1-LM&Dairying Lab Manual

Livestock Management & Dairying I Year Practical Manual
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PAPER – I : RUMINANT LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT
First Year (P.C.110/21)
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LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT AND DAIRYING
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First Year (P.C. 110/21)
INDEX
S.No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
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1. Diagram of cow and its body parts 06
2. Diagram of BULL and its body parts 07
3. Diagram of SHEEP and its body parts 08
4. Diagram of GOAT and its body parts 09
5. Deworming and vaccination schedule of Cattle 10
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.V Vaccination schedule of Sheep and Goat
Ongole breed characteristics
Sahiwal breed of cattle characteristics
Holstein Friesian breed characteristics
Murrah breed of cattle characteristics

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12
13
14
15
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11. Nellore sheep breed characteristics 16
12. Characteristics of Jamunapari goat breed 17
13. Cattle loose Housing system 18
14. Fixed Dome type of Bio-gas palnt 19
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15. Dairy farm routine 21
16. Sheep and goat farm routine 23
17. List of four records to be maintained in dairy farm 24
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18. Cattle selection by score card method. 26
19. Selection of Sheep for mutton purpose and Castration. 28
20. Selection of Dairy animals for breeding and Dehorming 29
21. Grooming and feeding of Colostrums 31
22 Weaning of Calf & study of Artificial Vegina 32
23.
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.V Tagging & Full Hand Milking
Dentician in Sheep & Goat and Machine milking – its advantages
Spotters
Viva Voce Questions
Question Bank
Model question Paper

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36.
37
48
52
55
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Scheme of Valuation 57
EXPT 1: Diagram of COW and its body parts
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AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of Cow and mark various body parts.
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Fig 1: External body parts of Cow
EXPT 2: Diagram of BULL and its body parts
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AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of Bull and mark various body parts.
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Fig 2: External body parts of Bull
EXPT 3: Diagram of SHEEP and its body parts

AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of Sheep and mark various body parts.
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Fig 3: External body parts of Sheep
EXPT 4: Diagram of GOAT and its body parts
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AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of Goat and mark various body parts.
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Fig 4: External body parts of Goat
EXPT 5: Deworming and Vaccination schedule of cattle
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AIM : To write the Deworming and vaccination schedule of Cattle.
Dose/kg body
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Age of the calf Deworming drug weight Against
7 days Piperzine adepate 200-400 mg Ascariasis
30 days Piperzine adepate 200-400 mg Ascariasis
60 days Albendazole 7.5-15mg Round worms
90 days
120 days
150 days
180 days
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Oxyclozanide
Albendazole
Fenbendazole
5-10mg
5.10mg
7.5 – 15mg
5-10mg
Round worms
Liverflukes
Round worms
Round worms
Vaccination schedule of Cattle
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Deworming schedule of Cattle.
EXPT 6: Vaccination schedule of Sheep and Goat

AIM : To write the vaccination schedule of Sheep and Goat.
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Disease Age and Booster Doses Route Remarks
Foot and mouth disease 6 – 8 weeks, repeat every 6 to 9 months s/c or i/m depending on the
vaccine
Hemorrhagic Septicemia 3 – 4 months, repeat annually 1 ml s/c May / June
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Sheep pox 3 months s/c
Tetanus Tetanus toxoid 0.5 – 1 ml s/c or i/m
Anthrax 4 – 6 months repeat annually 0.5 ml s/c at tail fold In endemic areas only
Enteropoxaemia 3 – 4 months, repeat after 15 days and First two doses

2.5 ml s/c
then annually before August
vaccination schedule of Sheep
Disease Age and Booster Doses Route Remarks
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Foot and mouth disease
Enteropoxaemia
Hemorrhagic Septicemia
Anthrax
6 – 8 weeks, repeat every
6 – 9 months
3 – 4 months, repeat after 15 days and
then annually
3 – 4 months, repeat annually
4 – 6 months, repeat annually

S/c or i/m depending on the
vaccine
2.5 ml s/c
1 ml s/c
0.5 ml s/c at tail fold

First two doses
before august
May / June
In endemic areas only

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Tetanus 3 – 4 months, repeat at 6 and 12 months 0.5 – 1 ml s/c or i/m
vaccination schedule of Goat.
EXPT 7: Ongole breed characteristics

AIM: To write the characteristics of Ongole breed.
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 The home of this breed is Ongole tract comprising of Ongole, Guntur, Sathenapalli, Vinukonda and Kandukur talukas and Nellore
districts of Andhra Pradesh.
 The colour of the animal is white.
 The forehead is broad and prominent between eyes; Black Kazal marking around the eyes is common.
 The horns are short and stumpy. Loose horns are common in this breed.
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 Hump is well developed and erect, dewlap is well developed and folds extending to navel flap.
 The tail is long with black switch reaching below the hocks.
 The udder is broad, extends well forwards and high up with moderate even sized quarters and teats are average size.
 Ongole is one of the heaviest breeds in India. The weight of the male is on the average of 545 kg to 682 kg. and that of the female
is 432 to 455 kg. The average milk yield is 1600 kg in lactation.
.V Fig 5: Ongole Bull and Cow

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EXPT 8: Sahiwal breed of cattle characteristics
AIM: To write the characteristics of Sahiwal breed.
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 The original tract of this breed is Montgomery district in Pakistan, but animals of this breed are found in Punjab and Haryana.
Several pedigree herds are maintained in Punjab, Delhi, and North Bihar.
 It is the highest milk yielding cattle breed in Indian sub continent.
 It is a medium sized breed, having symmetrical body, broad fore head, thick short horns and fine loose skin.
 Dewlap is fine and ample in the male. Chest is broad and deep. Legs proportionate to size with good feet. In the male the
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sheath is pendulous.
 The tails is long with a black switch. Udder is large, broad and fine. Teats are good, uniform in size and squarely placed. Milk
veins are large and prominent.
 Milk yield – 1400-2500 kgs
 Age at first calving -37-48 months; Calving interval – 430-580 days
 A new breed called Jamica Hope has been evolved out of Sahiwal and Jersey crossbreeds in Latin America and West Indies.
.V Fig 6: Sahiwal Cow

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EXPT 9: Holstein Friesian breed characteristics
AIM: To write the characteristics of Holstein Friesian breed.
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 This is the world’s highest milk yielding breed through the fat percentage of milk is very low. The home of this breed is Holland
 Animals of this breed are the largest among the European breeds.
 This breed of animals is imported by many countries in the world.
 The colour of the animal is black and white markings and the switch is always white.
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The animals are the largest with large barrel and udders.
 The head is long and narrow.
 The cows are docile.
 The heifers are bred at 18 to 21 months of age.
 The calves are stronger, weighing on the average about 40 kg at birth.
 Some pure bred animals may be solid black.
 The ideal body weight of a cow is 682 kg and that of bull is 1000 kg.
 Individual animals touched 19,995 kg of milk in a lactation period of 365 days.
.V Fig 7: Holstein Friesian

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EXPT 10: Murrah breed characteristics
AIM: To write the characteristics of Murrah breed.
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 The home tract of this breed is Rhotak, Hissar and Jind districts of Hariyana State, Punjab and Delhi. This breed is distributed
throughout India.
 The animals are noted for good milk yield and fat per cent.
 The colour of the animal is jet black with white switch of the tail which is long and reaching the fetlock. The skin is soft and
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smooth.
 The she buffalo had a deep massive frame with a comparatively light neck and head.
 The horns are short and tightly curled. The forehead is broad and slightly prominent in males.
 Face is fine without white markings and eyes prominent and bright in females.
 The udder is well developed with prominent milk veins and good sized teats.
 Average weight of the buffalo is from 490 kg to 500 kg and that of a buffalo bull is 545 kg to 682 kg.
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The average milk yield is 1364 kg to 1820 kg for a lactation period of 300 days. The milk fat per cent is about 7-9.
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Fig.8 Murrah Bull and Buffalo
EXPT 11: Nellore sheep breed characteristics

AIM: To write the characteristics of Nellore Sheep breed.
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Three varieties are distinguished, primarily on the basis of colour: “Palla”, completely white or white with light brown
spots on head, neck, back and legs; “Jodipi” - white with black spots, particularly around the lips, eyes and lower jaw, but also on belly
and legs; and “Dora”, completely brown in colour
 Nellore district and neighboring areas of Prakasham and Ongole districts of Andhra Pradesh
 Nellore Jodipi breed is mostly found in Nellore and chittoor districts of A.P.
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 Nellore Palla is mostly found in very few areas Nellore districts of A.P and its population is very less.
 Relatively tall animals with little hair & the rams are horned; the ewes are polled
 The mature ewes average 30-35 kg and a height of 30-34 inches. Mature males average 40-45 kg with a height of 36-40 inches.
Lamb birth weight is 2.5 to 3 kg.
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Fig 9: Nellore – Jodipi
EXPT 12: Jamnapari Goat breed charateristics

AIM: To write the characteristics of Jamnapari goat breed.
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 Agra, Mathura and Etawa districts in Uttar Pradesh
 The home tract of the breed is west U.P
 Large animals.
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The typical character of the breed is a highly convex nose line with a tuft of hair, yielding a parrotmouth appearance
 The udder is well developed, round, with large conical teats.
 Average lactation yield (30): 201.96 ± 6.65 kg
 Average lactation length: 255 ± 6.7 days
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Fig 10: Jamnapari goat
EXPT 13: Cattle Loose Housing system

AIM : To Draw the floor plan for Loose housing system for cattle.
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 Loose housing may be defined as a system where animals are kept loose except at the time of milking and at the time of treatment.
The system is most economical. Some features of loose housing system are as follows.
 In loose housing dairy animals are keeping loose in an open paddock expect at milking time.
 The open paddock is provided shelter along one side and enclosed with half walls / wire fences / GI pipes.
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 Common watering tank and manger is provided.
 Separate milking parlor is constructed for milking purpose.
Section of loose house showing internal details:

A. Roof supporting structures
B. Manager
C. Covered Area
D. Roof
E. Gutter
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F. Open area and
G. Compound Wall
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Fig 11: Loose housing system
EXPT 14: The Fixed Dome type of Bio-gas Plant
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AIM : To Study Dome type of Bio gas plant.
Raw materials required: Forms of biomass listed below may be used along with water
Animal dung
Poultry wastes
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Plant wastes ( Husk, grass, weeds etc.)
Human excreta
Industrial wastes(Saw dust, wastes from food processing industries)
Domestic wastes (Vegetable peels, waste food materials)
Principle
 Biogas is produced as a result of anaerobic fermentation of biomass in the presence of water.
Construction
The biogas plant is a brick and cement structure having the following five sections:
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Mixing tank present above the ground level.
Inlet chamber: The mixing tank opens underground into a sloping inlet chamber.
Digester: The inlet chamber opens from below into the digester which is a huge tank with a dome like ceiling. The ceiling of the
digester has an outlet with a valve for the supply of biogas.
Outlet chamber: The digester opens from below into an outlet chamber.
Overflow tank: The outlet chamber opens from the top into a small over flow tank.
Fixed Dome type Biogas Plant Working:
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 The various forms of biomass are mixed with an equal quantity of water in the mixing tank. This forms the slurry.
 The slurry is fed into the digester through the inlet chamber.
 When the digester is partially filled with the slurry, the introduction of slurry is stopped and the plant is left unused for about two
months.
 During these two months, anaerobic bacteria present in the slurry decomposes or ferments the Biomass in the presence of water.
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 As a result of anaerobic fermentation, biogas is formed, which starts collecting in the dome of the digester.
 As more and more biogas starts collecting, the pressure exerted by the biogas forces the spent slurry into the outlet chamber.
 From the outlet chamber, the spent slurry overflows into the overflow tank.
 The spent slurry is manually removed from the overflow tank and used as manure for plants.
 The gas valve connected to a system of pipelines is opened when a supply of biogas is required.
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To obtain a continuous supply of biogas, a functioning plant can be fed continuously with the prepared slurry.
Advantages of fixed dome type of biogas plant
 Requires only locally and easily available materials for construction.
 Inexpensive.
 Easy to construct.
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Fig 12: Fixed Type Bio-gas Plant
EXPT 15: Dairy farm routine

AIM : To Write about Dairy farm routine.
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The various practices to be carried out on the dairy farm daily or periodically should be well planned and carried out punctually in the
following manner
TIME FARM OPERATION

4:00 A.M to 4:30 A.M · Cleaning Milch animals
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· Offering half of the daily concentrate Feed
4:30 A.M to 5:30 A.M · Morning milk
5:30A.M to 6:30 A.M · Milk disposal
· Washing and disinfection of the milking barn
· Heat Detection with teaser bull/ observation.
6:30 A.M to 8:00 A.M · Cleaning of the milch cow sheds
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8:00 A.M to 12:00 Noon
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·
·
·
·
·
·
Feeding of dry/green fodder to the milch stock
Isolation of the sick animals
Offering concentrate to calves and pregnant animals
Cleaning other age group Animals
Treating of ailing animals
Artificial insemination
Vaccination / Deforming
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· Harvesting green fodder
· Transportation of fodder
· Fodder chaffing
· Feeding green fodder to live stock
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· Cleaning of entire premises and sheds
· Disposal of dung to vermi compost / bio gas
· Vermi composting
12:00 P.M to 1:00 P.M · Lunch cum rest period for labourers
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1:00 P.M to 2:00 P.M · Miscellaneous jobs: Identification, preparation of concentrate
feed, repair of farm equipment weekly scrubbing and white washing
of feed mangers and water troughs, halter making etc.
3:30 P.M to 4:30PM · Cleaning of milch animals
· Offering concentrate feed to milch animals
· Offering green fodder to other age groups
4.30 P.M to 5:30 P.M · Evening milking
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5.30 P.M to 6:30 P.M
6.30 P.M to 7:30 P.M
7.30 P.M to 4:00 A.M

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·
.
·
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Disposal of milk
Washing of the milking barn
Feeding dry fodder to all animals
Record Keeping
Night watchman comes on duty
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EXPT16: Sheep and Goat farm Routine
AIM : To Write about Sheep and Goat farm routine.
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The study of farm routines enables proper scheduling of various farm activities on a sheep and goat farm. It also aids in the
optimum utilization of labor and resources, and higher returns through efficient management practices.
Approx. Time Farm Operations

1. Turning out the animals for grazing. This can be delayed during the
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winter months.
07.00
2. Observe and isolate sick animals
1. Feed half of the daily concentrate ration to nursing females and

fattening lambs/kids.
08.00
2. Watering of the animals on the grazing lands
1. Feed chopped green and dry fodder to penned sheep/goats.

08.30 2. Cleaning of all the sheds and disposal of manure
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16.00
1. Special activities like record keeping, weighing and marketing of
lambs and kids, shearing, vaccination and preventive health care,
disbudding; grading, sorting, storage and marketing of wool etc.
1. Return of sheep and goats to their pens

2. Feeding the other half of the daily concentrate ration to nursing
females and fattening lambs/ kids.
3. Feeding chopped green and dry fodder to all the animals.
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Note : On a goat farm, the milch does should be milked twice a day at convenient timings
EXPT 17: List of Four Records tp be maintained in dairy farm
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AIM : To Write the list of any Four records to be main tainted in dairy farm.
1. Calving register
Animal Due date of Date of Calf Number Sex of the Birth Weight
Number calving calving Calf of Calf
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2. Calf Register
Calf Number Date of Birth Sex of the Sire Number Dam Number Disposable
Calf
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3. Growth record of the young Stock
Calf Number Birth Weight Fort Nightly

Weight
Weght of the
1st Service
Weght of the
1st Calving Remarks
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4. Breeding Records
Animal Date of Service PDDate Result of PD Expected

Number Calving Date time date of
bull number Calving
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5. Daily Feeding Register
Date No.of Aniimals Concentrate Green Folder Others

Received Issued Balanced RIB RIB
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6. Daily milk record
Animal
Date of Calving 01 02 03
Number
AM PM AM PM AM PM
7. Health Register
Animal History and Diagnosis Treatment Remarks

Number Symptoms
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8. Deworming and Vaccination Register
Animal No
9. Daily Livestock Register
Date
Deworming
Date
Cows
Next
Date
Due Vaccination
for
Calves
Date
Vaccination
Heifers
of Next
Date
Breeding Buls
Due
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Males Females M F
EXPT 18: Cattle selection by score card method

AIM : To Selection of cattle by score card method .
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EXPT 19: Selection of Sheep for mutton purpose and Castration
(a) Selection of Sheep for Mutton Purpose:
The mutton type in characterized by a deep, wide, blocky body with symmetry, balance, breed character, thick fleshing, a
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strong constitution and quality. In selection of the mutton quality animal one should actually look for the carcass characteristics which
are defined by the tenderness and juiciness of the mutton, high proportion of lean to fat, higher proportion of meat to bone ratio etc.
Since these characteristics may not be known till the animals are slaughtered, the animal breeder has to depend on indirect
measurements of such qualities.
(b) Castration
To castrate a male animal means that the functioning of the testicles is stopped by preventing production of male hormones so
that the animal is unable to reproduce. Castration may be accomplished by physical, chemical or hormonal techniques. Physical
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methods are most common. Testicles may be removed surgically or killed by obstructing the blood supply. Young calves may be
castrated with rubber rings, Burdizzo or by surgery. Surgical castration may be more appropriate for calves that are not handled until
weaning.
Reasons for castration
 Stop the production of male hormones and semen in unwanted bulls
 Helps in taming the oxen for draught purposes
 Prevent mating and reproduction of scrub bulls after the age of puberty
 Produce docile cattle that are easier to handle compared to bulls
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 Decrease aggressiveness, mounting activity, injuries, frequency of dark-cutting carcasses
 Enhance on-farm safety for animals, producers and employees
 Improves fattening in beef cattle
 Provide meat products of the quality consumers demand
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EXPT 20: Selection of dairy animals for breeding and Dehorning
(a) Selaction of dairy animals for breeding.
Selection is a process in which certain individuals in a population are preferred to others for the production of next generation.
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There are different methods of selection being used for dairy animals.
Individual Selection
Selection is based on the individuals own milk yield and physical characters. This is ideal for characters with high heritability. In dairy cattle most
of the economic traits have low to moderate heritabilities. Hence, the individual selection is of little use for selecting the animals for
milk production.
Family Selection
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Whole families are selected or rejected as units according to the mean breeding value of the family. The families may be full
sibs or half sibs. The method is useful when the character for which selection is made has low heritability. Two modifications of
family selection applicable to dairy cattle are sib selection and progeny testing.
Progeny Testing
The criterion of selection is the mean value of an individual’s progeny which comes closest to the breeding value. The value of an
individual is judged by the mean value of its progeny known as breeding value.
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(b) Dehorning.
Dehorning of horned cattle is the process of removal of their horns or the process of preventing their growth. A polled animal
is one that grew no horns or one that was dehorned. Disbudding by chemical or hot-iron destroys the horn-producing cells of the horn
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bud. Surgical disbudding removes the horn bud and the horn-producing cells of the horn bud. Dehorning removes the horn and horn-
producing tissue after horns have formed from the bud.
Advantages
 Reduce the risk of injury and bruising to herd mates
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 Require less space at the feed bunk and in transit
 Decrease risk of injury to farm workers, horses and dogs
 decrease risk of death, illness due to horn cancers
 Produce docile cattle that are easier to handle
 Enhance on-farm safety for animals, producers and employees
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EXPT 21: Grooming and Feeding of colostrums
(a) Grooming
Grooming has considerable biological importance to cows. The most obvious importance is in reduction of the number of
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parasites and organisms on the cow’s coat. However, there is more to grooming than just the obvious. Grooming is actually a social
activity for cows. It allows cows to bond with their herdmates and reduces the impact of the boss cow/submissive cow hierarchy
within the herd.
Cows also use grooming as a way to cope with stressful situations. A study conducted at Purdue demonstrated increased
grooming behavior after periods of restraint. Another study conducted at Iowa State showed that cows that were denied grooming
behavior showed more abnormal behavior.
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(b) Feeding of colostrums.
Feed colostrum i.e. the first milk of the cow for the first 3 days. The colostrum is thick and viscous. It contains higher proportions
of Vit A and proteins. The proteins are immune globulin which gives protection against many diseases. Colostrum contains
antitrypsin which avoids digestion of immunoglobulins in the stomach and therefore absorbed as it is.
Whole milk should be given after 3 days. It is better to teach the calf to drink milk from the pail or bucket. Feed twice a day which
should be warmed to body temperature. For weak calves feed thrice a day.
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EXPT 22: Weaning of Calf and Study of artificial Vegina

(a)Weaning of calf
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Weaning means separation of the calf from the mother and rising separately. Calf can be separated from the mother immediately after
calving/ after colostral period.
 Early weaning reduces the amount of milk consumed by the calves and spares more milk for human consumption
 Reduces the cost of rearing the calves during their nursing period.
 Facilitates early rumen development in buffalo calves
 It also facilitates the raising of male calves to a live weight of about 400 kg, for slaughter at 16 to 18 months.
Female calves come to breeding at the early age.
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(b) Study of Artificial Vagina.
 The artificial vagina has the following parts:
A heavy hard rubber hose 2" diameter open at both ends with a nozzle for air and water in and outlet.
Inner sleeve of rubber or rubber liner.
The semen receiving cone or rubber cone, Insulating bag
Semen collection tube made of glass or plastic graduate in cc and its fraction correct to 0.1
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.V Fig 13: Artificial Vagina of Cattle
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EXPT 23: Tagging and Full Hand Milking
(a) Tagging
Tagging: It is important method of identification of cattle in India. It is easy and quick to carry out. The equipment
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required are ear tags made of plastic/brass, tag applicator .
Fig 14: Tagging equipments Fig 15: Tags in Applicator
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Steps of tagging:
 Properly secure the animal to apply tag
 Identify the tagging site on the animal’s ear.
 Place each half of the tag onto the applicator.
Before tagging the animal, check alignment of the tagger by closing the jaw of the applicator to the point where the two halves
meet; the stud should be centered with the hole. Position the applicator in the identified tagging site on the animal’s ear firmly and
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close the applicator in a fast manner and release.
(b) Full Hand milking.
 The base of the teat is closed in the ring formed by the thumb and fore finger so that milk trapped in the teat sinus may not slip
back into the gland cistern.
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 Simultaneously, teat is squeezed between the middle, ring and little fingers and the hollow of palm, thus, forcing the milk out.
 This process should be repeated in quick succession.
 By maintaining a quick succession of alternate compressions and relaxations the alternate streams of milk from the two teats sound
like one continuous stream.
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 Many milkers tend to bend their thumb in, against the teat while milking This practice should be avoided as it injures the teat
tissues.
.V Fig 16: Full hand milking

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EXPT 24: Dentition in Sheep & Goat and Machine Milking and its advantages
(a) Dentition in Sheep and Goat.
Aging Sheep and Goats By Their Teeth Introduction: Both sheep and goats have a total of 32 teeth. They do not have any
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upper incisors. The dental formula for sheep and goats is as follows:
0/4 incisors, 3/3 pre-molars, 3/3 molars. The first number in each formula represents how many sets of teeth are on the upper
jaw; the second number indicates how many sets of teeth are on the lower jaw. For example, the 0/4 means that sheep/goats have no
upper incisors, but have 4 sets of lower incisors (8 lower incisors in all). Most of the time the dental formula looks like this 2 (0/4
incisors, 3/3 pre-molars, 3/3 molars) = 32.
All baby sheep and goats are born with deciduous teeth (teeth that will fall out). Deciduous teeth are much smaller than
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permanent teeth. The deciduous teeth are replaced with permanent teeth as the animal ages. The following table outlines when the
permanent teeth will appear or erupt:
Permanent Tooth Eruption in Sheep and Goats
Permanent tooth Age at Eruption
Incisor (I1) 1-1.5 years, Incisor (I2) 1.5-2 years, Incisor (I3) 2.5-3 years, Incisor (I4) 3.5-4 years, Premolars 1.5-2 years, Molar (M1) 3
months, Molar (M2) 9-12 months, Molar (M3) 1.5-2 year,
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Fig 17: This is a diagram of the incisors associated with the lower jaw. These incisors are the teeth that can easily be used to
age an animal. In this diagram, all the incisors are permanent teeth.
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(b) Machine Milking and Advantages.
Machine milking is more efficient method of milking compared to hand milking. Modern milking machines are capable of
milking cows quickly and efficiently, without injuring the udder, if they are properly installed, maintained in excellent operating
conditions, and used properly.
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Advantages of milking machines
 Saving of labour expenses.

 Reduction of dependency on skilled farm workers.
 Enables rearing of larger herd strength.
 3-4 times faster than hand milking.
 Increase in the milk yield.
 Increase in the quality of milk.
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Reduces stress throughout the lactation by creating good milking routines
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Fig 18: Machine Milking
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SPOTTERS
25. Trevis
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Made of wood or metal used for restraining cattle and buffaloes for a brief period of time
It is commonly used for controlling the cattle and buffalo for examining the animals in
Veterinary Hospitals.
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26. Grooming Br
It is important management practice one hour before milking by using a curry comb or straw.
A
It removes loose heir and durt makes hair coats clean, glossy and pliable.
38
27. Halter or Nose holder.
.N
The primary method of restraint used in dairy cattle is the halter.
It is mainly used to control the head.
28. Mouth Gag.

.V Mouth gag is used for cattle examining the mouth.
A
39
29. Probang gag

To hold the mouth open in a case of bloat or to pass a stomach tube, a probang
gag may be used. The wooden block is placed in the mouth and the strap
.N
fastened behind the horns
.V
30. Electronic hot iron dehorner .
An electric hot-iron dehorner will destroy the horn-producing skin at the

base of the horn bud.
A
40
31. Cow anti kicker.
.N
Anti cow kicker is used to stop the cow from kicking the person milking.
.V
32. Neck chains.
Neck chains are used for identification with cow neck ID tags.
A
41
33. Emosculator.
.N
It is used for open wound castration
.V
34. Electronic Reader.
It is used to retrieve the information stored in the transponder.

A
35. Ostertag blunt eye hook.
The hooks bite into the fetus to hold it steady.
42
35. Burdizzo Castrator
It is used for castration in cattle
.N
.V
36. Bull leader It is used for bull controller
A
43
37. Cow cather Function: To catheterize the bladder

Characteristics: This stainless steel catheter has a scooped – out area just before the tip
.N
.V
38. Chains and Handle Function: To assist with the delivery of a calf , The chains are flat links that
prevent trauma to the calf’s legs
A
44
.N
39. Calf puller or Fetal extractor Function : To assist with the delivery of a calf
40. Applicator for taging It is used for ear tagging
.V
41. Obstetrical wire Function: To disarticulate a dead fetus so as to aid in its removal.
A
45
42. Obstetrical Wire guide Function: To help guide the OB wire to the appropriate area for cutting.
.N
43. Fetatome Function: To disarticulate a dead fetus so as to aid in its removal
.V
A
44. Fetotomy knife
Function: To disarticulate a dead fetus so as to aid in its removal.
46
Characteristics: This instrument is designed to fit into the farm of the hand. The index finger is slipped into the ring and the curled
over the top of the blade. This allows the knife to be directed to the appropriate area for cutting.
45. Artificial Vagina
.N
It is used for semen collection
46. Tattooing letters Tattooing letters are used to identify the animals
.V
A
47
47. Krey OB Hook.
.N
Function: To hold on to the fetus while performing an embryotomy.
SECTION : VI
1.Define Calf ?
.V
Characteristics: The hooks bite into the fetus to hold it steady
QUESTIONS FOR VIVA VOCE
Young one of cow by birth to 6 Months of age is known as Calf

2.Define Heifer ?
Female calf from the age of puberty to calving is known as Heifer.

A
3.What is Bull ?
A male calf from the age of puberty to castration is known as Bull or Sire which is fit for servicing/breeding.
4.What is Bullock ?
A castrated bull is known as Bullock which is used for work or ploughing
48
5.What is scrub bull ?
A bull which is non descriptive and not fit for breeding.
6.What is Breeding bull ?
A bull which is maintained for breeding purpose, which usually have a good pedigree record
.N
7.What is Teaser Bull ?
A vas ectomised bull which is used in the herd to detect the animals in heat.
8.Define Cow ?
A female or heifer after first calving.
9.What is Milch cow ?
A cow which has been giving milk is known as milch cow.
.V
10.What is Dry cow ?
A cow which has stopped the milk is known as dry cow.
11.Define Colostrum ?
The milk produced by a cow or buffalo immediately after calving
12.What is lactation ?
The period between the parturition or delivery of calf to stoppage of milk secretion of a cow is known as lactation.
A
13.What is Gestation Period ?
The duration of pregnancy is known as gestation period
14.What is weaning ?
Separation of calf from the mother after parturition is known as weaning.
15.What is Culling ?
49
Culling is a process in which the un-wanted, unproductive or uneconomic animals are removed from the herd or farm.
16.What is Breeding ?
Crossing of the male and female individuals of the same species to obtain the offspring of the desired characters is known as
breeding.
.N
17.Define Oestrus ?
The period during which the female animal accepts the male for coitus or servicing and conception takes place.
18.Define A.I ?
A.I (Artificial Insemination): Introduction of semen into the female genital tract by means of instruments is known as A.I.
19.Define Servicing ?
Mating cow in heat with bull is known as servicing.
.V
20.What is Freemortin ?
When twin calves of opposite sexes are born to a cow, t the female twin born usually sterile is known as freemartin.
21.Define veal ?
The meant of calf is known as veal.
22.Define EWE
Adult female sheep
A
23.Define RAM
Uncastrated adult male sheep
24.Define DOE ?
Adult female goat
25.What is Buck ?
50
Uncastrated adult male goat
26.What is Lamb ?
Young sheep of less than one year
27.Define KID ?
.N
Young goat of less than one year
28.Define Lambing ?
Act of parturition in sheep
29.Define Kidding ?
Act of parturition in goat
30.Define wedder ?
.V
Castrated male sheep
31.Define Tupping ?
Act of Breeding in sheep
32.Define Mating?
Act of Breeding in Goat
33.Define Byre ?
House / Place of living of cattle
A
34.Define Pen ?
House/ Place of living of sheep and goat
35.What is Herd ?
A group of Cattle
36.Define Flock ?
51
A group of Sheep
37.Define Band ?
A group of Goat
38.Names of any four exotic cattle breeds ?
.N
Jersey,H.F,Ayreshire and Brown swiss
39.Names of any four Buffalo breeds ?
Murrah, Jaffrabadi, Nili-Ravi, Mehasana
40.Names of any Indian cattle breeds ?
Ongole, Punganur, sahiwal, Amritmahal
41.Names of any four exotic sheep breds ?
.V
Merino, Rambouillet, Dorset and Suffolk
42.Names of any three exotic goat breeds ?
Alpine, Saaneen, Toggenbe
A
52
QUESTION BANK
.N
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks: 50
Section - I
1. Draw the sketch diagram of Cow and mark various body parts.
2. Draw the sketch diagram of Bull and mark various body parts.
3. Draw the sketch diagram of Sheep and mark various body parts.
4. Draw the sketch diagram of Goat and mark various body parts.
.V
5. Write about deworming and vaccination schedule of cattle.
6. Write about deworming and vaccination schedule of Sheep and Goat.
Section – II
7. Write about breed characteristics of Ongole breed.

8. Write about breed characteristics of Sahiwal breed of cattle.
9. Write about breed characteristics of Holstein Friesian breed.
10. Write about breed characteristics of Murrah breed.
A
11. Write about breed characteristics of Nellore sheep breed.
12. Write about breed characteristics of Jamunapari goat breed.
Section - III
13. Draw the floor plan for loose Housing system for cattle.
14. Study of Bio-Gas plant.
53
15. Write about dairy farm routine.
16. Write about sheep and goat farm routine.
17. Write about various records maintained in dairy farms.
18. Selection of Cattle by score card method.
.N
Section – IV
19. Selection of Sheep for mutton purpose and Castration.

20. Selection of Dairy animals for breeding and Dehorning
21. Grooming and Feeding of Colostrum
22. Weaning of the calf and Study of artificial Vagina
23. Tagging and Full hand Milking
24. Dentition in Sheep & Goat and Machine milking and advantages
.V
Spotters
25. Trevis
26. Grooming brush
27. Halter or Nose holder
28. Mouth Gag
29. Probang gag
Section - V
A
30. Electronic hot iron dehorner
31. Cow anti kicker
32. Neck chains
33. Emasculator or Knife
34. Electronic reader
35. Blunt Eye hook
36. Burdizzo castrator
54
37. Bull leader / Bull poles
38. Cow cather
39. Chains and handle
40. Fetal extractor (Calf puller)
.N
41. Calf snare
42. Obstetrical wire
43. Obstetrical wire guide
44. Fetotomy
45. Fetotomy Knife
46. Artificial vagina
47. Tattooing letters
48. Krey OB Hook
.V Record
Viva
Section - VI
A
55
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
.N
Time : 3 hours Max. Marks : 50
Section - I 1 x 8 = 8 marks
4. Draw the sketch diagramof Goat and mark various body parts.
Section - II 1 x 8 = 8 Marks
8. Write about breed characteristics of Sahiwal breed.
Section - III 2 x 4 = 8 Marks
17. Write about various records maintained in Dairy farms
Section - IV 2 x4 = 8 Marks
.V
22. Weaning of the Calf and Study of artificial vagina
25. Trevis
26. Grooming brush
27. Halter or Nose holder
28. Mouth Gag
Section - VI
Section - V 4 x 2 = 8 Marks
A
Record 5 Marks
Viva 5 Marks
Note : The Serial numbers of the questions mentioned above are the serial numbers in question bank. Inpractical examiantion onlythe
serial number ofthe questions will be given, the examiner shall decode it with question bank and give the questions.
56
SCHEME OF VALUATION
.N
Section - I,II,III Major Questions 1 x 8 = 8 Marks
1. Principle / Objective / Purpose : 1 mark

2. Material : 1 mark
3. Procedure / Method : 4 marks
4. Result / Observation / Comment : 2 marks
Spotters
.V
1. Purpose / Use / Objective
2. Method / Description
3. Result or Remark
a) Identification
:
:
:
:
Section - IV
1 mark
2 marks
1 mark
Section – V
1 Mark
2 x 4 = 8 Marks
4 x 2=8 Marks
A
b) Uses/Importance : 1 Mark
Section - VI
Record : 5 Marks
Viva : 5 Marks
57
.N
.V
PAPER- II NON-RUMINANT LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
A
58
FIRST YEAR (P.C.110/22)
PAPER-II : NON RUMINANT LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
.N
INDEX
S.No Name of the Experiment Page No
1. Diagram of Fowl and its body parts 61
2. Diagram of Pig and its body parts 62
3. Diagram of Rabbit and its body parts 63
4. Diagram of Dog and its body parts 64
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.V Diagram of Cat and its body parts
Diagram of Reproductive System of Sow and its parts
Aseel poultry breed characteristics
Yorkshire Swine breed characteristics
Dutch Rabbit breed characteristics
Rajapalayam Dog breed characteristics
65
66
67
68
69
70
A
11. Singapura Cat breed characteristics 71
12. Srinidhi rural poultry breed characteristics 72
13. Broiler farm routine 73
14. Swine farm routine 74
59
15. Vaccination Schedule of Layers and Broiler chicken 76
16. Dentition and ageing of Pigs 77
17. Care and management of Pregnant Rabbit animals 78
.N
18. Vaccination schedule of Dogs 80
19. Diagram of an Egg, its parts & Pig Catcher 81
20. Floors space, Temparature, water space for Chicks in
artificial Brooder & weaning in Rabbits. 82
21. The deep litter system & general guidelines of rabbit housing 83
22. Cage system of Poultry housing & Dewarming ,
Deticking of adults Dogs and Cats. 84
23.
24.
.V Identification of Pig by ear notching

Castration in Pigs & Selection of Rabbits.
Spotters
Viva Voce Questions
Question Bank
& Grooming of Dogs. 85
87
89-100
101
107
A
Moidel Question Paper 110
60
EXPT : 1 Diagram of Fowl and its body parts
AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of Fowl and mark various body parts
.N
.V
A
Fig 1 External body parts of fowl
61
EXPT 2: Diagram of Pig and its body parts
AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of Pig and mark various body parts
.N
.V
A
62
Fig 2 External body parts of Pi
EXPT 3: Digram of Rabbit and its Body parts.

AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of Rabbit and mark various body parts
.N
.V
A
Fig 3 External body parts of Rabbit
63
EXPT 4: Diagram of Dog and its Body parts.
AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of Dog and mark various body parts
.N
.V
A
Fig 4 External body parts of Dog
64
EXPT 5: Diagram of Cat and its Body parts.
AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of Cat and mark various body parts
.N
.V
A
Fig 6 External body parts of Cat
65
EXPT 6: Diagram of Reproductive system of Sow (Female Pig) and parts.
AIM: To Draw the sketch diagram of Reproductive system of Sow (Female pig) and label the parts.
.N
.V
A
Fig 6 Reproductive system of Sow
66
EXPT 7: Aseel Poultry Breed characteristics.
AIM: To Write about breed characteristics of Aseel breed of poultry.
.N




.V
It has strong build up of body.
The comb is small and pea shaped.
Fig 7 Aseel Poultry breed
It is popularly known as ‘Indian fighter’ or ‘game bird’.
A
Neck is long and thick.
 Face long.
 Bones are heavy and body is hard with closed feathered and bread is broad.
 The different varieties vary in colours from black, white, black and white with spotting, black and red, brown to golden red.
 They produce well flavoured ample flesh but these are poor layers.
67
EXPT 8: Yorkshire swine breed characteristics.
AIM: To Write about breed characteristics of Yorkshire breed of swine
.N
.V •
•
•
•
•
Fig 8 Yorkshire swine breed
Origin: England
It is very adaptable breed and found everywhere and more popular in India.
It has large body, long snout, ears are big and triangular
Body is covered with fine white hair, free from curls.
Skin is pink in color free from wrinkles
A
• Line of the back is straight, hams are thick and well hung
• Neck is long and full to shoulders, chest is wide, deep extending below the elbows
• It excels all other breeds in litter size and posses good mothering quality
• Tail is set high. Pasterns are strong and straight with clean feet
• Mature boars weigh 300-450 kg
68
EXPT 9: Dutch Rabbit breed characteristics.

AIM : To write about breed characteristics of Dutch breed of Rabbit
.N
.V



Fig 9 Dutch Rabbit breed
Native of Holland. Small compact, early maturing rabbit.

It is noted for its very good mothering ability and hence a popular choice as a foster mother.
It has a wide white band of fur around its body at the shoulder as well as a white stripe down the middle of its face.
Mainly used as exhibition breed.
A
 Have good carcass traits.
 Hence they are crossed with large breeds, for meat production.
 An adult Dutch weighs 2.5-3.5 kg.
69
EXPT 10: Rajapalayam Dog breed characteristics.
AIM: To Write about breed characteristics of Rajapalayam breed of Dog
.N
Fig 10 Rajapalayam Dog breed.
.V

It is an Indian sight hound.
It is a large dog, usually measuring about 65–75 cm at the withers.
Colour is black, brown and white.
It is mainly used for hunting wild boar and as a guard dog.

A
 It needs open spaces and is very loving and devoted to his owner.
 They do not get along with other pets like cats, due to their strong hunting
70
EXPT 11: Singapura Cat breed characteristics.
AIM : To Write about breed characteristics of Singapura breed of Cat
.N
Fig 11 Singapura Cat breed.

.V
It is a small breed.
It has rounded head with large eyes and ears.
The nose is blunt on a broad muzzle with a slight stop below eye level.
The main characteristic is its ticked coat.
The colours are usually yellow or ivory with light brown hairs interspersed.
A
 There are darker bars on the inner front legs and back knee.
 The eyes are described as being extremely beautiful and expressive
71
EXPT 12 Srinidhi Rural poultry breed characteristics.
AIM : To Write about the Backyard poultry of Srinidhi Dual purpose variety for rural poultry characteristics.
.N
.V •
•
Multi coloured plumage
Longer shanks
Fig 12 Srinidhi
Directorate of Poultry Research (DPR) has evolved Srinidhi, a new promising dual purpose variety for rural poultry
production. Srinidhi has optimum body weight and better egg production.
A
• Coloured and bigger eggs (53-55 g)
• Juvenile b.wt. : 500-550 g at 6 weeks
• Early maturing (175 days)
• Annual egg production: 150 eggs
72
EXPT 13 Broiler farm routine
AIM : To write about Broiler farm routine.
1. Regularly remove the waterers from the shed and after thorough cleaning fill them with fresh cool water.
.N
2. Always check the waterers for water thorough the day. If there is any waterer without sufficient water due to spillage, that
waterers should fill it immediately. So, always make available water to the birds throughout the day.
3. Remove the feathers in feeder and fill them three fourth full. Never fill the feeders to its full capacity to prevent wastage of feed
due to spillage while taking feed by birds.
4. Remove the feathers in the litter material. If the litter material wet near the waterers, remove the wet litter and replace it with new
dry litter.
.V
5. Regularly turn the litter material to prevent flake formation and also to keep the litter material always dry.
6. Clean the overhead tank with suitable disinfect once in two months.
7. Regularly observe the birds for any disease signs, if any signs are found, treat them with the help of veterinarian.
8. If any birds are found dead in the farm, post mortem should be conducted, and after finding of cause of the disease, treat them
with suitable medicines.
A
73
EXPT 14: Swine farm routine.
AIM : To write about Swine farm routine.
.N
Time Activity
08-00-10.00 • Cleaning pig sheds, farm premises,
• Isolation of sick animals,
• Offer feed to breeding animals when they are on
limited feeding.
.V •
•
Offer adlibtium feed to growers and other stock
depending on the need.
Isolation of in- heat pigs and their breeding
Periodical weighing, clipping needle teeth of baby pigs, castration and vaccination, ear notching, sale of
market stock.
A
10.00- 12.00 • Daily-disinfection of sheds.
• Bring back breeding herd from pasture and bring
afternoon during winter
74
• Disposal and conservation of manure.
.N
• Washing of pigs
• Periodical de worming, treatment
• Preparation of feed
12.00- 13.00 • Lunch
13.00 – 17.00 • Feeding
.V •
•
Cleaning off all sties
Transfer of near - parturition sows and gilts into
farrowing pens.
Periodical-weaning of piglets
A
• Weekly scrubbing, white washing of interiors of sheds
• Attending to farm purchases
• Marketing of finisher pigs
75
EXPT 15: Vaccination schedule of layers and broiler chicken.

AIM : To Write about Vaccination schedule for layers and for broiler chicken.
.N
Age Disease Vaccine Route
1 day Marek’s HVT Vaccine I/M
5-7 days RD Lasota/F Occulonasal
24-28 days IBD LIVE Drinking water
8th Week RD R2B/RDVK S/C
.V
16-18 eek RD -do -
Vaccination programme for layer type chicken:

-do-
Note: Administer Fowl Pox and IB vaccines at appropriate age in endemic areas.
Repeat Lasota vaccine at every 8th week to maintain antibody titre.
Vaccination Programme for broiler chicken:
A
Age Disease Vaccine Route
4-5 days RD Lasota/F Occulonasal/Drinking water
12-14 days IBD(Gumboro) IBD live Vaccine Drinking water
28-30 days RD Lasota /F Occulonasal/Drinking water
76
EXPT 16: Dentition and Ageing of Pigs.
AIM : To Write about the dentition and ageing of pigs.
Adult pigs have 44 teeth. Of these 12 are incisors, 4 are tusks, 16 are premolars and 12 are molars (with half of each type o f teeth
.N
on each jaw). The tusks or canine teeth are more prominent in males than in females.
The dental formulae of pig are
o Temporary dentition: 3/3 1/1 3/3 0/0 =Total teeth=28

o Permanent dentition: 3/3 1/1 4/4 3/3 =Total teeth=44
.V
Eruption of the pig's teeth is peculiar in many ways. The corners erupt first, then the centrals and lastly the intermediaries or the
second pair. Regarding the molars, the first tooth in each jaw immediately behind the tusks erupt by
and remains throughout life while the next three premolars are
replacing the temporaries in the
five to six months of age
represented in temporary dentition; the permanent ones
normal way. The last three cheek teeth in each jaw are normal permanent molars. By about
5 months all the temporary teeth will be present. At the age of 6 months the corner temporary incisors are replaced by
permanent teeth. The permanent centrals and permanent intermediaries will replace temporary teeth by one and one and half
years, respectively. By this age all the permanent teeth will have erupted.
A
77
EXPT 17: Care and Management of Pregnant Rabbit animals.

AIM : To Care and management of pregnant rabbit animals.
.N
Signs of pregnancy: Duration of pregnancy in rabbits is 29-30 days.
Test mating the doe: This is not very reliable since some does will accept the buck even when they are pregnant.
Palpation : It is more reliable method in which the developing embryos are felt by hand . This is done after 2 weeks of mating.
False pregnancy:
If a doe does not become pregnant when mated, it may develop a false pregnancy where the doe will start to pull out its fur and
.V
try to make a nest16-20 days after mating, where as a pregnant doe usually starts to pull out her fur about 25-28 days after mating.
Soon after this the doe will come to heat again and can be mated
Care of the pregnant doe: When the previous litter has not been weaned, it can go back to them and continue to suckle them
until a week before its next litter is due.At least one week before kindling the pregnant doe should be shifted to be breeding hutch
where it is going to kindle.A next box with soft materials for making nest such as grass hay or straw should be provided on or
after 25th day after mating.Do not use saw dust in the nest box since it will get into the eyes of the bunnies. The day before
kindling the doe will pull out her fur from the rump, sides and around the teats for nesting.
A
Feeding the pregnant doe: Feeding the doe should be gradually increased during the last 10-14 days of pregnancy because the
growth of the embryos and the development of doe’s mammary gland will be taking place during this period. Better feeding
during this time will increase the birth weight of the young rabbits and milk yield of the doe
78
Kindling: Usually kindling takes place at night .It is to be ensured that predators are kept away at this time because if the doe is
upset or frightened, she may kill or abandon the litter.
The bunnies are born naked and blind and weigh about 30- 80 grams depending on the breed, age and nutritional status of the doe.
.N
The litter size may vary between 2-12.
Sometimes a doe may kill the young one for no apparent reasons. When the doe has not done it before, mate it again in 4 or 5
days. When the habit of cannibalism is noticed twice, the doe can be classed as a bad mother and should be culled.
.V
A
79
EXPT 18: Vaccination schedule of Dogs.
Aim: To write about the vaccination schedule of Dogs.
.N
Vaccination schedule for Dogs
Sl. Vaccine Type of vaccine Age Booster Repeat

No
1. Canine Distemper and Modified live virus 6-8 weeks 12- 16 weeks Annual
Measle virus
2. Infectious Canine Modified live virus(CAV-1 or CAV-2) 6-8 weeks 12- 16 weeks Annual
3.
4.
5.
6.
.V
Hepatitis virus
Rabies virus
Canine Leptospirosis
Parvo virus
Tetanus
Modified live virus or
Inactivated virus
Killed Bacteria
Inactivated
Tetanus toxoid
( bacterin)
8 weeks
9 weeks
6-8 weeks
12 weeks
1 year
12-16 weeks
12 weeks
18 weeks
3 years
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
A
.
80
EXPT 19: Diagram of an Egg its parts and Pig Catcher.
.N
(a) Draw the sketch diagram of an egg and marks various parts ?
.V
(b) Pig catcher
It secures tusks of pig. It is a metal rod of 2ft long and square in cross section. At one end,
there is a handle and at the other end, a metal cap through which a loop of wire passes.
The loop is applied over the snout and behind the upper tusks. It is tightened and fixed by
means of a ratchet. A simple and efficient pig catcher can be made from a bar of iron of
A
about 3 ft long with a handle at one end and the ring at the other end. Slip the ring round
the upper jaw behind the tusks. The bar should be bent downwards to afford the best
restraint. Fig 13.Pig catcher
81
EXPT 20: Floor space, Temperature, water space for chicks in Artificial Brooder and Weaning in Rabbits.
(a) Floor space, Temperature and Water space for chicks in Artificial Brooder
.N
Age Floor space Brooder temperature Water space
1st wk 100 – 200sq.cms 95˚F Start on shallow pans to avoid

Per chick crowding, use 4 waterers per
Brooder.
2-4wk 250-300 sq.cms 90˚F...2 wk
nd
Provide 4-6 waterers of 3litres
Per chick 85˚F...3 wk
rd
capacity per brooder. Fill
80˚F...4 wk
th
waterer twice daily.
5-8wk 700-800sq.cms 80˚F Use water trough with adju-
.V Per chick
(b) Weaning in Rabbits

stable stands. Keep waterers
at chicks shoulder level -2 cm
space per chick.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Weaning: It means separation of the young ones from their mother. It is a stressful period and requires careful handling.
Weaning is done between 4th and 6th week. Sex of the young rabbit can be determined one week after kindling by an experienced
A
person. Young rabbits should not leave the nest box until they are about 3 weeks of age. Weaning of bunnies can be done by 4 th to
6th week of age. The doe should be removed from the cage and the young can be retained for the next 4-5 weeks. Abrupt change
of feed is to be avoided during weaning so as to reduce the mortality in weaners.
82
EXPT 21: The Deep Litter system and general guidelines of Rabbit housing.
(a) Write about the deep litter system.
.N
In this system the birds are kept inside the house all the time. The birds are kept on suitable litter material of about 3 to 5
inches depth. Generally paddy husk, saw dust, ground nut hulls, chopped paddy straw or wood shavings are used as litter
materials. This arrangement saves labour involved in frequent cleaning of faecal matter. But it needs frequent stirring.
A concrete floor is advised for proper disinfection at the end of each batch. Initial about 3-5 inches of litter is put
into the house and after bacterial decomposition of litter and excreta into crumble form , more quantity is added till a depth of
about 8-12 inches is reached. Before adding fresh litter material the wet litter material is to be removed. The litter should be
thoroughly be racked to break the clumps and allow it to dry. In winter the litter depth can be increased to 10-12 inches while in
summer it may be reduced to 2.5 to 4 inches
.V
(b) General guidelines for housing of Rabbits.
•
•
Rabbits need to be housed to protect them from running away. The essential features of rabbit housing include
•
•
•
•
Sufficiently large with right dimensions for the purpose for which it is intended.
Comfortable and escape proof
Sanitary and capable of being cleaned easily
Convenient for the easy handling of stock
Well constructed of sound materials but as cheap as possible
So constructed that the animals hurt neither itself nor the hutch
A
• So designed to allow free air but to prevent drafts
• Well lit to facilitate easy feeding and watering.
83
EXPT 22: Cage system of Poultry housing and Deworming, Deticking of adult Dogs and Cats.
(a)cage system of poultry housing.
.N
This system involves rearing of poultry on raised wire netting floor in small compartments, called cages. This
system is very efficient for laying operations, right from day old to till disposal. At present 95% of commercial layers in
India are kept in cages. Feeders and waterers are attached to cages from outside except nipple waterers, for which pipeline
is installed through or above cages. Auto –operated feeding trolleys and egg collection belts can also be used in this
rearing system. The droppings are either collected in trays underneath cages or on belts or on the floor or deep pit under
the cages, depending on type of cages
(b) Deworming and Deticking adult dogs and cats.
.V Deworming adult dogs and cats
Dogs put everything in their mouth and need deworming twice a year to eliminate the parasites they pick up.
Deworm outside cats twice a year for the same reason.
Cats that are strictly inside animals need deworming once a year.
Cats that like to hunt need deworming three times a year .

A
Deticking
Tick bite can cause skin infections.Ticks carry diseases such as Lyme disease, Ehrlichia bacteria and anaplasmosis.
Ticks can be removed by using tweezers or insecticides. A fine toothed comb can be used to search for ticks on dogs and cats.Grab the
head of the tick with tweezers and place the tick in a jar containing alcohol to kill it.Flea and tick sprays can also be used to kill the ticks
84
EXPT 23: Identification of Pigs by Ear Notching and Grooming of Dogs.
(a) Identification of Pigs by ear notching method .
.N
Pigs are commonly identified by ear notching method.
Purpose: It is required for identification of pigs. Follow any standard method to locate the numbers on both the ears. It is performed
immediately after birth.
Equipment: Ear-notching plier, cotton swabs, antiseptics.
Method: Choose the number and identify the area for placing the marking on the left or right side. Hold pig on the table. Cut the edge of
.V
the ear(s) into ‘v’ shaped notch with the help of the sterilized plier or ordinary scissor.
Notch should not be too superficial or deep. Apply antiseptic to the notch till healing takes
place.
(b) Grooming of dog.
Grooming
Objectives: 1) Well groomed dogs are much healthier because it keeps them clean.
A
2) It keeps the coat glossy.
3) It stimulates circulation to the skin
4) Removes loose hair, external parasites, dirt and matting of hairs.
5) During moulting period grooming removes the dead hair.
85
6) It improves the relationship between the owner and pets.
.N
Method: Grooming should be done every day but it is advisable to comb and brush twice in a week. It can be started in the opposite
direction of the root of hair and then in normal way.
Schedule of Grooming Time allotted ( min)

Initial Inspection 1
Deticking 5
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Massage with fingers
Brushing
Combing
Cleaning of eye, ears, teeth and anus
Setting of hair
Final Inspection
6
10
2
3
2
1
A
Total time 30 min
86
EXPT 24: Castration in Pigs and selection of Rabbits.
(a) Castration in pig
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Purpose: A pair of testicles is removed at 3-4 week age to avoid boar taint to meat and also for good conformation just at the time of
maturity of pig. Often it is not practiced because the boars are sold prior to attaining the maturity.
Equipment: B.P. blade, scissors, cotton swab, artery forceps, antiseptics.
Method: Secure and restrain the pigs. Follow aseptic measures. Make an incision with a BP blade on midline and draw out the testicle
and cord. Cut the cord leaving one or two inches. Similarly remove the other testicle and left it open or suture it. Apply antiseptic to the
area till wound heals.
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(b) Selection of Rabbits
Selecting the does
Select the new breeding does when they weigh 2 kg
A doe selected for breeding must have at least eight teats, so that she can feed eight bunnies
A
The doe should be in good physical condition, good health and growing well and it should not be too fatty
The dam of the selected does should possess the following commercial characteristics
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6-12
Young reared per litter 6-8
No. of litters per doe per year 5-6
.N
No. of young reared per doe per year 25-40
Live weight gain(no. of weeks to reach 2kg 8-10 weeks
body weight)
Dressing percentage 50-55%
Feed conversion ratio 4:1 to 3:1
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Selection of Bucks
1. Choose the bucks when they weigh about 2 kg

2. The buck selected should have 2 well developed testicles
3. Bucks with damaged testicles should not be selected for breeding
4. The buck should be in very good in physical condition, health and libido
5. The buck should not be fatty
A
6. It is better to buy a good breeding buck from another breeder. This will help to avoid inbreeding
88
SPOTTERS.
25. Brooder
.N
A device for providing artificial heat to the chicks.
26 . Designer Eggs
.V
Eggs produced to contain higher levels of certain constituents such as Omega 3faty acids.
A
89
27. Pig catcher
.N
It secures tusks of pig.
28. Rabbit hutches
.V
Rabbits are housed in cages called hutches.
29 . Litter
A
Material used on the floor of poultry houses commonly used sawdust, rice hulls and chopped straw.
90
30. Leg bands
.N
Leg bands are aluminum or plastic band that wrap around a birds leg and must be fitted to
their leg size it is used for identification of poultry.
31. Pig sty
32. Kennel
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House of pig/living place having one or more pens for pigs.
A
A house for dog is known as Kennel.
91
33. Egg
.N
An egg is the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its ow
34. Creep feeding
.V
A
Milk supply of so reaches peak by about three weeks after farrowing and there after declines. It is necessary to introduce solid food to
piglets to makeup the short fall in nutrients supply from milk.
92
.N
35. Kit
.V A young rabbit whose eyes are not yet opened.
36. Grooming of Cat

A
93
.N
Groomed dogs and cats are much healthier because it keeps them clean.
37. Artificial Brooding
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Artificial brooding is the handling of newly born chicks without the aid of hen it is accomplished by means of temperature
A
controlled brooder.
38. Ear notching in Pigs
94
.N
Ear notching is identification of pigs.
39. Nail Trimmer
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A
Nail trimming is the process of cutting away excess nail of the dog and cat.
95
40. Soap
.N
Soap is used for bathing dogs. Mild human soap is preferred.
.V 41. Wing bands

A
Wing bands are permanent type of identification to the chick for life and grow with it.
96
42. B.P. blade
.N
B.P. blade is used remove the testicles at 3 to 4 week age to avoid boar to meet and also for good conformation just at the time
of maturity of pig.
.V 43. Farrowing crate

A
97
A steel crate used in pig pen to contain a sow and prevent it from lying on and killing the piglet. While allow them access to
her teats.
44. Clipping of Needle teeth
.N
.V
Piglets at birth have sharp corner and canine teeth (8 needle teeth) and cause injury to teat while suckling. Clip the needle teeth with the help of
sterilized cutting plier without causing injury to gums.
45. De beaking
A
98
.N
De beaking also called beak trimming is a partial removal of the beak of poultry especially layers.
.V 46.Bathing tub
A
Bathing tub is used for bathing dogs.
99
47. Neck tags
.N
Plastic tags that can be hung by the neck of a baby chick for identification.
.V 48. Layer
A
An egg laying female chicken up to one year after starting the laying of eggs.
100
QUESTIONS FOR VIVA VOCE
Poultry production
1. Define All –in – All-out
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A flock of birds enters and exits a facility as a single group. New birds are not introduced and flocks are not mixed. This strategy
minimizes the risk of new birds introducing disease agents into a flock.
2. Define Broiler breeder
Breeders that produce hatching eggs for commercial broiler production.
3. Define Broody
A hen which has stopped laying eggs temporarily.
4. What is Brood?
A group of chicks of same age raised in one batch is called as a brood.
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5. Define Brooder
A device for providing artificial heat to the chicks.
6. Define Broiler:
They are the hybrid chicks having rapid growth and attaining about 1.5 kg weight during the period of 6 weeks of age. Sold for table
purpose within 8 to 10 weeks period. They possess a very tender and delicious meat.
7. What is Capon?
It is a young male birds of which testicle are removed.
8. Define Chick
A
A young male or female fowl below 8 weeks of age.
9. Define Cock
A matured male chicken above 20 weeks of age.
7. Define Designer eggs
Eggs produced to contain higher levels of certain constituents, such as omega-3 fatty acids.
101
8. Define Flock
A group of birds that feed or move together. In domestication they will normally be of the same type and age, housed together, and
managed the same.
9. Define Fowl:
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Domestic birds used for food and other economic purposes, including chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea, quails, pheasants,
pigeons, etc.
10. What is Grower?
A young chick of 9th week of 20th week of age of either sex.
14. What is Hen?
A matured female chicken generally above 20 weeks of age.
15. Define Layer
An egg laying female chicken up to one year after starting the laying of eggs.
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16. What is Litter?
Materials used on the floor of poultry houses. Common litter materials are wood shavings, sawdust, rice hulls, peanut hulls, chopped
straw and shredded paper.
17. Define Moulting:
The process of shading old feathers and growth of new feather in their place moulting normally occurs once in a year.
18. Define Offal:
The waste material from poultry processing, excluding feathers, that is useful as a feed ingredient when cooked and prepared as a meal.
19. Define Poultry:
A
Domestic fowl such as chickens, turkeys, guineas, geese and ducks that are raised for meat, eggs, feathers, or other products.
20. What is Pullet?
A young female chicken from 9 to 20 weeks of age.
21. Define Vent sexing
A procedure for determining the sex of newly hatched poultry by examination of the cloacal anatomy.
102
SWINE PRODUCTION
22. What is Bacon:
The meat from back and sides of a pig, preserved by curing with brine.
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23. Define Barrow
A male hog whose testes are removed before reaching breeding age and before development of secondary sex characters
24. What is Boar?
A male hog with sex organ intact and generally used for breeding (the un castrated male of swine)
25. Define Bristles

Stiff wiry hairs of the pigs obtained from back and neck parts
26. What is Cad?
27. Define Creep
.V
The smallest pig of a litter last to be farrowed, also called as Rit, Crit, Criting or Ratling
An area of access to piglets separate from the sow lying area

28. What is Creep feed?
The first solid and palatable feed provided to the young ones and is usually offered in creep. It is fortified with proteins, minerals,
vitamins and antibiotics
29. Define Drove
A group or group of pigs taken from place to place
A
30. Define Farrowing:
Parturition /birth of piglets in sow
31. What is Farrowing crate?
A steel crate used in pig pen to contain a sow and prevent it from lying on and killing the piglet, while allow them access to her
teats
103
32. Define Gilt/Hilt/Yelter
A young female pig kept for breeding purpose which has either not conceived as yet or going to farrow for the first time.
33. Define Gravid sow/Gilt
Pregnant sow /gilt
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34. Define Hog
It is a general term used to denote the entire swine family or it is synonymous with swine or A pig above 55kg body weight.
35. Define Lard
The fat from the pig carcass after it has been tendered i.e., melted down
36. What is Litter?
A group of piglets born to a sow/ gilt in a single farrowing
37. What is Piglings/piglets?
A small pig
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38. Define Pork:
Fresh, frozen or salted meat from pig carcass
39. What is Rig?
A male pig or sheep with one undescended testis
40. Define Sow
Female pig kept for breeding purposes, which has farrowed at least once or more number of times
41. Define Stag
A male pig usually castrated after puberty
A
42. Define Sty
House of pig/ living place having one or more pens for pigs
43. What is Weaner?
Piglet separated from mother for the purpose of independent rearing. These are 2 months old
104
RABBIT PRODUCTION
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44. Define Doe
A mature female rabbit used for breeding
45. Define Buck
A mature male rabbit used for breeding
46. Define Kit
A young rabbit whose eyes are not yet opened
47. Define Bunny
A young rabbit below 20 weeks age
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48. What is Fryer?
10-12 weeks old rabbits ready for market
49. What is Roaster?
Culled rabbits
50. Define Kindling
Parturition
51. What is Litter?
Kits born in a single kindling
A
52. Define Fur
Wool
53. Define Pelt
Skin
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PET ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

54. Define Canine
Species of dogs
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55. What is Dog?
Un castrated adult male
56. What is Bitch?
Adult female dog
57. Define Pup
Young of either sex under1 year age
58. Define Copulation
Act of mating in dogs
59. What is Whelping?
Act of parturition in dogs
62. Define Tom

.V
60. What is Pack?
Group of dogs
61. Define Feline
Species of cat
Uncastrated adult male cat

63. Define Queen
Adult female cat
64. What is Neuter?
Castrated male cat
A
65. What is Kitten?
Young one of either sex
66. Define Queening
Act of mating in cat
67. Define Bevy
Group of cats
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Livestock Management and Dairying

First Year ( P.C.110/22)
.N
PAPER – II : Non Ruminant livestock production and Management
QUESTION BANK
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks: 50
Section - I
1. Draw the sketch diagram of Fowl and mark various body parts.
.V2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Draw the sketch diagram of Pig and mark various body parts.
Draw the sketch diagram of Rabbit and mark various body parts.
Draw the sketch diagram of Dog and mark various body parts
Draw the sketch diagram of Cat and mark various body parts
Draw the sketch diagram of Reproductive system of Sow and label the Parts
Section - II
7. Write about Breed characteristics of Aseel breed of poultry
A
8. Write about Breed characteristics of Yorkshire breed of swine.
9. Write about Breed characteristics of Dutch breed of Rabbit.
10. Write about Breed characteristics of Rajapalayam breed of Dog.
11. Write about Breed characteristics of Singapura breed of Cat.
12. Write about the backyard poultry Srindhi dual purpose variety for
107
Section - III
13. Write about poultry farm routine.
14. Write about swine farm routine.
.N
15. Write about Vaccination schedule for Layers and Broiler chicken.
16. Write about the dentition and ageing of Pigs.
17. Write about the Care and management of Pregnant rabbit animals
18. Write about the Vaccination schedule for dog and cat
Section - IV
19. Diagram of an egg, its parts and Pig catcher.
20. Floor space,Temparature, water space for Chicks in Artificial Brooder and Weaning in rabbits.
.V21. Deep Litter system Poultry system and general guidelines of Rabbit housing
22. Cage system of poultry housing and Deworming and Deticking of adult Dogs and Cats.
23. Identification of Pigs by Earnotching method and Grooming of Dogs
24. Castration in Pigs and selection of Rabbits .
Section - V
A
Spotters.
25. Brooder.
26. Designer Eggs
27. Pig catcher
28. Rabbit Hutches
108
29. Litter
30. Leg bands
31. Pig Sty
32. Kennel
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33. Egg
34. Creep feeding
35. Kit
36. Grooming of Cat
37. Artificial Brooding
38. Ear notching in pigs
39. Nail Trimmer
40. Soap
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41. Wing Band
42. B.P. Blade
43. Farrowing Crate
44. Clipping of Needle teet
45. De beaking
46. Bathing Tub
47. Neck Tags
48. Layer
A
Section - VI
Record: 5 Marks
Viva 5 Marks
109
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Section - I 1 x 8 = 8 Marks
3. Draw the sketch diagram of Rabbit and mark various body parts
10. Write about the breed Characteristics of Rajapalayam breed of Dog.
.V14. Write about swine farm routine

Section - III
Section - IV
19. Draw the sketch diagram of an Egg and mark various parts and Pig catcher
Section - V
1 x 8 = 8 Marks
2 x4 = 8 Marks
4 x 2 = 8 Marks
A
37. Artificial Brooder.
38. Ear Notching in Pigs.
39. Nail trimmer.
110
40. Soap.
Section - VI
Record 5 Marks
.N
Viva 5 Marks
Note : The Serial numbers of the questions mentioned above are the serial numbers in question bank. Inpractical examiantion
onlythe serial number ofthe questions will be given, the examiner shall decode it with question bank and give the questions.
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A
111
SCHEME OF VALUATION
.N
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 50
Section - I,II,III 1 x 8 = 8 Marks

1. Principle / Objective/ Purpose : 1 mark
2. Materials : 1 mark
4. Result /Observation / Comment : 2 marks
.V 1. Purpose / Use / Objective

2. Method / Description
3. Result or Remark
Identification
Section - IV
:
:
:
Section - V
:
1 mark
2 marks
1 mark
1 mark
2 x 4 = 8 Marks
4 x 2 = 8 Marks
A
Uses/Importance : 1 mark
Section-VI
Record : 5Marks
Viva : 5Marks
112
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.V PAPER – III : FEEDS AND FEEDING OF LIVE STOCK
A
113

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PAPER – III : FEEDS AND FEEDING OF LIVE STOCK
INDEX
S.No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
1. Diagram of Ruminant Digestive System and its parts. 116
2. Diagram of Pig Digestive System and its parts. 117
3. Diagram of Rabbit Digestive System and its parts. 118
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.VDiagram of Poultry Digestive System and its parts.
Diagram of Dog Digestive System and its parts.
Diagram of Cat Digestive System and its parts.
Feeding of Milch animals.
Feeding of Pregnant and Lactating of Ewe and Does.

119
120
121
122
124
A
9. Feeding of Pregnant and Lactating of Sows. 125
10. Classification of Poultry feed stuffs. 126
11. Feeding of different classes of dogs. 128
12. Thumb rules of feeding cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goat. 130
114
13. Vermi Compost. 131
14. Sailage 132
15. Hay 134
.N
16. Formulation of Milk replacer and calf starter. 135
17. Cleaning and fumigation of stores. 137
18. Pelleting process and advantages. 139
19. Chaffing of fodders & Colastrums feeding 141
20. Crop rotation & Packing & forwarding of Feeds 142
21.
22.
23.
24.
.V
Importance of Unconventional Feeds & Alkali treatments of cereal straws 143
Cultivation Practice of Maize & Sorghum
Clutivation Practice of Lucrene & Cow Pea
Cultivation Practice of Hybrid Napier & Hedge Lucerne
SPOTTERS
144
146
148
150-163
A
Viva Voce 164
Question Bank 168
Model Question Paper 171
115
EXPT-I Diagram of Ruminant digestive system and its parts.
AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Ruminants.
.N
.V
A
Feg.1 Digestive system of Ruminants
116
EXPT-2. Diagram of Pig Digestive System and its parts
AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Pig.
.N
.V
A
Fig.2 Digestive system of pig
117
EXPT 3. Diagram of Rabbit Digestive System and its parts

AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Rabbit.
.N
.V
A
Fig.3 Digestive system of Rabbit
118
EXPT 4. Diagram of Poultry Digestive System and its parts.
AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Poultry.
.N
.V
A
Fig .4 Digestive system of Poultry
119
EXPT 5. Diagram of Dog Digestive System and its parts
AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Dog.
.N
.V
A
Fig.5 Digestive system of Dog
120
EXPR 6. Diagram of CAT Digestive System and its parts
AIM : To Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Cat.
.N
.V
A
Fig.6 Digestive system of Cat
121
EXPR 7. Feelng of Milch animals.
AIM-To Write the Feeding practices for Milch animal in different stages of Lactation
.N
Feeding of Milch Animal.
Early lactation ( 0 to 70 days postpartum) : Milk production increases rapidly during this period and it will reach peak milk yield at 6 to 8
weeks after calving. Feed intake of the animal does not increase with nutrient needs for milk production, especially for energy. Energy
will be mobilized from body tissue to meet energy requirements for milk production. It results loss in body weight. Good feeding is
required during this period to increase the peak milk yield. As a thumb rule, the milch animal requires about 30kg. green fodder and 5-
7kg dry fodder to meet the body maintenance requirements. One kg concentrate mixture is given for every 2.5kg milk in cows and One
kg concentrate mixture is given for every 2 kg milk in buffaloes apart from maintenance requirements. Another one kg concentrate
.V
mixture is given to increase the milk yield over and above the maintenance and milk production requirements. About 30-50grams mineral
mixture is given per day along with concentrate mixture in case of high milk producing animals.
Feeding of newly Calved Cows and Buffaloes: Challenge feeding of high milk yielding cows is started Just two weeks before calving. This
challenge feeding will condition her digestive system for the increased amount of concentrates of early lactation and provide enough
nutrients to initiate lactation on a higher plane. The challenge feeding should be done in following way.
A
 Start feeding 0.5 kg of the concentrate mixture 2 weeks before calving. Daily increase this quantity by300-400grams until the cow is
consuming 0.5 to 1.0kg concentrate mixture for every100kg body weight.
 After calving, start increasing the concentrate mixture by 500grams a day in the first two weeks of lactation until the cow is consuming
concentrate mixture on free choice level. It is continued until the cow achieves peak yield. Then the amount of concentrate mixture is
122
fixed as per the milk yield i.e One kg concentrate mixture is given for every2.5kg milk in cows and One kg concentrate mixture is given
for every 2 kg milk in buffaloes apart from adequate green and dry fodder.
Feeding during mid lactation : Cow should be maintained at peak production as long as possible. Feed intake is maximum and no loss of
.N
body weight during this stage when the animal is fed properly. As a thumb rule, the milch animal requires about 30kg. green fodder and 5-
7kg dry fodder to meet the body maintenance requirements. One kg concentrate mixture is given for every 2.5kg milk in cows and One kg
concentrate mixture is given for every 2 kg milk in buffaloes apart from maintenance requirements. About 30-50grams mineral mixture is
given per day along with concentrate mixture in case of high milk producing animals.
Mid – to late lactation ( 150 to 305 days postpartum):Milk production is declining, the cow is mostly pregnant, and nutrient intake will
easily meet or exceed requirement. Milk production should slowly decline at an 8 to 10 percent drop per month. Avoid over-conditioning
.V
cows. As a thumb rule, the milch animal requires about 30kg.greenfodder and 5-7kg dry fodder to meet the body maintenance requirements.
One kg concentrate mixture is given for every2.5kg milk in cows and One kg concentrate mixture is given for every 2 kg milk in buffaloes
apart from maintenance requirements.
A
123
EXPR 8 Feeding of Pregannet and Lactating Ewe and Does.
AIM- To Write the Feeding of Pregnant and Lactating Ewe and Doe
.N
Feeding of pregnant and lactating ewe and doe: Good feeding is required for pregnant ewes and does during last two months of pregnancy for
foetal growth and mammary tissue syntheses to produce more milk for lambs and kids, easy parturition and to prevent metabolic diseases such as
ketosis. Pregnant ewe or doe is fed with 250 grams concentrate mixture daily apart from 5kg green forage and grazing during last 2 months of
pregnancy.
Good feeding is also required for ewes and does after parturition to produce more milk for their young ones. It improves the growth rate of lambs
and kids. Lactating ewes and does are fed with 250 grams concentrate mixture daily apart from 5-6kg green forage and grazing until the
lambs / kids are separated from the mother (3months).
.V
In case of high milk producing goats, concentrate mixture is to be given at the rate of one kg concentrate mixture for every 2.5 liters of milk apart
from green fodder and browsing in the pasture land.
Concentrate mixture for adult sheep and goat can be prepared with the local available feed ingredients.
1. Ground maize/Jowar
2. Groundnut cake/ Sunflower cake
3. Wheat bran/Rice bran
4.Mineral mixture
5. Common salt.
: 27kg
: 20kg
: 50kg
: 02kg
: 01kg
A
Total : 100kg
Adult ewes and goats after weaning of young one to 2 weeks before breeding season can be fed with only green fodder without concentrates.
Whenever, green fodder / good pasture is not available, at least 200gms concentrate mixture should be fed to the adult sheep and goat.
124
EXPR 9 Feeding of Pregnant and Lactating Sows .
AIM- To Write the Feeding of Sows at the time of Parturition and during Lactation
.N
Feeding of sows
Feeding unbreed sows: unbreed sows may be fed similar to the gilts to keep them in medium condition. When the sow is lean and run down in
condition due to previous pregnancy and lactation, it needs good feeding to recoup.
Flushing: Sows and gilts are fed with flushing ration from two weeks before breeding and during breeding season for regularity of heat, more
ovulation and fertilization. Gilts require 25-30 grams flushing ration for every kg body weight, while sows require 15-20gms for every kg
body weight. Usually 2.0 kg of finisher ration is given for 15 days for flushing of breed able gilts or sows before mating followed by
1.5kg till farrowing.
.V
Feeding pregnant sows: Feeding of pregnant sows and gilts should match their nutrient requirements. Good feeding during pregnancy period will
result in good litter, heavier and healthy piglets at birth and sufficient milk production to the piglets after farrowing. Feed offered needs
to be restricted to 2 to 2.5 kg per day because higher quantity of feeding may lead to embryonic mortality. Sows should gain 30to35 kg
body weight during pregnancy period while 35to40kg gain in gilts.
Feeding sows at the time of parturition and during lactation: About 4-5 days before the farrowing, the sows ration should be reduced to nearly
half. Laxative feeds like wheat bran, linseed meal should be included in the ration to prevent constipation. On the day of farrowing, it is
better not to give any feed. Sufficient clean and fresh water should be available throughout the day. Thereafter, for the next 3 days
increase the recommended ration gradually, by 4th day sow could get at least 2.0 kg of that feed. From 5 th day onwards sows should be
fed to appetite by offering the daily quota of feed twice daily. Lactating sow is fed with 3.5kg feed along with 0.2kg feed per piglet in the
A
litter to produce sufficient milk to the pig lets. The interval between two feedings should be 8 hours. Such feeding is continued till
weaning of the piglets. Thereafter, sows should again be fed 1.5 kg of feed daily till the breeding season. Good quality succulent fodder
at the rate of 5-6 kg per pig may be offered along with concentrate mixture. Sufficient clean and fresh water should be available
throughout the lactation period.
125
EXPT 10. Classification of Poultry feed stuffs.
AIM- Write the Classification of Poultry feed Stuffs
Classification of poultry feed stuffs
.N
Poultry feed ingredients can be classified into the following groups
1. Energy feed stuffs: The cereal grains and their by products, fats and certain other carbohydrate feed stuffs serve as the chief source of
energy in poultry rations. Commonly used energy feed stuffs include;
Maize Bajra Tapioca meal
Jowar (Sorghum) Rice bran or polishing Molasses
2.
Wheat
Barly
.V
Protein feed stuffs:
Wheat bran
Oats
The protein source may be classified into animal and plant origin. As a general rule , use of two or three protein feed stuffs provides a better
assortment of amino acids and other nutrients than single one. Some of the animal and the vegetable protein feed stuffs are:
A
Animal Protein Feedstuffs
Vegetable protein feedstuffs
Fish meal Ground nut oil cake
126
Blood meal Coconut oil cake
Meat meal Maize gluten meal
Silk worm pupae meal Sunflower oil meal
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Hatchery residue or waste Soya bean meal
Poultry by-products meal Sesame meal
Liver residue Cotton seed meal
Milk and milk by-products Leaf protein concentrates
3. Fat sources: Lard and animal tallow are some of the common fats. Vegetable oils can also be used in poultry feeds for preparing high
4.
Lime stone
Dicalcium phosphate
Mangenese sulphate
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energy rations.
Minerals: Animal proteins are better source of minerals than vegetable protein feed stuffs. The following mineral supplements are
commonly used to supply one or more minerals required in the ration.
Oyster shell
Bone meal
Super phosphate
A
Sodium chloride
5. Vitamin supplements: Yeast and fish oils are rich sources of critical vitamins. Number of preparations containing a combination of
A+B2+D3 are used as premixes to fortify poultry feeds with vitamins.
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EXPR.11 Feeding of different classes of Dogs.
AIM- To Write the Feeding of different classes of Dogs
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Feeding of dogs
Feeding of pups: Under normal conditions new born pups are nursed by their mother through natural teat feeding and they learn to eat mother’s
food after opening eyes at about 2 weeks of age. Ensure that the pups are getting enough milk from mother. If the milk is not enough,
supplement the diet with calcium and general tonics. The demand for milk by the nursing ones will continue to increase for about 20-30
days. Lactation period may last for 8weeks. The best age of weaning or separation of pup/ kitten from their mother is between 5-8 weeks.
Feeding of orphan pups: Orphanage is mainly due to large litter size, poor mothering ability, malnutrition of bitches and young ones and
1)
2)
3)
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inexperienced mother will not allow the pups to suckle. So feeding of orphans with alternative foods is needed.
Alternative milk for orphans
Cow milk + Egg for yolk
Evaporated milk (Diluted to reduce lactose %)
Commercial milk replacer
Whole milk
Cream (12% fat)
800 ml
200 ml
A
Egg yolk one
Sterilized bone meal 6 gm
Citric acid 4 gm
Cod Liver oil 3 gm
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Tetracyclines 10 mg /kg milk replacer (Proper stirring while mixing is needed)
4) ‘Lactogen’ – A commercial product
Food Formula for Pups
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Milk based:
4 tsp Farex/ Cerelac + 1 tsp glucose + 10 ml ostocalcium liquid + milk as required.
Meat based:
2 cups cooked Rice + 200 g of beef mince / 2 hard boiled eggs ( Remove one yolk) + finely chopped carrot/ beet root / beans / green peas
+ 1 tsp vegetable oil – divided and given as 2 meals.
2milk based + 2 meat based meals/ day after 5th week of age can be given.
Feeding Schedule for pups and kittens
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1st week – 2hr interval
2nd week – 3hr interval in day time and 4 hr interval in night time
3rdweek – 4 hr interval in day once in night
5th week – thrice daily at 4 hr interval, avoid night meal and milk supplement should be 14- 16 % of body weight.
Feeding of growing dogs: The dog should be given 50-55gm dry matter/ kg body weight during the active growth up to 6 months of age.
Afterwards the quantity of diet should be reduced to 38-40gm /kg body weight up to 1 year of age or maturity
A
Feeding of adult dogs: A standard balanced dog food should contain 20-22% crude protein, 4-5% fat, 5-10% crude fibre on dry matter basis.A
definite feeding schedule should be followed and it may be divided as breakfast, lunch and dinner. Dogs should be allowed 15-20
minutes time for eating and any leftover should be discarded. Long fresh bones with open extremities should be offered from the healthy
carcass to chew for half to one hour. It keeps teeth and jaw muscles healthy.
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EXPT 12. Thumb rules of feeding Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep and Goat.
AIM- To Write the thumb rules of feeding Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep and Goat
Thumb Rules of Feeding Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep and Goat.
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 The nutrient requirements of the animal are basically divided in to maintenance and production requirements. Maintenance requirement
is the requirement of nutrients to just maintain the animals without losing body weight. It depends on the weight of the animal.
Production requirement is the requirement of nutrients for the various production functions i.e milk, growth, meat and eggs.
 A young growing animal requires more nutrients in addition to its maintenance requirements.
 A pregnant animal requires more nutrients for the growth of foetus in the uterus in addition to its own maintenance requirement. A young
growing pregnant heifer requires nutrients for maintenance, its own growth and the growth of its foetus.
 A milk producing animal requires more nutrients for milk production in addition to its maintenance requirement. A young growing
heifer which is in 1st and 2nd lactation requires 20 and 10 per cent over and above the maintenance requirement.
 A work animal requires more nutrients for work in addition to its maintenance requirement.
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The dry matter (DM) requirement of cattle is at rate of 2.0-2.5% and buffalo is 2.5-3.0% of their body weight per day.
The dry matter requirement of Sheep and Goat is 3% and 4% of their body weight respectively.
Out of total DM requirement, 67% should be met from roughages (of which 45% dry and 22% green) and remaining 33% from concentrates.
Calculation of Dry Matter (DM) requirement.
DM requirement of a cattle weighing 400 Kg can be calculated as 2.5% of body weight.
Total DM requirement is = 400kgx2.5% = 10 Kg.
DM from concentrates = 10 Kg x 33% = 3.30 Kg.
DM from dry roughages = 10Kg x 45% = 4.50 kg.
A
DM from green roughages=10Kgx22% =2.20 Kg.
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EXPT 13. Vermi compost.
AIM- To Write the Preparation of Vermi compost
Construct a cement tank or use a plastic tub. A wooden tank may be constructed using slender poles of Eucalyptus or Bamboo. Tie the poles in
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horizontal and vertical rows in the form of a tank. Keep the tank above the ground level so as to prevent infestation of predators. To
prevent entry of ants, a layer of grease or oil can be applied all around the tank. A channel filled with waste oil can also be put around the
tank for preventing entry of ants. Place a 2-3 S’ thick layer of soil on the surface of the tank. Fill the tank with waste material such as
leaves, coir from coconut tres, saw dust, rice husk, sugarcane trash, wheat straw, etc. over the top layer with loose dry litter or straw to
prevent loss of moisture. The straw can be used as a bedding material in successive rounds of composting. Place a layer of kitchen waste
and ½-1kg T-8 days old cow dung. Release about 150-200 earthworms on the piled up waste material.Cover the material with a moist
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gunny cloth and leave it for 2-3 months. Successive vermin-compost can be harvested after every 4 to 6 weeks.Push aside the compost in
the tank and collect decomposed compost with any gardening spatula, shovel or hand. Separate unfed material, cocoons and worms.
Dry the compost in shade for one or two days and pass through a sieve of 3mm.Transfer separated cocoons and worms back to
culture. Sieve the compost again and dry in shade to remove moisture before packing. Prepared vermin-
compost is in the form of a fine loose powder or fine granular dark substance which can be easily separated from the material which is not fed by
the earthworms.
A
131
EXPT . 14. Silage
AIM: To Write the Silage preparation.
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Tower silo
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Method of silage Making
Selection and Harvesting of Crop for Silage :Crops suitable for making silage are Maize, sorghum, all green grasses, Lucerne, Berseem, cow
pea, soya bean, Oats and Barley,
Almost all forage crops are suitable for silage making. Even some crops that are unsuitable as green fodder(or) hay due to bitterness or off flavor
A
are suitable as silage as they appear to lose these qualities during ensiling.
Maize is a popular crop for silage it yields highly. Besides, at the stage of cutting for ensiling, it possesses the required dry matter percentage and
available sugars. Thus normal fermentation is ensured without the addition of any preservation. The fodder can be harvest at 60-70 days
cutting and yield 20-25 tonnes per acre. Three crops can be obtained in a year. Sorghum is another important silage crop. The sweet
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sorghum is better for silage than grain sorghum. It should be cut in the dough stage. Grasses and legumes when used for silage are
usually referred to as hay crop silages. Ensiling them requires special methods.
Requisites of Silo:
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(a) The walls should be upermeable.
(b) Should be sufficiently deep.
(c) Must be located in an-elevated ground.
(d) The size of the silo should be calculated on the basis of the number of animals to be fed and
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length of the feeding period.
For 100 quintols of grass 3X1,5X1 meter dimension pit is required.
Silage Making:
Crops more suitable for silage making are maize and sorghum. All green grasses and legumes can also be used for silage making by using
special methods. Maize is a popular crop for silage as it yields highly. It possesses the required dry matter percentage and available
sugars at the stage of cutting for ensiling . Thus normal fermentation is ensured without the addition of any preservation. The sweet
sorghum is better for silage than grain sorghum. It should be cut in the dough stage. The fodder crop to be ensiled should contain about
A
75% moisture. Molasses is added at 15 kg per ton of grasses or 500 kg of legume fodder. After the silo is filled and packed well, the top
of the silo is covered with a one foot layer of wet paddy straw. This layer is then plastered with a clay or clay and cow dung.(10:1) and to
keep the silo air tight and water tight, a polythene sheet is covered over the silo. This will provide necessary compression to the top layers
of silage. Air and water should not go inside the packed material. The silage will be ready in 6-8 weeks after covering the silo pit.
133
EXPT. 15. Hay
AIM – To Write the preparation of Hay making
Hay Making.
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Advantages of Hay: Hay making is less expensive and easy to prepare. It is nutritious and palatable as compared to straw. Sun cured hay
contains more Vitamin-D.
Disadvantages of Hay: It requires more space as compared to silage. Vitamin A is less in hay when compared to silage.
Method of hay making: Preparation of hay by sun curing depends on the type of crop available and the climatic conditions. Thin stemmed
crops like Lucerne, Oats and grasses are suitable for hay making. The stage of maturity of the crop at the time of cutting is very important
as far as nutritive value of the hay is concerned. An early cut results more nutritive value but less yield. Late cutting on the other hand
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will result in less nutritive value but more bulk. Legume hays are made out of leguminous plants like Lucerne, berseem and sun hemp.
They are rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals. The non-leguminous contain less proteins, minerals and vitamins. Hay may be prepared
from thin stem grass.
The fodder crop is cut when 2/3 of the entire crop is in flowering stage. The harvesting should be done in cool hours of the morning . It is put in
small heaps in shade, so that it is easy to take turning process. Later, It is stacked on an elevated ground. The heaps of the hay is put to a
height of 7 meters. Around the heap a channel of 20 cm deep and 30cm wide is provided to drain the rain water. The hay can also be
stacked in a well ventilated shed.
A
Characteristics of good hay: Hay must be leafy and green to brown in colour. It should have soft and pliable stems. It should be free from
moulds, weeds and dust. It should be palatable and have pleasant smell and aroma. It should not contain more than 13-15per cent
moisture.
134
EXPR.16. Formulation of Milk replacer and calf starter
AIM : To Write formulation of Milk replacer and calf starter.
Milk replacer is a constituted feed for dairy calves. Milk can also be substituted with milk replacer for economical calf rearing. Milk replacer
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resembles milk in biochemical composition and decrease the cost of calf rearing.
Objectives of Milk Replacer : It is useful to raise orphan calves, supplement dam’s milk, wean calves at an early age, make raising of calves
cheaper and to maintain normal growth of calves.
Essential Points for Successful Results With Replacer : It should be nutritionally adequate, similar to composition of milk, less crude fibre,
palatable and it should contain additives like antibiotic mixture, vitablend/Rovi mix etc. It should be easily mixable with warm water/
milk and economical. It contains minimum 20% crude protein. The milk replacer is diluted with water in the ratio of 1:8.There should be
Wheat
Fish Meal
Linseed meal
Milk
Coconut Oil
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proper sanitation in calf pen. Sterilized utensils are to be used while feeding milk replacer to the young calves.
Composition of Milk Replacer
: 10 Kg.
: 12 Kg.
: 40 Kg.
: 13 Kg.
: 10 Kg.
A
Butyric Acid : 0.3 Kg
Citric acid : 1.5 Kg.
Mineral Mixture: 3.0 Kg
Antibiotic Mixture: 0.2Kg
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Vitamin mix( A,B2,D3): 0.015Kg
Calf Starter
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An ideal calf starter contains 20-23 percent DCP and 70 percent TDN. Calf starter should be palatable and fibre should be less than 7 percent.
Composition.
Maize/Jowar : 50 Kg.
Ground nut cake. : 30 Kg.
Wheat bran/Rice bran : 8 Kg.
Fish Meal/Dried skim
Milk powder
Salt
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Mineral Mixture
Rovimix/vtablend
Aurofac
:
:
:
:
:
10 kg.
2 kg.
To 100 kgs of above mixture, the following may be added
Molasses : 5-10 per cent according to availability
0.5 per cent
10 gms per quintal
20 g.
A
136
EXPR 17. Cleaning and fumigation of stores
AIM : To Write the Cleaning and Fumigation of stores
Cleaning and fumigation of stores.
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 Cleaning includes removal of dust, remnants of feed ingredient, dirt and spider webs etc., in the feed store rooms.
 The floor, walls and roof should be properly cleaned using broom stocks or with vacuum cleaner.
 Repair the holes made by rodents by plugging with cement and chips.
 For cleaning of roofs it is better to clean by sucking operation with vacuum machines, which will squeeze dust, dirt, insect eggs or
insects, spider webs easily.

Fumigation



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Clean the floors with washing with, detergent solution and let it dry without any moisture. After wards follow sanitization procedures.
Fumigation is the introduction of a toxic gas into a space-whether a warehouse, godown, or a rat burrow, in high enough concentrations
so that the gas fills all areas & kill target pests.
Fumigation is quick acting, effective against various stages of the pest, highly penetrating into the packaging and commodities.
Leaves no residue of toxicant and undesired odour. The gas being inert does not react directly with commodity.
A
 Normally fumigation carried out by production of formaldebyde gas by adding required quantity of formaldebydle solution (40%
formalin) to potassium permanganate.
 Use 40 ml formaldehyde solution to 20 g of potassium permanganate for every 100 cft air space.
 The other method is to dip a piece of cloth in 100 ml of formaldebyde and hang near to fan in the relative humidity at above 75%.
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 Formaldehyde gas is irritant to eyes and skin hence handle carefully and wear protective cover.
 Close air vent and exhaust, Min. 30 mts gas contact for disinfection. If necessary use ammonium hydroxide 25% to neutralize
formaldebyde.
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Qualities of ideal fumigant
 Low cost for effective dosage and application.
 High toxicity to insects; low to man.
 High volatility and penetration; low absorption.
 Non-corrosive.
 Non-Explosive, non-flammable.
 No damage to product quality.



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Aerate rapidly, no residue.
No damage to germination.
Residual spraying.
A
138
EXPR. 18. Pelleting process and advantages.
AIM- Write the Pelleting process and its advantages
Pelleting Process- Advantages.
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Pelleting involves the compression of a mixed feed through holes in a hardened steel ring or plate(a die) by means of hardened steel rollers. The
die forms the feed into pencil-like extrusions which are cut by knives into pellets of desired length on leaving the die. The principle of
operation of a ring die is given in figure.
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In a ring die pelleter, the rollers or the die may be driven but in a plate die pelleter the rollers only are driven.
A
 The die and rollers of a ring die pelleter may operate in a horizontal or vertical plane according to machine design.
 The pelleting process is very energy intensive, demanding upto 50% of the total power required for feed manufacture.
139
 The diameter of feed pellets is governed by the diameter of the holes in the die ring but the smaller the die holes the greater effort is
required to force meal into these holes, hence the greater the power demand, that is, the smaller the pellet, the greater the cost of the
manufacture.
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Advantages of pelleted feed
 The use of pelleted feed is often popular with farmers because it is convenient to handle and reduces dustiness.
 It prevents segregation fo raw materials during handling and selection by animals especially poultry, during feeding.
 This may be particularly useful where less palatable raw materials are included in the formulation.
 Pellets also reduce feed losses during feeding and may help to maintain, or increase, feed intake under certain conditions.
 The heat generated during pelleting can inactivate some pathogenic bacteria which may be present in raw materials.

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Finally pelleting can assist in preventing adulteration of feed by unscrupulous traders.
A
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EXPR 19: Chaffing of Fodders & Colostrums Feeding
(a) Chaffing of Fodders:
Chaffing: Cutting the fodder stems and leaves into small pieces by manual or mechanical means is known as chaffing. Fodders are chaffed
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uniformly into fine (0.5cm) or coarse (1-2cm) particles. There are two types of chaff cutters.
1. Hand operated chaff cutter: It is useful for small dairy units with one or two animals.
a) Sickle type chaff cutter b) Wheel type chaff cutter with two or three sharp blades.
2. Electrical chaff cutter: It is operated with 5 HP or 10HP motors. These are useful for
medium to big commercial dairy farms.
Advantages of chaffing: The stems of grass is made into small pieces and the animal consumes the chaffed fodder without wastage. When the
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fodder is not chaffed, nearly 40-50% green fodder will be wasted. Chaffed material can be packed in bags. The chaffed fodder consumes
less space for storage. It helps in good silage making. It improves the palatability and feed intake. It helps in the feeding of roughages and
concentrates together in the form of complete feed or total mixed rations.
(b) Colostrums Feeding.
Feeding of Colostrum New Born calf : New born calf should be fed with colostrum from the mother within 30minutes to one hour after birth.
Colostrum is the first milk given by the mother after calving. The proteins of colostrum consists of a much higher proportion of globulin
A
than in normal milk. These globulins are the source of antibodies which protect the young one/ calf from many infections during early
stage of life, after birth. The protein content of colostrums is 3 to 5 times as that of normal milk. It is also rich in minerals and vitamin-A.
Colostrum act as a laxative to remove the meconium ( first faecal material) from the intestines of new born calf. It is given at 10% of
body weight of the calf. Minimum of two liters of colostrums is given to a calf per day. It is given for a period of 3to 5 days after birth
141
EXPT. 20: Crop rotation and Packing and forwarding of Feeds
(a) Crop rotation:
Cultivation of two or three crops in a sequence, one after the other on the same land in different seasons in a year is called as crop rotation or
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sequential cropping. It helps in maintaining the soil fertility, better conservation of water and soil and controlling some pests and diseases.
Eg: Maize ( Kharif season) - Berseem ( Rabi season)
Sorghum ( Kharif) – Oats ( Winter) – Maize (summer)
The availability of irrigation water is important to take up the sequential cropping system. All the types of inter cropping or relay cropping
increases the fodder yield and quality in a unit area of land. Usually the cereal fodder crop is followed by leguminous forage in order to
increase the soil fertility, fodder yield and nutritive value of the fodder.
Growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same piece of land is called as Intercropping. These crops are grown together for entire
period or for part of their life cycle. There are different systems of inter cropping. When seeds of two or more crops are mixed and sown
(b)

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by broad casting without distinct spacing, it is termed as mixed cropping.
Eg: Maize + Cowpea or Jowar + Pillipesara
Sowing two or more crops in distinct rows with narrow ratio of 1:1 or 1:2 or 2:2 is called as row intercropping.
Eg: Jowar + Cowpea i.e. 1 row Jowar and 1 row cowpea
Sowing two or more crops in alternate strips with larger ratios such as 10:10 termed as strip cropping.
Eg: Guinea grass + Stylosanthus 10 rows.
Packing and forwarding of Feeds:
Compound feeds, whether in meal or pellet form, are usually packed in bags.
A
 Bags may be filled directly from mixers or from holding bins and may be weighed on a scale balance of 25 or 50 kg.
 Bags may be of jute or cotton and can be hand or machine-stitched or tied with a string or metal tie.
 Polythene bags are not normally recommended for storing animal feeds because of the risk of sweating and mould growth.
 If old bags are refused, care should be taken that they have not been used previously for the storage of fertilizers, or other chemicals.
142
Expt. 21 Importance of unconventional feeds and Alkali treatments of Cereal Straws
(a) Importance of unconventional feeds.
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The feed ingredients, which are not commonly used in the feeding of animals even though they have nutritive value, are known as
unconventional feeds. These unconventional feeds are used
 To minimize the competition of livestock with the human race for conventional food grains.
 To minimize the cost of feeding, as these are available at low prices.
 Because of the limited availability of conventional foodstuffs.
 At present in India, there is a shortage of Dry fodder, green fodder and concentrates. To meet the shortage, unconventional feed
ingredients are used in livestock feeds.
Important unconventional feeds are Sal Seed meal, Cassava Roots, Tapioca Starch Waste, Palm Flour, Tamarind Seed Powder, Babul Pods,
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Jackfruit Wastes, Niger Cake, Neem Cake, Rubber Seed Cake, Karanj Cake, Dhaincha Seed Cake, Safflower Seed cake, Sugarcane bagasse,
sugarcane tops and sugar beet pulp etc.
(b) Alkali treatments of Cereal Straws:
The straws do not contain any digestible crude protein and are poor in energy, minerals and vitamins. They contain large quantities of cellulose
and hemicelluloses which are poorly digested because of the complex formed with the lignin. Therefore, many attempts have been made
to improve their digestibility. Wheat and paddy straws are soaked with dilute solution of caustic soda(1.25per cent) overnight. The excess
alkali is washed with water. There is a loss in crude protein, ether extract, total ash and nitrogen free extract content of treated straws,
A
consequently the crude fiber content was increased. The digestibility of the treated straws will be improved. The digestibility of total
carbohydrates may be improved by about 30-35 per cent. Consequently, the total digestible nutrients in treated straw will also be
improved.
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EXPT 22. Cultivation practice of Maize and Cultivation Practice of Sorghum
(a) Cultivation practice of Maize:
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(i) Crop varieties : African tall, Vijay, Kissan, Ganga 2,5.
(ii) Sowing Time : June to August, January to May with irrigation.
(iii) Seed rate Kg/Ha : 50-60
(iv) Row to Row Spacing (Cm) : 30
(v) Nutrient Doses Kg/Ha
Nitrogen : 120
Phosphorus : 60
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
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Irrigation interval (Days)
Stage of Cutting
Period of Harvesting (Days)
No. of Cuttings
Fodder yield Quintals for

hectare
:
:
:
:
7-10
Tasseling stage for forage
70-75
01
A
Green : 400-500
Dry : 100-125
(xi) Crude Protein (%) : 7.2
(xii) Special features and tolerance : Acid Soil
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(xiii) Remarks : More suitable for Silage

(b) Cultivation Practice of Sorghum
(i) Crop varieties : PC-6, PC-23, S-194, M.P.Chari
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(ii) Sowing Time : June to August, January to May with irrigation.
Nitrogen : 80
Phosphorus : 30
(vi) Irrigation interval (Days) : 10-15
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x) .V
Stage of Cutting
No. of Cuttings

hectare
Green :
:
:
:
50% flowering (30-40) in multi cut varieties
60
03 Multi Cut
400-500
A
Dry : 100-125
(xii) Special features and tolerance : Saline Soil and Calcareous Soil
(xiii) Remarks : Suitable for Silage making. Young jowar
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EXPT 23. Cultivation Practice of Lucerne and Cultivation Practice of Cow pea
(a) Cultivation Practice of Lucerne
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(i) Crop varieties : T-9, Anand 2
(ii) Sowing Time : October to November.
(iv) Row to Row Spacing (Cm) : 20-25
Nitrogen : 30
Phosphorus : 100
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
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Stage of Cutting
No. of Cuttings

hectare
:
:
:
:
2 – 3 weekly irrigation and there after 10-12 days interval
50-60 days Growth
6-7
Subsequent 30 days cutting
A
Green : 600-700
Dry : 180-200
(xi) Crude Protein (%) : 20-21
(xii) Special features and tolerance : Saline Soil
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(xiii) Remarks : Prolonged winter is suitable
(b) Cultivation Practice of Cow pea
(i) Crop varieties : UPC-5286 EC-4216/NP3
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(ii) Sowing Time : June to July and February to January with irriegation
Nitrogen : 25
Phosphorus : 60
(vi) Irrigation interval (Days) : 12-15
(vii) Stage of Cutting : 50% of flowering
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
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No. of Cuttings

hectare
Green
Dry
:
:
:
:
300-350
75-100
55-60
01
A
(xii) Special features and tolerance : Acid Soil
(xiii) Remarks : Usually sown in mixture with maize, Jowar and Bajra etc.
147
EXPR 24. Cultivation Practice of Hybrid Napier and Hedge Lucerne
(a) Cultivation Practice of Hybrid Napier and Cultivation Practice of Hedge Lucerne
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(i) Crop varieties : N.B 21, IGFRI-10, BN-2, CO-1, IGFRI-6, CO-2, CO-3, APBN-1
(ii) Sowing Time : February – August any time except winter and frost
(iv) Row to Row Spacing (Cm) : 50-75
Nitrogen : 150
Phosphorus : 60
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
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Stage of Cutting
No. of Cuttings

hectare
:
:
:
:
15-20 during winter, 8-10 during summer
60-75
60-70
05-06
A
Green : 1800 - 2500
Dry : 450 - 625
(xii) Special features and tolerance : Saline Soils
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(xiii) Remarks : ----

(b) Cultivation Practice of Hedge Lucerne
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(i) Crop varieties : DASRATH
(ii) Sowing Time : June – August any time of year with irrigation
(iv) Row to Row Spacing (Cm) : 1m
Nitrogen : 30
Phosphorus : 50
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
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Stage of Cutting
No. of Cuttings

hectare
Green :
:
:
:
:
20 during summer and 35-40 during winter
1m Height
300-350
03 months
04-05
A
Dry : 75-85
(xii) Special features and tolerance : Saline Soils
(xiii) Remarks : Cutting for the fodder is taken leaving 15-20 cm stubble
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SPOTTERS
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25 Plank
It is used to crush the clods and helps in micro levelling
26 Wooden Plough
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It is used for ploughing, covering seeds, incorporating manure and fertilizers
A
150
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27 Oats
Oats has higher crude fibre (10-18%) and lower TDN(71%) than maize. It is usually rolled or ground before feeding.
28 Red Soil
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A
Red soil is used to grow- tapioca, cashew nuts and with manure RAGI,RICE, SUGARCANE,TEA, RUBBER AND COFFEE.
151
.N
29 Harrow
.V
Harrows are secondary tillage implements used after primary tillage or ploughing.
A
30. Urea
Urea uses as an animal feed additive and fertilizer
152
.N
31. Cotton Seed
.V
Cottonseed oil is used in salad and cooking oils and, after hydrogenation, in shortenings and margarine
A
153
32.Jowar
Jowar grains are often boiled or steamed and used in making porridges and soups, or milled into flour.
.N
33. Subabul
.V
The fast-growing tree also produces useful timber. NUTRITIOUS biscuits made from the leaves of the fast-growing fodder tree subabul
(Leucaena leucocephala) can be fed to cattle and increase milk yields.
A
154
.N
34 Ground Nut cake
.V
Groundnut cake is generally a safe feed for all classes of livestock , and more valuable ingredient for poultry rations
A
35 Cow pea
Cowpea may be used green or as dry fodder. It also is used as a green manure crop, a nitrogen fixing crop, or for erosion control.
155
.N
36 Sunflower Cake
.V
Sunflower seed cake is a rich source of protein and can be used to formulatelivestock feeds at farm level thereby reducing dependency on
commercial feeds. The cake can be used as a protein supplement in dairy cattle rations or chickenfeed.
A
156
37 Lucerne
Lucerne meal is used for livestock and poultry,Fuel-wood, Biogas
.N
38 Guinea Grass
.V
Guinea grass is a palatable and good quality tropical grass used as forage for ruminants in grazed pastures or in cut-and-carry systems. Guinea
grass forage is also dried and ground for use in mixtures with legumes as leaf meal, mainly for non-ruminants such as chickens and pigs.
It can be conserved as hay or ensile.
A
157
.N
39 Maize
Maize is also an important livestock feed both as silage and as crop residue, grain and is also usedindustrially for starch and oil extraction
.V
A
40 Feed Mixture
It will be used as animal feeds and to evaluate the effect of dehydration treatments
158
.N
41 Rice Husk
.V
Rice husk helps in building up soil organic matter (SOM) thus enhancing nutrient retention and water-holding capacity. It is readily available,
affordable, sustainable and ecologically sound. It is a local resource, natural and safe to soils, crops, humans, and animals.
A
159
42 Mineral Mixture
 Helps improving growth rate in calves.,Better utilization of absorbed nutrients. ,Increases milk production in animals.
.N
43 Horse Gram
.V
These beans are rich in nutrients. They contain plenty of calcium, phosphorous, iron and protein. By virtue of its nutrients and ayurvedic natural
properties, thehorse gram is considered to be beneficial to human and animal health.
A
160
44 PediGree
The only other negative of this food is the use of by-products. This can be seen by the second ingredient, poultry by-product meal. ... Both of
these ingredients are usually common in cheaper dog foods.
.N
45 Bajra
.V
It also stabilizes the level of cholesterol in the body. Helps in digestion: Bajra is rich in insoluble fibre that aids digestion. It also reduces
secretion of bile acids and is linked to a lowered risk of gallstone formation
A
161
.N
46 Berseem
.V
it is possible to use it more efficiently in low energy layer diets than in broiler diets.
A
162
47 Concentrate Feed
It used to help in providing required energy source and protein for daily rations.
.N
48 Red Gram
.V
Red gram plays an important role in sustaining soil fertility by improving physical properties of soil and fixing atmospheric nitrogen.
A
163
SECTION : VI
Questions for Viva Voce
1. Define crop Rotation?
.N
Cultivation of two or three crops in a sequence, one after the other on the same land in different seasons in a year is called as crop
rotation or sequential cropping.
Eg: Maize ( Kharif season) - Berseem ( Rabi season)
Sorghum ( Kharif) – Oats ( Winter) – Maize (summer)
2. Write the names of various Fodder Trees?
Subabul, Hedge Lucerne
3.Write any Two major soils in india?
.V
Red Soil, Black Soil
4. Write any two names of chemical fertilizers?
Urea, Ammonium, Sulfate
5. Define Chaffing.
Cutting the fodder stems and leaves into small pieces by manual or mechanical means is known as chaffing.
6.Define Silage.
Silage is fermented , high moisture stored fodder which can be fed to Cattle, Sheep and other such ruminants.
7. Define Hay
Hay is grass, legumes, herbaceous plants that have been cut dried and stored for use as animal fodder.
8. Names of Water soluble vitamins?
A
B-Complex and C-Vitamins
9. Names of Fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E and K
10. Define Roughages.
Roughages are bulky feeds and contain more than 18% crude fibre
11. Define Concentrate
Concentrates are less bulky feeds and contain less than 18% crude fibre with low moisture.
164
12. Soya been cake use ?
It is used for all kinds of livestock including poultry. CP varies from 44-49% and had all the essential amino acids.
13. Define Fish meal?
It is a highly nutritious feed supplement obtained from dry fish.It contains about 10% moisture and 55% protein. It also contains vitamin
A,D and B12. Sterlized fishmeal should be used for feeding the growing and producing animals.
.N
14.Define Meat meal ?
It is prepared by boiling and drying the meat obtained from dead animals and powdering it. It contains almost all the nutrients found in
meat and is a rich source of animal protein.
15.Define Blood meal ?
It is prepared by drying the blood in vacuum pans. It contains about 70% protein. The practice of feeding blood meal in India is not
common.
16.Write any two Mineral supplements ?
Bone meal, Salt
17. Define Ration
Ration is the feed allowed for a given animal during a day of 24 hours. The feed may be given at a time or in portion at intervals.
.V
18. Define Balanced Ration:
Ration which provides the essential nutrients to an animal in such a proportion and amount they are required for the proper nourishment
of the particular animal for 24 hours is known as balanced ration.
19. Define Maintenance Ration :
This is the minimum amount of feed required maintain the essential body process at their optimum rate without gain or loss in body
weight or change in body composition.
20. What is Production Ration?
Ration given to an animal for production of milk, work, meat or egg is known as Production ration. It is in addition to the maintenance
ration.
21. Expand D.C.P and T.D.N
A
Digestible Crude Protein and Total Digestible Nutrients
22. Define Colostrums
The Milk produced by a cow or buffalo immediately after calving.
23. What is Weaning?
Separation of calf from the mother after parturition is known as Weaning.
24. What is the Feeding behavior of Sheep called?
165
Grazing
25. What is the Feeding behavior of Goat called?
Browsing
26.At what age of lambs and kids should be started creep feeding?
1-2 week of age.
.N
27.What are the essential Amino Acids for Poultry?
Argenine, glycine,hastadine,leucin,osoleucin,bysine,cystine,threonine,tryptophone and valine.
28.What are the feeds used in Duck feeding?
A part of compound feeds,snails,fingerlings,earthworms insects and vegetation.
29.What are the names of various feeds given to the Rabbits?
Grains,pulses,legumes,green vegetables,green leaves.
30.What are the names of mineral and vitamin supplements used in poultry?
Minerals: Lime stone, Dicalcium phosphate,manganese sulphate,Sodium chloride,oyster shell,bonemeal,super phosphate.
Vitamin:supplements:Yeast and fish oil.
31.What is canned pet food?
.V
They contain about 75% of water ,they contain more animal protein and higher fat.
32.What are the ingredients in Cat feeding?
Meat ,meat by products,fish,eggs and milk.
33.What is Dry pet food?
They contain about 10% of water and less fat and protein.
34.Milk based food formula for pups?
4 tsp Farex/cerelac+1 tsp glucose+10 ml ostocaicium liquid+ milk as required.
35.What are the names of physical tests for quality control of feeds?
Colour ,odour,texture,test weight and miscellaneous.
36. What are the names of chemical tests for quality control of feeds?
A
Moisture,crude protein,TDN,crude fate,crude fibre,minerals.
37. Names of packing of feeds?
Feeds are packed by bags,polythen bags,jute bags and cotton bags.
38. What are the control of rodents during feed storage ?
Trapping ,hunting,use of cats use of dogs ,poision biting,rodent repellants.
39. What is grainding?
166
To grind the particle reduced to small size particles process is known as grinding.
40.Mention the different types of mixers?
Vertical mixer,horizontal mixer and conveyor mixer.
41.What is pellating process?
Pellating is a process of compressing or molding a material in to the shape of a pellet it is used for animal feed.
.N
42. What are the names of Ruminant stomach parts?
Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, abomasums.
43. Which part of the Ruminant stomach is honey comb structure?
Reticulum
44. Which part of Ruminant stomach is true stomach?
Abomasum
45. What are the Names of small intestine parts?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Illeum
46. What are the names of large intestine parts?
Caecum, colon, Rectum
.V
A
167

PAPER – III : FEEDS AND FEEDING OF LIVESTOCK
.N
QUESTION BANK
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 50
Section - I (1 x 8 = 8 Marks)
1. Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Ruminant.

2. Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Pig.
3. Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Rabbit.
4. Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Poultry.
Section – II
.V
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Dog.
Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Cat.
(1 x 8 = 8 Marks)
Write about the Feeding practices for Milch animal in different stages of Lactation.
Write about the Feeding of Pregnant and Lactating Ewe and Doe
Write about the Feeding of Sows at the time of Parturition and during lactation.
Write about the Classification of poultry Feed stuffs.
A
11. Write about the Feeding of Different classes of Dogs.
12. Write about the Thumb rules of Feeding cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep and Goat.
Section - III (1 x 8 = 8 Marks)

13. Write about the preparation of Vermi compost.
168
14. Write about the preparation of Sailage making.
15. Write about the preparation of Hay making.
16. Write about the preparation of Calf starter and Milk replacer.
17. Write about the cleaning and fumigation of stores.
.N
18. Write about the Pelleting process and its advantages.
Section - IV (2 x 4 = 8 Marks)
19. Chafing of Fodders and Colostrums Feeding.
20. Crop rotation and Packing and forwarding of Feeds.
21. Importance of Un- conventional feeds and Alkali treatment of Cereal straws.
22. Cultivation practices of Maize and Cultivation practices of Sorghum.
.V
Section - V
23. Cultivation practices of Lucerne and Cultivation practices of Cow-pea.
24.
Spotters
25.
Cultivation practices of Hybrid napier and Cultivation practices of Hedge Lucern .
Plank
(4 x 2 = 8 Marks)
A
26. Wooden plough
27. Oats
28. Red soil
29. Harrow
30. Urea
169
31. Cotton Seed
32. Jowar
33. Subabul
34. Ground nut cake
.N
35. Cow pea
36. Sunflower Cake
37. Lucerne
38. Guinea Grass
39. Maize
40. Feed Mixture
41. Rice Husk
42. Mineral Mixture
.V 43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
Section - VI
Horse Gram
Pedigree
Bajra
Berseem
Concentrate Feed
Red Gram
A
Record : 5 Marks
Viva : 5 Marks
170
.N
Time: 3 hours Max.Marks: 50
Section - I 1 x 8 = 8 marks
1. Draw the sketch diagram of digestive system of Ruminant.
11. Write about the feeding of different classes of Dogs.
.V
Section - III
17. Write about the cleaning and Fumigation of Stores
Section - IV
Section – V
21. Cultivation practices of Maize and Sorghum.
1 x 8 = 8 Marks
2 x4 = 8 Marks
4 x 2 = 8 Marks
A
33. Subabul
34. Ground nut cake
35. Cow pea
36. Sunflower Cake
171
Section - VI
Record : 5 Marks
.N
Viva : 5 Marks
Note : The Serial numbers of the questions mentioned above are the serial numbers in question bank. Inpractical examiantion onlythe serial
number ofthe questions will be given, the examiner shall decode it with question bank and give the questions.
.V
A
172
SCHEME OF VALUATION
.N
Section - I,II,III Major Questions 1 x 8 = 8 Marks
1. Principle / Objective/ Purpose : 1 mark

2. Materials : 1 mark
.V
Section - IV
4.
1.
2.
3.
Result /Observation / Comment
Purpose / Use / Objective

Method / Description
Result or Remark
:
:
:
:
2 marks
1 mark
2 marks
1 mark
2 x 4 = 8 Marks
A
173
Section – V SPOTTERS 4x2=8 Marks

Identification : 1 mark
Uses/Importance : 1 mark
.N
Section -VI
Record : 5 Marks
Viva : 5 Marks
.V
A
174
.N
.V
A
175

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Livestock Management & Dairying I Year Practical Manual

2. Diagram of BULL and its body parts 07

3. Diagram of SHEEP and its body parts 08

4. Diagram of GOAT and its body parts 09

5. Deworming and vaccination schedule of Cattle 10

Ongole breed characteristics

Sahiwal breed of cattle characteristics

Holstein Friesian breed characteristics

Murrah breed of cattle characteristics

12. Characteristics of Jamunapari goat breed 17

13. Cattle loose Housing system 18

14. Fixed Dome type of Bio-gas palnt 19

16. Sheep and goat farm routine 23

17. List of four records to be maintained in dairy farm 24

19. Selection of Sheep for mutton purpose and Castration. 28

20. Selection of Dairy animals for breeding and Dehorming 29

21. Grooming and feeding of Colostrums 31

22 Weaning of Calf & study of Artificial Vegina 32

Dentician in Sheep & Goat and Machine milking – its advantages

Viva Voce Questions

Model question Paper

EXPT 1: Diagram of COW and its body parts

EXPT 2: Diagram of BULL and its body parts

EXPT 3: Diagram of SHEEP and its body parts

EXPT 4: Diagram of GOAT and its body parts

EXPT 5: Deworming and Vaccination schedule of cattle

AIM : To write the Deworming and vaccination schedule of Cattle.

7 days Piperzine adepate 200-400 mg Ascariasis

30 days Piperzine adepate 200-400 mg Ascariasis

60 days Albendazole 7.5-15mg Round worms

EXPT 6: Vaccination schedule of Sheep and Goat

Enteropoxaemia 3 – 4 months, repeat after 15 days and First two doses

Disease Age and Booster Doses Route Remarks

4 – 6 months, repeat annually

0.5 ml s/c at tail fold

In endemic areas only

EXPT 7: Ongole breed characteristics

.V Fig 5: Ongole Bull and Cow

.V Fig 6: Sahiwal Cow

.V Fig 7: Holstein Friesian

EXPT 11: Nellore sheep breed characteristics

EXPT 12: Jamnapari Goat breed charateristics

EXPT 13: Cattle Loose Housing system

Section of loose house showing internal details:

EXPT 14: The Fixed Dome type of Bio-gas Plant

EXPT 15: Dairy farm routine

TIME FARM OPERATION

7.30 P.M to 4:00 A.M

Approx. Time Farm Operations

1. Feed half of the daily concentrate ration to nursing females and

1. Feed chopped green and dry fodder to penned sheep/goats.

1. Return of sheep and goats to their pens

EXPT 17: List of Four Records tp be maintained in dairy farm

Calf Number Birth Weight Fort Nightly

Animal Date of Service PDDate Result of PD Expected

Date No.of Aniimals Concentrate Green Folder Others

Animal History and Diagnosis Treatment Remarks

9. Daily Livestock Register

EXPT 18: Cattle selection by score card method

EXPT 22: Weaning of Calf and Study of artificial Vegina

Fig 14: Tagging equipments Fig 15: Tags in Applicator

(b) Full Hand milking.

.V Fig 16: Full hand milking