Solution Manual for International Business: The New Realities, Global Edition, 5th Edition,

Solution Manual for International

Business: The New Realities, Global
Edition, 5th Edition, S. Tamer Cavusgil,
Gary Knight, John Riesenberger
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 http://globaledge.msu.edu/tools-and-data
Global Resource Directory:
http://globaledge.msu.edu/global-resources/

■ Under Country Insights click on a region, then select a country, Zimbabwe for example.
http://globaledge.msu.edu/Countries/Zimbabwe
Everyone in the class should be assigned a different country. Each student is then
responsible for becoming an expert on that country. Twice during the term, each student
could report on their country, and summarize a newspaper article published in their
country, i.e. an International Newspaper Memorandum assignment.

[1] An exciting way to introduce your students to International Business is the CIA Maps,
from the CIA World Factbook, which provides an interactive and fun tool to introduce to
international business:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

[2] Another great way to introduce student to the world of international business is to
direct them to the BBC website:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/country_profiles/default.stm

[3] Comic relief- Humorous (possibly offensive) introduction to IB 2:09 minutes

Catherine Tate- Translator:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ma8Vwkpx5y8

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND THE OPENING CASE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
1.1 Describe the key concepts in international business
1.2 Understand how international business differs from domestic business
1.3 Identify major participants in international business
1.4 Describe why firms internationalize
1.5 Appreciate why you should study international business
1.6 Learn the CKR Intangible Soft Skills™ and the CKR Tangible Process Tools™ to
improve your employability and success in the workplace.

Key Themes
■ In this chapter, there are five themes:
[1] Key concepts in international business
[2] How international business differs from domestic business
[3] Who participates in international business
[4] Why firms internationalize
[5] Why you should study international business

■ This chapter is the introduction to the text, as well as to the foundation concepts. The
first part of this text (Chapters 1–8) explores globalization from a macro, environmental
level, while the second part (Chapters 9–17) examines international business from a more

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 2 | Page

 micro, organizational level. The fundamental concepts introduced in Chapter 1 are central
to both macro and micro perspectives for understanding international business. Thus,
these basic concepts permeate the entire text, and students should be well-acquainted
them.
■ In this chapter, use a macro lens to introduce students to some of the fundamental
international business concepts.
■ Cross-border trading has been around for centuries; contemporary international
business has gained considerable momentum/complexity over the past four decades.
■ International business refers to the trade and investment activities by companies
across national borders. Globalization of markets refers to ongoing economic integration
and growing interdependency of countries worldwide. Stress the dramatic growth in world
trade, which now exceeds some $18 trillion annually.
■ There are two ways to invest internationally- passively (portfolio investment -financial
assets) or actively (foreign direct investment- capital, technology, labor, land, plant and
equipment).
■ Also important are importing (global sourcing)- buying products/services from abroad
and bringing them back to the home country. Exporting- manufacturing a product or
service in one country and selling it to another.
■ Address the broader questions of:
◘ Why firms go international? - Primarily to increase sales and profits!
◘ What is the difference between internationalization and globalization?
Former- Expansion of international business activities vs, Latter- Integration,
interdependency & interconnectedness of internationalization (the 4 I’s) Example:
Increasing exports vs. Sourcing value-chain activities strategically around the globe
to leverage factor efficiencies
◘ How international business is different from domestic business: Complexity
and Risks (4)
◘ Who participates in international business-
Multinational Enterprise (MNE)
Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME)
Born Global - entrepreneurial firm that is international from almost inception
◘ Why you should study international business- Competitive advantage- for you
and your firm!
■ Note that international business is both a cause and a result of increasing national
prosperity.
Teaching Tips
■ In this chapter, use a broad brush approach in generating excitement about the
importance of international business activity. Ask students to examine their clothing,
watches, iPhones, iPods and report where in the world each item was manufactured. This
discussion underscores the profound and pervasive impact that globalization has had on
all of us.

■ Next, ask students what they would like to do professionally, after they graduate. Once
they respond, ask if they can accomplish that successfully without understanding
international business, and the impact of global trends on their industry and business? The
answer is, of course, a resounding NO!!!

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 3 | Page

 Commentary on the Opening Vignette:
CHINA GLOBALIZES LONDON’S BLACK CABS

• Key message
In the past, internationalization tended to refer to corporations in developed Western states
buying into markets in developing or emerging economies. As the manufacturing balance
has shifted toward emerging economies, internationalization has become increasingly
concerned with corporations in emerging markets making inroads into developed Western
economies.

• Uniqueness of the situation described

■ Cash-rich manufacturers in emerging markets such as China are looking for investment
opportunities in developed economies.
■ This is enabling them to acquire the expertise, technology, and entry requirements for
these markets much faster than they would have achieved through gradual growth.
■ The Chinese government firmly supports this transition from China-based subcontracting
manufacturers for developed-country corporations to owners of these corporations in their
home markets.
■ This allows privately owned Chinese businesses to diversify very quickly and bring more
advanced products and manufacturing back to China.

• Classroom discussion
■ This example reflects the ongoing process of economic integration and growing
interdependency of countries worldwide, but in reverse of the preconceived notion of the
process.
■ The internationalization of many Chinese businesses is an example of the determination
of private businesses to systematically increase the international dimension of their
business activities.
■ This allows Chinese manufacturers to become part of the widespread diffusion of
products, technology, and knowledge worldwide.
■ The case illustrates how globalization both compels and facilitates companies to expand
abroad—international expansion is easier due to market and product globalization.
■ Access to markets has made cross-border activities more appealing to all types of firms.
■ Use this vignette to engage the class—this is a prime example of long-term implications
of the reliance on emerging countries such as China for manufacturing. It makes the
corporations cash-rich and eager to invest in new ventures to diversify and grow.

Divide the class into small groups and work on the following questions, with each group
providing a brief presentation of their answers.

QUESTIONS

1-1. What might be the underlying motivations of emerging markets MNCs like
Geely?

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 4 | Page

 (LO 1.4; AACSB: Reflective Thinking)

■ Mergers and acquisitions are common in international business as a strategy for market
expansion, resource acquisition, and exploitation of available opportunities.
■ The acquisition of Western brands by MNCs originating in emerging markets is a fairly
new phenomenon. The case study showcases the brand and technology acquisition by a
Chinese firm.
■ The motivations for such an acquisition can be varied. However, merger and acquisition
(M&A) and FDI researchers have found that access to technology, research and
development facilities, brand-new markets, a favorable taxation system, a skilled
workforce, and geographical advantages are some of the pressing motivations for
acquisitions.
■ Besides competition and market forces, there are institutional motivations as well. In
many cases, policies and regulations influence the decision.
■ After reflecting on the case study, it appears that Geely acquired LTC to own an iconic
brand with international appeal and advanced manufacturing technologies.
■ Creating a presence and recognition in the global market may have been another
underlying motive for this particular acquisition. Also see P. Deng ‘Why Do Chinese Firms
Tend to Acquire Strategic Assets in International Expansion?’ Journal of World Business
44 (2009), pp. 74–84.

1-2. How does cooperation in international business offer competitiveness?

(LO 1.1; AACSB: Application of knowledge)

■ In ever-changing global markets, firms compete with each other but collaborate and
cooperate as well.
■ Objectives for international cooperation among firms also vary. as the case of merger
and acquisitions mentioned earlier demonstrates. (A list of motives can be found in E.
Todeva and D. Knoke “Strategic Alliances and Models of Collaboration,” Management
Decision 46, no. 5 [2005], pp. 725–742).
■ Geely was in a partnership with LTC before fully acquiring it.
■ The collaboration between Geely and LTC was mutually beneficial, with Geely supplying
much-needed cash to run LTC and LTC sharing technological know-how and operational
knowledge in return.
■ Geely’s past internationalization record includes its acquisition of Volvo Cars in the
aftermath of the 2008 financial recession.
■ The Geely-LTC partnership helped LTC survive and a vital cash injection ensured a
continuation in the production of the iconic taxi. This perhaps saved the iconic brand from
vanishing from the market like many big brands in the past.
■ Notably, from seemingly humble and unknown beginnings, Geely established itself
among global auto manufacturers with increasing recognition of its strengths in
cooperating with or acquisition of big brands. With regard to tangible and intangible
competitive advantages, this cooperation has served to increase the international
capabilities of both companies.

1-3. What role can the government play in promoting internationalization?

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 5 | Page

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 As God’s man-loving Mother, be man-loving thou, with gentle eyes
and merciful regarding me, as from the body goes my soul, that thee
I ever may extol, thou holy Bringer-forth of God.
Me worthy count to overcome the hosts of bodiless foes, to mount
th’ aërial space and enter heaven, that thee I ever may extol, thou
holy Bringer-forth of God.
Thou who didst bear th’ Almighty Lord, from me far keep away the
world-controlling prince of bitter guiles when I approach mine end,
that thee I ever may extol, thou holy Bringer-forth of God.
Glory.
When the great final trump shall sound, arousing all to resurrection
menacing and dread, O then do thou remember me, thou holy
Bringer-forth of God.
Both now.
Palace high rais’d of Christ the Lord, send from on high thy grace,
and now in trouble’s day prevent thou me, that I may ever thee extol,
thou holy Bringer-forth of God.
Ode ix. Irmos.
Mortals may not see God....
O how shall I th’ invisible behold? how that most dreadful vision
bear? how venture to lift up mine eyes? how dare my Master to
regard, whom, from my youth, I never ceased have to give offence?
Thou holy maiden, Bringer-forth of God, look on my lowliness with
tender heart; accept thou this, my last and penitential prayer; and
make thou speed to rescue me from the tormenting endless fire.
My soul, that temples holy hath defil’d, having a stain’d and bodily
temple left, beseecheth thee, O maiden, Virgin Mother, that it may
’scape the gloom profound, and fierce gehenna’s flame.
Glory.
Seeing the end of life draw near, and on my most unseemly
thoughts and deeds bethinking me, O thou All-pure, the darts of
conscience fiercely wound mine active soul; but O in mercy turn
thyself to me, and be mine advocate.
Both now.
The Son in mercy gave himself for us, the Son of God and angels’
King eterne, becoming man from thy pure blood; move him to mercy
on my passionate soul, O Maid, which is with violence from my
wretched body torn.
Then, It is very meet....
Prayer said by the priest at the departure of a soul.
O Master, Lord Almighty, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who
desirest that all men should be saved and come to a knowledge of
the truth; who desirest not the death of a sinner, but that he should
return and live; we pray and make supplication unto thee, Loosen
the soul of thy servant, name, from every bond, and deliver him from
every curse: forgive him the iniquities, known and unknown, which
from youth up, in deed and word, he hath confessed sincerely, or,
through forgetfulness or shame hath hidden; for thou alone art he
that looseth them that are in bonds, and setteth upright them that are
crushed down, thou hope of them that have no hope, who canst
remit the sins of every man that hath a trust in thee. Yea, O man-
loving Lord, bid that he be set free from carnal and sinful bonds, and
receive in peace the soul of this thy servant, name, and rest it in the
eternal habitations with thy Saints, through the grace of thine only-
begotten Son, our Lord God and Saviour, Jesus Christ, with whom
also thou art blessed, together with thy most holy, and good, and life-
creating Spirit, now and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
 Chapter XVI.
THE MORTUARY ORDER OVER LAY BODIES.

On the decease of one of the right-believers, his kinsfolk

straightway send for the priest, who cometh to the house in which
the remains of him that hath fallen asleep lie, and putting on the
epitrachelion, and putting incense into the censer, censeth the body
of the dead, and them that stand by, and beginneth as customarily,
Blessed be our God....
And the bystanders begin,
Holy God.... O most holy Trinity.... Our Father.... For thine is the
kingdom....
And straightway they sing these troparia. Tone iv.
With the spirits of the righteous dead, O Saviour, rest thy servant’s
soul, keeping it in that blessed life which is with thee, thou lover of
mankind.
In thy resting-place, O Lord, where all thy Saints repose, O rest thy
servant’s soul; for thou alone art lover of mankind.
Glory.
Thou art the God that wentest down to hades, and didst burst the
captives’ bonds: rest also thou thyself thy servant’s soul.
Both now.
O only pure and spotless Virgin, who without seed didst bring forth
God, pray that his soul be sav’d.
The deacon saith,
Have mercy upon us, O God, according to thy great mercy, we
pray thee, hear, and have mercy.
 Lord, have mercy, thrice.
Furthermore let us pray for the repose of the soul of the servant of
God, name, who hath fallen asleep, and that to him may be remitted
every transgression, voluntary and involuntary.
Lord, have mercy, thrice.
The mercy of God, the kingdom of heaven, and the forgiveness of
his sins, we ask of thee, O Christ, our immortal King and God.
Vouchsafe, O Lord.
Deacon. Let us pray to the Lord.
Lord have mercy.
The priest saith this prayer,
O God of spirits and of every flesh, who didst tread down death, and
overcome the devil, and bestow life upon thy world; do thou thyself,
O Lord, rest the soul of thy servant, name, who hath fallen asleep, in
a place of light, in a place of refreshment, in a place of rest, whence
pain, and grief, and sighing are driven away; and every iniquity
wrought by him, in word, or deed, or in intention, as the good man-
loving God, do thou remit; for there is no man that shall live and shall
not sin; for thou alone art without sin, thy righteousness is an
everlasting righteousness, and thy word the truth.
Exclamation.
For thou art the resurrection and the life, and the repose of thy
servant, name, who hath fallen asleep, O Christ our God, and to thee
we ascribe glory, with thine unbeginning Father, and with thy most
holy, and good, and life-creating Spirit, now and ever, and to ages of
ages. Amen.
Deacon. Wisdom.
Choir. The more honourable than the Cherubim.... And the rest.
And straightway the dismissal is made by the priest on this wise,
He that hath dominion over quick and dead, Christ our true God,
through the prayers of his most pure Mother, of our venerable and
god-bearing fathers, and of all his Saints, place the soul of his
servant, name, departed from us, in holy tabernacles, and number it
with the just, and have mercy upon us, as being good and the lover
of mankind.
And then if all things be ready for the departure, the priest again
maketh the beginning,
Blessed be our God....
And we begin to sing, Holy God.... with fear, and with every
compunction.
And taking up the remains of him that hath fallen asleep, we go
forth to the temple; preceded by the priests with tapers, and the
deacon with the censer.
And when they come unto the temple, then the remains are placed
in the porch, (or in the temple, as is here in great Russia the
custom.)
And they begin,
Whoso dwelleth under the defence of the Most High....[29]
And after this they sing with a loud voice,
Blessed art thou, O Lord: O teach me thy statutes.
The undefiled in the way. Alleluia.
And the first stasis of the undefiled[30] is sung to tone vi, and at the
end of every verse we sing, Alleluia.
Blessed are the undefiled in the way, that walk in the law of the
Lord. Alleluia.
Blessed are they that, searching out his testimonies, seek him with
the whole heart. Alleluia.
And the rest of the psalm. Glory. Alleluia.
Both now. Alleluia.
Deacon. Again and again in peace let us pray to the Lord.
 Furthermore let us pray for the repose of the soul of the servant of
God, name, who hath fallen asleep, and that to him may be remitted
every transgression, voluntary and involuntary.
That the Lord God may place his soul where the righteous rest.
The mercy of God, the kingdom of heaven, and the forgiveness of
his sins let us ask of Christ, our immortal King and God.
Vouchsafe, O Lord.
Deacon. Let us pray to the Lord.
Lord have mercy.
The priest saith this prayer.
O God of spirits.... Vide page 139.
And after this they begin the second stasis in tone v, in which also,
at the ending of a verse, we say,
Have mercy upon thy servant.
The choir beginneth, Thy commandments.
Have mercy upon thy servant.
Again the same choir,
Thy hands have made me, and fashioned me: O give me
understanding, and I shall be taught by thy commandment.
Have mercy upon thy servant.
They that fear thee beheld me and rejoiced, for I have trusted in
thy words.
Have mercy upon thy servant.
And the rest of the psalm, and at the end, Glory.
Have mercy upon thy servant. Both now.
Have mercy upon thy servant.
Deacon. Again and again.... Vide page 142.
And again they begin the third stasis in the third tone.
 Thy name. Alleluia.
Again the same choir singeth,
Look upon me, and have mercy upon me, according to the
judgment of them that love thy name. Alleluia.
Direct my steps according to thy word, and let not every
transgression have dominion over me. Alleluia.
And the rest. And, after the ending, straightway,
Blessed art thou, O Lord: O teach me thy statutes.
The choir of saints have found life’s spring, and paradise’s door;
and may I also find the way through penitence. I am a wandering
sheep: O Saviour, me recall, and save thou me.
Blessed art thou, O Lord....
Ye saints, that preach’d the Lamb of God, and sacrificed were as
lambs, and unto life that grows not old and aye endures translated
are; this ceaselessly, ye martyrs, pray, that unto us vouchsaf’d may
be remission of our trespasses.
Blessed art thou, O Lord....
O ye that walk’d the narrow way, that ever-suffering is; all ye that
during life accepted have as yoke the cross, and follow’d me in faith;
come, and enjoy those things prepar’d for you, rewards and crowns
celestial.
Blessed art thou, O Lord....
Of thy narrateless glory I an image am, and, though I bear
offences’ scars, compassionate thy creature, Lord, and cleanse me
in thy tenderness, and the desired fatherland give thou to me, a
citizen of paradise me making once again.
Blessed art thou, O Lord....
Thou who of old didst form me out of nothingness, and with thy
godlike image didst adorn, but, for transgressing the commands,
didst turn again to earth, whereout I taken was, to that which
sembleth thee do thou me call once more, shaping again the
erewhile comeliness.
Blessed art thou, O Lord....
O rest thy servant, God, and O in paradise appoint his place,
where choirs of saints and righteous ones, O Lord, are luminous as
stars: O to thy sleeping servant give thou rest, and pass all his
offences by.
Glory.
The tri-illuminating of the Godhead one let us with reverence sing,
exclaiming, Thou, O Father unbeginning, holy art, and thou, co-
unbeginning Son, and thou, O Spirit Divine: enlighten us who serve
thee faithfully, and save us from eternal fire.
Both now.
Hail, pure one, who didst bring forth God in flesh for all men’s
saving, through whom the human race hath found salvation! through
thee may we find paradise, God-bearing one, who pure and blessed
art. Alleluia, thrice.
Then the deacon, Again and again.... Vide page 142.
And, after the exclamation, we sing the present troparia, tone v.
Our Saviour, rest thy servant with the just, and place him in thy
courts, as it is written, as being good, despising his iniquities, both
willing ones and those unwilling, and all those done in knowledge
and in ignorance, O lover of mankind.
Glory. Conclusion.
And all those done in knowledge and in ignorance, O lover of
mankind.
Both now. Theotokion.
Christ God, who from the Virgin shinedst to the world, who hast
through her made manifest the sons of light, have mercy thou on us.
Then psalm l, and the canon, whereof the acrostic is,
To him that is departed a sixth song I address. Theophany.
 Ode i. Tone vi. Irmos.
Passing as on dry land....
In heavenly palaces the noble martyrs ever pray thee, Christ, Him
whom thou hast remov’d from earth, a faithful one, count worthy to
attain eternal blessedness.
Thou that adornest everything, mid life compound createdst me a
man, lowly and also great. Then, Saviour, rest thy servant’s soul.
Glory.
A citizen and husbandman of paradise in the beginning thou
appointedst me; but thou didst exile me for breaking thy command.
Then, Saviour, rest thy servant’s soul.
Both now. Theotokion.
He that aforetime from a rib our protomother Eva form’d, from thy
pure womb assumed flesh, and thereby hath annull’d the might of
death, thou Pure.
Ode iii. Irmos.
There is none holy like to thee, O Lord....
Thy martyrs suffer’d lawfully, O Giver of life, and with a crown of
victory adorn’d, they ceaselessly bestow on the departed faithful one
an everlasting ransoming.
For me, a wanderer, taught erewhile by signs and wonders many,
thou hast at last thyself made void, as sympathiser, and, seeking, me
hast found and sav’d.
Glory.
Him that departs to thee from streams of transient mortal life,
count worthy to abide with joy in tabernacles that eternal be, him
justifying, Blessed One, by faith and grace.
Both now. Theotokion.
There is none undefil’d as thou, God’s Mother thou most pure; for
thou alone didst in the womb conceive the true eternal God, who
hath annull’d the power of death.
 Deacon. Again and again.... Vide page 142.
Kathisma, tone vi.
Verily everything is vain, and life a shadow is, a dream; for vainly
every earth-born one disquieteth himself, as saith the scripture.
When we have gain’d the world, then dwell we in the grave, where
kings and beggars are as one. Therefore, Christ God, as lover of
mankind, to thy departed servant give thou rest.
Glory. Both now. Theotokion.
All-holy Bringer-forth of God, in my life’s time forsake me not, to
human mediation leave me not; but me thyself defend, and be thou
merciful to me.
Ode iv. Irmos.
Christ is my might, the God and Lord....
Of greatest wisdom shewing sign, and of rewards’ perfectionment,
O gracious Lord, with Angels thou the choirs of martyrs number’d
hast.
Of thy narrateless glory count him worthy to participate, who unto
thee translated is, where, Christ, their dwelling is who joy, and where
pure gladness’ voice resounds.
Glory.
Him that extols thy might divine, whom thou from earth received
hast, do thou accept, creating him a child of light; and cleanse him
from the gloom of sin, O thou Most Merciful.
Both now. Theotokion.
O tabernacle thou most pure, temple all-undefil’d, all-holy ark,
virginal place of sanctity, of Jacob thou the excellence, the Lord hath
chosen thee.
Ode v. Irmos.
With thy divine light, O Blessed One....
Like an oblation sacred, and human nature’s first-fruits, the
martyrs, who were offer’d for God’s glorifying, for our salvation ever
mediate.
Of heavenly dwelling, of grace’s distribution, thy faithful servant
gone before, count worthy, Lord, and give him ransom from
iniquities.
Glory.
Thou that alone by nature life-effector art, and grace’s trackless
depth, him that is gone, count worthy of thy kingdom, Pitiful, thou
sole immortal one.
Both now. Theotokion.
The strength, and song, and saving of the lost is he become that
to the world was born of thee, O Queen, delivering them, who thee in
faith call bless’d, from hades’ gates.
Ode vi. Irmos.
Life’s sea perturb’d....
Nail’d on the cross the choir of martyrs thou hast gather’d to
thyself, them that thy passion imitate, O Blessed One. Therefore, we
thee beseech, Rest him that now betaketh him to thee.
When thou in thy narrateless glory all the world to judge shalt on
the clouds in terror come, Deliverer, be thou pleas’d that he, thy
faithful servant, whom thou from earth received hast, may meet thee
shiningly.
Glory.
Being life’s fount, O Lord, who, through divine humanity, didst lead
the fetter’d forth; thy servant, who to thee in faith is gone, place thou
in joys of paradise.
Both now. Theotokion.
We have been turned back to earth for breaking the divine
command of God; but, through thee, Virgin, unto heaven from earth
are rais’d again, shaking off death’s corruption.
Deacon. Again and again.... Vide page 142.
Condakion, tone viii.
 Rest with the Saints, O Christ, thy servant’s soul, where is no pain,
nor grief, nor sighing, but life that endeth not.
Icos.
Thyself alone immortal art, who madest and didst fashion man; for
out of earth we mortals fashion’d were, and unto that same earth
shall go, as thou who madest me hast given command, and sayest
unto me, Earth thou art, and unto earth shalt thou return. And thither
all we mortals go, making the funeral wail, even the song, the
Alleluia.
And again.
Rest with the Saints, O Christ....
Ode vii. Irmos.
The angel made the furnace to bedew....
From the primeval fall were sav’d the martyrs by thy blood, and,
with their own blood sprinkled, they clearly thy slaying image forth.
Blessed art thou, our fathers’ God.
O life-originating Word, thou hast slain raging death; and him O
now receive, O Christ, who sleeps in faith, and sings, and says,
Blessed art thou, our fathers’ God.
Glory.
Divine-originating Lord, who me, a man, with breath divine
sufflated hast; vouchsafe thy kingdom unto him departed hence,
who, Saviour, sings to thee, Blessed art thou, our fathers’ God.
Both now. Theotokion.
Most undefil’d, conceiving God, who crush’d death’s gates and
burst the bars, thou higher than all creatures art. Therefore, we
faithful thee, O pure, extol as Mother of God.
Ode viii. Irmos.
From flame thou didst a dew outpour on reverend ones....
Martyrs of Christ, who sufferings bore, who in the strifes were
steadfast prov’d, ye are adorn’d with victory’s crown, crying, O
Christ, to ages thee we set on high.
The faithful ones who life depart in sacred wise, and unto thee, O
Master, go, gently, as loving-kind, receive, that they may rest, and
thee to ages set on high.
Glory.
Now in the land of gentle ones, Saviour, be pleas’d to stablish all
who fallen have on sleep afore, and who in thee, by faith and grace,
are justified, and thee to ages set on high.
Both now. Theotokion.
All-blessed one, we thee all bless, who didst bring forth the Word
who is blessed indeed, who for our sake incarnate was, and whom
on high to ages we set up.
Ode ix. Irmos.
Mortals may not see God....
Hope made the choirs of martyrs strong, and flam’d them ardently
towards thy love, prefiguring unto those to come a rest in verity
undisturb’d; and unto this, O Blessed One, may thy departed faithful
one be counted worthy to attain.
Of thine illumination, Christ, which bright and godlike is, be pleas’d
that he, departed hence in faith, may share, to him, as being
merciful, in Abraham’s bosom giving rest, and granting him eternal
blessedness.
Glory.
O thou that art by nature good and loving-kind, and mercy willest,
and a depth of loving-kindness art, his lot, whom, Saviour, thou from
this ill place removed hast, and from the shades of death, appoint
where shines thy light.
Both now. Theotokion.
A holy tabernacle thee we own to be, O Pure, an ark likewise, and
breastplate of the law and grace; for pardon is bestow’d, through
thee, on them, All-undefil’d, that have, by his blood justified been,
who of thy womb incarnate was.
Deacon. Again and again in peace let us pray to the Lord. Vide
page 142.
We begin the idiomela of John the monk.
Tone i.
What sweet of life abideth unaccompanied with grief? what glory
stayeth upon earth unchang’d? All is the feeblest shade, all the most
cheating dream: one moment, and death taketh all these things. But
in thy face’s light, O Christ, and in the sweetness of thy beauty, grant
rest to him whom thou hast call’d, as lover of mankind.
Tone ii.
Woe unto me, what agony hath the soul when it is from the body
torn! alas, then how it weeps, and none is merciful to it! To Angels
lifting eyes, without effect it prays; to men extending hands, it findeth
none to help. Therefore, my brethren lov’d, musing on our brief life,
let us for the departed ask for rest from Christ, and for great mercy
for our souls.
Tone iii.
All human things are vanity which last not after death: riches abide
not, nor doth glory stay; for when death cometh, these all disappear.
Then let us cry to the immortal Christ, O rest him who is gone away
from us where is the dwelling-place of all that joy.
Tone iv.
Where is the predilection of the world? where their imaginings who
fade? where is the silver and the gold? where servants’ multitude
and noise? All dust, all ashes, all a shade. But, come ye, let us say
to the immortal King, O Lord, him, who hath been remov’d from us,
of thine eternal blessings worthy count, him resting in thine ageless
happiness.
Tone v.
 I remember’d what the prophet said, I am earth, and I am dust;
and again I meditated in the graves, and saw the naked bones, and
said, Who now is king, or warrior who, or who is rich, or who is poor,
or who the just, or he that sinn’d? But, with the just, thy servant rest,
O Lord.
Tone vi.
To me thy life-effecting bidding was substance and origin; for,
willing me to form a living one from nature that unseen is and is
seen, my body thou didst make of earth, and, by thy breathing life-
creating and divine, me gavest soul. Therefore, O Christ, thy servant
rest in tract of them that living are, and in the dwellings of the just.
Tone vii.
After thine image and resemblance in the beginning making man,
in paradise thou him didst place to be of thy creation lord; but, by the
devil’s enviousness beguil’d, he ate the fruit, transgressing thy
commands. Therefore, again to earth, whence he was taken, thou
hast doom’d him to return, O Lord, and beg for rest.
Tone viii.
I weep and I lament when I reflect on death, and see the
comeliness, according to God’s image, that was shap’d for us lying
in the graves disfigured, and bereft of glory and of form. O wonder!
what is this mystery concerning us? how to corruption have we been
assign’d? how unto death conjoin’d? Verily by God’s command, as it
is written, who giveth the departed rest.
The beatitudes, tone vi.
When in thy kingdom thou shalt come, O Lord, remember us.
Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted.
Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.
Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness, for
they shall be filled.
 Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.
Christ, who, aforetime, for his penitence, didst make the thief a
citizen of paradise when on the cross to thee he cried, Remember
me, of this even me, unworthy, worthy count.
Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.
Thou who dominion hast o’er life and death, rest in the courts of
saints him whom from things of time thou taken hast; and think on
me, when in thy kingdom thou shalt come.
Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children
of God.
Thou who o’er souls and bodies lordship hast, thou in whose hand
is held our breath, who mourners’ consolation art; rest in the land of
righteous ones thy servant whom thou hast removed hence.
Blessed are they that are persecuted for righteousness’ sake....
Christ rest thee in the land of living ones, and open paradise’s
gates to thee, and of the kingdom thee declare a citizen, and give
thee pardon of those things wherein in life thou sinned hast, O thou
of Christ belov’d.
Blessed are ye when men shall revile you....
Let us go forth and muse among the graves; for man is naked
bones, the food of worms, and of an odour ill; and let us learn what
riches are, yea, beauty, strength, and comeliness.
Rejoice, and be exceeding glad....
Let us give ear to what the Almighty saith, Woe unto them that
seek to see the Lord’s most fearful day! for it is one of gloom: for
everything with fire shall be tried.
Glory.
By the unbeginningness, and the begetting, and the proceeding, I
bow me to the Father who begat, the Son begotten I extol, I sing the
Holy Ghost, co-shining with the Father and the Son.
Both now. Theotokion.
 How, Virgin, from thy breast flow’d milk? how didst thou nurture
him, creation’s nurturer? It was as was the springing forth of water
from the rock, as streams of waters for a thirsty folk, as hath been
written.
After this the deacon saith, Let us attend.
Priest. Peace to all.
And the choir singeth, prokimenon, tone vi,
Blessed is the way wherein thou goest to-day, O soul, because a
place of rest hath been prepared for thee.
Verse. Unto thee have I cried, O Lord.
Deacon. Wisdom.
Reader. The epistle to the Thessalonians, section cclxx.
Brethren, I would not have you to be ignorant ... ending, be ever
with the Lord.[31]
Priest. Peace to thee. Alleluia.
Tone vi.
Blessed is he whom thou hast chosen and received, O Lord.
The gospel from John, section xvi.
The Lord spake unto the Jews that came unto him, Verily, verily, I
say unto you ... ending, the Father which hath sent me.[32]
Deacon.
Have mercy upon us, O God, according to thy great mercy, we
pray thee, hear, and have mercy.
Lord, have mercy, thrice.
Furthermore let us pray for the repose of the soul of the servant of
God, name, who hath fallen asleep, and that to him may be remitted
every transgression, voluntary and involuntary.
Lord, have mercy, thrice.
 That the Lord God may place his soul where the righteous rest.
Lord, have mercy, thrice.
The mercy of God, the kingdom of heaven, and the forgiveness of
his sins let us ask of Christ, our immortal King and God.
Vouchsafe, O Lord.
Deacon. Let us pray to the Lord.
Lord, have mercy.
And after the conclusion of this the first of the priests, or the
archpriest, if one happen to be there, saith the prayer, O God of
spirits.... with a loud voice, standing nigh unto the dead.
And in like manner all the priests that be present.
And be it known that as many times as the petition is said by the
deacon, while the petition is being said by him, each of the priests in
his order saith the above mentioned prayer in a low voice nigh unto
the dead, and exclaimeth,
For thou art the resurrection....
And now by the first priest, or by the archpriest, the prayer, O God
of spirits.... is said with a loud voice, as is mentioned above.
And, after the exclamation, the kiss is given.
And we sing the present stichera of similar rhythm.
When from the tree....
Tone ii.
Come, brethren, let us give the last kiss to the dead, and render
thanks to God; for he hath left his kinsfolk, and hasteneth to the
grave: to him there is no care concerning vanities and carnal toil.
Where now are kinsfolk and where friends? Lo, we are parted from
him, whom, Lord, we pray thee to give rest.
What, O ye brethren, is this parting? what this weeping? what this
wailing in the present hour? Come, kiss ye then him whom but lately
was with us; for he is given to the grave, is cover’d with a stone, in
darkness dwelleth, is buried with the dead, and now is parted from
all kinsfolk and from friends; and him, O Lord, we pray thee to give
rest.
Now is life’s evil boast of vanity destroy’d; for from its dwelling-
place the soul is gone, the clay is ashen, the casket broken, it
voiceless is, no feeling hath, is dead and motionless. And him
consigning to the grave, let us beseech the Lord to give him
everlasting rest.
What is our life? a flower, a smoke, and, verily, a morning dew. O
come ye then, let us, with open eyes, regard the graves. Where is
the beauty of the body? where youth? where eyes, and carnal form?
All are consum’d as grass, all vanish’d. Come, fall we down to Christ
in tears.
Great is the weeping and the wailing, great is the sighing and the
need at parting from the soul. Hades and destruction wait; and
transitory life appears a fleeting shade, a dream of error; and the toil
of earthly life unseemly phantasy. Far let us fly from every worldly
sin, that heaven may be our heritage.
Gazing on him that lieth dead, O take we all a likeness of our final
hour; for he is pass’d as vapour from the earth, is wither’d as a
flower, as grass cut down, wrapp’d in a winding-sheet, and hid in
earth. And, leaving him unseen, let us pray Christ to give him
everlasting rest.
Adam’s descendants, come ye, let us see laid low in earth a
likeness of ourselves, which hath all beauty lost, is in the grave’s
decay dissolv’d, in darkness is by worms consum’d, and in the earth
is hid. And, leaving him unseen, let us pray Christ to give him
everlasting rest.
When from the body parted is the soul by force by Angels dread,
all kinsfolk and acquaintance it forgets, and is impress’d concerning
standing at the judgment-seat to come, that shall decide the things of
vanity and carnal toil. Then, praying to the judge, let us all beg the
Lord to pardon him what he hath done.
 Come, brethren, let us within the grave behold the ashes and the
dust whereof we formed were. Where go we now? and what
become? what is the poor, or what the rich? or what the lord, and
what the free? Are not all dust? The beauty of the countenance is
gone, and death hath wasted all the flower of youth.
Verily vain and perishing are all the things of life, seeming, and
gloriousless; for we all go away, all die, kings and princes, judges
and them that mighty be, the rich and poor, and every mortal man;
for now they that aforetime liv’d are cast into the grave, whom that
the Lord may rest we pray.
Now all the organs of the body idle are beheld, which active were
but late, all without motion, without feeling, dead; for closed are the
eyes, the feet are bound, the hands are listless, and with them the
ears; the tongue is clos’d in silence, consigned to the grave: all
human things are vanity indeed.
Save them that put their trust in thee, O Mother of the Sun that
setteth not, thou Bringer-forth of God: with thine entreaties, we
beseech thee, pray the most good God to rest him now departed
hence where rest the righteous souls; him of divine good things
declare thou heir in halls of righteous ones, unto remembrance
everlasting, thou all undefil’d.
Glory. Tone vi.
Me, lying voiceless and depriv’d of breath, beholding, bewail ye
me, O brethren and O friends, O kinsfolk and acquaintances; for
yesterday I spake with you, and suddenly on me came the dread
hour of death. But, come ye, all that love me, and kiss me with the
final kiss; for never shall I go with you again, or further converse hold
with you. For I depart unto the judge, where no respect of persons is,
where slave and lord together stand, the king and warrior, rich and
poor, in equal worthiness; for each, according to his deeds, is
glorified or sham’d. But I beg all, and all entreat unceasingly to pray
Christ God for me, that, for my sins, I be not bidden unto torment’s
place, but that he may appoint my lot where is the light of life.
Both now. Theotokion, the same tone.
 Through her entreaties who to thee gave birth, O Christ, and those
of thy forerunner, and of apostles, prophets, hierarchs, venerables,
and just, and of all Saints, unto thy sleeping servant give thou rest.
Then, Trisagion. O most holy Trinity.... Our Father....
Priest. For thine is the kingdom....
Then, With the spirits of the righteous.... and the rest.
The petition by the deacon, Have mercy upon us, O God,
according to thy great mercy....
Vide page 142. And after the exclamation, Glory. Both now. And
the dismissal.
He that arose from the dead, Christ our true God, through the
prayers of his most pure Mother, of the holy glorious and all-praised
apostles, of our venerable and God-bearing fathers, and of all the
Saints, place the soul of his servant, name, departed from us, in the
tabernacles of the just, rest it in the bosom of Abraham, and number
it with the righteous, and have mercy upon us, as being good and
the lover of mankind. Amen.
And the archpriest, or the principal priest, saith himself this thrice.
Thy remembrance is everlasting, O our deservedly blessed and
ever remembered brother.
Thrice.
Then the singers sing thrice,
Everlasting remembrance.
And straightway the archpriest, if he happen to be there, or the
priest, readeth the prayer of absolution with a loud voice.
The Lord Jesus Christ our God, who gave divine commandments
unto his holy disciples and apostles to bind and loose the sins of the
fallen, and from whom we have again received authority to do the
like, forgive thee, O spiritual child, whatever thou hast done in the life
that now is, voluntarily or involuntarily, now and ever, and to ages of
ages. Amen.
 And so, taking up the remains, we go forth to the grave, followed
by all the people, and preceded by the priests, and singing, Holy
God.... O most holy Trinity.... Our Father.... and the rest.
And they lay the remains in the grave; and the archpriest, or the
priest, taking earth upon a shovel, casteth it crosswise over the
remains, saying,
The earth is the Lord’s, and the fulness thereof, the world and all
they that dwell therein.
And after this he poureth over the remains oil from the lamp, or
scattereth ashes out of the censer, and so they fill up the grave as
customarily, meantime singing the troparia, With the spirits of the
righteous.... and all the rest. Vide page 138.
And the dismissal.
 Chapter XVII.
THE ORDINANCE THAT IS OBSERVED
CONCERNING THE CARRYING FORTH OF THEM
THAT FALL ASLEEP IN HOLY PASCHA, AND IN
ALL THE BRIGHT WEEK.

It behoveth to know that if any pass away on holy pascha, or on

any day whatever of the bright week until the sunday of Thomas,
somewhat less of the customary song for them that have fallen
asleep is sung, because of the majesty and honour of the joyful
festival of the resurrection; for it is a festival of joy and gladness, and
not of lamentation. And since all who die in hope of resurrection and
eternal life are through the resurrection of Christ, removed from the
griefs of this world to things that are joyful and glad, the church at the
time when Christ is risen proclaimeth this by the resurrection song
over them that have fallen asleep; and, by somewhat less song,
ectenias and prayer for them that have fallen asleep, we are assured
that he that dieth in penitence, if he have not yet made satisfaction
concerning his iniquities, these are remitted to him by the prayers of
the church, and that he is freed from their bond.
The priest then having come, with his clerks, to the house in which
the body of the dead lieth, and put on him the epitrachelion and the
phelonion, and censed the remains, beginneth as customarily,
Blessed be our God.... And the clerk singeth, Christ is risen.... in
tone v. And the priest saith the customary verses, that is to say, Let
God arise.... and all the rest.
And while these are being sung, the priest sprinkleth the body of
the dead with sanctified water, and his coffin without and within, and
straightway they lay him therein. And, the song being ended, the
deacon saith the customary ectenias for them that have fallen
asleep. And the priest in a low voice readeth the prayer, that is to
say, O God of Spirits.... Vide page 139. And after the exclamation
they read,
Having seen the resurrection of Christ....
And taking up the remains of him that hath fallen asleep, they go
forth to the church, the priests, deacons, and every clerk going
before, and the lay people following; and, as they go, the clerks and
singers sing the paschal canon, that is to say, It is the day of
resurrection....
This in order until they come even unto the church. And in the
church, having put down the remains, they conclude the canon that
hath been begun, while the priests cense according to the customary
rite. And at the fourth ode, the customary diaconals for them that
have fallen asleep, with the prayer.
And he exclaimeth,
For thou art the resurrection, and the life....
Then, Preventing the dawn....
And after this the ivth ode is sung in order.
And after the sixth ode, the customary diaconals for them that
have fallen asleep with the prayer.
And he exclaimeth, For thou art the resurrection and the life....
Then the condakion, Rest with the saints.
And the icos, Thyself alone immortal art.... Vide page 149.
And, instead of the trisagion,
As many as have been baptized into Christ....
The epistle in the Acts for the day being.[33] Alleluia in tone ii.
The first resurrection gospel.[34]
And after this, Having seen the resurrection of Christ, we adore....
 And the other odes of the canon.
And after the conclusion of the canon is read or sung the
exapostilarion, Asleep in flesh.... twice.
After these we sing, Blessed art thou, O Lord: O teach me thy
statutes.
The angelic council was amaz’d....
Then the stichera of pascha, with their verses.
Glory. Both now.
It is the day of resurrection.... and Christ is risen.... thrice.
And these stichera having been sung, the customary kiss of him
that hath fallen asleep taketh place, saying,
Christ is risen.
And after the stichera the customary diaconals for them that have
fallen asleep with the prayer, which is read with a loud voice by the
archpriest, or the priest, nigh unto the remains.
And he exclaimeth,
For thou art the resurrection and the life....
And the customary dismissal is made.
Then the prayer of absolution.
The Lord Jesus Christ our God.... Vide page 163.
And we go forth to the grave, bearing the body of him that hath
fallen asleep to the burial. And the priests with all the clerks,
preceding the remains, sing,
Christ is risen....
And they bury them with thanksgiving and joy, doing and saying all
that is written at page 157 for the burial of a lay person.
And singing the troparion.
O earth that yawnest, take thou that that out of thee was made.
 End of the order of the burial of them that fall asleep in the days of
the bright week.
 Chapter XVIII.
THE MORTUARY ORDER OVER A DEPARTED
PRIEST.

When one of the secular priests departeth to the Lord, three

priests come and lift him from the bed, and lay him on the floor upon
a mat. And since it behoveth not that he be washed, being naked, by
the priests, they sponge him with pure oil. Then they clothe him in
his customary garments, and after that with all the priestly
vestments, and cover his face with the aër, and lay the holy gospel
upon him. Then the priests come vested in the priestly vestments.
And the president maketh, Blessed be our God....
And they that are standing by begin,
Holy God.... O most holy Trinity.... and Our Father.... For thine is
the kingdom....
And straightway they sing these troparia, tone iv.
With the spirits of the righteous.... Page 138.
The deacon saith,
Have mercy upon us, O God.... Vide page 139.
And straightway the priests take the remains, and carry them into
the porch of the temple, and lay the holy gospel over him, as
aforesaid, and candlesticks crosswise with tapers, and the singer
beginneth,
The undefiled in the way, alleluia.
In tone vi.
Then, Blessed are the undefiled.... Page 141.
After the first stasis, deacon, Again and again.... Page 142.