Electrodynamic Withstand and Effects of Short-Circuit Currents
Electrodynamic Withstand and Effects of Short-Circuit Currents
Electrodynamic Withstand and Effects of Short-Circuit Currents
1051/e3sconf/202338401001
RSES 2022
Abstract. The analysis of simplified expressions allows us to estimate the electrodynamic effects of
short-circuit currents on the main elements of a power electrical station and substation, which include
busbars, high voltage circuit-breakers, disconnectors, electrical machines and transformers. Examples of
calculations of magnetic field induction, mechanical forces and pressures that determine the
electrodynamic withstand of electrical equipment are given. Simplified qualitative calculations allow us to
assess the impact of key parameters on the selection of appropriate elements and the possible range of
their changes during the design, operation and modernization at the preliminary design stage.
1 Introduction
The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents (SC)
determine the resistance of electrical equipment to
electrodynamic influences. The power electrical circuit Fig. 1. Block diagram of the connections of power elements
of electric power station and substation contains at electric power station or substation.
electrical machines (EM) in the form of a generator or
motor, a busbar, high voltage circuit-breakers (CB) and 2 BUSBAR
a disconnector, a power transformer and an overhead
transmission line or cable line. Transient processes in When calculating the strength of execution and
these elements are quite widely described in the termination on busbar insulators (W), in accordance
literature, for example, in [1, 2] for EM, in [3,4] for with Ampère's law, the magnetic induction B is
power transformer, and the calculated modes of determined by the formula
switching on and short-circuit are given in [5,6]. B = µ0I / 2πd, (1)
Currently, there is a modernization and where µ0 = 4π×10-7 H/m, I, d are respectively the
improvement of electrical equipment to improve amplitude of the current and the distance between the
energy efficiency through the use of new designs, busbars, l is the length of the busbar.
technologies and materials [6 - 8]. In the case of the opposite direction of current I in two
Despite the availability of digital programs for parallel busbar trunkings of length l , repulsive forces F
calculating overcurrents and mechanical effects, for arise, which are equal to
example, EMTP, ETAP, REST, ELAX - 2D, F=2×10-7× I2× l/d (2)
ELINDST 2.0, etc., there is a need to conduct high- Figure 2a shows the arrangement of 2 parallel busbars,
quality calculations of the rigidity and stability of and fig. 2b shows the vectors of currents I, magnetic
transformer windings during short-circuit: calculation inductions B, and repulsive forces F.
of the magnetic field, strength of winding conductors
during bending by axial and radial forces, axial
vibrations of transformer windings, allowable electric
field strengths of oil barrier insulation, value of
insulation safety factors.
Block diagram of the connections of power
elements at electric power station or substation shows
on fig. 1, where they are indicated: EM - electric
machine, busbar, CB - high voltage circuit-breaker and
D - disconnector, T - power transformer, L - overhead
transmission (cable) line.
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 384, 01001 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401001
RSES 2022
3 Circuit-breaker (disconnector).
The equivalent circuit of the circuit breaker and
disconnector (CB and D, respectively) is shown in Fig.
3,a. Due to the flow of current I in opposite directions
of the horizontal branches, repulsive forces F arise
between them. The same force causes the knives CB
and D to separate from the traverse. Figure 3 shows the
directions of the forces of interaction F in the circuit Fig. 4. Layout of conductors in a single-layer winding of
breaker and disconnector along the gap x of length d, electric machine (a), vectors of induction B, force F and
the radius of the conductors and connections is r. linear current density A (b, c).
2
E3S Web of Conferences 384, 01001 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401001
RSES 2022
3
E3S Web of Conferences 384, 01001 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401001
RSES 2022
⋅ ⁄
𝐹 (14)
4
E3S Web of Conferences 384, 01001 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401001
RSES 2022
Where 𝛿 / 𝛿 , this is the maximum width of Example 4. Setting for a powerful transformer by (4)
with a normal linear current density A=75000 A/m and
the main leakage channel.
a short-circuit current equal to 20 Inom. (nominal
current), the radial force is equal to pr= 10-
8 Elliptical deformation of winding. 7×4π×(75000×20)2 =28260 N/m2
Example 5. For a power transformer with a power
Here we study the case where one or more winding of 30,000 kVA, we take the following values (4):
segments have been slightly deformed from the ideal a=1.25 m, b=0.04 m, c=1.3 m, d=0.1 m, A=75000
circular form to an elliptic form [by 11] (Fig. 10). A/m, Ik=20×Inom., value of ln(a/b ×d/c) is 0.875. Then
the axial force will be
pa = 4×10-7×(75000 ×20)2 ×0.875 = 8000 N/m2 or
8 kg/cm2
As a result, the axial force is 4 times lower than the
radial force. Axial forces from winding layers add up
to the middle of the winding and can reach hundreds of
tons. As long as the ratios a/b and c/d are almost equal,
the axial forces remain acceptable. If the ends of one
winding protrude relative to each other, then logarithm
ln of these ratios increases sharply, and with it the axial
force increases sharply.
It is also possible the occurrence of tangential
winding twisting forces under the action of axial
forces, which are much greater in the LV winding than
in the HV. At a 500 kV substation, the autotransformer
Fig. 10. Elliptical deformation. 250 MVA/500 kV/110 kV was disconnected from the
action of gas protection. There were deformations of
To the first order of approximation in the small the HV winding with twisting and lodging of the turns
parameter 𝜀/R, we obtain the following radial on the edge under the action of tangential forces (Fig.
deformation 𝛿 𝑟, 𝜑 of the elliptic winding compared 11) [6-8].
to the unperturbed circular winding:
𝛿 𝑟, 𝜑 𝛿 𝜑 𝑟 𝑅 𝜀 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜑 (19)
where R - the radius of the undeformed winding, r -
the curve describing the elliptical deformation, 𝜀=R-
r(90°).
For small values of the ratio ε / R, the condition of
maintaining the length of the coil before and after
deformation is satisfied:
𝑙 2𝜋𝑅 1 𝜀 / 4𝑅 2𝜋𝑅 (20)
Substituting the equation of elliptic deformation
into the force formula for radial deformation, we get:
𝐹 𝜇 𝐼 𝜔 𝜌 𝜋 𝐷 𝜀 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜑 /2ℎ
(21)
The whole refinement of the formula for radial Fig. 11. Residual deformations of the HV winding of
forces is reduced to the fact that the distance D12 250 MVA/500 kV/110 kV autotransformer with twisting of
changes, which is the middle between the primary and the winding and lodging of the turns on the edge.
secondary windings. Initially, we assume that only one
of the windings is deformed, and then the formula
correctly reflects the processes occurring in the 10 220 kV SF6 power transformer.
transformer winding. In the literature about the second
220 kV SF6 power transformer, produced by Russian
winding in the elliptical deformation is not mentioned.
Federation manufacturer, with a capacity of 63 MVA is
The second assumption with elliptical deformation
a group of three single-phase 220 kV transformers with
is that we mean that the ellipse is as the y axis
SF6 insulation and cooling for normal operation,
perpendicular to the tank wall, but this may not be the
outdoor installation and at an underground substation is
case and will have to enter another angle into the
showed at fig. 12.
equation. But this is a topic for further research.
The design of the main units is determined: the
core, the LV, HV and regulating windings, the LV, HV
9 Residual deformations with twisting and regulating taps, the active part, the transformer
of the winding and lodging of the turns tank and the on-load tap-changer.
The following calculations were carried out:
on the edge. electromagnetic calculation, insulation calculation,
calculation of the electrodynamic withstand of
5
E3S Web of Conferences 384, 01001 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401001
RSES 2022
References
1. R. Ryudenberg, Transient processes in electric
power systems, Moscow,712 p. (1955)
2. Power transformers. Reference book / Edited by
S. D. Lizunov, A. K. Lokhanin. Moscow:
Energoizdat, 616 p. (2004)
3. S. I. Lur'e Stability of transformers during short
circuit. Moscow: Znak, 520 p. (2005)
4. R. N. Shulga, Turn-on currents, short-circuit
currents of transformers and synchronous
generators, Energoekspert No. 2, pp. 44-48.
(2021)
5. S.B. Vasyutinskiy, Calculation and design of
transformers. Leningrad: LPI (1976)
6. A.Yu. Khrennikov, High-voltage equipment in
electrical systems: diagnostics, defects,
damageability, monitoring: textbook, Moscow:
INFRA-M, 186 p. (2019)