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WWW Studyrankers Com 2017 08 Notes of CH 8 How Do Organisms Reproduce Class 10th
WWW Studyrankers Com 2017 08 Notes of CH 8 How Do Organisms Reproduce Class 10th
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Introduction
→ Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce new individuals
similar to themselves. It ensures continuity of life on earth.
→ Nucleus of the cell contains DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) which is the heredity
material.
→ DNA replicates and forms new cells causing variation. So, these new cells will be
similar but may not be identical to original cell.
→ Variations are useful for the survival of the individual and species over time as well as
basis for evolution.
Types of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
→ Two individuals i.e., one male and one female are needed to give rise to new
individual.
→ Gametes are formed.
→ New individual is genetically similar but not identical to parents.
→ It is useful to generate more variations in species.
→ Adopted by higher organisms.
Fission
Fragmentation
→ The organism breaks-up into smaller pieces upon maturation, each piece develops
into new individual. Example: Spirogyra.
Regeneration
→ If organism is somehow cut or broken into many pieces, each piece grows into a
complete organism. Example: Planaria, Hydra.
Budding
→ A bud is formed which develops into tiny individual. It detaches from parent body
upon maturation and develops into new individual. Example: Hydra
Vegetative Propagation
→ In many plants, new plants develops from vegetative parts such as:
• By leaves: Example: bryophyllum (leaf notches bear buds which develop into plants).
Arti몭cial methods in Vegetative Propagation
(iv) Tissue culture: New plants are grown by using growing tip of a plant.
→ These growing cells are kept in a culture medium leads to the formation of callus.
Callus is then transferred to hormone medium which causes growth and di몭erentiation.
Example: ornamental plants, orchid.
→ We can grow plants like banana, rose, jasmine etc. that have lost the capacity to
produce seeds.
→ New plants are genetically similar to parents.
→ Helps in growing seedless fruits.
(v) Spore Formation: Spores are small bulb like structures which are covered by thick
walls. Under favourable conditions, they germinate and produce new organism.
Example: Rhizopus
Sexual Reproduction
→ When reproduction takes place as a result of the fusion of male and female gametes
is called sexual reproduction.
→ A typical 몭ower consists of four main whorls namely sepals, petals, stamen and pistil.
Types of Flowers
• Bisexual 몭ower: Both male and female reproductive parts are present.
Example: Hibiscus, mustard.
Structure of Flower
→ Pollen grains germinate and form pollen tubes which pass through style to reach
upto the ovules present in ovary.
→ The fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization. Zygote is produced
inside the ovary.
→ Zygote divides to form embryo. Ovule develops thick coat and changes into seed
gradually.
→ Ovary changes into fruit and other parts of 몭ower fall o몭.
→ The seed germinates to form a plant under suitable conditions such as air, moisture
etc.
Reproduction in Human Beings
→ Sexual maturation: The period of life when production of germ cells i.e. ova (female)
and sperm (male) start in the body. This period of sexual maturation is called puberty.
Changes at Puberty
• In girls
• In boys
(i) Testes
→ A pair of testes are located inside scrotum which is present outside the abdominal
cavity.
→ Scrotum has a relatively lower temperature needed for the production of sperms.
Function of testes:
(iii) Urethera
→ It is a common passage for both sperms and urine. Its outer covering is called penis.
→ Seminal vesicles and prostate gland add their secretion to the sperms. This 몭uid
provide nourishment to sperms and make their transport easy.
(i) Ovary
→ A pair of ovary is located in both sides of abdomen.
→ At the time of birth of a girl, thousands of immature eggs are present in the ovary.
→ Receives the egg produced by the ovary and transfer it to the uterus.
(iii) Uterus
Fertilisation of egg
→ The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue
called placenta. It provides a large surface area for the exchange of glucose, oxygen and
waste material.
→ The time period from fertilization upto the birth of the baby is called gestation
period. It is about 9 months.
→ The lining of the uterus becomes thick and spongy, required to support the embryo.
→ When fertilisation had not taken place, this lining is not needed any longer.
→ This lining breaks and comes out through vagina as blood and mucus.
→ This cycle takes around 28 days every month and called menstruation.
Reproductive Health
→ In males the vas deferens is blocked to prevent sperm transfer called vasectomy.
→ In females, the fallopian tube is blocked to prevent egg transfer called tubectomy.
Female Foeticide
→ The practice of killing a female child inside the womb is called female foeticide.
→For a healthy society, a balanced sex ratio is needed that can be achieved by educating
people to avoid malpractices like female foeticide and prenatal sex determination.
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