Republic of the Philippines

Sorsogon State College

Sorsogon City Campus
Sorsogon City
A.Y. 2018-2019

REACTION PAPER
(GROUP DYNAMICS)

SUBMITTED BY:
ALJON G. ESCARCHA
BT-3L CIVIL

SUBMITTED TO:
MR. ARCHIE PARENAS
INSTRUCTOR
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Group Process is the study of group interaction through extensive personal growth
experience. A group may exist whenever 2 or more persons show some kind of interdependent
relationship with one another. Group dynamics refers to forces that result from the interaction
of group members.

General Objectives:

A. To introduce to students and practitioners the basic concepts and issues to understand
group process / group dynamics.

B. To comprehend better the factors affecting social control such as norms, roles, status,
and cultural dimensions.

C. To develop perceptual and interpersonal skills needed to intervere in group activities.

Specific Objectives:

1. To encourage participants to assert and enhance maximum self-esteem.

2. To clarify values and focus on the purpose or philosophy of life.

Group has been defined as an organized system of two or more individuals who are
interrelated so that the system performs a function, has a structured set of role relationship
among its members, and has a set of norms that regulate the function of the group and that of
its members.

Interdependent criteria will be:

1. Performance of the group.

2. Objectives or goals/ expectation

3. Structure of the group - position and roles.

4. Norms.

Performance of the Group

Attaining its objectives closely related to its internal structures and regulative norms. The
kind of structure will depend upon the group goals or purposes. Reciprocally, the success of the
group in its performance is depend upon the adequacy and appropriateness of its structures
and regulative norms. Group dynamics was a term introduce by Kurt Lewin, a famous
psychologist who work at Massachusette institute ot technology. He develop the idea that
training in human relations skills was an important & essential aspect for human growth and
development.

At present, a group is often times a substitute terminology for human sensitivity or group
interaction or encounter group with different emphases as follows. Effective grouping results to
better quality of life and great interest in improving productivity of groups.

Group - emphasis human relation skills.

Encounter Group - emphasizes personal growth & development, improvement of

interpersonal communication and relationship through the experimental process.

Task-oriented Group - focuses on the work of the group in its interpersonal process.

Creativity Workshop Groups - through various art media with individual spontaneity and
freedom of expression.

Organization Group - where the primary objective is growth skills leaders.

Team Building Group - designed to develop more united and effective working members.

Gestalt Group - utilizes the "holistic concept".

Synanon Group or Game - tend to emphasize an almost violent attach on the defenses of
the participants.

Group Dynamic Games - it is an experiental education exercises which assists people to

understand the interpersonal and interpersonal relationships between two people or between
groups.

Types of Group Dynamics Games:

1. Dancing

2. Icebreaker or Unfreezing

3. Psychodrama

4. Electronic media

The individual and the group

Participation in a group is a way of life in our culture. Joining groups: small groups for that
matter is a universal practice. Membership into grouos may be forced (family) or not (gangs). A
groups comes into being when the initial event in group interaction, the relationship between
two or more persons is established.

Group dynamics means that forces and process of interaction that are at work with in a
relatively small human group. Group dynamics then is the fastest and least painful way of
bringing about real changes in a community.
1. Leadership style and Skills. This is the ability to persuade the group member to change and
reflect the leadership style.

2. Environment. It consists of physical factors, space/room, and emotional factors.

a. Physical Factors

b. Space/room

c. Emotional Factors

3. Cohesiveness. This is the sense of "we-ness" or group of identification that gives a feeling of
unity and "one-ness" or solidarity that gives the members comfort and security to be with the
group.

The group with high cohesiveness experience:

a. Better attraction and closer bonding to one another.

b. Support and caring for all the members.

c. Listening and empathy for the needs of the group.

d. Self-disclosure

e. More productive

f. Goals and Norms of the group goals.

Group goals - it is the role of the leader to facilitate and assist in establishing goals by
group members.

Individual Goals - these are personal goals of the members.

Norms - are sets of standards that govern the way in which members behavior are judge.

1. Explicit norms - formal norms that all members are fully aware of.

2. Implicit norms - informal norms not formally stated but involved standard practice by
members of the group with can elicit positive or negative reactions.

CHAPTER 2. Various Aspects of Group Process

A group refers to two or more persons engaged in any kinds of relationships. A group is a
dynamic social entity composed of two or more individuals.

Group membership is affected by the following:

1. Satisfaction (rewards

2. Problems

3. Influence upon others

4. Cohesiveness - force acting on the group member to remain in the group ( commitment) .

5. Compatibility - the ability to develop harmonious relationship with one another.

6. Norms - adherence to uniform patterns of behavior of the group.

7. Morale - optimistic feelings and confidence in a group.

8. Social Climate - emotional atmosphere of the group may be characterized by warm or cold
acceptance.

9. Reference Group - any groups that have a normative effect on behavior or standard of the
group.

TYPES OF GROUP INVOLVEMENT

1. Primary Group - greater degree of personal involvement informal. Ex: friends, family.

2. Secondary Group - formal and lesser degree of personal involvement. Ex: club, sorority.

3. Exclusive Group - membership limited to a certain class of individuals.

4. Inclusive Group - greater interaction with the context of equalization in society.

5. "In" group or "we" group - strong feelings of loyalty sympathy, and devotion.

6. "Our" group or "they" group - more detached and less cohesive.

Purpose of Group Formation:

1. Accidental or voluntary - not all deliberated

2. Task-oriented or Social functions

FACTORS AFFECTING GROUP ACTIVITY

1. Size of the group - should not be too small or too big.

2. Threat reduction and degree of intimacy - removal of the element ot uncertainty or surprises.

3. Distributive leadership with focus of control of group activity - the absence of stress and
tension.

4. Goal information - participants must have share purposes and aspirations.

5. Flexibilty - group activities should be adaptable to the needs of the group.

6. Consensus and Degree of Solidarity - discuss and deliberation of issues.

7. Process awareness and Continue evaluation.

PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS USED IN GROUP ACTIVITY SESSION

1. Psychoanalytic Method - Freud held that all behavior is determined or caused by some
factors which an individuals is totally aware of.

2. Behavioristic and Learning Theories

3. Existentialism

4. Humanistic Approach - the most influential pioneer of this method was Carl Rogers. It also
called non-directive or person - centered approach.

5. Field Theory - the application of Kurt Lewin's theory combines phenomenological approaches
with a system perspective.

a. Roles referring to the status and rights and duties of group members.

b. Norms which are standards set by the goals.

c. Power - ability to persuade others.

d. Cohesiveness - attention of the members of the group to remain with one another.

e. Consensus or the degree of agreement regarding issues or problem of the group.

f. Valence is strength or potence of the goals towards life space of the group.

THE SEL-AWARENESS MODEL

Confirmation occurs when others treat us in the manner consistent with our own notion of
who we are.

Rejection occurs when others treat us in a manner inconsistent with our self definition.
Considered this people who mistakenly believe they have unusual insight in solving problems.

Disconfirmation occurs when others fail to respond in a neutral way. Neutrality may not
sound disconfirming, but consider small children who make continual attempts to gain
responses to their notios of self from their parents.

Degree of Openness

Quadrant 1. The area of free activity

Quadrant 2. We can see things in ourselves in which we are unaware of.

Quadrant 3. Repressed of hidden area.

Quadrant 4. Influence interpersonal relationship.

CHAPTER 3. Role of Group Facilitator and Participants

A Facilitators Guide

-accepting everyone's responses without judgement

-we may not always agree with what others does or says.

-always open to participants.

-being facilitator don't need to be preach about better ways of being or moralized how one
should be.
What you need to get started:

1. Eager and committed participants

2. An optimal size group

3. A comfortable, informal meeting place.

Group Norms

1. Take responsibilities for your own learning.

2. Be regular and on time.

3. When you speak, speak only for your self.

4. Give everyone a chance to participate equally.

5. Respect confidentiality.

The Role of Group Facilitator

- the group facilitator always keeps the activity focused on the problem and moving along
the specific goal, tactfully preventing anyone to monopolize the activity.

Ideal Group Participants

- initiate, stimulate and arouse active discussion.

- listens carefully and accept criticisms.

Basic Ground Rules for Participants

1. Everyone should be heard, no one should dominate the discussion.

2. Allow everyone to respond directly to each other.

3. All views are accepted and recognized.

4. Keep the discussion focus on the issues.

The Role of ideal Facilitator

- advance preparation

- check personal appearance

- do not suffocate participants with lengthly, exhausive content.

- provide positive reinforcement of responses

- assess partcipants

- create a positive atmosphere

CHAPTER 5. Getting Started by Building an Environment
1. Positive support

They indicate to you things in your life that make you proud. This growing awareness of
one's body , wishes desire-process with are obviously related to the experiencing of identity-
normally also brings heightened appreciation of one's self as a being heightened reverence for
being itself.

2. Social Pressure or Group pressure

This is the tendency conform to the demands of the group. Compliance can occur even
with or without direct pressure or threat. People tend to comply to group norms for many
possible reasons. Those who are against the group. Suffer social disapproval or punishment,
since more groups are quietly tolerant of member of deviations. Seconds is compliance to the
group is simply because of strong conviction that the majority is correct or at least probably
right or possibly conforms to their beliefs.

3. Determinant of Strength of Pressure

If a group has agreed upon certain procedures for achieving the goal pressure for
conformity will be greater.

Conformity has been defined as a change in one's behavior or belief in order to match
those of the other in the group. This type of influence occurs because people want to be right,
and they want to be liked by others.

Blake and Harry Helson three factors:

a. Stimulus factors

b. Background factors

c. Personality factors

FACTORS AFFECTING OBEDIENCE

a. Prestige

One possibility was that the status and legitimacy of the experimental help produced high
level of obedience in Milgram's original experiments.

b. Proximity

Has the ability to obtain obedience apparently depended on some personal contact.

c. Presence of other who disobey

These studies may lead you to wonder how the presence of another.

4. Group Environment

Territoriality is a special place whether in land, sea or in air.

Types of Human Territories:

a. Primary

b. Secondary

c. Public