Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Purcom Reviewer
Purcom Reviewer
Information
It refers to facts, data, numbers, images, documents, sound or act of a person to be
delivered to the recipient in order to explain, inform and verify that the recipient may
use such information for any particular purpose.
Information
Information is news or knowledge received or given.
Information is the summarization of data.
CONTEXT
This is the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement or idea. It is a
part of a written or spoken statement that precedes or follows a specific word or
passage, usually influencing its meaning or effect. It is the set of circumstances or
facts that surround a particular event or situation. You cannot understand what
happens without looking at the context. Without context, misinterpretation is likely
(i.e., You have misinterpreted my remark because you took it out of context.)
CONTENT
This is the information and experiences that are directed towards an end-user or
audience. Content is something that is to be expressed through speech, writing or
any of the various arts or media. It is the body of information conveyed a particular
context.
MEANING
This is the message conveyed by words, sentences, and symbols in a context. It is
only through meanings that we make sense of the information we are presented with.
WE take the context and the content and we bring meaning to it.
Context + Content = Meaning
EXAMPLE
The Dean virtually announced that beginning this coming school year, 2021-2022, out
of the usual 5 sections in all program offerings, only 1 best section will remain per
course/program due to UNIFAST issue at Higher Education Institutions.
Context: There will be reduction of section per course or program due to problem with
the UNIFAST at Higher Education Institutions.
Content: (all details included in the statement)
Meaning: Limited education
Characteristics of Information
Relevant information is information that we can use and recognize as applicable to
the decisions we make and the work we do. You can apply relevant information.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
Structured interviews: In a structured interview, he interviewer asks a set of
standard, predetermined questions about particular topics, in a specific order. Semi-
structured interviews: In a semi-structured interview, the interviewer uses a set of
predetermined questions and the respondents answer in their own words. The
interviewer can probe areas based on the respondent’s answers or ask
supplementary questions for clarification.
Unstructured interviews: In an unstructured interview, the interviewer has no
specific guidelines, restrictions, predetermined questions, or list of options.
Focused Group Discussion (FGD): A focus group discussion involves gathering
people from similar backgrounds or experiences together to discuss a specific topic
of interest. It is a form of qualitative research where questions are asked about their
perceptions attitudes, beliefs, opinion or ideas.
INFORMATIVE SPEECH
This is a type of speech that aims to inform the audience and not to advocate a cause
or influence people to act and think as you want them to do. The information that you
will convey will be judged based on accuracy, completeness, clarity, and
meaningfulness.
CHRONOLOGICAL
A speech with its past, present and future TED Talk Speech:
Fast food? The true value of Chinese cooking | Vincent Yeow Lim | TEDxSydney
SPATIAL
Spatial patterns organize the speech according to how the topic actually exists in
space.
Example: For instance, if you look at a model of the urinary system, the first step is
the kidney, which then takes waste through the ureters to the bladder, which then
relies on the sphincter muscle to excrete waste through the urethra.
Sample speech:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
TOPICAL OR CATEGORICAL
Example: Professor and environmental educator Nick Fuhrman talks about teaching.
Although the title speaks to “one” thing that great teachers do, Fuhrman lists four:
celebrate mistakes, appreciate difference, relay feedback, and evaluate themselves.
CAUSAL
Sample Speech:
COMPARISON OR CONTRAST
If you intend to show the differences and similarities of an event, place, person,
things, and other concepts and objects, consider using comparison and contrast
approach. It helps the audience choose between two items being compared.
Sample Speech:
A well educated mind vs a well formed mind: Dr. Shashi Tharoor at TEDxGateway
2013
PROBLEM – SOLUTION
Example: The problem- solution style is especially useful when the speaker wants to
convince the audience that they should take action in solving some problem. A
political candidate seeking office might frame a speech using the problem-solution
style.
Sample Speech:
This involve sequence of actions or steps that lead to a specific product or income.
Input (materials), tools or forces (operate on the inputs), a sequence of steps from
start to finish, the output or product, and skills (Bovee, 2003) Process speeches are
generally chronological.
An object is something that is visible, tangible, and stable in form that can be
experienced through physical senses. Objects can be living or nonliving. Speech
organization about objects can be chronological, spatial, or topical.
This type of speech allows the speaker to describe how people look, act, think, feel,
have experienced, and even achieved.
People, living or dead, can be excellent topics for an informative speech. You can
speak about people who are well known or not. More often than not, a speech about
a person is setting them up as an exemplar, which is a way of describing a person or
thing that provides an excellent—or at least highly informative—model or example of
something.
An event refers to anything that has happened or might happen in the future. These
speeches can be presented chronologically, by cause-effect, or by category.
Speeches about events often also include objects, processes and people covered
above. Whichever you choose, it must be consistent and logical.
MINIMALISM
Additional Tips for an Effective Informative Speech
1.Use plain language. Avoid jargon, clichés, overly complex language, and legalistic
terms unless it is totally necessary.
3.Do not overestimate or underestimate your audience’s knowledge about the topic.
Your main purpose is to inform.
4.Use active and concrete language over abstract. Since you are writing your speech
to inform, be clear in what you want your readers to understand.
5.Try not to read your speech. Use note cards with key words and phrases.
6.Enlighten and entertain your audience simultaneously. A happy soul absorbs more
information.
7.Practice makes perfect! And you will have more confidence when you present your
speech.
PERSUASIVE SPEECH
Persuasive speech has the primary purpose of influencing the attitudes or actions of
the audience. It is different from informative speech in many ways as shown in the
following table (Osborn & Osborn, 2006). It is different from informative speech.
Informative speech is more about telling while persuasive speech is more about
selling.
Ethos appeals to the speaker’s status or authority, making the audience more
likely to trust them.
Pathos appeals to the emotions, trying to make the audience feel angry or
sympathetic, for example
Informative Persuasive
Speech Speech
TELLING SELLING
Presents Pushes for a
options choice among
options
Speaker acts as Speaker acts as
the teacher an advocate
Uses supporting Uses supporting
materials to materials to
enlighten the justify advice
audience
Asks for little Asks for strong
audience audience
commitment commitment
Speaker’s Speaker’s
credibility is credibility is
relevant even more
important
Fewer appeals Strong appeals
to emotions to emotions
High ethical Higher ethical
obligation obligation
The following are the types of persuasive speech with their description.
1. Speech to Convince: In this type of speech, no direct action is needed from the
audience. Its focus is to change attitude and perception. For example, when a
president of one country asks or persuades you to believe that there are fewer
incidences of corruption in the government, he is delivering a speech to convince.
3. Speech to Inspire: In this type of speech, the audience usually shares the same
beliefs and thoughts as the speaker. Its purpose is to make the audience more
enthusiastic about something. An example of this is when a team leader
motivates her/his members to never give up and continue on doing their job no
matter how hard it is. Speaking during commencement exercises, award
ceremonies, and tribute have the purpose to inspire the audience.
Understanding the process of persuasion will further develop your persuasion skills.
Comprehension – Involves learning the “what” and the “how” of the message
Impromptu Speech
The feature that distinguishes impromptu from other types of speech is time.
Impromptu speech involves unrehearsed speaking with very short time for
preparation. In fact, many of the speeches you give are impromptu. You can be
asked to speak to introduce, to thank, to inspire, to welcome, to entertain, and to
congratulate. No matter what the purpose is, all entails little time to prepare. The
challenge is how you can deliver such speech effectively.
By learning one or more of these methods, you will have an easy guide to draw on
when you are asked to speak.
Example: Provide an example that helps explain your reason. Point Again:
Summarize and restate your position.
Example:
E: I can remember my sister being called to speak in front of her colleagues. At first,
she struggled; but because she knows some techniques in delivering an impromptu
speech, the struggles were turned into opportunities – opportunities to showcase her
speaking skills and wit. Now, she is more confident, more vibrant, more alive, more
willing to take risks not only in speaking but also in whatever she does.
Conclusion: End by restating your point of view or key idea and by making your call
to action.
Example:
P: I would like to thank Mary for giving me this opportunity to speak to you about my
business.
S: Mary has used my services and was excited to have you hear about what I am
doing as well
Future: Tell your audience about what will or could happen in the future.
Example:
P: I hope you will let me help you through the application process.
Introducing a Speaker
- Generally, speaker introductions should not be longer than one to two
minutes. You do not need to read the full biography of the speaker. Use
the following sequence when introducing a speaker:
Example: Today we are talking about how to use alternatives to lecture in your
teaching. This topic is important, because students learn more when they are
involved in and actively engaged in learning activities. Our guest speaker is Dr. Abby
Crowley, CSU’s US Peace Corps Response Volunteer. Dr Crowley has 40 plus years
experience as a teacher, school Principal, and university Professor. Let’s welcome Dr.
Crowley
Example: I would like to welcome you all to the CSU freshman orientation. I would
like to thank the president and dean for making this beautiful space available to us
and for providing our lunch and opening remarks. This morning we will hear about the
various majors and supports in each of our colleges from students who are a part of
these programs. Then we will have a great lunch. In the afternoon you will be able to
take a tour of the campus and meet with your advisor. I hope that you have a
wonderful day.
- Use the following tips when thanking those who helped us:
1. Keep the speech short, usually not more than two minutes.
2. Do not forget to thank the award-giving organization
3. Do not forget to thank those who are instrumental to your success.
Example: I would like to thank all of you for coming to my birthday party and for the
beautiful gifts. I would especially like to than my mother for preparing all of the food
and my friend Celia for making the cake. But to all of you, I would not have reached
my 21st birthday without you, my friends and family. You make my life worthwhile and
I am so glad you are part of it. I love you all.
Wedding Wishes
1. Be sincere.
2. A love poem or quotation can be a good way to begin the speech.
3. Speak about your personal thoughts and relate to the couples.
4. You may use humor.
Example: Good Evening. My name is (Best Man) and on behalf of (Groom and
Bride), I would like to thank you for attending this blessed event today! I have the
honor of acting as Best Man tonight and am thrilled that I am with these two
wonderful people as they begin this new chapter in their lives. (Bride and Groom)
have each walked many miles to be here together today, and this wedding is a joy to
behold. I can speak for everyone in this room when I say we all wish you the
happiness that you deserve. We are so glad that you have found one another, and
this day is a reminder that the best is yet to come. Congratulations, (Bride and
Groom)!
Workplace Communication
• Respect for people and their ideas: People will be more open
to communicating with you if you convey respect for them and
their ideas.
Stephanie Wilson (nd) in her article shares some of the tips that management experts
use to improve communication. The
1. Take your emotions out of the equation. You can’t be professional if you’re angry
at your coworkers. Learn to react stoically.
3. Trust your people. If you want to keep morale, make sure your coworkers know
you trust their instincts.
*The need to bond with others and feel as though they belong
5. Give positive feedback. If you like something your co-worker does, let them know
it.
7. Revive the great lost art of conversation. Even in our modern world, face-to-face
communication can work wonders for morale.
Cover Letter
- A cover letter serves a vital purpose: it presents the case for why you
should be interviewed and hired and distinguishes you from other
candidates. Your cover letter is where you can show your knowledge
about and passion for the position and the company, and highlights your
most relevant qualifications.
Many employers require cover letters as part of the job application process. However,
even when an employer does not explicitly ask for a cover letter, you should send
one. A strong cover letter can make your application stand out from the others.
Remember to customize you letter by:
✓ Addressing the letter to the appropriate person in the organization;
✓ Explaining anything unusual on your resume that may catch the employer’s
attention; ✓ Making sure your letter is perfectly edited with no errors.
- Cover letters are a great opportunity to cover qualifications you can’t fully
explain in your resume. Also, they help personalize job applicants to
enable them to come across more as real people to potential employers.
To take advantage of a cover letter’s full potential, follow these steps
below proposed by Hockstra (2020).
Look up for the company’s employee roster to make an educated guess as to who
will be reading your cover letter. Even if you are incorrect, it is better than using “To
whom it may concern” or “Dear Hiring Manager.”
Use “Dear” and their formal title. Make sure to use the hiring manager’s proper title
like Mr., Ms., or Dr. If you cannot tell from their name what the manager’s gender is,
address it to their full name.
Ending the salutation with a comma is typically all right, but if you want your letter to
be more formal, use a semi-colon.
2. Write the first paragraph of your letter. This is where you will mention the job for
which you are applying and how you found the job listing. It only needs to be 1 to
2 sentences in length.
3. Write the body paragraphs of your letter. Most cover letters will only have 1 or 2
body paragraphs. You don’t want to overwhelm the hiring manager or use up a
great deal of their time.
What work experience you have that fits the listed job requirements.
What tangible actions and improvements you could make in this role.
4. Write the final paragraph of your letter. This is where you wrap up. You may
emphasize why you would be great in this position. Reiterate why you’re a perfect
fit. Sum your qualifications up in one compact sentence to remind the manager
why you are the best person to hire. You may also ask about how you should
proceed with your application. You can tell the manager that you look forward to
meeting with him/her to discuss the job and your qualifications further. Give your
contact information. Include your email address and phone number to make sure
the manager can get in touch with you. Mention any attachments you have
included. Always end with a thank you.
5. End your cover letter with a respectful closing statement. “Best” or “Sincerely” are
both classic options. Then, type your full name and affix your signature.
✓ The paper must be white, clean, unruffled, unfolded and of sufficient weight
and thickness.
Font Styles
✓ For encoded letters, the widely accepted font is Times New Roman, size 12.
✓ The left margin is 1.5 inches while the right margin is 1 inch.
✓ refers to the indention, margins spacing typeface, headings, page numbering, and
division of letter sections.
• Semi- block
• Full-block
• Modified block
I. HEADING
II. INSIDE ADDRESS
III. SALUTATION
IV. BODY
V. COMPLIMENTARY CLOSING
VI. SIGNATURE
A. Heading
- Tells the source of the letter and the date it was written.
1. Conventional Heading
2. Modern heading
• Conventional Heading
FOR:
First line
• Usually contains the number of the house and the name of the
street.
• Numbered streets 10 and below are spelled out, they are typed
as figures.
Second line
• contains the name of the city and the province or the town and the province.
Tuguegarao, Cagayan
Tuguegarao, Philippines
Third line
3. Modern Heading
• composed of the letterhead and the dateline, this kind of heading is used when
letters have bearing with agencies concerned.
B. Inside Address
This part contains pertinent information regarding the addressee. This includes the
name, title, position, agency, and the business address of the agency. It also serves
as an aid in case the envelope be damaged and the outside address becomes
unreadable.
• The choice of the salutation depends upon the relationship of letter-sender to the
addressee. If they are close, the intimate salutations punctuated by a comma can be
used.
The salutation “Sir” should be reserved for official and military letters. It can also be
used to address somebody who is holding much higher position than the writer.
• Body
This is the most important part of the letter for it carries the message or the main text
of the sender to the addressee. Because of its importance, it should be made clear,
concise, complete and concrete. Its contents should be readily understood by the
reader. Its grammar, punctuation marks and word choice should be correct since
these contribute to the clarity of the message.
• Complimentary Close
Sir
My dear Sir
Gentleman
Madam
My dear Madam
Dear Sir
Gentleman
Dear Madam
Dear John
Yours sincerely
Cordially yours
Sincerely
Note: Respectfully yours and Yours respectfully are used only to address politicians
occupying key positions in the government and when letters are highly formal.
F. Signature
This refers to the handwritten as well as the typewritten signatures of the sender. This
authenticates the letter. The signature might also include the position of the sender,
the agency and the contact number when these are not specified in the heading. In
this case the lines become three or four.
This part of the letter is used to authenticate the statements in the body; that these
came from the volition of the sender, thus taking responsibility of all these, hence, the
signature. The encoded or typewritten name of the sender can either be
Written in capital letters or a combination of upper and lower cases while the
handwritten signature can be written in blue or black ink, preferably black.
RESUMES
Resumes may be organized in different ways. The free encyclopedia shares us some
of the more common resume’ formats:
2. Functional resume
• A resume that lists work experience and skills sorted by skill area or job
function.
3. Combination resume
• As the term suggests, this combines the features of the first two kinds of resumes.
As such, this highlights job history as well as capabilities. Although there is no hard
and fast rule regarding resume layout or content,
Personal Information
Educational Qualifications
Employment Records
Summary of Skills and Abilities
Membership/Officership in Professional Organizations
Character References
4. Online resume
The search for employment today has become more electronic. It is common for
employers to accept resume’s electronically sent, either out of practicality or
preference. Many employers now find candidates’ resume’s through search engines.
This has changed much about the manner in which resume’s are written, read, and
processed.
As the Internet becomes more driven by multimedia, job-seekers have sought to take
advantage of the trend by moving
Their resume’s away from the traditional paper and email media to website or e-
resume’s.Video and infographic resumes have gained popularity, though mainly in
the creative and media industries.
Include your latest photo. O Use high quality paper for printing
MEMORANDUM
In as much as memos are a vital means of information dissemination and a great way
to communicate big decisions or policy changes to your employees or colleagues, it
is important that you take the time to craft a good memo so your message comes
across how you want it to.
Types of Memorandum
1. Memorandum that requests. This document asks a favor. Because you are
asking for something, you should be courteous and respectful.
HEADING OF A MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT: (or RE What the memo is about (highlighted in some way)