Anaphy Lecture
Anaphy Lecture
Anaphy Lecture
D. Neuroanatomy
Human Anatomy
- study of normal microscopic gross features
- normal structure of the body
and development of nervous system
Human Physiology
- functions of normal structure of the body Division of Physiology
- process of how these body parts works A. Cell Physiology
- study function of living things
ivision of Anatomy
D - cornerstone of human physiology
A. Gross Macroscopic Anatomy - scientific study of physiological processes
- study of structures that can be examined among cells
without the aid of microscope B. Special Physiology
- studied by unaided eye - study functions of specific organs
Types of Gross Anatomy e. g. cardiac physiology
Systemic Anatomy C. Systematic Physiology
- the body studied system by system - includes all aspects of the function of
- group of structures that have one or specific organ system
more common functions such as e. g. cardiovascular physiology
cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, D. Pathologic Physiology
skeletal, muscular systems. - study of effects of disease an organ or organ
Regional Anatomy system
- study of structures by body regions Levels of Structure Organization of the body
- the body studied area by area within
1. Chemical Level
each region
- includes atoms, smallest unit and building of
e. g. head region and thoracic region
matter and the molecules with atoms joining
Surface Anatomy together
- study of landmarks on the body surface - involves interactions between atoms
on different visceral organs
2. Cellular Level
- involves looking at the exterior of the - cell is structural unit of the body
body to visualize structures deeper inside - basic structural and functional units of plants
the body. and animals
B. Microscopic Anatomy 3. Tissue Level
- study of structures of human body through - group of cells similar in structure and
the microscope function together
Types of Microscopic Anatomy 4. Organ Level
Cytology - different types of tissues joining together
- study of cells from specific functions
- examine the structural features of cells
5. System Level
Histology - composed of related organs with some
- study of normal tissue inside the body
definite functions
C. Embryology
- study of development of human body from
fertilization of ovum
Different Body Region Dorsal - Back - Posterior
1. Head - toward the vertebral surface of the body
- where the brain and face with nose mouth Medial - Midline Center
ears found - toward the midsaggital plane, away side
2. Neck Lateral - Away from Center
- connects head and trunk - toward the side, away from midsaggital
3. Trunk Intermediate - Between
Thorax Proximal - Close - Origin
- heart and lungs - toward the trunk, limb or appendage
Abdomen Distal - Far - Origin
- most digestive and urinary system - away from the trunk or point of attachment
Pelvic Cavity and Perineum Superficial - External
- reproductive and urinary system - toward the surface of a part, away fr inside
Deep - Internal
4. Upper Extremities
- toward the inside of a part, away fr surface
- shoulder finger hands
Peripheral - Lateral
5. Lower Extremities
Parietal - External
- high tigh legs and foot
Visceral - Internal
Different Body Planes
1. Anatomic Planes Bio - living
- based on 4 imaginary planes that pass Exo/Ecto - outside or exit
through the body in Anatomical Position Endo - inside
Median Plane Supra - above
- imaginary vertical line passing through Hypo - below
longitudinal Pre - before
- also known as MIDSAGGITAL PLANE Post - after
- divides into equal right and left planes Inter - between
Peri - around
Saggital Plane Epi - on or upon
- extends from anterior to posterior and
superior to inferior Medical Terminologies Related to
Frontal Plane Different Body Region
- also called CORONAL PLANE 1. Head
- divides the body organ into anterior (front) Cranial - skull
and posterior (back) Facial - face
Horizontal Plane Frontal - forehead
- also called TRANSVERSE PLANE Oculi - eye or optic
- divides up the body organ into superior Otic - ear
(upper) and inferior (lower) Buccal - cheeks
Nasal - nose
Anatomical Terms and Relationships Oral - mouth
Superior - Upper 2. Neck / Cervical
- towards the top of the body Cervix / Collum / Colli - neck
Inferior - Lower 3. Trunk
- towards the bottom of the body
Chest - thoracic / pectoris
Ventral - Front - Anterior Abdomen
- toward the belly surface of the body
Umbilical - navel
Coxae / Coxal - hip 2. Responsiveness
Inguinal - groin - ability to change (stimuli) in the
Public Pubis - hypograstic / between tighs environment and then react to them
Dorsal - back 3. Digestion
Lumbar - loin - process of breaking down inserted foods
4. Upper Extremities into simplest molecules
Acromial - shoulder 4. Metabolism
Omo - shoulder - include chemical process occur in the body
Axillary - armpit
Brachial - arm / upper arm 5. Excretion
Cubit - elbow - process of removing excreta or waste from
Antebrachial - forearm the body
Carpal - wrisk 6. Reproduction
Metacarpal - palm - production of offspring can occur on the
Phalageal - fingers
cellular or organismal
5. Lower Extremities 7. Growth
Gluteal - buttocks - increase in size usually accomplished by an
Femoral - thigh
Patellar - anterior surface knee joint increase the number of cells
Popliteal - hollow behind the knee
Crural - anterior leg Homeostasis
Pedal - foot
Tarsal - ankle - homeo ( same ) & stasis ( standing )
Digital Phalanges - toes - ability to maintain relatively stable internal
Plantar - sole conditions even though the outside's changing
Calcaneal - heel - dynamic state equilibrium
Terms of Movement Homeostasis Regulation
Articulation 1. Autoregulation
- bone mussels - occurs when the activities of a tissue organ
- also known as movement or organ system changed automatically
- movement take place at joints were two or 2. Extrinsic Regulation
more joints meet articulate with one another - when organs are controlled by outside
Flexion - bending or decreasing system
Extension - straightening or increasing - nervous and endocrine system
Abduction - moving away from median
Adduction - moving toward from median Components of Extrinsic
Rotation - moving around long axis 1. Receptor
Circumduction - circular movement combining - changes in the environmental stimuli
flexion extension abduction and adduction
2. Control Center
Eversion - moving foot sole laterally
- determines the level of variable
Inversion - moving foot sole medially
Sopination - rotating forearm & hand laterally 3. Effector
Pronation - rotating forearm & hand medially - provides means the control center (output)
Protraction - movement mandible forward stimuli
Retraction - movement mandible backward Negative Feedback Mechanism
- response stimuli to shut off or reduce its
Essential Life Processes
intensity (decrease)
1. Movement Positive Feedback Mechanism
- motion occurring in the human body either - increase the original stimulus
whole body or individual cells
Homeostatic Imbalance 4 Quadrants
- result from different disturbance cause a Right upper quadrant
disease cavities Right lower quadrant
Dorsal Cavity Left upper quadrant
1. Cranial Cavity Left lower quadrant
- space inside the bony skull
The Cell
- within the skull
Organ : Brain
2. Spinal Cavity
- extended from cranial cavity nearly to the Cell
end of vertebral - is the smallest unit of living structures
- within the vertebral column capable of independent existence
Organ : Spinal Cord
3 Main Parts of the Cell
Ventral Cavity
1. Nucleus - control center of the cell
1. Thoracic Cavity
- lungs and heart 2. Cytoplasm - liquid part of the cell
- within the rib cage 3. Plasma Membrane - protects the cell from
A. Pleural Cavities the outside environment
- left one third and right one third of
thoracic cavity 1. Nucleus
Organ : Lung - head quarters or the control center of the cell
B. Mediastinum - Gene containing which are the carrier of
- middle one third of thorax heredity traits foe an individual
Organs : Heart, Trachea, Esophagus - DNA or the deoxyribonucleic acid, D & R
- is much like the blueprint that contains the
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
instructions needed for building the whole body
- cavity inferior to the diaphram
- from the diaphragm to the bot of the trunk 2. Cytoplasma
A. Abdominal Cavity - cellular material outside the nucleus and
- from the diaphragm to the rim of pelvic inside the plasma membrane
bones - site of most cellular activities happen
- upper portion contains stomach, liver &
- called as factory area
most of pancreas, spleen, kidneys
B. Pelvic Cavity Formed Elements of Cytoplasm
- from the pelvic to the floor of the trunk 1. Organelles
- lower portions contains the urinary 2. Inclusion
bladder, portions of intestines 3. Cytoskeleton
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
1. Organelles
1. Right Hypochondriac Region - top right region - little organs
2. Epigastric Region - top middle region - performing its own job to maintain lifeof cell
3. Left Hypochondriac Region - top left region A. Mitochondria
4. Right Lumbar Region - middle right region
- powerhouse of the cell
5. Umbilical Region - central region
- usually depicted as tiny threadlike or
6. Left Lumbar Region - middle left region
sausage shape organelles
7. Right Iliac Region - lower right region
- synthesize ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate
8. Hypograstic Region - lower middle region
9. Left Iliac Region - lower left region
B. Ribosomes F. Peroxisome
- are tiny dark bodies made of CHON and - membranous sacs containing powerful
variety of RNA called ribosomal RNA oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen
- CHON is protein to detoxify a number of harmful or
- actual site of CHON synthesis poisonous substance including alcohol
- maybe found free or bound to endoplasmic
2. Inclusion
reticulum - are not functioning units but chemical
- attached endoplasmic reticulum (rough) substance that may or may not be present
synthesize CHON example : glycogen, lipid, pigments
- free ribosomes destined for intracellular
consumption 3. Cytoskeleton
C. Endoplasmic Reticulum - framework of the cell
Principals Components
- system of fluid filled cistern tubules or canal
that coil and twist through the cytoplasm A. Microfilaments
- network within the cytoplasm - thinnest cytoskeleton
2 kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum B. Intermediate Filaments
- helps from desmosomes
1. Rough or Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum
- contains bound ribosomes hence concerned C. Microtubules
with CHON synthesis - determined the overall shape of the cells
and distribution of organelles
2. Smooth or Non Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum
- does not contain ribosomes Centrioles - rod shape bodies that lie at
- functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification the right angles to each other
E. Lysosomes
3. Plasma Membrane
- appear in different sizes
- are membranous "bags" containing powerful - also called as Cell Membrane or
digestive enzymes Plasmalemma
- plays an important role in cellular defense - is a fragile, transparent barrier contain the
against foreign substance cell contents and separate them from the
- abundant in white blood cells (WBC) surroundingenvironment
- are vesicles containing digestive enzymes - Hydrophilic heads are exposed on the outer
-repairing plasma membrane and inner surfacesand the hydrophobic tails
3 Types of Lysosomes apposed to each other
1. Primary Lysosomes Membrane Functions
- are thos not yet become engage in digestive
activity 1. Gives shapes to the cell
2. Secondary Lysosomes 2. Separates the cell from its environment
- site of current or previous digestive activity 3. Serves as recognition sites acting as
3. Residual Lysosomes antigenic determinants
- terminal phases of lysosomal functions 4. Serves as barrier
- contains undigestible materials
Cell Diversity
Osmosis
- simple diffusion of water
Facilated Diffusion
1. Cells that connects body parts
- same as simple diffusion but the diffusing
Fibroblast - elongated shape of this cell
lies along the cable like fibers abundant in substance is attached to a lipid soluble
rough ER carrier of CHON
2. Cells that covers and lines body organs B. Filtration
Epithetal Cells - hexagon shaped cell - movement of water and solute from
3. Cells that moves organs and body parts hydrostatic pressure
Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells Active Transport Process
- elongated and filled with abundant
A. Active Transport or Solute Pumping
contractile filaments
- movement of a substance through a
4. Cells that stores nutrients membrane against a concentration or
Fat cells - huge spherical shape cell
electrochemical gradient and requires a
5. Cell that fights disease membrane carrier CHON
Macrophages Phagocytic Cells
B. Bulk Transport
- extends long pseudopods (false feet)
Exocytosis
6. Cells that gather information and control
- describes the process of vesicles fusing
body functions
with the plasma membrane and releasing
Nerve Cells
their contents to the outside of the cell
7. Cells of reproduction
Endocytosis
Oocyte (female) - largest cell in the body
- process capturing the substance or
Sperm Cells (male)
particle from outside the cell by engulfing I
Membrane Transport with te cell membrane
Solution C. Phagocytosis
- mixture of two or more components - cell eating insoluble substance are
Solvent - substance that present in the engulfed and are enclose in a vesicle
largest amount in a solution known as phagosome
Solute - substance or components present D. Pinocytosis
in the smaller amount in a solution
- cell drinking engulfment of small amount
1. Passive Transport Proccess
of fluid enclosed in a pinocytic vesicle
- substances are transported across the
Integumentary System
- aka stratum germinatium (aerminating
layer)
- cells found in stratum basale
Composed of A. Keratinocytes
- Skin - produce keratin which toughness and
- Skin Appendage waterproof the skin
Cutaneous Gland B. Melanocytes
- sweat gland - synthesis pigments
- subaceous gland - provide protective layer against UV Ray
Hairs
Nails
C. Tactile or Merkel Cells Coloration Of Skin
- touch or touch receptor 1. Melanin - brown black pigment
2. Carotene - produce yellowish pigment
D. Non Pigmented Granular Dendocytes
3. Hemoglobin - oxygen binding pigment RBC
- langerhan cells
- phagocytosis Appendages Of Skin
1. Cutaneous Gland
2. Stratum Spinosum
- all exocrine gland
- cell contains thick bundles of intermediate
Sebaceous Gland
3. Stratum Lucidem - found all over the skin and except on
- clear layers
palm and soles
- hairless
- ppasses through hair
- eexist in lips and thickened skin (sole and
- sebum keeps the skin moist
palm)
- secretes sebum(mixture of oily and
4. Stratum Granulosum substances) and fragmented cells
- granular - fighting microorganism
- fflatter increasingly full of keratin - contains chemical that kills bacteria
5. Stratum Corneum - active and adolescence (male)
- outermost layer Sweat Gland
-20-30 thick layer - aka suboriterous gland
- ccompletely filled with keratin - widely distributed skin
- cornified or horny cells -palms sole axillary pubic
- callus formattion 2 Types of Sweat Gland
2. Dermis 1. Eccrine
- deeper and thicker than epidermis - odorless
- strong and stretchy envelope - found all over the body specially iin
- vasculirized forehead, back,palm and soles
Layers of Dermis 2. Apocrine
- localize gland focus on axillary and public
1. Papillary Layer
- in contact with epidermis region
- ddermal papillae (papill-nipple) that - odoriferous secretion
extend from the upper portion of dermis - not functional until puberty
- fingerprint - enhance gripping and Mammary Gland
gasping ability - found within the breast
- ffrom base to friction ridges on finger and - ssecretes milk during lactation
toes - under the stimulus of pituitary gland
- house pain receptor and touch receptor - tthoracic area
2. Reticular Layer
2. Hair
- deeper skin layer - 1 characteristic of mammal
- contain blood vessel sweat gland(oil) - hairless part (palm,sole,lips,nipple)
-+ pressure recceptor(pacinian - lifespan 3-4 months (eyelash) 3-4 years
-+ phagocytosis (bacteria) scalp hair
- primary function is protection
Skeletal System
Parts of the Hair
1. Shaft
- visible but dead portion of the Hair - composed of bones joints cartillage
projecting the above surface of the skin and ligaments forming the framework of
2. Root the body
- enclosed in follicle - sskeleton - dried up (greek)
Axial Skeleton
3. Hair bulb matrix
- growth zone contains melanocytes that - from the longitudinal axist of the body
glues color to the hair Appendicular Skeleton
Arrector Pili - one of the limbs and gridle
- connect each side of follicle to the dermal - uupper and lower extremities
tissue
1. Axial Skeleton
Layers of Hair - consist of 80 bones
1. Mellula - inner part - sskull (28), hyoid bone, vertebrate (26)
2. Cortex - thick median part ribs (24) sternum
3. Cuticle - cover the cortex and forms out portion
2. Appendicular Skeleton
3 Distinct Kind of Hair in Human
- consist of 126 bones
1. Lanugo - fine silky fetal hairs - upper extremities (64)
2. Angora - grows continously in length - lower extremities (62)
3. Definitive - grows in a certain lenght
Functions of Skeleton
Nails 1. Support
- scale like modification of the epidermis - Skeleton serves as the structural
that forms a clear protective covering on framework for body supporting
the dorsal 2. Protection
Parts of the Nails - the skeleton protects the most
important organs from injury
1. Nail Body
- visible attached portion 3. Movement
2. Free Edge - when they contract they pull bones to
- distal part produce movement
3. Nail Root 4. Storage
- embedded in skin - it stores mineral calcium and
phosphorus
4. Nail Bed
- stratum 5. Blood Cell Formation
5. Hyponychium - the red marrow produces red blood
- beneath the free bed
Classification of Bones
6. Eponychium cuticle - adult bone has 206 bones
- cover the nail bed
Bone Tissue
7. Nail Matrix Compact Bone
- growth area of nail - dense act and look smooth
8. Lunula - homogeneous
- crescent shape - ex . outer surface of the bone
Spongy Bone A. Cranial / Cranium
- composed of small needle like pieces and - frontal (1 bone)
lots of open space - forms the forehead
- eex. inside of bones like skull B.Parietal
Classification of Bones - present in the posterior end of skull and is
According to Shape near the midline
1. Long Bone C. Temporal Bone (2 bones)
- longer and wider - external acoustic
- consists of shaft or diaphysis - meatus - canal leads to the eardrum and
- ex humerous raduis the middle ear
Diaphysis - long axis of bones Styloid Process - sharp
Epiphyses - bone ends Zygomatic Process - thin bridge of bone
2. Short Bones D. Occipital (1 bone)
- cube shape and contain mostly of spongy - forms the floor
bones - foramen magnum,external
- ex.carpal bones of wrisk and ankles Sphenoid (1 bone) - butterfly shape
Sesamoid Bone Ethmoid (1 bone) - irregular shape bone
- special type of shaft bone that are
enclose in tendon and facial tissue Facial Bone (14 bones)
- ex patella or knee cap Maxillae (2 bones)
3. Flat Bones - 2 maxillae fuse to form upperjaw
- thin flattened and usually curved Palatine (2 bones)
- consist of two flat plates of compact - lie posterior
tissue enclosed - hard palate posterior part
- ex ribs,scapula and skull - extension of maxillae
Zygomatic (2 bones)
4. Irregular Bone
- cheek bone
- comprises bones different shapes
- eex vertebrates Lacrimal (2 bones)
- fingersize bone forming part of medial
Bone Formation
Nasal (2 bones)
Bone Cells - small bridge of nose
1. Osteoblast - active in bone formation
Vomer (1 bone)
2. Osteoclast - active in bone resorption - posterior part of nasal septum
3. Osteocytes - principal cell of nature bones
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Division of Skeleton - lateral wall of nasal cavity
A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) Mandible
1. Skull - lower jaw
- formed by 2 sets of bones - largest and strongest bone of the face
- ccranium enclose and protect the brain 2. Hyoid Bone (1 bone)
facial bone and hold the eyes - horseshoe shape in the upper anterior
neck