Dr.

Richard Bartlett: Evidence Budesonide Is Safe, Effective Early and

Late Treatment for COVID-19

I. Dr. Bartlett’s Published Protocol in Globaljournals.org

II. U.K. STOIC Trial
III. U.K. PRINCIPLE Trial
IV. Brazil TOGETHER Trial
V. Saudi Journal of Anesthesia Study
VI. WHO Lists Budesonide as Essential Medicine
VII. U.K. Department of Health Recommends Budesonide for Adults 50 or Over
VIII. Australia Recommends Budesonide for Adults with COVID-19
IX. India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Recommends Budesonide for Adults with COVID-
19
X. Antiviral Effect of Budesonide Against COVID-19
XI. FDA Rules Prohibit Agency from Granting Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for
Experimental COVID-19 Vaccines Because Budesonide Works

I. Dr. Bartlett’s Published Protocol in Globaljournals.org

A 2020 publication1 in Global Journal of Science Frontier Research titled “SARS-Cov-2 and the Case for Empirical
Treatment” written by Doctors Richard Bartlett and Alexandria Watkins represented an “outpatient case study that examines
two patients in the United States with unique cases that involve oncology and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV- 2), also known as COVID-19.” The study “affirmed that an empirical treatment protocol with
nebulized budesonide and the efficacy of treating symptomatic patients earlier rather than later has significant implications.”
The treatment plan even became “more effective by increasing the dosage and frequency of nebulized budesonide,”
according to the authors. A successful empirical treatment plan2 included 0.5mg of nebulized budesonide “twice daily” and
“clarithromycin (Biaxin) 500mg tab twice daily for ten days, Zinc 50mg tab twice daily, and aspirin 81mg tab daily.”
Bartlett’s paper noted that there is a “decreased risk of pneumonia in COPD patients who use nebulized budesonide.”
“Secondary bacterial infection of the lung (pneumonia) was extremely common in patients with COVID-19,” according to a
report from Northwestern Medicine, 3 citing data from an April 2023 study in The Journal of Clinical Investigation.4

II. U.K. STOIC Trial

A July 2021 publication5 in peer-reviewed medical journal The Lancet Respiratory Medicine “tested if inhaled
glucocorticoids would be an effective treatment for early COVID-19.” The study authors from Oxford University found that
“[e]arly administration of inhaled budesonide reduced the likelihood of needing urgent medical care and reduced time to

1
Richard P. Bartlett and Alexandria Watkins, “SARS-Cov-2 and the Case for Empirical Treatment,” Global Journal
of Science Frontier Research, July 2020, https://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/view/2773.
2
Patients radically recovered: EXHIBIT A: Witness #1 Richard Jones and #2 Witness Brenda Jones; EXHIBIT B:
Witness # 1 Daniel Cobarrubio (w/medical records) and #2 Anita Cobarrubio (American Faith coverage of Daniel’s story).
3
Marla Paul, “Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia Drove Many COVID-19 Deaths,” Northwestern Medicine, May
2023, https://news.feinberg.northwestern.edu/2023/05/05/secondary-bacterial-pneumonia-drove-many-covid-19-
deaths/#:~:text=By%20applying%20machine%20learning%20to%20medical%20record%20data%2C,results%20published%
20in%20the%20Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Investigation.
4
Catherine A. Gao et al, “Machine learning links unresolving secondary pneumonia to mortality in patients with
severe pneumonia, including COVID-19,” The Journal of Clinical Investigations, April 2023,
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/170682.
5
Sanjay Ramakrishnan et al., “Inhaled budesonide in the treatment of early COVID-19 (STOIC): a phase 2, open-
label, randomised controlled trial,” The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, July 2021,
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(21)00160-0/fulltext#%20.

1
recovery after early COVID-19.” The study represented an “open-label, parallel-group, phase 2, randomised controlled trial.”
It concluded that “inhaled budesonide, when given to adults with early COVID-19, reduced the likelihood of requiring urgent
care, emergency department consultation, or hospitalisation.” Budesonide administration allowed for “a quicker resolution of
fever, a known poor prognostic marker in COVID-19.” The authors also revealed that “[s]elf-reported and questionnaire-
reported symptom resolution was faster.” Moreover, there were “fewer participants with persistent COVID-19 symptoms at
days 14 and 28 after budesonide therapy compared with usual care.” The author’s believe their study represents “the first
interventional trial to study the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in early COVID-19 illness.” This STOIC trial “potentially
provides the first easily accessible effective intervention in early COVID-19,” according to the researchers. “By assessing
health-care resource use, the study provides an exciting option to help with the worldwide pressure on health-care systems
due to the COVID-19 pandemic,” they write. “Data from this study also suggest a potentially effective treatment to prevent
the long-term morbidity from persistent COVID-19 symptoms.”
A February 2021 University of Oxford publication6 titled “Common asthma treatment reduces need for
hospitalisation in COVID-19 patients, study suggests” confirmed that the Lancet’s STOIC trial did find that early treatment
with budesonide “appears to significantly reduce the need for urgent care and hospitalisation in people with COVID-19” and
“reduced recovery time.” Inhaled budesonide “reduced the relative risk of requiring urgent care or hospitalisation by 90% in
the 28-day study period,” Oxford states. Participants taking budesonide “also had a quicker resolution of fever, symptoms
and fewer persistent symptoms after 28 days.” Oxford referenced Professor Mona Bafadhel of the University’s Nuffield
Department of Medicine, who said she was “heartened that a relatively safe, widely available and well studied medicine such
as an inhaled steroid could have an impact on the pressures we are experiencing during the pandemic.” Bafadhel, a
Respiratory Consultant also working at the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, commented on budesonide’s
ability to reduce persistent COVID symptoms, calling it “an important finding.” “I am encouraged to see the reduction in
persistent symptoms at 14 and 28 days after treatment with budesonide. Persistent symptoms after the initial COVID-19
illness have emerged as a long-term problem. Any intervention which could address this would be a major step forward,” she
stated.

III. U.K. PRINCIPLE Trial

An August 2021 publication7 in The Lancet titled “Inhaled budesonide for COVID-19 in people at high risk of
complications in the community in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial,”
based on Oxford University’s8 ‘Platform Randomised Trial of Interventions against COVID-19 in Older People’ aimed to
“establish whether inhaled budesonide reduces time to recovery and COVID-19-related hospital admissions or deaths among
people at high risk of complications in the community.” This PRINCIPLE test represented a “multicentre, open-label, multi-
arm, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial done remotely from a central trial site and at primary care centres in the
UK,” according to the authors. Budesonide conferred “a benefit in time to first self-reported recovery” and lessened “hospital
admission or death outcome.” The authors conclude, “Inhaled budesonide improves time to recovery, with a chance of also
reducing hospital admissions or deaths … in people with COVID-19 in the community who are at higher risk of
complications.” While the authors noted that results pertaining to hospitalization and death “did not meet the superiority
threshold,” they clarified that “this might have been due to the rapid decrease in rate of hospital admissions or deaths in
March and April, 2021, in the UK, because of the vaccination programme and lockdown measures.” They went on to
emphasize, “Overall, the consistency of these findings across both primary and secondary endpoints provides the strongest
evidence thus far of an effective, safe, cheap, and readily available treatment for COVID-19 in the community.” This
PRINCIPLE trial “is the largest randomised trial thus far to assess inhaled budesonide for community treatment of COVID-
19.” It confirmed that “inhaled budesonide reduced COVID-19-related emergency assessments or hospital admissions,
compared with usual care, and self-reported recovery favoured budesonide by 1 day.” The study authors also affirmed that
“[s]everal randomised trials have shown that systemic corticosteroids reduce mortality among people admitted to hospital
with COVID-19, with the RECOVERY trial finding greatest benefit in mechanically ventilated patients.” The PRINCIPLE

6
“Common asthma treatment reduces need for hospitalisation in COVID-19 patients, study suggests,” University of
Oxford, February 2021, https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-02-09-common-asthma-treatment-reduces-need-hospitalisation-
covid-19-patients-study.
7
Ly-Mee Yu, “Inhaled budesonide for COVID-19 in people at high risk of complications in the community in the
UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial,” The Lancet, August 2021,
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01744-X/fulltext.
8
“Asthma drug budesonide shortens recovery time in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19,” University of
Oxford, April 2021, https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-04-12-asthma-drug-budesonide-shortens-recovery-time-non-
hospitalised-patients-covid-19.

2
trial “has provided evidence of a safe and cheap community treatment for COVID-19 that reduces symptom burden and
enhances sustained recovery over 28 days, with a high probability of also reducing the need for hospital admission.” Inhaled
budesonide “is available in many primary care settings and is included in the WHO list of essential medicines,” the authors
highlighted (SEE VI). “Our study provides evidence that inhaled budesonide is an effective and safe treatment for people
with COVID-19 in the community who are at increased risk of adverse outcomes.”
An August 2021 commentary published9 in Annals of Medicine & Surgery titled “Budesonide: A promising
candidate therapeutic for early COVID-19” cited the above Lancet study, noting its “promising results of budesonide in
treating patients with mild COVID-19 infection.” The authors underscored how “patients taking inhaled budesonide had a
faster COVID-19 recovery time by 3 days than patients who received only usual care along with lower hospitalizations in the
budesonide group than the usual care group.” They referenced the U.K. government’s conclusion that budesonide “can be
considered (off label) on a case-by-case basis for symptomatic covid-19 positive patients aged 65 and over, or aged 50 or
over with co-morbidities” (SEE VII). The authors state budesonide is a “a potent topical anti-inflammatory agent” in that it
effectively translocates into the cell nucleus, prevents the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, increases the expression of
anti-inflammatory genes, and “inhibits the eosinophil activation by increasing apoptosis and suppresses the activation of
various inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells.” Budesonide
administration therefore “leads to reduced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity resulting into inhibition of the
bronchospasm and subsequently wheezing and coughing,” according to the authors. They conclude that inhaled budesonide
“is a simple, safe, very well studied, widely available, and inexpensive corticosteroid which may prove crucial for mild
COVID-19 cases.” Budesonide “could give healthcare workers more options in treating COVID-19 patients, especially as it
is readily available in most of the primary healthcare settings and is listed as Essential Medicine in the World Health
Organization's List of Essential Medicines,” they conclude, and “can be used with ease even in comorbid, unwell, and
potentially frail older patients.”
An April 2021 publication10 in The British Medical Journal (BMJ) titled “Covid-19: Budesonide shortens recovery
time in patients not admitted to hospital, study finds” also recognized Oxford’s findings published in the Lancet, affirming
that budesonide “can shorten the time it takes for people not admitted to hospital to recover from covid-19 by three days.”
The BMJ piece emphasized how those treated with budesonide “also reported greater wellbeing after two weeks.” Less of
those treated with budesonide “were admitted to hospital” than those who did not. The author for BMJ cited Fiona Watt,
Executive Chair of the Medical Research Council, who said that “researchers involved in the Principle trial have overcome
considerable logistical hurdles to set up a world leading rigorous drug trial in people’s homes.” Watt added, “We are now
rewarded with the first inexpensive and widely available drug that can shorten recovery times for covid-19 patients in the
community.” The author also cited Joint Chief Investigator Chris Butler, a south Wales GP and Professor of Primary Care
from the University of Oxford, who said, “We therefore anticipate that medical practitioners around the world caring for
people with covid-19 in the community may wish to consider this evidence when making treatment decisions.”
The Lancet PRINCIPLE study authors published11 “Inhaled Budesonide for COVID-19 in People at Higher Risk of
Complications in the Community: The UK National Community Randomi” in Annals of Family Medicine in January 2023. In
that publication, they confirm that inhaled budesonide (800μg twice daily for 14 days) led to “shorter” time to first self-
reported recovery compared to usual care and less hospitalizations and deaths compared to usual care.

IV. Brazil TOGETHER Trial

A May 2023 publication12 in Annals of Internal Medicine titled “Oral Fluvoxamine With Inhaled Budesonide for
Treatment of Early-Onset COVID-19” set out to “determine whether the combination of fluvoxamine and inhaled budesonide
would increase treatment effects in a highly vaccinated population” in a randomized, placebo-controlled, adaptive platform
trial. “Patients were randomly assigned to either fluvoxamine (100 mg twice daily for 10 days) plus inhaled budesonide (800

9
Shailesh Kumar Patel et al., “Budesonide: A promising candidate therapeutic for early COVID-19,” Annals of
Medicine & Surgery, August 2021, https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-
surgery/Fulltext/2021/08000/Budesonide__A_promising_candidate_therapeutic_for.58.aspx.
10
Elisabeth Mahase, “Covid-19: Budesonide shortens recovery time in patients not admitted to hospital, study
finds,” The British Medical Journal (BMJ), April 2021, https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n957.
11
Richard Hobbs et al., “Inhaled Budesonide for COVID-19 in People at Higher Risk of Complications in the
Community: The UK National Community Randomi,” Annals of Family Medicine, January 2023,
https://www.annfammed.org/content/21/Supplement_1/3859.
12
Gilmar Reis et al., “Oral Fluvoxamine With Inhaled Budesonide for Treatment of Early-Onset COVID-19,”
Annals of Internal Medicine, May 2023, https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M22-
3305?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org.

3
mcg twice daily for 10 days) or matching placebos,” the study reads. The number of patients “observed in an emergency
setting for COVID-19 for more than 6 hours or hospitalized due to COVID-19 was lower in the treatment group than the
placebo group.” The authors conclude that treatment with oral fluvoxamine plus inhaled budesonide “among high-risk
outpatients with early COVID-19 reduced the incidence of severe disease requiring advanced care.” The study was “among
the first to evaluate a drug combination for treatment of ambulatory patients with COVID-19 in a randomized trial,”
according to the authors. They “found a reduction in the composite end point for COVID-19 disease progression with a
combination of oral fluvoxamine, 100 mg twice daily, and inhaled budesonide.” Budesonide and fluvoxamine “reduced the
need for advanced medical care.” Moreover, the “number of serious adverse events associated with this combination therapy
was lower than in the placebo group.” The authors confirm that “In conclusion, administration of the combination of
fluvoxamine, 100 mg twice daily, and inhaled budesonide reduced the rate of COVID-19 progression resulting in prolonged
observation in an emergency setting or hospitalization among outpatients with high risk for serious disease.”

V. Saudi Journal of Anesthesia Study

A January 2017 publication13 in Saudi Journal of Anesthesia “tested the hypothesis that nebulized budesonide would
improve lung mechanics and oxygenation in patients with early acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS) during protective mechanical ventilation strategy without adversely affecting systemic hemodynamics.”
Patients received “1 mg–2 ml budesonide suspension … nebulized through the endotracheal tube” every “12 h for three
successive days alongside with constant ventilator settings.” The study authors found that nebulized budesonide “improved
oxygenation, peak, and plateau airway pressures and significantly reduced inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6)
without affecting hemodynamics.” Budesonide “inhibits a variety of inflammatory cells, reduces the production of
inflammatory mediators and consequently has a significant anti-inflammatory effect.” It “induces vasoconstriction, inhibits
mucosal edema, reduces cell exudation, and prevents airway remodeling.” It can “obtund the sequelae of the acute phase
response and reduces alveolar inflammation.” Budesonide “inhibits airway inflammation, alleviates edema, inhibits
remodeling and promotes suctioning which maintains pulmonary function during mechanical ventilation.” It “reduces the
adverse events associated with systemic corticosteroid administration such as increased blood glucose level, hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, bone demineralization, perforated peptic ulcer, and altered immunity.” Budesonide “can
act as a pulmonary protective agent during mechanical ventilation for ALI/ARDS patients.” Late COVID results in ARDS,
this study proving that budesonide is an effective and safe treatment for ARDS.

VI. WHO Lists Budesonide as Essential Medicine

A July 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) publication14 titled “WHO model list of essential medicines - 21st
list, 2019” recommends budesonide inhaled (aerosol) at “100 micrograms per dose” and “200 micrograms per dose” as one
of its “medicines acting on the respiratory tract.”

VII. U.K. Department of Health Recommends Budesonide for Adults 50 or Over

An April 2021 U.K. Department of Health alert15 from Chief Medical Officer Dr. Michael McBride titled “COVID-
19 THERAPEUTIC ALERT - INHALED BUDESONIDE FOR ADULTS (50 YEARS AND OVER) WITH COVID-19”
stated that inhaled budesonide “can be considered (off-label) on a case-by-case basis for symptomatic COVID-19 positive
patients aged 65 and over, or aged 50 or over with co-morbidities, in line with the published Interim Position Statement.”
The aforementioned April 2021 BMJ publication (SEE III) recognized the U.K. government health alert affirming
that budesonide “can be considered” to treat COVID-19.

13
Hatem Saber Mohamed and Mona Mohamed Abdel Meguid, “Effect of nebulized budesonide on respiratory
mechanics and oxygenation in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome,” Saudi Journal of Anesthesia, January–
March 2017, https://journals.lww.com/sjan/Fulltext/2017/11010/Effect_of_nebulized_budesonide_on_respiratory.3.aspx.
14
“WHO model list of essential medicines - 21st list, 2019,” Word Health Organization, July 2019,
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHOMVPEMPIAU2019.06.
15
Michael McBride, U.K. Chief Medical Officer, “HSS(MD) 29/2021 – COVID-19 THERAPEUTIC ALERT –
INHALED BUDESONIDE FOR ADULTS (50 YEARS AND OVER) WITH COVID-19,” U.K. Health and Social Care,
April 2021, https://gpni.co.uk/hsc-updates/hssmd-29-2021-covid-19-therapeutic-alert-inhaled-budesonide-for-adults-50-
years-and-over-with-covid-19/.

4
 VIII. Australia Recommends Budesonide for Adults with COVID-19
Australia’s Department of Health, through its National Clinical Evidence Taskforce, published16 a document titled
“COVID-19 medications for at risk people who do not require oxygen” in June 2022 that recommends budesonide at “800 μg
inhaled twice daily for up to 14 days.” Budesonide “can be considered as either a standalone therapy or as an additional
therapy in patients already prescribed another early therapy,” according to the document.

IX. India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Recommends Budesonide for Adults with
COVID-19
India’s Ministry of Health and Family Welfare published17 a document titled “Clinical Management Protocol for
COVID-19” in May 2021 that recommends budesonide “given via inhalers with spacer at a dose of 800 mcg twice daily for 5
to 7 days.”

X. Antiviral Effect of Budesonide Against COVID-19

A July 2021 publication18 in Viruses titled “Antiviral Effect of Budesonide against SARS-CoV-2” analyzed the
“potential antiviral activity of budesonide” and potentially indicates a “multimodal mode of action of budesonide against
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.” The study results “suggest that treatment with budesonide reduces titers of SARS-CoV-2 and
VOCs significantly while cell viability remains unaffected,” according to the authors. They “observed significant reduction
of viral titers for all viral variants in vitro when cells were treated with 25 µM budesonide.”

XI. FDA Rules Prohibit Agency from Granting Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for
Experimental COVID-19 Vaccines Because Budesonide Works
The U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) affirms that it “can use its Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)
authority under section 564 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) to allow the use of unapproved
medical products, or unapproved uses of approved medical products, to diagnose, treat, or prevent serious or life-threatening
diseases when certain criteria are met,” according to the FDA website.19 This is “including that there are no adequate,
approved, and available alternatives.” Section 564 states that an EUA cannot be granted if “there is no adequate, approved,
and available alternative to the product for diagnosing, preventing, or treating such disease or condition.”20 Budesonide is an
“adequate, approved,21 and available alternative” to COVID-19 vaccines, thus meeting the FDA’s section 564 criteria
prohibiting the EUA of COVID vaccines. Therefore, experimental COVID vaccines EUAs are void and illegal. Present and
future production of COVID vaccines and/or gene therapies must cease and desist. The FDA is currently egregiously
violating its own rules.

16
“COVID-19 medications for at risk people who do not require oxygen,” Australia’s Department of Health through
its National Clinical Evidence Taskforce, June 2022, https://www.health.vic.gov.au/publications/covid-19-medications-for-
at-risk-people-who-do-not-require-oxygen.
17
“Clinical Management Protocol for COVID-19,” Government of India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
May 2021,
https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/UpdatedDetailedClinicalManagementProtocolforCOVID19adultsdated24052021.pdf.
18
Natalie Heinen et al., “Antiviral Effect of Budesonide against SARS-CoV-2,” Viruses, July 2021,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8310374/.
19
“FAQs on Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) for Medical Devices Related to COVID-19,” U.S. Food &
Drug Administration, March 2023, https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-
devices/faqs-emergency-use-authorizations-euas-medical-devices-related-covid-19.
20
21 U.S.C., United States Code, 2011 Edition, Title 21 - FOOD AND DRUGS, CHAPTER 9 - FEDERAL FOOD,
DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT, U.S. Government Publishing Office, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-
2011-title21/html/USCODE-2011-title21-chap9.htm.
21
Drug Approval Package, Budesonide inhalation powder, Company: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, NDA: 021949,
Approval Date: 7/12/2006, U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA), November 2008,
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2006/021949_budesonide_toc.cfm.

5
 Bibliography

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chap9.htm.

“Asthma drug budesonide shortens recovery time in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19.”
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budesonide-shortens-recovery-time-non-hospitalised-patients-covid-19.

Bartlett, Richard P. and Alexandria Watkins. “SARS-Cov-2 and the Case for Empirical
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https://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/view/2773.

“Clinical Management Protocol for COVID-19.” Government of India Ministry of Health and
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https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/UpdatedDetailedClinicalManagementProtocolforCOVID19adults
dated24052021.pdf.

“Common asthma treatment reduces need for hospitalisation in COVID-19 patients, study
suggests.” University of Oxford. February 2021. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-02-09-
common-asthma-treatment-reduces-need-hospitalisation-covid-19-patients-study.

“COVID-19 medications for at risk people who do not require oxygen.” Australia’s Department
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https://www.health.vic.gov.au/publications/covid-19-medications-for-at-risk-people-who-do-not-
require-oxygen.

Drug Approval Package. Budesonide inhalation powder. Company: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals.

NDA: 021949. Approval Date: 7/12/2006. U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA). November
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“FAQs on Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) for Medical Devices Related to COVID-19.”
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Gao, Catherine A. et al. “Machine learning links unresolving secondary pneumonia to mortality
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Heinen, Natalie et al. “Antiviral Effect of Budesonide against SARS-CoV-2.” Viruses. July
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6
Hobbs, Richard et al., “Inhaled Budesonide for COVID-19 in People at Higher Risk of
Complications in the Community: The UK National Community Randomi.” Annals of Family
Medicine. January 2023. https://www.annfammed.org/content/21/Supplement_1/3859.

Mahase, Elisabeth. “Covid-19: Budesonide shortens recovery time in patients not admitted to
hospital. study finds.” The British Medical Journal (BMJ). April 2021.
https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n957.

McBride, Michael. U.K. Chief Medical Officer. “HSS(MD) 29/2021 – COVID-19

THERAPEUTIC ALERT – INHALED BUDESONIDE FOR ADULTS (50 YEARS AND
OVER) WITH COVID-19.” U.K. Health and Social Care. April 2021. https://gpni.co.uk/hsc-
updates/hssmd-29-2021-covid-19-therapeutic-alert-inhaled-budesonide-for-adults-50-years-and-
over-with-covid-19/.

Mohamed, Hatem Saber and Mona Mohamed Abdel Meguid. “Effect of nebulized budesonide
on respiratory mechanics and oxygenation in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress
syndrome.” Saudi Journal of Anesthesia. January–March 2017.
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Patel, Shailesh Kumar et al. “Budesonide: A promising candidate therapeutic for early COVID-
19.” Annals of Medicine & Surgery. August 2021. https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-
and-
surgery/Fulltext/2021/08000/Budesonide__A_promising_candidate_therapeutic_for.58.aspx.

Paul, Marla. “Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia Drove Many COVID-19 Deaths.” Northwestern
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pneumonia-drove-many-covid-19-
deaths/#:~:text=By%20applying%20machine%20learning%20to%20medical%20record%20data
%2C,results%20published%20in%20the%20Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Investigation.

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