NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF COMMERCE
DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING

STUDY GUIDE FOR ADVANCED AUDITING CAC 4103

COURSE CODE AND TITLE: CAC 4103: Advanced Auditing

PRE-REQUISITE: CAC 2103 Audit Skills and
CAC 2203 Audit Process

Topic Learning Unit Study outcomes Study material Examinable Pronouncements

After having worked through this learning unit you must
be able to …
Introduction / the The auditor and the - Explain the objectives of and the general principles - Dynamic Auditing Structure of assurance
auditor and the audit environment governing an audit of financial statements Chapter 5-3 to 5-15 pronouncements issued by the
audit environment - Briefly explain the Fundamental Principles of Auditing - Auditing Notes IAASB,
Theory Chapter 1
International framework for
- Distinguish between a statutory and non-statutory audit
assurance engagements
- Be able to discuss within an integrated case study
whether an engagement is an audit, review, agreed upon Glossary
procedure, or compilation, taking into account the level - The standard setting
of assurance required by the client and whether this type process – The authority of
of assurance is positive or negative

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 - Understands the various types of assurance and non- auditing and assurance
assurance services available standards, practice statements
- Uses the entity’s mission, vision, strategies, applicable and other pronouncements
legislation and stakeholder needs in order to identify and issued nationally and
evaluate assurance requirements and options for the internationally
entity
- Different levels of assurance
- Recommends assurance and non-assurance services
expressed for the different
appropriate to meeting the entity’s needs.
types of engagements and the
legal implication for the
auditor
- ISA200 - Overall objectives of
the Independent Auditor and
the Conduct of Audit in
Accordance with International
Standards of Auditing
- The role of public oversight
boards in regulating the
profession
The auditors’ - Draft a working paper in a scenario and include the - Dynamic Auditing -
documentation minimal information that should be documented to Chapter7-11 to 7-14
comply with ISA230.
- Evaluate a working paper and conclude whether the
working paper includes all minimum information
required to be documented in order to comply with
relevant ISA’s.
- For each procedure performed, ensure that the
documentation provides a clear link to significant
findings or issues that arose during the engagement
- Evaluate the overall adequacy of documentation

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 - Prepare documentation with sufficient detail to support
the nature, timing and extent of the further audit
procedures performed and the results of the procedures
- Design and document appropriate programmes of
engagement procedures based on case study
Risk management - describe the factors justifying the need for an auditor’s Dynamic Auditing 7
process & internal expert
control - describe the factors to determine the extent of reliance
that can be placed on an auditor’s expert
- list things to consider when reaching an agreement with
the auditor’s expert
- evaluate the adequacy of the work performed by the
auditor’s expert
- consider implications of using an auditor’s expert on the
audit report
Audit practice and Audit practice and - Understands the importance of quality control in the Dynamic Auditing - ISQC1 – Quality controls for
quality quality performance of engagements; Chapter 5-30 to 5-41 firms that performs audits and
- Designs, implements and manages an effective quality reviews of financial statements
control system in the professional accounting firm that and other assurance and
addresses the following areas: related service engagements
-Leadership responsibilities for quality within the - ISQC1 – Inspections by the
firm IRBA/PAAB
-Ethical requirements - ISQC 1 – Continuing
-Acceptance and continuance of client relationships professional development
and specific engagements - ISA220 – Quality control for an
-Human Resources audits of financial statement
-Engagement performance
-Monitoring
- Responds to findings of inspections undertaken by the
PAAB and the findings of internal reviews;
- Ensures that the quality control system is effective in
managing the legal liability of the firm to clients and third
parties;

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 - Understands the role of public oversight boards in
regulating the profession; and
- Understand the need to supervise and review work of
junior staff.

Professional ethics Code of professional - Understand, discuss and apply the conceptual Dynamic Auditing IEASB Code of Professional
conduct framework approach of professional ethics in a practical Chapter 3-6 to 3-52 Conduct
scenario
- Suggest appropriate safeguards in order to eliminate or Zimbabwe Code of Professional
reduce the threat to an appropriate level Conduct
- Evaluate the compliance and non-compliance to the
Codes of Professional Conduct in a practical scenario PAAB Code of Professional
- Discuss the ethical implications for the actions of CA’s in Conduct [IRBA]
business, Management who is not CA’s, RA’s
- Make suggestions on whether engagements may be
accepted based on the ethical dilemmas within in a
practical scenario
- Understand the principles of the Code of Professional
conduct and how it is applied
- Make suggestions in respect of practical aspects in
relation the Code of Professional conduct and how it is
applied
- Discuss compliance / non-compliance the Code of
Professional conduct; and
- Discuss compliance / non-compliance to the any ethical
regulations
By-laws and punishable - Identify and explain improper conduct by a registered Dynamic Auditing IRBA Rules Regarding Improper
offences auditor Chapter 3-3 to 3-6 Conduct
Business Ethics General ethics - Uses an ethical reasoning process to:
(self study) - Identify situations involving existing or potential
ethical issues

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 - Clarify and use appropriate professional values for
choosing or recommending ethical courses of
action
- Use all appropriate internal and/or external
resources in resolving ethical dilemmas
- Report on ethical issues to higher levels of
management, legal or regulatory authorities or
other when appropriate

- Protects the public interest through:

- identifying ethical dilemmas and makes decisions that
ensure the public interest is paramount.

Audit Profession Audit Profession Act - Identify, explain, evaluate, apply and advise on the Dynamic Auditing PAAB Auditing Profession Act
Act requirements of the Auditing Professions Act in a Chapter 1-3 to 1-9
practical case study IRBA Auditing Profession Act
- Evaluate compliance with the Auditing Professions Act Dynamic Auditing
requirements in a given practical case study Chapter 6-14 to 6-16 Guide on reportable
- Make appropriate recommendations for compliance Irregularities in terms of the
with the Auditing Professions Act in a given practical case Auditing Professions Act
study
- Outline the possible liability an auditor can incur in the
execution of his duties in the Auditing Professions Act;
and
- Describe the duties and offences of an auditor as
imposed on him in the Auditing Professions Act.
Legal and Companies Act - Identify, explain, evaluate, apply and advise on the Dynamic Auditing Companies Act
Statutory requirements of the Companies Act in a practical case Chapter 4-3 to 4-53
Requirements study
- Evaluate compliance with the Companies Act
requirements in a given practical case study; and
- Make appropriate recommendations for compliance
with the Companies Act in a given practical case study.

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 Other legislation (basic - Identify events of money laundering and respond Dynamic Auditing 6-20 A Guide for registered auditors:
awareness) thereon in terms of auditing regulations and to 6-23 Combating money laundering
international standards on auditing. and financing of terrorism
(MLTF)
Corporate Corporate Governance - Understand and explain the recommendations of the Dynamic Auditing KING IV
Governance KING IV Report and Code Chapter 2-1 to 2-13 Governance in terms of the
- Make practical recommendations in respect of Auditing Notes Chapter Companies Act
Corporate Governance with specific reference to KING 4
IV.
- Understand the principles of the Code of Corporate
governance and the KING IV report.
- Make suggestions in respect of practical aspects in
relation to corporate governance, more specifically the
KING IV report;
- Discuss compliance / non-compliance to KING IV; and
- Discuss compliance / non-compliance to the Company’s
Act.
Control activities Internal controls: income - Reproduce the segregation of duties applicable to the Dynamic Auditing
in business cycles & receipts cycle credit sales cycle; Chapter 2-13 to 2-40
- Reproduce the flow of information as well as the source
documents applicable to the recording of credit sales Auditing Notes Chapter
transactions; 10
- Reproduce the risks relating to each function within the
cycle as well as the controls to address those risks for
application to a case study;
- To identify the weaknesses and make recommendations
for the weaknesses identified in a case study relating to
credit sales;
- Reproduce the segregation of duties applicable to the
receipts cycle;

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 - Reproduce the flow of information as well as the source
documents applicable to the recording of receipt
transactions;
- Reproduce the risks relating to each function within the
receipt cycle as well as the controls to address those risks
for application to a case study; and
- To identify the weaknesses and make recommendations
for the weaknesses identified in a case study relating to
receipts.
Internal controls: bank - Reproduce the segregation of duties applicable to the Dynamic Auditing
and cash cycle Bank and Cash cycle; Chapter 2-13 to 2-40
- Reproduce the flow of information as well as the source
documents applicable to the recording of Bank and Cash Auditing Notes Chapter
transactions / Cash Sales; 10
- Reproduce the risks relating to each function within the
cycle as well as the controls to address those risks for
application to a case study;
- To identify the weaknesses and make recommendations
for the weaknesses identified in a case study relating to
Bank and Cash / Cash Sales; and
- Identify the weaknesses and make recommendations for
the weaknesses identified in a case study relating to
Petty Cash.

Internal controls: - Reproduce the segregation of duties applicable to the Dynamic Auditing
expenses and payments purchasing cycle; Chapter 2-13 to 2-40
- Reproduce the flow of information as well as the source
documents applicable to the recording of purchasing Auditing Notes Chapter
transactions; 11
- Reproduce the risks relating to each function within the
purchasing cycle as well as the controls to address those
risks for application to a case study;

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 - To identify the weaknesses and make recommendations
for the weaknesses identified in a case study relating to
purchases;
- Reproduce the segregation of duties applicable to the
payment cycle;
- Reproduce the flow of information as well as the source
documents applicable to the recording of payment
transactions;
- Reproduce the risks relating to each function within the
payment cycle as well as the controls to address those
risks for application to a case study; and
- To identify the weaknesses and make recommendations
for the weaknesses identified in a case study relating to
payments.

Internal controls: - Apply the principles of the Sales and Purchasing Cycles Dynamic Auditing
inventory for the sales/purchasing of inventory. Chapter 2-13 to 2-40
(manufacturing) - Describe the business risks associated with inventories
(WIP/Job costing); Auditing Notes Chapter
- Describe the controls that an entity can implement to 12
address these business risks;
- Name and apply the following accounting principles in
terms of IAS2 relating to inventories:
- Cost
- Cost formula
- Net realisable value
- discuss the annual stock take / inventory count in its
entirety with specific reference to the planning and
preparation as well as the client’s written instructions for
the stock taking exercise (Controls the client need to
implement);
- Identify the audit risks relating to specific types of
inventory in a given situation / case study; and

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 - To identify the weaknesses and make recommendations
for the weaknesses identified in a case study relating to
inventory.

Payroll and personnel - Describe the different functional sections applicable to Dynamic Auditing
cycle the salaries and wages system; Chapter 2-13 to 2-40
- Describe the flow of information when salaries/wages
transactions are recorded / captured; Auditing Notes Chapter
- Identify the risks that are relevant to each individual 13
functional section as well as its control procedures, for
application to a given situation; and
- Identify weaknesses in a case study of a salaries and
wages system and to recommend improvements.

Finance and investment - Describe the business risks associated with the finance Dynamic Auditing
cycle and investment cycle Chapter 2-13 to 2-40
- Describe the controls that an entity can implement to
address these business risks; and Auditing Notes Chapter
- Identify weaknesses in a case study of an Investment and 14
Finance cycle and recommend improvements.

Control Activities Computer auditing: - Perform risk assessment procedures in a case study Auditing Notes –
and Information review of risk - Assess risk of material misstatement on financial Chapter 5/3-5/19;
Technology assessment statement level as well as assertion level in a case study
procedures/controls and - Define significant risk, as well as the matters for Auditing Notes -
audit procedures consideration and the response of the auditor towards Chapter 5/25 – 5/28;
significant risks Auditing Notes -
- Know in which circumstances according to ISA 315, Chapter 6/13 – 6/17;
should the auditor obtain an understanding of controls
- Know the different components of an internal control Auditing Notes -
system and apply in a case study Chapter 7/14 – 7/20.
- Know the different types of internal control activities
and apply in a case study

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 - Know the control objectives and to link them to control
procedures in a case study
- Know in which circumstances according to ISA 330,
should the auditor perform substantive procedures and
tests of controls
- Know the difference between obtaining an
understanding of controls and tests of controls
- Understand the assertions applicable to classes of
transactions and account balances, and link the
assertions to audit procedures
- Know the different methods of obtaining audit evidence
and to integrate these methods with audit procedures
for classes of transactions and account balances

Introduction to - briefly explain the difference between general and Dynamic Auditing – ISA 315
computer auditing / application controls; Chapter 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
general controls - name the benefits of IT controls; ISA 330
- discuss the relevance of manual controls in an IT Auditing Notes for SA
environment; Students – Chapter 8.2
- name the different categories of general controls as well
as the controls within each category;
- briefly discuss the following general controls:
- communication and enforcement of integrity and
ethical values
- commitment to competence
- participation by those charged with governance
- management’s philosophy and operating style
- know the organizational structure as well as the division
of duties within the IT department;
- know the division of duties between users and the IT
department;

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- describe the matters that will be addressed as part of
human resource policies and practices in an IT
department;
- identify weaknesses in the control environment in a case
study.
- briefly discuss the controls regarding in-house
developed system;
- describe the system conversion controls;
- discuss the involvement of the auditor with system
development of a client with reference to IEASB’s
Professional Code of Conduct;
- describe the aspects that will be addressed as part of
project approval and project management;
- briefly discuss the controls regarding a purchased
package;
- discuss, briefly, the advantages and disadvantages of
packaged software;
- describe the programme change controls;
- to identify weaknesses in the system development
process of a dummy client and suggest improvements
for the weaknesses identified;
- briefly discuss the principals on which the security policy
should be based on;
- name the matters that should be addressed as part of
physical access control both for the data centre and for
workstations;
- briefly discuss the different levels of logical access
controls;
- identify weaknesses in access controls in a case study
and recommend improvements thereon;
- briefly discuss the system software and operating
controls.

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 - briefly discuss the importance of documentation
standards;

Application controls - define application controls; Auditing Notes Chapter

- describe the control objectives of application controls in 8/26
detail;
- discuss how the different control activities can be Dynamic Auditing
implemented in an IT system; Chapter 14
- describe the batch controls that will be applicable in a
case study; Auditing Notes for SA
- describe the application controls (automated and user) Students – Chapter
for the input/capturing of information, link each control 8/33-8/41
with the control objective;
- describe programmed edit checks and reconciliation
tests;
- describe the preventative and detective controls over
output;
- name examples of reports that can be generated by the
computer system for review by users;
- Describe the master file amendment controls in detail
and indicate which control objective is addressed by
each control.

Methods of processing / - Discuss the security implications of using PC’s as part of Auditing Notes Chapter
networks the audit process; 9-3 – 9/8
PC’s/ERP/ Networks/ - Identify and explain risks associated with a PC
Database systems environment;
- Describe the controls in a PC environment;
- Discuss the audit approach in a PC environment;
- Explain a ERP (Enterprise Resources Planning) system
- Know the different types of networks and discuss the
audit implications of networks;

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 - Describe the general controls that are of crucial
importance in a database system environment;
- Discuss the impact of a database system on the audit
process.

advanced computer: - Describe the different components of an EDI transaction; Dynamic Auditing
EDI’S - Identify and discuss the risks associated with EDI Chapter 10 – section 1-
transactions; 5
- Know the controls that should be implemented in an EDI
environment; Auditing Notes Chapter
- Understand the effect of EDI on the audit process; and 9/11 to 9/16
- Identify weaknesses and make improvements to an EDI
system in a case study.

Advanced computers: - Name and discuss the controls that should be Auditing Notes Chapter
EFT’S implemented in an EFT environment; 9/16 to 9/20
- Identify weaknesses and make improvements to an EFT
system in a case study; and Dynamic Auditing
- Know the controls applicable to electronic fund transfers Chapter 10 – section 1-
and apply in a case study. 5

Advanced computers: - Know and identify risks associated with the Internet in a Auditing Notes Chapter ISA 600
internet/ bureaus case study 9/21 to 9/29
- Know the controls that should be implemented in an ISA 620
Internet system
- Know how a firewall operates
- Name the aspects that should be considered when
entering a contract with a service provider
- Know the content of a service provider agreement (SLA)
- Understand the audit implications when a client uses a
services bureau.
The Audit Process - Understands and apply the various stages of the audit Dynamic Auditing Various standards
process Chapter 5-15 to 5-22

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 - Links all study units done and understands were it fits
into the big picture of auditing.
Pre-engagement Phase 1 - Differentiate between assurance and non-assurance Dynamic Auditing IEASB Code of Professional
Activities engagements; Chapter 8-3 to 8-9 Conduct
- Know and apply the professional requirements or
prerequisites and responsibilities that applies with ISQC 1
regard to initial engagements
- Understand, identify and apply the required or ISA 220
prescribed procedures with regard to the responsibilities
of the incoming auditor with regard to opening balances APA
- Identifies and considers issues related to accepting an
engagement and gathers and examines information Companies Act
pertaining to a potential client and engagement to - Auditor’s appointment
assess whether or not there are significant threats to the - Auditors’ Removal,
adherence to ethical requirements and professional resignation and rotation
standards and legislation resulting from undertaking the - Auditors’ Rights and
engagement restricted functions
- Utilises the understanding gained of the elements of risk - Auditors’ Duties
and the decision factors to evaluate the overall risk in
accepting the engagement ISA 200 Levels of Assurance
- Concludes on whether to accept the engagement ISA 210
- Follows prescribed procedures to accept the ISA 300
engagement and drafts an appropriate engagement ISA 600
letter for a new engagement
- Recognises circumstances when a new engagement
letter needs to be issued for existing engagements
- Follows the procedures required by legislation or
professional pronouncements to accept an appointment
- Determine which set of criteria to apply to the subject
matter being evaluated and assess the suitability of
criteria for general-purpose financial statements and for
other engagements.

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Planning the audit Planning the audit: the - Understand the planning process Dynamic Auditing ISA 200
(Phase 2) process and risk - Formulate the Risk Assessment Procedures to be Chapter 8-9 to 8-35 ISA 300
assessment procedures performed in order to obtain information for planning ISA 315
(including analytical purposes ISA 520
procedures) - Discuss various Analytical Procedures that could be ISA 600
performed in order to identify risk
Obtaining an - Undertakes risk assessment procedures to obtain / Dynamic Auditing ISA 315
understanding of the update an understanding of the entity and its Chapter 8-11 to 8-18
entity and its environment, including its internal controls.
environment including - Understand the components of which an understanding
internal controls must be obtain.
Consideration of ISA - Based on an understanding obtained, identifies the Dynamic Auditing ISA 240
standards in planning specific risks that could result in material misstatements Chapter 6, 7 and 14 ISA 250
the audit. due to fraud, error or non-compliance to laws and MLFT
regulations of the subject matter. All taxation Acts
Companies Act
ISA 240 ISA 550
- Define the concept of “Fraud” ISA 580
- Define the concept of “Error”
- Name 2 types of intentional misstatements that are
relevant to the auditor.
- Discuss the responsibility of the auditor and
management for the prevention and detection of fraud;
- Explain the procedures required by ISA240 that should
be performed by the auditor during the risk assessment
procedures.
- Explain with reference to ISA240 the responses available
to the auditor to respond to the assessed risk of material
misstatement due to fraud.
- Name the procedures the auditor should follow if
potential fraud and errors are detected.

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 - Identify Conditions or events that may increase the risk
of fraud and error whether due to fraudulent financial
reporting or due to misappropriation of assets.
- Name the 3 elements of the fraud triangle

ISA 250
- Discuss management’s and the auditor’s responsibility
for compliance with laws and regulations;
- Discuss the procedures to follow on discovery of non-
compliance; and
- Identify indicators of possible non-compliance with laws
and regulations in a scenario.
Risk of material - Identify, describe and evaluate audit risks and the Dynamic Auditing ISA 300
misstatement at the components it consists of Chapter 8-18 to 8-25
overall financial - Describe the approach and methods that should be ISA 315
statement level followed to consider/evaluate risk
- Evaluate and conclude on the influence of error and ISA 330
fraud on the audit opinion
- Identifies and assess the key risks in the performance of
the engagement
- Based on an understanding obtained, identifies the
specific risks that could result in material misstatements
of the subject matter, including fraud risk factors
- Assess the risk of material misstatement in the subject
matter at the overall and assertion levels
Materiality - Discuss all the relevant factors to take into account Dynamic Auditing ISA 320
whilst calculating Planning and Performance Materiality Chapter 8-25 to 8-29
- Calculate, with reasons, the Planning & Performance
Materiality
- Understand and Explain what "Clearly Trivial" means
- Critically evaluate a Materiality calculation (done in
working paper sometimes) done by someone else in
terms of ISA320.

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 - Assess materiality for the engagement
- Identifies the users of the assurance engagement and
their decision-making needs
- Identifies the factors that affect materiality
- Determine the materiality level for planning and
performing the engagement
Risk of material - Identify, describe and evaluate audit risks and the Auditing Notes Chapter
misstatement at the components it consists of 10 – 14
assertion level (business - Describe the approach and methods that should be
cycles) followed to consider/evaluate risk
- Evaluate and conclude on the influence of error and
fraud on the audit opinion
- Based on an understanding obtained, identifies the
specific risks that could result in material misstatements
of the subject matter, including fraud risk factors
- Assess the risk of material misstatement in the subject
matter at the overall and assertion levels
Audit evidence, audit - Be alert to changes in circumstances and adjust Dynamic Auditing ISA 300
strategy, audit plan, procedures appropriately Chapter 8-29 to 8-35
audit responses - Draw a conclusion as to whether each procedure ISA 315
performed meets its objective
- Evaluate the sufficiency and significance of the evidence ISA 330
and/or results of analysis
- Prepare information for timely discussion with
management & TCWG
- For a given set of circumstances, decide on:
- the form, extent and quality of evidence required
to support the assurance report,
- The most efficient testing procedures (e.g. ToC
and/or SP ToD and/or analytical procedures) to
obtain the evidence

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 - The need to make use of others (experts, internal
auditors, other auditors, or the need to use CAATs)
to gather evidence
- Communicate the plan to appropriate key
stakeholders (incl. TCWG)
- Design and document appropriate programs of
engagement procedures
- Be alert to changes in circumstances not
considered in the design of the engagement
procedures and adjust the procedures
appropriately
- Name and discuss all the elements that should be
included in the Audit Strategy document /
memorandum (Planning document)
- Name and discuss all the elements that should be
included in the Audit plan (Risk assessment
Procedures and Further Audit Procedures)
- In a scenario design appropriate risk responses at
the overall financial statement level
- In a scenario design appropriate risk responses at
the assertion level (Including discussions on the
appropriate nature, timing and extent of risk
assessment procedures & further audit
procedures)
- In a scenario discuss the appropriate Audit
Approach (NTE of audit procedures) to be applied
(could be overall or at assertion level) - OR Discuss
the audit approach (but limit to only NATURE).
Audit approach (nature, - In a practical scenario suggest and discuss in detail the Dynamic Auditing ISA 300
timing and extent of factors to consider for the most appropriate audit Chapter 8-30 to 8-34
further audit approach to be applied in a manual control system ISA 330
procedures) based on the risks identified; Dynamic Auditing
Chapter 12-9 to 12-12 ISA 500

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 - In a practical scenario suggest and discuss in detail the
factors to consider for the most appropriate audit Dynamic Auditing
approach to be applied in a computerised control Chapter 13-4 to 13-6
system based on the risks identified;
Roll forwards / early - Design audit responses using interim testing/roll Dynamic Auditing
verifications (timing) forward procedures/early verification for a given Chapter 13-11 to 13-14
scenario
- Design and document appropriate programmes of
engagement procedures based on the considerations
- Perform the procedures specified in the programme
(e.g. analytical review of expenses) with due care and an
objective state of mind
- Modify the work plan as necessary
- Draw a conclusion as to whether each procedure
performed meets its objective
- Evaluate the sufficiency and significance of the evidence
and/or results of analysis
- Identify, and design audit procedures to obtain
sufficient, appropriate audit evidence surrounding
related party transactions/balances/disclosures
Sampling (extent) - Understand and discuss the risks related to sampling Dynamic Auditing ISA 530
- indicate the purpose of audit sampling; Chapter 11

Define the following concepts:

- Sampling
- Population, Sampling Unit
- Error (For Test of Controls and For Substantive Tests of
detail)
- Tolerable error
- Anomalous error / Misstatement
- Statistical sampling
- Stratification

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 - Briefly describe the different methods of selecting
items;
- Name the factors you would consider when designing a
sample;
- Name the factors that will influence sample size in tests
of controls as well as substantive procedures;
- Briefly describe the different methods of sampling; and
- Name the steps in the sampling process.
- Perform a practical calculation and select the items using
specific methods.
- Critically evaluate a sampling selection that has already
been performed.
Internal controls in Internal controls in the - Consider control risk in a case study Dynamic Auditing ISA 315
the audit process audit process - Describe control objectives and develop control Chapter 12
measures in a case study ISA 330
- Understand ISA 610 and be able to apply the principles
in a scenario ISA 265
- Know and understand the Components of internal
control
Evolution and Evolution and - Postulates: behavioral postulates and functional The Philosophy of
developments in developments in Audit postulates. Auditing by R.K. Mautz
Audit Theory and Theory and Practice - Internationalization of the auditing profession and and H.S. Sharaf
Practice - Developments of International Standards on auditing

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