SECOND DIVISION

[G.R. No. 155736. March 31, 2005.]

SPOUSES DANILO and CRISTINA DECENA, petitioners, vs. SPOUSES PEDRO

and VALERIA PIQUERO, respondents.

Ricardo J.M. Rivera Law Office for petitioners.

Losa Quetulio Law Office for respondents.

SYLLABUS

1. REMEDIAL LAW; ACTIONS; CAUSE OF ACTION; DEFINED; ELEMENTS. — A

cause of action is an act or omission of one party in violation of the legal right of the other which
causes the latter injury. The essential elements of a cause of action are the following: (1) the
existence of a legal right of the plaintiff; (2) a correlative legal duty of the defendant to respect
one's right; and (3) an act or omission of the defendant in violation of the plaintiff's right. A cause
of action should not be confused with the remedies or reliefs prayed for. A cause of action is to be
found in the facts alleged in the complaint and not in the prayer for relief. It is the substance and not
the form that is controlling. A party may have two or more causes of action against another party.
ECaITc

2. ID.; ID.; ID.; JOINDER OF CAUSES OF ACTIONS; DEFINED AND CONSTRUED.

— Under the said Rule, a party may, in one pleading, assert, in the alternative or otherwise, as
many causes of action as he may have against an opposing party subject to the conditions therein
enumerated, one of which is Section 5 (c) which reads: Sec. 5. Joinder of causes of action. — . . .
(c) Where the causes of action are between the same parties but pertain to different venues or
jurisdiction, the joinder may be allowed in the Regional Trial Court provided one of the causes of
action falls within the jurisdiction of said court and the venue lies therein; . . . Explaining the
aforequoted condition, Justice Jose Y. Feria declared: (c) Under the third condition, if one cause of
action falls within the jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court and the other falls within the
jurisdiction of a Municipal Trial Court, the action should be filed in the Regional Trial Court. If the
causes of action have different venues, they may be joined in any of the courts of proper venue.
Hence, a real action and a personal action may be joined either in the Regional Trial Court of the
place where the real property is located or where the parties reside. A joinder of causes of action is
the uniting of two or more demands or right of action in a complaint. The question of the joinder of
causes of action involves in particular cases a preliminary inquiry as to whether two or more causes
of action are alleged. In declaring whether more than one cause of action is alleged, the main thrust
is whether more than one primary right or subject of controversy is present. Other tests are whether
recovery on one ground would bar recovery on the other, whether the same evidence would support
the other different counts and whether separate actions could be maintained for separate relief; or
whether more than one distinct primary right or subject of controversy is alleged for enforcement or
adjudication.

3. ID.; ID.; ID.; AS A RULE, THE MERE FACT THAT PLAINTIFF PRAYS FOR
MULTIPLE RELIEFS DOES NOT INDICATE THAT HE HAS STATED MORE THAN ONE
CAUSE OF ACTION; RATIONALE. — A cause of action may be single although the plaintiff
seeks a variety of remedies. The mere fact that the plaintiff prays for multiple reliefs does not
indicate that he has stated more than one cause of action. The prayer may be an aid in interpreting
the petition and in determining whether or not more than one cause of action is pleaded. If the
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 allegations of the complaint show one primary right and one wrong, only one cause of action is
alleged even though other matters are incidentally involved, and although different acts, methods,
elements of injury, items of claims or theories of recovery are set forth. Where two or more primary
rights and wrongs appear, there is a joinder of causes of action.

4. ID.; ID.; VENUE OF REAL ACTIONS; COURT WHERE THE PROPERTY IS

LOCATED; VIOLATION IN CASE AT BAR. — The action of the petitioners for the rescission of
the MOA on account of the respondents' breach thereof and the latter's failure to return the premises
subject of the complaint to the petitioners, and the respondents' eviction therefrom is a real action.
As such, the action should have been filed in the proper court where the property is located,
namely, in Parañaque City, conformably with Section 1, Rule 4 of the Rules of Court which reads:
SECTION 1. Venue of real actions. — Actions affecting title to or possession of real property, or
interest therein, shall be commenced and tried in the proper court which has jurisdiction over the
area wherein the real property involved, or a portion thereof, is situated. Since the petitioners, who
were residents of Malolos, Bulacan, filed their complaint in the said RTC, venue was improperly
laid; hence, the trial court acted conformably with Section 1 (c), Rule 16 of the Rules of Court
when it ordered the dismissal of the complaint.

RESOLUTION

CALLEJO, SR., J : p

The petitioners, Spouses Danilo and Cristina Decena were the owners of a parcel of land,
with a house constructed thereon, located in Parañaque, Metro Manila (now Parañaque City)
covered by Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) No. 134391 issued on February 24, 1998. 1(1)

On September 7, 1997, the petitioners and the respondents, the Spouses Pedro and Valeria
Piquero, executed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) 2(2) in which the former sold the property
to the latter for the price of P940,250.00 payable in six (6) installments via postdated checks. The
vendees forthwith took possession of the property.

It appears in the MOA that the petitioners obliged themselves to transfer the property to the
respondents upon the execution of the MOA with the condition that if two of the postdated checks
would be dishonored by the drawee bank, the latter would be obliged to reconvey the property to
the petitioners.

On May 17, 1999, the petitioners, then residents of Malolos, Bulacan, filed a Complaint 3(3)
against the respondents with the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Malolos, Bulacan, for the
annulment of the sale/MOA, recovery of possession and damages. The petitioners alleged therein
that, they did not transfer the property to and in the names of the respondents as vendees because
the first two checks drawn and issued by them in payment for the purchase price of the property
were dishonored by the drawee bank, and were not replaced with cash despite demands therefor.

The petitioners prayed that, after due proceedings, judgment be rendered in their favor, thus:

a. The sale/Memorandum of Agreement (Annex "A," supra) be declared null and

void, rescinded and with no further force and effect;

b. Defendants, and all persons claiming right under them, be ordered to immediately
vacate the subject property and turnover its possession to the plaintiffs;

c. Defendants, jointly and severally, be ordered to pay the plaintiffs:

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 i. P10,000.00 — monthly, starting 01 October 1997 until complete turnover
of the subject property to the plaintiffs, as reasonable compensation for its continued
unlawful use and occupation by the defendants;

ii. P200,000.00 — moral damages;

iii. P200,000.00 — exemplary damages;

iv. P250,000.00 — attorney's fees and litigation — related expenses; and

v. the costs of suit. CIcTAE

Other reliefs just and equitable are, likewise, prayed for. 4(4)

The petitioners declared in their complaint that the property subject of the complaint was
valued at P6,900,000.00. They appended copies of the MOA and TCT No. 134391 to their
complaint. The case was eventually raffled to Branch 13 of the RTC of Malolos, Bulacan.

The respondents filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on the ground, inter alia, of
improper venue and lack of jurisdiction over the property subject matter of the action.

On the first ground, the respondents averred that the principal action of the petitioners for the
rescission of the MOA, and the recovery of the possession of the property is a real action and not a
personal one; hence, it should have been brought in the RTC of Parañaque City, where the property
subject matter of the action was located, and not in the RTC of Malolos, Bulacan, where the
petitioners resided. The respondents posited that the said court had no jurisdiction over the property
subject matter of the action because it was located in Parañaque City. 5(5)

In opposition, the petitioners insisted that their action for damages and attorney's fees is a
personal action and not a real action; hence, it may be filed in the RTC of Bulacan where they
reside. They averred that while their second cause of action for the recovery of the possession of the
property is a real action, the same may, nevertheless, be joined with the rest of their causes of action
for damages, conformably with Section 5(c), Rule 2 of the Rules of Court. 6(6)

By way of reply, the respondents averred that Section 5(c), Rule 2 of the Rules of Court
applies only when one or more of multiple causes of action falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of
the first level courts, and the other or others are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the RTC, and
the venue lies therein.

On February 9, 2000, the trial court issued an Order 7(7) denying the motion for lack of
merit. It found merit in the petitioner's contention that Section 5(c), Rule 2 was applicable.

Meanwhile, the case was re-raffled to Branch 10 of the RTC of Malolos, Bulacan. In a
Motion 8(8) dated December 20, 2000, the respondents prayed for the reconsideration of the trial
court's February 9, 2000 Order. On October 16, 2001, the court issued an Order 9(9) granting the
motion and ordered the dismissal of the complaint. It ruled that the principal action of the
petitioners was a real action and should have been filed in the RTC of Parañaque City where the
property subject matter of the complaint was located. However, since the case was filed in the RTC
of Bulacan where the petitioners reside, which court had no jurisdiction over the subject matter of
the action, it must be dismissed.

Hence, the present recourse.

The petition has no merit.

The sole issue is whether or not venue was properly laid by the petitioners in the RTC of
Malolos, Bulacan. The resolution of this issue is, in turn, anchored on whether Section 5, Rule 2 of
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 the Rules of Court invoked by the petitioners is applicable in this case.

Under the said Rule, a party may, in one pleading, assert, in the alternative or otherwise, as
many causes of action as he may have against an opposing party subject to the conditions therein
enumerated, one of which is Section 5(c) which reads:

Sec. 5. Joinder of causes of action. — . . .

xxx xxx xxx

(c) Where the causes of action are between the same parties but pertain to different
venues or jurisdiction, the joinder may be allowed in the Regional Trial Court provided one of
the causes of action falls within the jurisdiction of said court and the venue lies therein; . . .

Explaining the aforequoted condition, Justice Jose Y. Feria declared:

(c) Under the third condition, if one cause of action falls within the jurisdiction of the
Regional Trial Court and the other falls within the jurisdiction of a Municipal Trial Court, the
action should be filed in the Regional Trial Court. If the causes of action have different venues,
they may be joined in any of the courts of proper venue. Hence, a real action and a personal
action may be joined either in the Regional Trial Court of the place where the real property is
located or where the parties reside. 10(10)

A cause of action is an act or omission of one party in violation of the legal right of the other
which causes the latter injury. The essential elements of a cause of action are the following: (1) the
existence of a legal right of the plaintiff; (2) a correlative legal duty of the defendant to respect
one's right; and (3) an act or omission of the defendant in violation of the plaintiff's right. 11(11) A
cause of action should not be confused with the remedies or reliefs prayed for. A cause of action is
to be found in the facts alleged in the complaint and not in the prayer for relief. It is the substance
and not the form that is controlling. 12(12) A party may have two or more causes of action against
another party. ATcaHS

A joinder of causes of action is the uniting of two or more demands or right of action in a
complaint. The question of the joinder of causes of action involves in particular cases a preliminary
inquiry as to whether two or more causes of action are alleged. 13(13) In declaring whether more
than one cause of action is alleged, the main thrust is whether more than one primary right or
subject of controversy is present. Other tests are whether recovery on one ground would bar
recovery on the other, whether the same evidence would support the other different counts and
whether separate actions could be maintained for separate relief; 14(14) or whether more than one
distinct primary right or subject of controversy is alleged for enforcement or adjudication. 15(15)

A cause of action may be single although the plaintiff seeks a variety of remedies. The mere
fact that the plaintiff prays for multiple reliefs does not indicate that he has stated more than one
cause of action. The prayer may be an aid in interpreting the petition and in determining whether or
not more than one cause of action is pleaded. 16(16) If the allegations of the complaint show one
primary right and one wrong, only one cause of action is alleged even though other matters are
incidentally involved, and although different acts, methods, elements of injury, items of claims or
theories of recovery are set forth. 17(17) Where two or more primary rights and wrongs appear,
there is a joinder of causes of action.

After due consideration of the foregoing, we find and so rule that Section 5(c), Rule 2 of the
Rules of Court does not apply. This is so because the petitioners, as plaintiffs in the court a quo,
had only one cause of action against the respondents, namely, the breach of the MOA upon the
latter's refusal to pay the first two installments in payment of the property as agreed upon, and turn
over to the petitioners the possession of the real property, as well as the house constructed thereon
occupied by the respondents. The claim for damages for reasonable compensation for the
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 respondents' use and occupation of the property, in the interim, as well as moral and exemplary
damages suffered by the petitioners on account of the aforestated breach of contract of the
respondents are merely incidental to the main cause of action, and are not independent or separate
causes of action. 18(18)

The action of the petitioners for the rescission of the MOA on account of the respondents'
breach thereof and the latter's failure to return the premises subject of the complaint to the
petitioners, and the respondents' eviction therefrom is a real action. 19(19) As such, the action
should have been filed in the proper court where the property is located, namely, in Parañaque City,
conformably with Section 1, Rule 4 of the Rules of Court which reads:

SECTION 1.Venue of real actions. — Actions affecting title to or possession of real

property, or interest therein, shall be commenced and tried in the proper court which has
jurisdiction over the area wherein the real property involved, or a portion thereof, is situated.

Since the petitioners, who were residents of Malolos, Bulacan, filed their complaint in the
said RTC, venue was improperly laid; hence, the trial court acted conformably with Section 1(c),
Rule 16 of the Rules of Court when it ordered the dismissal of the complaint.

IN LIGHT OF ALL THE FOREGOING, the petition is DENIED for lack of merit. Costs
against the petitioners.

SO ORDERED.

Puno, Austria-Martinez, Tinga and Chico-Nazario, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
1. Rollo, p. 46.
2. Id. at 44.
3. Id. at 39-43.
4. Id. at 42.
5. Id. at 48-56.
6. Id. at 62-65.
7. Id. at 73-75.
8. Id. at 118-122.
9. Id. at 32-34.
10. J. Feria & M.C. Noche, Civil Procedure Annotated, Vol. I, 219-220 (2001 ed.)
11. Rebollido v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 81123, 28 February 1989, 170 SCRA 800.
12. Baker v. Baker, 264 NW 116 (1935).
13. I CJS, Actions § 63, citing Hasbrouck v. Armour, 121 NW 157 and Edward Davis, Inc. v. Adler, 156
N.Y.S. 157; Gartner v. Corwine, 48 NE 945.
14. Ibid.
15. Mc Pherson v. Smith, 328 S.W. 2d. 849 (1959).
16. Ibid.
17. 1 CJS, Actions § 365, citing U.S. Bankers' Trust Co. v. City of Raton, 66 L.Ed. 642. (1922)
18. U.S. Bankers' Trust Company v. City of Raton, 66 L.ed. 642 (1922).
19. Punsalan, Jr. v. Vda. de Lacsamana, G.R. No. L-55729, 28 March 1983, 121 SCRA 331; Tenorio v.
Hon. Paño, 230 Phil. 17 (1986).

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 Endnotes

1 (Popup - Popup)
1. Rollo, p. 46.

2 (Popup - Popup)
2. Id. at 44.

3 (Popup - Popup)
3. Id. at 39-43.

4 (Popup - Popup)
4. Id. at 42.

5 (Popup - Popup)
5. Id. at 48-56.

6 (Popup - Popup)
6. Id. at 62-65.

7 (Popup - Popup)
7. Id. at 73-75.

8 (Popup - Popup)
8. Id. at 118-122.

9 (Popup - Popup)
9. Id. at 32-34.

10 (Popup - Popup)
10. J. Feria & M.C. Noche, Civil Procedure Annotated, Vol. I, 219-220 (2001 ed.)

11 (Popup - Popup)
11. Rebollido v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 81123, 28 February 1989, 170 SCRA 800.

12 (Popup - Popup)
12. Baker v. Baker, 264 NW 116 (1935).

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 13 (Popup - Popup)
13. I CJS, Actions § 63, citing Hasbrouck v. Armour, 121 NW 157 and Edward Davis, Inc. v. Adler, 156
N.Y.S. 157; Gartner v. Corwine, 48 NE 945.

14 (Popup - Popup)
14. Ibid.

15 (Popup - Popup)
15. Mc Pherson v. Smith, 328 S.W. 2d. 849 (1959).

16 (Popup - Popup)
16. Ibid.

17 (Popup - Popup)
17. 1 CJS, Actions § 365, citing U.S. Bankers' Trust Co. v. City of Raton, 66 L.Ed. 642. (1922)

18 (Popup - Popup)
18. U.S. Bankers' Trust Company v. City of Raton, 66 L.ed. 642 (1922).

19 (Popup - Popup)
19. Punsalan, Jr. v. Vda. de Lacsamana, G.R. No. L-55729, 28 March 1983, 121 SCRA 331; Tenorio v.
Hon. Paño, 230 Phil. 17 (1986).

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