USP 43 Cap 61
USP 43 Cap 61
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GENERAL PROCEDURES
Carryout the determination under conditions designed to avoid extrinsic microbial contamination of the product to be
examined. The precautionstaken to avoid contamination must be such that they do not affectany microorganisms that are to
be revealed in the test.
If the product to be examined has antimicrobial activity, this is, insofar as possible, removed or neutralized. If inactivators
are used for this purpose, their efficacy and their absence of toxicity for microorganisms must be demonstrated.
Ifsurface-active substances are used for sample preparation, their absence of toxicityfor microorganisms and their
compatibilitywith any inactivators used must be demonstrated.
ENUMERATION METHODS
Use the Membrane Filtration method or one of the Plate-Count Methods, as directed. The Most-Probable-Number (MPN)
Method is generallythe least accurate method for microbial counts; however, for certain product groups with verylow
bioburden, it may be the most appropriate method.
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6458 (61) / Microbiological Tests USP 43
The choice of a method is based on factors such as the nature of the product and the required limitof microorganisms. The
method chosen must allow testing of a sufficient sample sizeto judge compliance with the specification. The suitability of the
chosen method must be established.
General Considerations
The ability of the test to detect microorganisms in the presence of product to be tested must be established.
Suitability must be confirmed if a change in testing performance or a change in the product that may affect the outcome of
the test, is introduced.
Use Buffered Sodium Chloride-Peptone Solution pH 7.0 or Phosphate Buffer Solution pH 7.2 to maketest suspensions;to suspend
A. brasiliensis spores, 0.05% of polysorbate 80 may be added to the buffer. Usethe suspensions within 2 hours, or within 24
hours ifstored between 2° and 8°. As an alternativeto preparing and then diluting a fresh suspension of vegetative cells of A.
brasiliensis or B. subtilis, a stable spore suspension is prepared and then an appropriate volume of the spore suspension is used
for test inoculation. The stable spore suspension may be maintained at 2° to 8° for a validated period of time.
Negative Control
To verify testing conditions, a negative control is performed using the chosen diluent in place of the test preparation. There
must be no growth of microorganisms. A negative control isalso performed when testing the products as described under
Testing of Products. Afailed negative control requires an investigation.
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USP 43 Microbiological Tests / (61) 6459
The method for sample preparation depends on the physical characteristics of the product to be tested. If none of the
procedures described below can be demonstrated to be satisfactory, a suitable alternative procedure must be developed.
Water-Soluble Products-Dissolve or dilute (usually a 1 in 10 dilution is prepared) the product to be examined in Buffered
Sodium Chloride-Peptone Solution pH 7.0, Phosphate Buffer Solution pH 7.2, or Soybean-Casein Digest Broth. If necessary,adjust
to a pH of 6 to 8. Further dilutions, where necessary, are prepared with the same diluent.
Nonfatty Products Insoluble in Water-Suspend the product to be examined (usually a 1 in 10 dilution is prepared) in Buffered
Sodium Chloride-Peptone Solution pH 7.0, Phosphate Buffer Solution pH 7.2, or Soybean-Casein Digest Broth. A surface-active agent
such as 1 g per L of polysorbate 80 may be added to assistthe suspension of poorly wettable substances. If necessary, adjust
to a pH of 6 to 8. Further dilutions, where necessary, are prepared with the same diluent.
Fatty Products-Dissolve in isopropyl myristate sterilized by filtration, or mix the product to be examined with the minimum
necessary quantity of sterile polysorbate 80 or another noninhibitory sterile surface-active reagent heated, if necessary, to not
more than 40° or, in exceptional cases, to not more than 45°. Mix carefully and if necessarymaintain the temperature in a water
bath. Add a sufficient quantity of the prewarmed chosen diluent to make a 1 in 10 dilution of the original product. Mix carefully,
while maintaining the temperature for the shortest time necessaryfor the formation of an emulsion. Further serial 10-fold
dilutions may be prepared using the chosen diluent containing a suitable concentration of sterile polysorbate 80 or another
non inhibitory sterile surface-active reagent.
Fluids or Solids in Aerosol Form-Aseptically transfer the product into a membrane filter apparatus or a sterile container for
further sampling. Use either the total contents or a defined number of metered doses from each of the containers tested.
Transdermal Patches-Remove the protective cover sheets ("release liners") of the transdermal patches and place them,
adhesive side upwards, on sterile glass or plastic trays. Cover the adhesive surface with a suitable sterile porous material (e.g.,
sterile gauze) to prevent the patches from sticking together, and transfer the patches to a suitable volume of the chosen diluent
containing inactivators such as polysorbate 80 and/or lecithin. Shake the preparation vigorously for at least 30 minutes.
Add to the sample prepared as directed above and to a control (with no test material included) a sufficient volume of the
microbial suspension to obtain an inoculum of not more than than 100 cfu. The volume of the suspension of the inoculum
should not exceed 1% of the volume of diluted product.
To demonstrate acceptable microbial recovery from the product, the lowest possible dilution factor of the prepared sample
must be used for the test. Where this is not possible due to antimicrobial activity or poor solubility, further appropriate protocols
must be developed. If inhibition of growth by the sample cannot otherwise be avoided, the aliquot of the microbial suspension
may be added after neutralization, dilution, or filtration.
The number of microorganisms recovered from the prepared sample diluted as described in Inoculation and Dilution and
incubated following the procedure described in Recovery of Microorganisms in the Presence of Product, is compared to the number
of microorganisms recovered from the control preparation.
If growth is inhibited (reduction by a factor greater than 2), then modify the procedure for the particular enumeration test
to ensure the validity of the results. Modification of the procedure may include, for example,
1. An increase in the volume of the diluent or culture medium;
2. Incorporation of a specific or general neutralizing agents into the diluent;
3. Membrane filtration; or
4. A combination of the above measures.
Neutralizing Agents-Neutralizing agents may be used to neutralize the activity of antimicrobial agents (see Table 2). They
may be added to the chosen diluent or the medium preferably before sterilization. If used, their efficacy and their absence of
toxicity for microorganisms must be demonstrated by carrying out a blank with neutralizer and without product.
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6460 (61) / Microbiological Tests USP 43
Ifno suitable neutralizing method can be found, it can be assumed that the failure to isolatethe inoculated organism is
attributable to the microbicidal activity of the product. This information serves to indicate that the article is not likely to be
contaminated with the given species of the microorganism. However, it is possible that the product inhibits onlysome of the
microorganisms specified herein, butdoes not inhibitothers not included among the test strainsor those for whichthe latter
are not representative. Then, performthe test with the highestdilution factor compatiblewith microbial growth and the specific
acceptance criterion.
RECOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS IN THE PRESENCE OF PRODUCT
Foreach of the microorganisms listed, separate tests are performed. Only microorganisms of the added test strain are
counted.
Membrane Filtration-Use membrane filters having a nominal pore size not greater than 0.45 urn. The type of filter material
ischosen insuch a waythat the bacteria-retaining efficiency isnot affectedbythe components of the sampleto be investigated.
For each of the microorganisms listed, one membrane filter is used.
Transfer a suitable quantity of the sample prepared as described under Preparation of the Sample, Inoculation and Dilution
and Neutralization/Removal of Antimicrobial Activity (preferably representing 1 g of the product, or less if large numbers of du
are expected) to the membrane filter, filter immediately, and rinsethe membrane filterwith an appropriate volumeof diluent.
Forthe determination of total aerobic microbial count (TAMC), transferthe membrane filter to the surface of the Soybean-
Casein Digest Agar. Forthe determination of total combined yeasts and molds count (TYMC), transferthe membrane to the
surfaceof the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Incubate the plates as indicated in Table 7. Perform the counting.
Plate-Count Methods-Perform plate-count methods at least in duplicate for each medium, and use the mean count of the
result.
Pour-Plate Method-for Petri dishes 9 cm in diameter, add to the dish 1 mL of the sample prepared as described under
Preparation of the Sample, Inoculation and Dilution, and Neutralization/Removal of Antimicrobial Activity and 15 to 20 mL of
Soybean-Casein Digest Agar or Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, both media maintained at not more than 45°. If larger Petri dishes are
used, the amount of agar medium is increased accordingly. Foreach of the microorganisms listed in Table 7, at leasttwo Petri
dishes are used.
Incubate the plates as indicated in Table 7. Take the arithmetic mean of the counts per medium, and calculate the number
of du in the original inoculum.
Surface-Spread Method-for Petri dishes 9 cm in diameter, add 15 to 20 mL of Soybean-Casein Digest Agar or Sabouraud
Dextrose Agar at about 45° to each Petri dish, and allow to solidify. If larger Petri dishes are used, the volumeof the agar is
increased accordingly. Drythe plates, for example, in a laminar-airflow cabinet or in an incubator. Foreach of the
microorganisms listed in Table 7, at least two Petri dishes are used. Spread a measured volumeof not less than 0.1 mL of the
sample, prepared as directed under Preparation of the Sample, Inoculation and Dilution, and Neutralization/Removal of
Antimicrobial Activity over the surface of the medium. Incubate and count as directed for Pour-Plate Method.
Most-Probable-Number (MPN) Method-The precision and accuracyof the MPN Method is less than that of the Membrane
Filtration method or the Plate-Count Method. Unreliable results are obtained particularly for the enumeration of molds. Forthese
reasons, the MPN Method is reserved for the enumeration of TAMC in situationswhere no other method is available. Ifthe use
of the method is justified, proceed as follows.
Preparea seriesof at leastthree serial 10-fold dilutions of the product as describedfor Preparation of the Sample, Inoculation
and Dilution, and Neutralization/Removal of Antimicrobial Activity. From each level of dilution, three aliquotsof 1 g or 1 mL are
used to inoculate three tubes with 9 to 10 mL of Soybean-Casein Digest Broth. If necessary a surface-active agent such as
polysorbate 80, or an inactivator of antimicrobial agents may be added to the medium. Thus, ifthree levels of dilution are
prepared, nine tubes are inoculated.
Incubatealltubes at 30° to 35°for not more than 3 days. Ifreading of the results isdifficult or uncertainowingto the nature
of the product to be examined, subculture in the same broth or in Soybean-Casein Digest Agarfor 1 to 2 days at the same
temperature, and use these results. From Table 3, determine the most probable number of microorganisms per g or mL of the
product to be examined.
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USP 43 Microbiological Tests / (61) 6461
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6462 (61) / Microbiological Tests USP 43
When verifying the suitability of the Membrane Filtration method or the Plate-Count Method, a mean count of any of the test
organisms not differing by a factor greater than 2 from the value of the control defined in Inoculation and Dilution in the absence
of product must be obtained. When verifying the sultablllty of the MPN Method, the calculated value from the inoculum must
be within 95% confidence limits of the results obtained with the control.
If the above criteria cannot be met for one of more of the organisms tested with any of the described methods, the method
and test conditions that come closest to the criteria are used to test the product.
TESTING OF PRODUCTS
Use a filtration apparatus designed to allow the transfer of the filter to the medium. Prepare the sample using a method that
has been shown to be suitable as described in Growth Promotion Test and Suitability of the Counting Method, transfer the
appropriate amount to each of two membrane filters, and filter immediately. Wash each filter following the procedure shown
to be suitable.
For the determination of TAMC, transfer one of the membrane filters to the surface of Soybean-Casein Digest Agar. For the
determination of TYMC, transfer the other membrane to the surface of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Incubate the plate of Soybean-
Casein Digest Agar at 30° to 35° for 3 to 5 days and the plate of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar at 20° to 25° for 5 to 7 days. Calculate
the number of cfu per g or per mL of product.
When examining transdermal patches, separately filter 10% of the volume of the preparation described for Preparation of
the Sample through each of two sterile filter membranes. Transfer one membrane to Soybean-Casein Digest Agarfor TAMC and
the other membrane to Sabouraud Dextrose Agarfor TYMe.
PLATE-COUNT METHODS
Pour-Plate Method-Prepare the sample using a method that has been shown to be suitable as described in Growth Promotion
Test and Suitability of the Counting Method. Prepare for each medium at least two Petri dishes for each level of dilution. Incubate
the plates of Soybean-Casein Digest Agar at 30° to 35° for 3 to 5 days and the plates of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar at 20° to 25°
for 5 to 7 days. Select the plates corresponding to a given dilution and showing the highest number of colonies less than 250 for
TAMC and 50 for TYMe. Take the arithmetic mean per culture medium of the counts, and calculate the number of cfu per g
or per mL of product.
Surface-Spread Method-Prepare the sample using a method that has been shown to be suitable as described in Growth
Promotion Test and Suitabilityof the Counting Method. Prepareat least two Petri dishesfor each medium and each level of dilution.
For incubation and calculation of the number of cfu, proceed as directed for the Pour-Plate Method.
MOST-PROBABLE-NUMBER METHOD
Prepare and dilute the sample using a method that has been shown to be suitable as decribed in Growth Promotion Test and
Suitability of the CountingMethod. Incubate all tubes for 3 to 5 days at 30° to 35°. Subculture if necessary, using the procedure
shown to be suitable. Record for each level of dilution the number of tubes showing microbial growth. Determine the most
probable number of microorganisms per g or mL of the product to be examined from Table 3.
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USP43 Microbiological Tests / (62) 6463
criterion due to the bacterial growth, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar containing antibiotics may be used. If the count is carried out
by the MPN Method, the calculated value isTAMe.
When an acceptance criterion for microbiological quality is prescribed, it is interpreted as follows:
• 10' cfu: maximum acceptable count = 20;
• 102 cfu: maximum acceptable count =200;
• 103 cfu: maximum acceptable count = 2000;
and so forth.
The recommended solutions and media are described in Tests for Specified Microorganisms (62).
GENERAL PROCEDURES
The preparation of samples is carried out as described in Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: Microbial
Enumeration Tests (61).
Ifthe product to be examined has antimicrobial activity, this is insofar as possible removed or neutralized as described in
Microbiological Examination of Nonsterile Products: MicrobialEnumeration Tests (61).
Ifsurface-active substances are used for sample preparation,their absence of toxicityfor microorganisms and their
compatibility with any inactivators used must be demonstrated as described in Microbiological Examination ofNonsterile Products:
Microbial Enumeration Tests (61).
Escherichia coli such asATCC 8739, NCIMB 8545, CIP53.126, or NBRC 3972
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovarTyphimurium or, asan alternative, such asATCC 14028
Salmonella enterica subsp. enter/co serovarAbony such asNBRC 100797, NCTC 6017, or CIP80.39
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