005). A Sama of Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi, for sharing her skills in mat
weaving among the Sama indigenous community.
12. Teofilo Garcia (2012). A casque maker of San Quintin, Abra, Casquefor his skill making
Tabungaw.
13. Magdalena Gamayo (2012). A master weaver of Pinili, Ilocos Norte for his skill in
Weaving known as Inabel.
14. Yabing Masalon Dulo (2016). A master weaver of Polomolok, South Cotabato for his
contribution Ikat Weaving.
15. Ambalang Ausalin (2016). A Yakan master weaver of Lamitan, Basilan for Tennun
Weaving skills.
16. Estelita Tumandan Bantilan (2016). A B’laan master weaver of Malapatan, Sarangani
for preserving the Igem Weaving skills.
17. Whang-od (2017). A traditional tattoo artist (mambabatok) of Buscalan, Tinglayan,
Kalinga.
Other famous Filipino Artists and their Artwork
1. Ang Kiuko (Painting: The Crucifixion)

2. Diosdado Lorenzo (Painting: Still Life Paintings)
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Art Appreciation
3. Fernando Cueto Amorsolo (Painting: Portrait of Presidents- M.Quezon; M. Roxas; and
S. Ozmeña)
4. Guillermo Tolentino (Sculpture: Oblation and the Bonifacio Monument)
5. Hernando Ocampo (Painting: The Contrast)
6. Juan Luna (Painting: Spoliarium)
7. Napoleon Abueva (Sculpture: Allegorical Harpoon)
8. Solomon Saprid ( Sculpture: Tikbalang)
9. Victorio Edades (Painting: The Builders)
10. Vicente Rivera (Painting: Supplication)
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Art Appreciation
CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Essay:
1. How do you describe the Indigenous arts in the Philippines?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
2. What makes Filipino’s arts differs from other arts in the world?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
3. If you are a Filipino artist, what kind of arts you would like to develop? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
4. What is GAMABA Awards?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
5. Do you think that “Tattooing” as a form of art should be promoted? Why and why not?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
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Art Appreciation
Elements of Art: Visual, Auditory, Combined Arts/Performance Art:

Fusions, Overlapping, and Interrelated Elements
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
Identify the elements of art

Analyze the various elements present in visual
What is Element?
It is a particular part of something.
A part or aspect of something abstract, especially one that is essential or
characteristics.
-Merriam-Webster
Dictionary
The Elements of Visual Arts
1. Line
-Line is an important element at the disposal of every artist.
-Line always have direction
Two Classifications of Line
A. Straight Line – is the basic framework of many forms, but it lacks softness and flexibility
o Horizontal – are lines repose and serenity
o Vertical - are lines that denote action
o Diagonal – suggest action, life, and movement
B. Curved Line – suggest grace, subtleness, direction, instability, movement, flexibility, and
joyousness
Examples:
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Art Appreciation
Horizontal Vertical Diagonal Curved
2. Color
- Has the most aesthetic appeal of all the elements of visual arts
- Delight in color is a universal human characteristic
- Is a property of light
3 Dimensions of Color
A. Hue - is described with the words we normally think of as describing color: red, purple,
blue, etc.
B. Intensity – (also referred to as saturation or chroma) refers to the degree of purity of a
color.
C. Value – is the lightness or darkness of a hue and it is changed by adding black or white to a
color.
Examples:
Hue Intensity Value
3. Texture
- Is an element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. Also, it is best appreciated
when an object is touched with our hands.
- It is the perceived surface quality of a work of art.
- It is an element of two-dimensional and three-dimensional designs and is distinguished by its
perceived visual and physical properties.
Two Varieties of Texture:
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Art Appreciation
A. Physical Texture
B. Visual Texture
Examples:
Smooth Rough
4. Perspective
- From the Latin “perspicere” means to see through, deals with the effect of distance upon
the appearance of objects, by means of which the eye judges’ spatial relationships.
Two Kinds of Perspective
A. Linear Perspective – is the representation of an appearance of distance by means of

converging lines.
B. Aerial Perspective – is the representation of relative distances of objects by gradations of
tone and color.
Examples:
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Art Appreciation
Linear Perspective Aerial Perspective
5. Space
- Refers to distances or areas around, between or within components of a piece.
-Space can be positive (white or light) or negative (black or dark), open or closed, shallow or
deep and two-dimensional or three-dimensional.
- Sometimes space is not actually within a piece, but the illusion of it is.
Example:
6. Form
- Applies to the overall design of a work of art. It describes the structure or shape of an object.
- Directs the movement of the eyes.
- Since form consists of size and volume, it signifies visual weight.
Types of Form:
A. Regular Form- are those whose parts are related to one another in a consistent, orderly
manner.
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Art Appreciation
B. Irregular Form – are those whose parts are dissimilar and unrelated to one another.
C. Centralized Form – consist of several secondary forms clustered to produce a dominant,
central, and parent form.
D. Linear Form – are arranged sequentially in a row or a series of forms along a line.
E. Radial Form – compositions of linear form that extend outward from central form in a radial
form.
F. Grid Form – are modular forms whose relationships are regulated by three-dimensional
grid.
Examples:
Regular Forms Irregualr Forms
Centralized Forms Linear Forms
Radial Forms Grid Forms
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Art Appreciation
7. Volume
- Refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions.
- We perceive volume in two ways: by contour lines, outlines, or shapes of objects, and by
surface lights and shadows.
Example:
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Art Appreciation
The Elements of Performing Arts
Performing Arts – refers to forms of arts in which artists use their voices, bodies, or
inanimate objects to convey artistic expression. It is different from visual arts, which
is when artists use paint, canvas, or various materials to create physical or static object.
1. Music – is a vocal or instrumental sound (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of
form, harmony, and expression of emotion.
Elements in Music:
A. Rhythm – is the variation of length and accentuation of a series of sound. It is a larger

concept that includes the beat and everything that happens to sound in relation to time.
B. Melody – is associated mental motion sometimes called the memory element because it is
always remembered by listeners. It is an organize group of pitches strung out sequentially to
form a satisfying musical entity.
C. Pitch – indicates the highness or lowness of sound and is determined solely by the
frequency of molecular vibrations.
D. Harmony – refers to the manner of sound combination the sounding series or group of
tones at the same time or simultaneously.
E. Tempo – refers to the speed of a certain musical piece. It may be slow, quick, or moderate.
F. Dynamics – refers to the amount, strength, or volume of the sound. It may refer to the
loudness and softness of music.
G. Timbre – refers to tone quality. Helps differentiate one type of voice to another or
instrument from one another.
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Art Appreciation
2. Dance – is an art and a recreation. As an art, it tells a story, a set of mood or expresses an emotion.
Elements of Dance:
A. Theme – is the most basic element of a dance. It conveys the message of a dance.
B. Design – is the pattern of movement in time and space. Pattern in time refers to the
unaccented beats of movements into measures. Path in space refers to the path traced by the
dancer’s feet on the floor and the levels on which they move.
C. Movement – refers to the bodily actions of the dancer that includes his steps, gestures of
the arms, hands, and body and facial expressions.
D. Technique – is the skill of movement executed by the dancer.
E. Music – is the auditory background to which a dancer moves. A dance is always

accomplished by any form of music.
F. Costumes – are properties worn by the dancers that help reflect the message, customs,
beliefs, and setting of the dance.
G. Choreography – refers to the figures and steps in dancing that enable the dancers to
perform in an organized manner.
H. Scenery - refers to the background or setting where the dance is performed to make it
more realistic and interesting.
3. Literature – is one of the arts that expresses human feelings. It shows ideas or emotions through
symbolic presentation in the form of short story, poetry, drama or play, and essay, among others.
Types:
1. Short Story – is a brief work of literature, usually written in narrative prose.
2. Novel - is a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters, situations, and scenes that
represent real life.
3. Drama – comes from the Greek word ‘Dran” means “to do” or “to act”
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Art Appreciation
Types of Drama
o Comedy
o Tragedy
Elements of Literature:
A. Characters
B. Setting/Scenery
C. Theme
D. Plot – is the soul of drama
E. Points of view
F. Symbolism – is used in literature when one thing is meant to represent something else.
G. Irony – is a contrast among what seems and what is and could be.
H. Style
I. Conflict
J. Climax
K. Music and Spectacle
L. Costumes and Make-up
M. Dialogue
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Art Appreciation
Engage:
Activity 1
Individual Activities
A. Materials:
• Colored Magazines
• Sheets of Short White Paper
• Paste
• Scissors
• Colored Pens
• Folder
Instructions:
1. Cut out 7 pictures that depict every elements of visual arts.
2. Paste the pictures on the sheets of short white paper, and
3. Make a short description
Activity 2
B. Identify a song that is appropriate to the given feeling/situation in the first column.
Title/Singer Lines from the song that

explains your answer
Song that best describes

your personality
Song that best describes

the status of your life
Songs that strengthen you

despite the
problems/challenges in life
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Art Appreciation
Principles of Design
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Identify the principles of design and translate them in artwork
Principles of Design
Describes the ways an artist uses different elements of design in a composition.
Elements:
Balance
Rhythm
Emphasis
Contrast
Movement
Harmony
Proportion and Scale
1. Balance
- A sense of equilibrium.
- Balance is the concept of visual equilibrium and relates to our physical sense of
balance. It is reconciliation of opposing forces in a composition that results in
visual stability. Most successful compositions achieve balance in one of two ways:
symmetrically or asymmetrically.
✓ Symmetrical Balance – can be described as having equal weight on equal sides of a

centrally placed fulcrum. It may also be referred to as formal balance.
✓ Asymmetrical Balance – also called informal balance, is more complex and difficult to
achieve. It involves placement of objects of varying visual weight to balance one
another around a central point.
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Art Appreciation
2. Rhythm
- A visual tempo or beat. The principle of design that refers to a regular repetition of
elements of art to produce the look and feel of movement.
Types of Rhythm:
A. Rhythm by Repetition - rhythm created by duplicating (repeating) shapes, colors,
pattern, line, and texture.
B. Rhythm by Gradation – rhythm created by a gradual change in size and color.
C. Rhythm by Radiation – rhythm created by an identical object from a central axis.
D. Rhythm by Opposition – rhythm created direct placement of lines, shapes, or color
to create opposition through abrupt visual change.
E. Rhythm by Transition – rhythm created by curved lines that carry your eye across a
straight surface.
3. Emphasis
- Creates a focal point in a design composition; it is how we bring attention to what is
important in it.
How to create emphasis:

Make it bolder
Make it brighter
Change Style
Add special visual effects
Add a border or frame
Add more negative of positive space
Add shadow or lights
Change color
Change the position
Create focal points
4. Contrast
- is simply defined as difference. Difference between elements or subjects within a
work of art or composition.
5. Movement
- Is the visual flow of your design. It is the path that you intend your viewers eye to
follow.
- An artwork may incorporate actual motion; that is the artwork itself moves in some
way. Or it may incorporate the illusion of, or implied movement.
6. Harmony
- Harmony in visual design means all parts of the visual image relate to complement
each other.
- Harmony can be achieved through repetition of rhythm.
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Art Appreciation
Two types of Harmony:
A. Harmony by Unity - unity occurs when all the parts of design or composition are
related by one another.
B. Harmony by Variety – when multiple elements of design are used to add interest to
a design.
- Variety can be created using different elements and materials,
if they are compatible to each other.
7. Proportions and Scales

- Refers to the size of an object (a whole) in relationship to another object (another
whole).
- Relates to the actual and relative size and visual weight of the design and its
components.
Origins of Measurements:
Inch
Hand
Span
Yard
Cubit
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Art Appreciation
Engage:
Activity 1
Individual Activity
Materials:
• Colored Magazines
• Sheets of Short White Paper
• Paste
• Scissors
• Colored Pens
• Folder
Instructions:
1. Cut out different pictures that illustrate the 7 principles of design.
2. Paste the pictures on the sheets of short white paper, and
3. Make a short description.
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Art Appreciation
Art History
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Identify the underlying history and philosophy of an era or a

movement
Classify the various art movements by citing their defining
characteristics such as historical background, factors influential
figures, socio-political issues, and prevalent artists, art forms,
and mediums.
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Art Appreciation
1. Renaissance
- This movement began in Italy in the 14th century
- Renaissance literally means rebirth in French
- This art reflected to the classical time of Rome and Greece.
- Oil painting on canvass started
- Paintings took on three dimensions using shadow and light.
- Artists tried to show differences in proportions (meaning size and location of one thing
compared to another in the painting) of their subject matter.
Renaissance Artists:
❖ Leonardo Da Vinci
❖ Michelangelo
❖ Raphael
❖ Rembrandt
❖ Sandro Botticelli
❖ Donatello
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Art Appreciation
2. Impressionism
- A French 19th century art movement which marked a momentous break from tradition
in European painting.
- The Impressionists incorporated new scientific research into the physics of color to
achieve a more exact representation of color and tone.
- Impressionist art is a style in which the artist captures the image of an object as
someone would see it if they just caught a glimpse of it.
- They paint the pictures with a lot of color and most of their pictures are outside scenes.
Their pictures are very bright and vibrant.
Impressionists:
❖ Claude Monet
❖ Camille Pissarro
❖ Edgar Degas
❖ Edouard Manet
❖ Pierre Renoir
3. Post-Impressionism
- Post-impressionism extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations.
- Use vivid colors
- Thick application of paint
- Distinctive brush strokes
- Use real-life objects matter but were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms to
distort form for expressive effect.
- Use unnatural or arbitrary color (not realistic colors of the object).
Post-Impressionists:
❖ Vincent Van Gogh
❖ Paul Gauguin
❖ Paul Cezanne
❖ George Seurat
❖ Henri Rousseau
❖ Paul Signac
4. Fauvism
- Began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910.
- Fauves means “Wild Beasts” in French.
- Experimenting a new way of using pure, vivid colors.
- Go against the traditional art technique like Impressionism.
- Blocks and dashes of colors not seen in nature.
- Started with Henri Matisse and Andre Derain
Fauvism Artists:
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Art Appreciation
❖ Henri Matisse
❖ Andre Derain
❖ Maurice de Vlaminck
❖ Albert Marque
5. Expressionism
- Artistic style in the use of distortion and exaggeration for emotional effect.
- Expressionism is to express the artists’ own representation of his/her world.
- Use of intense color, short brushstrokes, distortion, exaggeration.
Expressionists:
❖ Edvard Munch
❖ Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
❖ Wassily Kandinsky
❖ Franz Marc
❖ Francis Bacon
❖ Affandi
6. Cubism
- The Cubism movement began in Paris around 1907.
- Led by Pablo Picasso and George Braque.
- Cubists broke from centuries of traditions in their paintings.
- In Cubist artwork, objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted
form.
Cubism:
❖ Pablo Picasso
❖ George Braque
❖ Malevich
❖ Leger
7. Dadaism
- Considered ant-art
- Rumored to be formed because of World War 1
- Rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, irrationality, and intuition.
Dadaism Artists:
❖ Marcel Duchamp
❖ Max Ernst
❖ De Chirico
❖ Frida Kahlo
8. Surrealism
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Art Appreciation
- The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected and absurd.
- Surrealism is a style in which fantastic visual imagery from the subconscious mind is
used with no intention of making the artwork logically comprehensible.
Surrealism Artists:
❖ Salvador Dali
❖ Rene Francois Magritte
9. Abstract
- Abstract art generally means art that does not depict objects in the natural world, but
instead uses color and form in a non-representational way.
Abstract Artists:
❖ Jackson Pollock
❖ Mark Rothko
❖ Piet Mondrian
❖ Willem de Kooning
10. Pop Art

- Popular Art movement used common everyday objects to portray elements of popular
culture, primarily images in advertising and television in the western countries.
- Originated in England in the 1950s and traveled overseas to the United States during
the 1960s.
- Reflecting the affluence in post-war society.
Pop Art:
❖ Andy Warhol
❖ Roy Lichtenstein
❖ Richard Hamilton
❖ Jasper Johns
❖ Keith Harrin
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Art Appreciation
GALLERY:
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Art Appreciation
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Art Appreciation
Engage:
Activity 1
Individual Activity:
Make a scrapbook indicating the Art History Timeline. Follow the format below:
• Title of the Artwork

• Photo of the Artwork
• Simple description of the Artwork
• Artist and Background
Project Evaluation:
• Accuracy 20%
• Justification 30%
• Creativity 30%
• Neatness 20%
• Total 100%
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Art Appreciation
Chapter 7
Photography
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the Chapter, the students should be able to:
1. recognize the history and importance of photography;

2. appreciate the “role of third” in photography;
3. discuss the types of photography;
4. demonstrate understanding of the essential components and features of a Camera;
and
5. display an ability to do photography
CARE TO SHARE
As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students the following
questions:
1. Why do people take photos?

2. Do you think Nude Photography as an art expression or a sensual expression? Why or
why not?
3. Do you think that a person must possess talent to capture emotion and expression in a
picture? Why or why not?
4. Do you believe in the expression “A photo is worth a thousand words? Why or why not?
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Art Appreciation
The Origin of Photography
he word photography is from two Greek words photos or phos, for “light” and
T graphe, for “lines” or “drawing.” Therefore, Photography is described as the art in

creating or drawing durable images by recording light using either photographic
film or image sensor (Spencer, 1973). It was first coined by Sir John Herschel in a
lecture before the Royal Society of London, on March 14, 1839. It has become a powerful
means of communication and a mode of visual expression that touches human life in many
ways (Eder, 1945).
Importance of Photography
We have always wanted to reproduce the world around us, beginning with cave drawings
to painting on canvas and eventually leading to the invention of photography. Our
photographs share so much about who we are as individuals. It tells what we find beautiful,
fascinating, funny, delicious, meaningful, inspiring. It allows us to showcase our style,
interests, relationships, and adventures, to mark the passage of time. Photography has been
used in advertising, books, magazines, newspapers, television, and in research to convey
information and advertise products and services.
The Digital Era of Photography
Until the present times, photography was quite a problematic type of art to maintain. One
may have cameras with different lenses, manual focus, and complicated settings. However,
with the advent of digital cameras, all this complexity vanished. Digital cameras have a
different way of saving images. Instead of using film, it uses a sensor in to save images onto a
digital memory card or internal storage ((Tolmachev, 2010; Ma, 2017).
Digital photography is the art of manipulating and producing digital pictures. It uses
electronic photodetectors to capture the image focused by the lens. The captured image is
stored as a computer file ready for digital processing, viewing, and publishing.
The technique in photography originated during early-to-mid 1600s. It started from the
camera’s predecessor known as the camera obscura (a Latin word which means “dark room”).
It was a box wherein when the light went through the pinhole it formed an image on the glass.
The famous artists of the Renaissance who use the obscura were Leonardo da Vinci and
Michael Angelo.
In the 1820s, Joseph Niepce, a French scientist improve the lithography, a method of
printing technique which is based initially on the immiscibility of oil and water. Joseph
discovered a way to copy engravings onto glass using a variety of materials (mainly bitumen,
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Art Appreciation
a light-reacting asphalt). When light shined through the paper, it burned an image into dark
bitumen, which created an almost identical image from the original.
In the year 1900, photography became available to everybody. Its fame started with
George Eastman, who was the founder of the Eastman Kodak Company.The first camera open
to the public was the Kodak no 1.
On October 17, 1969, Willard Boyle and George Smith of Bell Laboratories invented the
Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), a type of sensor that is used to capture an image by taking the
light and translating it into digital data.
In December 1975, the first recorded attempt in the building of a prototype digital camera
was made by Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak. This camera weighed 9 pounds
and can record black and white images to a cassette tape. To view the photos, the Kodak
engineers had to develop a unique screen. It was able to capture a .01 megapixel image
(10,000 pixels) and took 23 seconds to record a copy to the tape.
In 1988, the first real digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was
produced by the Fuji DS-1P. During this year, the first JPEG and MPEG standards were fixed.
These standards set in place a universal format which allowed images (JPEG) and video
(MPEG) to stored in a compressed form which can be recorded to a 16 MB internal memory
card.
In 1990, Dycam Model became the first commercially available digital camera. It also sold
the Logitech Fotoman. It used a CCD (Charge Couple Device) image sensor, stored pictures
digitally, and connected directly to a computer for download (Said, 1990).
Rule of Thirds Composition
One of the main factors that differentiate a great photograph from an ordinary one is
composition, or how are objects/ subjects placed in the shot. The Rule of Thirds is a great
compositional technique for making photos more dynamic and exciting. It is also a
compositional rule for painting and photography.
The Rule of Thirds is also known as the guideline which applies to the process of
composing visual images like in painting, designs, and photographs (Meech, 1991). The
instruction proposes that the picture is visualized as divided into nine equal parts by two
equally-spaced horizontal lines and two equally-spaced vertical lines, and those essential
compositional elements should place along these lines. Proponents of the method claim that
aligning a subject with these points create more composition, energy, and tension (Peterson,
2003).
The Rule of Thirds asserts that an image is most pleasing when its subjects poised along
imaginary lines which divide vertically and horizontally the image into thirds. It is applied by
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Art Appreciation
aligning a subject with the guidelines and their intersection points, placing the horizon on the
top or bottom line (Krages, 2005).
Likewise, using the Rule of Thirds helps produce nicely balanced easy on the eye pictures.
Also, as you have to arrange things relative to the edges of the frame, it helps get rid of small
subject surrounded by vast space’ syndrome.
Types of Photography
Photography is one of the best favorite pastimes that many of us craved. A photograph is
definitely worth a thousand words and has the power to convey a whole new meaning of a
particular condition. Different pictures are made to share its unique characteristics of
selectivity, instantaneity, and Credibility (Barrett, 2007). There are several types of
photography and thus, several kinds of photographers. The different types of photography
require various techniques, and types of photographer use their talent in their meticulous
field of expertise. The following are some standard photography styles that enjoy a prominent
position in the creative world.
Aerial Photography- It refers to the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated
position. It is acquired through the use of a specialized camera mounted such as fixed-wing
aircraft, helicopters, drones, balloons, kites, parachutes, etc.
Astrophotography- It focuses entirely on taking images from space. This type could vary
from the planets to the stars or any other exciting configurations.
Commercial Photography- It is a photographic work done for commercial purposes, such

as corporate brochures and leaflets, menus in cafes and restaurants, magazine advertising,
merchandising, and product placement. It has various types such as:
a. Advertising photography- This type of photography is used to highlight a product,

service, brand or an individual, in print advertising (such as magazines, newspapers,
leaflet, etc).
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Art Appreciation
b. Architecture and interior photography- This photography is used in capturing images of
structures and beauty of an interior space in which photographers use lightning
techniques to attract clients.
c. Automotive photography- This photography is utilized by car or automobile companies
and dealerships to promote brand new or existing cars, driving awareness about a
car’s features and benefits to potential clientele.
d. Food photography- This photography is a specialized category of commercial
photography which is used to capture the pictures of various cuisines and menus in an
attractive style.
e. Jewellery photographs- This photography is used in highlighting beautiful images of
bracelets, necklace, ring, and other jewellery items.
f. Journalism photography- This photography is the art of taking photographs which are
considered as attractive and goes along with news topics, to substantiate the news
story or report.
g. Product photography- This photography is used in capturing excellent images to
attractively represents a product in advertising. It sometimes includes people as part
of the product. It attracts people to see someone they know or a face that is likable to
a product.
h. Sports photography- It is a type of photography which is utilized to write sports news,
using excellent cameras that take sharp pictures of players in action.
Fine Art Photography- It refers to highly creative images that have an abstract influence.
These photographs can be equal to an artist’s expression on painting.
Forensic Photography- It is also known as crime scene photography wherein the work of
the photographer is mainly to capture images for an accurate representation of the scene of
the crime.
Headshot Photography- This type of photography focuses mainly on the person’s face.
This is also known as mug shots.
Macro Photography- This type of photography is about close-up images of a specific topic.
It is commonly applied mainly to capture details of organisms or nature that may not be visible
to the naked eye.
Nature Photography- It encompasses all forms of photography where the main subject
has something to do with nature. It focuses on landscapes, wildlife, underwater, and plants
life as they are in their natural environment.
Nude Photography- It is about the portrayal of the human body in the naked form.
Portrait Photography- It is all about capturing the mood of a person, with an emphasis on
the face and expression of a person.
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Art Appreciation
Still Life Photography- It is all about capturing objects on camera that are deliberately
grouped to create a particular composition. This requires the photographer to have an
excellent lighting technique.
Street Photography- It is all about capturing candid images of public places or even people
in their natural element. It requires the photographer the skill to mingle with people and
achieve the best frames.
Travel Photography- It involves capturing images of a particular landscape, traditions, and

customs or even people from different places.
Essential Components and Features of a Camera
Cameras are beneficial devices and used for the sole purpose of capturing still images, may
it be for leisure or security. Any and every camera has some fundamental parts which are very
crucial for its functioning (Dachis, 2001). Some essential components and features of a camera
are as follow:
1. Aperture- It is an opening in which light travels through and can be adjusted to control
the amount of light that reached the image sensor.
2. Built-in Flash- It is used to capture a shot of dimly-lit views. It may automatically fired
in some modes.
3. Body. It is the housing for the camera.
4. Focus Point Selection Button- It is used to select the position to set the focus (the AF
point) during AF shooting.
5. Hot Shoe- It is the section of the top of the camera and used to attach a flash unit.
6. Lens- It is the eye of the camera.
7. Lens Mount- It is the section for connecting the exchangeable lens to the camera body.
8. Lens Mount Index- It is an align mark on the lens and serves as a basis when you are
attaching or detaching a lens.
9. Lens Release Button- It is a button used when you want to disconnect the lens.
10. Live View Shooting (Movie Shooting Switch) - It is used to turn on or turn off the Live
View function.
11. MENU Button- It is used to display the menu for adjusting the different camera
operations.
12. Multi-Controller Key- It is used to move between the menu items or to move the
magnified display to a different point during image playback.
13. Self-Timer- It is used to delay the time between pressing the shutter button and the
camera taking the subject.
14. Shutter Release Button-It is the button found on many cameras used to take photos.
15. Shutter Speed- It indicates the time interval during which the shutter is open.
16. Viewfinder Eyepiece- It is used to view the image of the subject you want to capture.s
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Art Appreciation
Class Activities
a. Rule of the Thirds
An image could be divided equally by two vertical and two horizontal lines. In general, the
four interactions of these lines will be the most exciting place for the primary subject/s. The
four lines and their intersections are the points of interest, and this is where you should place
your subject to create more balance in your photos.
Apply the rule of the Thirds in these pictures below by putting the grid lines on them with
emphasis on the subjects. (Photo Credit: the author owns all photos below)
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Art Appreciation
B. Photo Essay
Let the students create a photo essay that tells a significant story about the student’s life
represented by photographs they took in their house, backyard, or barangay. The article must
have a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 10 pictures that should mount on illustration board.
The students will write captions for each photo.
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Art Appreciation
CHAPTER TEST
Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________
Time Schedule: ______________________________
Picture Analysis: Look at the picture carefully. Make your title of this and explain your
reflection about it. (Photo Credit: The author owns the picture below).
Title: ________________________________________________________________________
Reflection:
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________
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Art Appreciation
References:
Art Appreciation for the New General Education Curriculum
Art History
https://www2.slideshare.net/pixelpencil51/79uropean-art-history?qid=116fb3bd-12b4-4289-bf92-
82e3571bb47e&v=&b=&from_search=8
Elements of Art
https://www.slideshare.net/clxrisse/the-elements-of-visual-arts-and-performing-arts-51686050
Principle of Design
Presentation by Professor Ar Shakti Nanda @ SRISRI RAVISHANKAR UNIVERSITY, ODISHA
https://www.slideshare.net/shaktinanda/principles-of-design-56175885
Subject and Content

https://www.slideshare.net/janril/subject-and-content-of-arts
Visual Arts
https://www.slideshare.net/Debee70/visual-arts-slideshow-pdf-version
79

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City College of San Jose del Monte

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HUMANITIES and ART

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. understand the importance of Humanities and Art Appreciation in every individual’s

Likewise, Humanities is more concerned on how a person expresses his/her feelings.

As a branch of knowledge, Humanities explores on human conditions through the use of

Description of Art Appreciation

From the very

5. Historical Functions- Art is an essential technique for information to be recorded and

6. Cultural Functions- Art is an articulation and transmission of new information and

2. Provide Decoration- Artworks are used to create a pleasing environment. It is intended

These arts are those forms

These arts are those forms in which

These arts centered on creative

The Value of Arts in the Educational System

Cebu Pacific- “It’s time every Juan flies.”

Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Essay: Answer the following questions below briefly but precisely.

1. If you were an artist, what art would you make?

2. What is the importance of Humanities as a science of Art?

Aesthetic Arts and Crafts

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. explain the difference between aesthetic arts and crafts;

1. What is the relationship between Art and Crafts?

The Difference between Aesthetic Arts and Crafts

William Morris who was born on March 24, 1834, in Walthamstow,

Types of Arts and Crafts

1. Carpentry-It is a skilled trade in the cutting, shaping, and installation of building

1. Jewelry- It is a form of personal adornments, such as brooches, rings, necklaces,

1. Bookbinding- It is the process of physically assembling a book from some folded or

Principles of Understanding Artistic Design and Composition

Motivated Functions of Art

a. Talent Show (Limited performances online)

Guide questions for discussion and sharing:

1. How did it feel to perform online? What went well?

Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Essay: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Do all arts express beauty? Justify your answer.

4. Do we need to attend formal schooling in order to become a professional artist? Why or

Art Contents, Forms, and

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. understand the meaning of ‘content’ in art.

What made you notice an artwork?

I allowing the viewer to comprehend more easily what he sees.

These clues are the three basic components of a work of art:

(Despite not knowing Mona Lisa is, it is clear

-Only the upper torso is shown.

For non-representational art, a higher, level of perceptiveness and insight might be

The meaning or message that is expressed or communicated by the artwork. In

2. Conventional Meaning- It pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork

The Western Art History

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. describe the history of Art in Prehistoric Civilization;

Art in Prehistoric Civilization

The oldest European cave art is the El Castillo Cave

Stone Tools for Art Making

Stone is formed based on the composition of minerals on it. It classified as Mineral

Medieval Arts in Europe

Famous Artists in Western Europe

Most Common Paintings in Classical Greek

a. Kerch Vase Painting

Name: _____________________ Score:

Name: _____________________ Score:

Name: _____________________ Score:

Name: _____________________ Score:

Name: _____________________ Score: