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    The document discusses numerical methods for finding roots of non-linear equations. It begins by explaining the Newton-Raphson method, which uses the slope of the tangent line to iteratively find better approximations of the root. It then introduces the secant method as a modification that substitutes the derivative with the secant line slope to avoid complications when derivatives are difficult to obtain. Examples are provided to demonstrate both methods through multiple iterations to converge on a root.

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    Lesson for Numerical Solution

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    The document discusses numerical methods for finding roots of non-linear equations. It begins by explaining the Newton-Raphson method, which uses the slope of the tangent line to iteratively find better approximations of the root. It then introduces the secant method as a modification that substitutes the derivative with the secant line slope to avoid complications when derivatives are difficult to obtain. Examples are provided to demonstrate both methods through multiple iterations to converge on a root.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    19 views2 pages

    Numerical Solution

    Uploaded by

    Aicelle
    The document discusses numerical methods for finding roots of non-linear equations. It begins by explaining the Newton-Raphson method, which uses the slope of the tangent line to iteratively find better approximations of the root. It then introduces the secant method as a modification that substitutes the derivative with the secant line slope to avoid complications when derivatives are difficult to obtain. Examples are provided to demonstrate both methods through multiple iterations to converge on a root.

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    of 2

    CE 09 | NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO

    CE PROBLEMS
    LECTURE NO.4 SEPT. 24, 2023

    CONTINUATION OF ROOTS OF NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS Step by Step procedure to perform the Newton-Raphson
    Method (the initial given is xn):
    Perhaps the most common and most accurate root-finding
    technique is the Newton-Raphson Method. This method 1. Determine the first derivative of the function, f’(x).
    involves the use of the slope of the tangent to the curve. 2. Solve for f(xn) and f’(xn)
    Consider the graphical illustration of this method shown in 3. Solve for the new value of x, xn+1
    Figure 1.3. Let xn as the last assumed value of the root. 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
    𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
    According to this method, the next value of the root, xn+1, is the 𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )
    intersection of the tangent line to the curve at the x-axis.
    4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for every new value of x until its
    value can be accepted as the root. The tabular
    presentation of the results of iteration is helpful.

    Example 3:

    Determine the root of 3x4 + 7x3 -15x2 + 5x = 17 using the


    Newton-Raphson method. Perform 7 iterations and use x0 =
    0.

    The previous example demonstrates that despite its accuracy


    and speed, the main problem with the Newton-Raphson
    Method is obtaining the derivative of a complicated function.
    Thus, a new method is modified by substituting the first
    Figure 1.3
    derivative, f’(x), by the slope of the secant line connecting the
    first two iterations, and is called as secant method.
    𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) = m(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )

    The coordinate of the point where the tangent intersects the x- Consider the graphical representation shown in Figure 1.4.
    axis is (xn+1,0) and from differential calculus, its slope if f’(xn).
    Substituting these values in the previous equation:

    0 − 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) = f′(𝑥𝑛 )(𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 )

    Isolating xn+1 in the equation:

    𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
    𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
    𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )
    Figure 1.4

    CVMina Page 1 of 2
    CE 09 | NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO
    CE PROBLEMS
    LECTURE NO.4 SEPT. 24, 2023

    The secant line passes through (xn-1,f(xn-1)) and (xn,f(xn)). Thus, its
    slope is:
    𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 )
    𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
    𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛−1

    Replacing f’(x) in the Newton-Raphson formula into msecant:


    𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
    𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
    𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 )
    𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛−1

    By some algebraic manipulation:


    𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛−1 )
    𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
    𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 )

    Step by Step procedure to perform the Secant Method (the


    initial given is xn-1 and xn):

    1. Solve for f(xn-1) and f(xn)


    2. Solve for the new value of x, xn+1
    𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛−1 )
    𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
    𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 )

    3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for every new value of x until its


    value can be accepted as the root. The tabular
    presentation of the results of iteration is helpful.

    Example 4:

    Determine the root of 3x4 + 7x3 -15x2 + 5x = 17 between


    [1, 2]. Use the Secant method and perform 7 iterations.

    For Practice:

    1. Determine the negative root of 3x4 + 7x3 -15x2 + 5x = 17


    using the newton-raphson method. Perform 7 iterations.
    2. Determine the root of 3x4 + 7x3 -15x2 + 5x = 17 between
    [-4,-3] using the secant method. Perform 7 iterations.

    CVMina Page 2 of 2

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