A QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS

OF CHILD TO CHILD APPROACH ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING

IMPACT OF TELEVISION WATCHING AMONG SCHOOL GOING
CHILDREN IN SELECTED SCHOOLS AT TRICHY.

By

Ms.SHALOM REBECCAH

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE TAMILNADU

D.R M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE

IN NURSING

OCTOBER - 2019
 A QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF CHILD TO CHILD APPROACH ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING
IMPACT OF TELEVISION WATCHING AMONG SCHOOL GOING
CHILDREN IN SELECTED SCHOOLS AT TRICHY.

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is a bonafide work of Ms.Shalom Rebeccah,

Dr.G.Sakunthala College of Nursing, Trichy, submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Nursing from the Dr.M.G.R

Medical university, Chennai.

Mrs.PARASAKTHI, M.Sc (N).,

Principal,

Dr.G.Sakunthala College of Nursing,

Trichy.

Trichy

Date:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “ A quasi experimental study to

assess the effectiveness of child to child approach on knowledge regarding impact
of television watching among school going children in selected schools at Trichy”
is a bonafide work done by Ms.SHALOM REBECCAH, Dr.G.Sakunthala
College of Nursing in partial fulfillment of the university rules and regulations for
the award of Degree of Master of Science in Nursng under my guidance and
supervision during the academic year 2018 – 2019.

NAME AND SIGNATURE OF THE GUIDE :

NAME AND SIGNATURE OF THE HEAD

OF THE DEPARTMENT :

NAME AND SIGNATURE OF THE

PRINCIPAL :

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

A QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF CHILD TO CHILD APPROACH ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING
IMPACT OF TELEVISION WATCHING AMONG SCHOOL GOING
CHILDREN IN SELECTED SCHOOLS AT TRICHY.

DISSERTATON COMMITTEE APPROVAL :

RESEARCH GUIDE :

Mrs. R. PARASAKTHI, M.Sc,(N),

Head of the department of Child Health Nursing,

Dr.G.Sakunthala College of Nursing,

Trichy.

CLINICAL GUIDE:

Dr.T.R.R.KRISHNA.MBBS.,MD.,

(Pediatric)Dip.In allergy & asthma,

(CMC Vellore & AAAAI, USA),

Trichy.

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE TAMILNADU

D.R M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

OCTOBER 2019
 TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that the Ethical committee of Dr.G.Sakunthala College of

Nursing had discussed with its members about the topic “A quasi experimental

study to assess the effectiveness of child to child approach on knowledge regarding

impact of television watching among school going children in selected schools at

Trichy”, during the year 2018-2019 opted by Miss.Shalom Rebeccah and its

implication on study subjects for her thesis for M.Sc Nursing program and the

committee passes clearance for the same topic for her to pursue.

Mrs.PARASAKTHI, MSc (N).,

Principal

Dr.G.Sakunthala College of Nursing,

Trichy.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First I praise and thank the Lord Almighty with reverence and sincerity for his
abundant grace, which strengthened me in each step throughout this endeavor.

I express my sincere thanks to Dr.V.Jayapal, MS, F.I.C.S, F.I.M.S.A,

Chairman, Dr.V.J.Senthil, M.S Ortho, Director, Dr.K.Govindaraj, M.B.B.S,
M.s, FIAGES Dip, M.I.S (France) CIP.LAP.,(Germany)., Laproscopic and
endoscopic surgeon Secretary and managing directors of Dr G.Sakunthala
College of Nursing, for their support and provision of required facilities for the
successful completion of this study.

It is my distinct honor and pleasure to extend my debt of genuine and

hearty gratitude to our Principal, Research Coordinator, Mrs.Parasakthi, M.Sc
(N) for her valuable suggestions, enlightening ideas, continuous guidance and for
being the source of encouragement to ensure the best quality of this piece of work.

I express my sincere thanks to the Vice Principal of our college,

MrsThanalakshmi M.Sc(N), for her valuable support rendered for completing
this study.

I am greatful to the lecturers Pediatric Nursing department of

Dr.G.Sakunthala College of Nursing, Trichy for their support and timely help
during the study.

I express my deep sense of gratitude and immensely thank my research

Medical guide Dr.T.R.R.Krishna, M.B.B.S.,M.D.,(Pediatric) Dip. In allergy
and asthma (CMC Vellore) AAAAI & USA, Dr.G.Viswanathan Speciality
Hospital, Trichy, for his bright, cheerful approach and for his willingness to
provide guidance and suggestions to shape my study.

I kindly express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.SenthilKumar, M.Sc., M.Phil.,

Ph.D, department of Bio- statistics, for his statistical advice and help in
transferring the raw data of this study into valuable findings.

I am greatful and thankful to the Head Mistress and the class teachers of
the Care International School, Thayanur and to the Head Mistress and class teacher
of RC Matriculation School, Trichy, and the Head Master and class teachers of
pilot study schools who have allowed and helped me for conducting this study.

I would like to thank Mrs.Revathy, Librarian of Dr.G.Sakunthala College

of Nursing.

My affectionate thanks to my beloved parents, Mr.Karunakaran Peter and

Mrs.Nirmala Rose and my loving sister Ms.Shammah Priscilla for always being
a source of inspiration and strengthened me with their support and also helped me
to carry out this study in a successful manner.

My heartfelt thanks to My Café Shop, Chathram Bus Stand, Trichy for their
full cooperation and helping in to bring out this study in a printed form.

My heartfelt thanks to all my classmates for their timely help and

encouragement. Finally, I extend my sincere thanks to the participants of this study
for their cooperation in my endevour, without which this project would have been
a dream.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO CONTENT PAGE NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
I INTRODUCTION 1-11
Background of the study
Significance and need for the study
Statement of the problem
Objectives
Hypothesis
Operational definition
Assumption
Delimitation
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12-25
Introduction
Literature related to impact of television watching
among school children
Literature related to effectiveness of child to child
approach on various health aspects.
Literature related to effectiveness of child to child
approach regarding impact of television watching.
Conclusion
Conceptual frame work
III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 26-33

Introduction

Research approach

Research design

Setting of the study

Population

Sample

Sample size

Sampling technique

Criteria for sample selection

Research tool and technique

Description of the tool

Scoring procedure

Validity

Reliability

Pilot study

Data collection procedure

Plan for data analysis

Ethical consideration
IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF 34-47
DATA

V DISCUSSION 48-50

VI SUMMARY,CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, 51-57

LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of the study

Conclusion

Implications

Limitation

Recommendation

REFERENCES 58-62

APPENDICES
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

NO NO
Frequency and percentage distribution of samples
1
according to demographic variables. 36
Comparison of mean score between pre test and post test 40
2 level of knowledge in control group and experimental
group.
Comparison of mean post test level of knowledge between 41
3
control group and experimental group.
Association between the demographic variables with pre 42
4
test level of knowledge in control group.
Association between the demographic variables with pre 45
5
test level of knowledge in experimental group.
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO NO

1 Conceptual framework. 25

Percentage distribution of level of knowledge scores 39

2 among school going children in experimental group and
control group.
 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLES

A Letters

a) Letter requesting for validation

b) Letter seeking permission to conduct research study

c) Letter requisition to medical guide

B List of experts consulted for content validity

C Research instrument (English)

a) Demographic variables

b) Knowledge questionnaire

c) Research instrument (Tamil)

D Item Scoring

a) Knowledge

E CHILD TO CHILD APPROACH (English)

CHILD TO CHILD APPROACH (Tamil)

 ABSTRACT

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A Quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of child to child

approach on knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school
going children in selected schools at Trichy.

OBJECTIVES

1. To evaluate the existing level of knowledge regarding impact of television

watching among school going children in experimental and control group.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of child to child approach on knowledge

regarding impact of television watching among school going children in
experimental group.

3. To compare the mean posttest level of knowledge regarding child to child

approach on impact of television watching among school going children
between control and experimental group.

4. To determine the association between selected demographic variables with

pretest level of knowledge regarding child to child approach on impact of
television watching among school going children in control group.

5. To determine the association between selected demographic variables with

pretest level of knowledge regarding child to child approach on impact of
television watching among school going children in experimental group.
HYPOTHESIS

H1 : There was a significant difference in knowledge regarding impact of

television watching in experimental group.

H2 : There was a significant difference in level of knowledge on impact of

television watching among school going children after child-child
approach in experimental group than in control group.

H3 : There was a significant association between selected demographic

variables with pre-test level of knowledge regarding the impact of
television watching among school going children in control group.

H4 : There was a significant association between selected demographic

variables with pre-test level of knowledge regarding the impact of
television watching among school going children in experimental
group.

Conceptual Framework : Based on Daniel Stuffle Beam”s health belief

model
Research design : Quasi experimental pretest posttest control design
E O1 X O2
C O3 O4
Population : The study samples consisted of school children
studying 8th standard.
Sampling technique : Non probability convenience sampling technique
was used.
Samples : School going children who were studying in 8th
standard at Care International School and RC
matriculation school at Trichy district.
Setting : Care International School and RC matriculation
school at Trichy.
Tools : Self – administered knowledge questionnaire.
Data Collection : A quasi experimental pretest posttest control
group design was used. Pretest level of knowledge
was assessed both in control and experimental
group. Health education was provided to the 8 th
standard students regarding impact of television
watching. Here the change agents will be trained
for the initiation of child to child approach
program. Three days after training, post test will be
given to the change agents to assess whether they
have acquired adequate knowledge. Re-trainng
will be given in case of inadequate knowledge
observed in change agents by convenience method
for the initiation of program. Then, the knowledge
on impact of television watching will be imparted
through their peer group in three sessions. Each
session lasts for 30 minutes and discussion for 10
minutes. There were 5 students for each change
agents. Pretest and posttest level of knowledge
was assessed for both control and experimental
group.
MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

1. The result of the study showed that the mean post test score was higher than
the mean pretest score.
2. The findings of the study showed that the mean post test score in
experimental group was higher than control group post test mean score.
3. There was no significant association between the pretest score with selected
demographic variables in control group.
4. There was no significant association between the pretest score with selected
demographic variables in experimental group.

CONCLUSION

The study brought out the following conclusion that education to the school
children is very important regarding impact of television watching. The school
children’s knowledge is improved after the administration through child approach.
Therefore awareness regarding the impact of television watching through health
education can be promoted for forthcoming generation.
 CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Today’s children are in a world of rapid development. The television is a

landmark of scientific invention and an amazing device that has become an integral
part of our life and it has revolutionized the world of communication.

Blousea.R.(2013) stated that television will escape the children’s from real life
and enter into a fantasy world and it activates the study image of school children.
Television will absorb distraction instead of playing outside, doing home work,
house hold or religious duties. Children are glued to the television box. They are
particularly vulnerable to the messages conveyed through television, which
influence what they think and how they behave. The television viewer has to sit in
front of this glamorous small screen; such practices have the possibility of hindering
the physical, mental and psychological well being.

Dietz.S.(2013) stated that televisions have assumed central roles in our

children’s daily lives. According to some studies children at the age of 6 years watch
television for 3 – 4 hours on an average. In many instances television can be
effective especially the educational and wild life programs to improve or broaden
the children knowledge and understanding about the world around him/her and also
introduces them to different cultures and communities of the world.

1
 Kondo.(2010) stated that the effects of the television watching have been found
to be far reaching, potentially harmful in influencing the health related behaviours of
children and adolescents,many of whom are not mature enough to distinguish
fantasy from reality, particularly when it is presented as real life. The first 2 years of
children’s life is considered as a critical time for brain development. As children get
older, too much screen time (Television) can interfere with activities such as being
physically active, playing with friends and spending quality time with family.

Sarthar.(2016) stated that television serves as an audio-visual aid for the

student’s .for example: Medical students can watch complicated surgeries being
done elsewhere. Television agricultural programmes help in educating the farmers.
Special and useful programmes are telecast for house wives, workers, children etc.
Health programmes are informative. Every coin has two sides. Children spend most
of their time watching Television. They give less importance to their studies.
Comedies and cartoons do not help in children’s mental development.

Collins.(2017) stated that television can bring about much more development
in education, agriculture, social and economic fields. People especially youth are
attracted by the cable Television, which has so many merits and demerits.Young
children are losing their interest in indoor or outdoor games. A weary student after
finishing a busy twelve hour academic work prefers to watch Television than
playing games or reading library books.As a result, their health is also affected.

Sheela.(2017) stated that current survey which suggested that there was a
relationship between watching violent television programmes and increase in violent
behaviour in children. Excessive television watching contributes to increased

2
incidence of childhood obesity. Watching certain programmes may encourage
irresponsible sexual behaviour for children of age group 12 – 14.

Cacicon.(2012) stated that television can also be a powerful teacher. It teaches

toddlers about valuable lessons, racial harmony, corporation, kindness, simple
arithmetic and the alphabet through an educational format. Some public television
programmes stimulate visits to the zoo, libraries, book stores, museums and other
active recreational settings, educational videos can certainly serve as powerful
prosocial teaching devices.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Television is omnipresent in most children’s world. 99% of American

households own a television and the average family has 2 more sets. Children in the
united states watch an average of 21 – 28 hours of television in a week. Although
seemingly innocuous, greater sedentary life styles, inadequate nutrition, more risk
taking activities and increased anti social behaviours all have been effect of
excessive viewing of television. Their attitudes, beliefs and ideas about the world as
well as physical and social skills are taking form and they absorb information from
everywhere. Because of the considerable number of hours spent viewing television,
however, television becomes a disproportionately informational and attitudinal
source.

Viana.(2012) conducted a systemic review on negative effects of television

watching on children. Television affects children negatively as well. Unfortunately,
the adverse effects seem to outnumber the positive ones. It curbs the physical

3
activity and slowly destroys their eye sight.The children had unilateral poor eye
sight, significant refractive errors causing visual acuity less than 6/12 (1.0%),
strabismus (0.5%) and amblyopia (0.2%) were uncommon. Simple screening by
teachers identified 80% of the children were found to have bilateral poor eye sight.
.
Charles.(2016) stated that children who watch lot of television do not have time
to play or socialize. Parents should spend adequate time with their children and
teach them how to move socially with their peer groups. Children should be
encouraged to play outdoor as well as indoor games with their friends. Parents
should not leave their children alone in their house.

John.(2016) stated that television may be educational, but excessive watching

will affect the child’s brain development. The initial stage in child’s life is very
important for brain development. Toddlers who watch television for a prolonged
period of time may develop problems in their attitude. Parents cannot control their
children on what programs they are watching..When children are exposed to watch
certain things that are at danger, though they may not be able to understand starts to
raise questions. This may lead the children to grow aggressive.

Hanna.(2012) stated that the amount of guns used on Television may provide
a bad environment to stay in this world. At the same time, children who watch
programs that are pleasing to them will make the children to fall into a drastic pit of
violence. She then discussed about consumerism, where children who constantly
watch commercial programs regarding fast foods, junk foods that are highly risk for

4
children keeps on insisting them to get it from their parents. When children watches
right programs on television they learn best things which is very useful for them.

Clara.(2012) stated that Television viewing habits of children and their families
as well as parental perspectives on the impact of Television in child health using a
provider is completed indigenously and a questionnaire was developed in English.
There were minimal parental restrictions and no active discussions regarding
contents. Negative impact was found on play, hobbies, sleep hygiene and eating
habits in most parents were unaware of unhealthy viewing and the associated
deterious effects. The studies supports strongly that television watching is harmful
to the children.

Joley.(2016) stated that in recent studies it is explained about the current

literatures of impact of television watching which suggests that, there is a
relationship between watching violent television programmes and increase in violent
behavior by children. Evidence suggests that television’s influence on children and
adolescents is related to how much time they spend watching it. As a result, with
prolonged viewing , the world shown on television becomes the real world. It
frequently limits children time for vital activities such as playing, reading, learning
to talk, spending time with peers and family story telling.

Wilson.(2017) stated that an average child sees more than 20,000 commercials
a year. More than 60% of commercials promote sugared cereals, candy, fatty foods
and toys. Cartoon programs based on toy products are especially attractive.

5
Advertisements targeting adolescents are profoundly influential, particularly on
cigarette and tobacco products.

Walter.(2018) stated that the high prevalence rate of impact of television is

especially playing the video games. The concerns about the negative effects of
television are inactivity, violence also apply to excessive exposure to video games.
Violent video games should be discouraged because they have harmful effects on
children’s mental development.

Jabez.(2018) stated that American school children watches more than 4 hours
of television each day or 28 hours / week, or 2 months or non stop television
watching per year. Percentage of house holds possess least one television.
Television sets in the average US house hold are 2.24 percentage of US homes with
3 or more Television sets. 66, approximate number of studies examining television
effects on children. 4000 number minutes per week that the average child watches
television 1680 per hour.

Michigan.(2016) stated that television also has its positive side. It can be
entertaining, educational and can open up new worlds for kids, giving them a chance
to travel the globe, learn about different cultures and gain exposure to ideas.
Television shows with a prosocial message has positive effects on kids behavior
programs with positive role models. When exposed to right shows or programs, the
child can learn good things.

6
 Jane.(2014) stated that a few television channels are dedicated to create
educational and informative content for the children. There are few channels that
broadcast only educational content covering subjects like art and craft, science,
history, geography and mathematics. Allowing children to watch news channels,
with a little guidance will help them stay updated with the current affairs.

Johnson.(2017) stated that television is one of the primary sources of

entertainment for kids. The sounds and colourful images on the screen appeal to
children and also retain their attention. The best way to expose children is Sports
through television. Children should be encouraged to watch different sports like
tennis, soccer, baseball and basket ball by co viewing with them.

The investigator while going to community posting visited parents where they
complained about their children who are watching television excessively. So by this,
the investigator took interest on children who were so craze in watching television.
So I was in need to give awareness to the children who have lack of knowledge
regarding the impact of television watching.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A Quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of child to child
approach on knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school
going children in selected schools at Trichy.

7
OBJECTIVES
1. To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding impact of television

watching among school going children in control and experimental group.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of child-child approach on knowledge regarding

impact of television watching among school going children in experimental

group.
3. To compare the post test level of knowledge regarding impact of television

watching among school going children between control and experimental

group.
4. To determine the association of selected demographic variables with pre-test
level of knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school

going children in control group.

5. To determine the association of selected demographic variable with pre-test
level of knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school

going children in experimental group.

HYPOTHESIS
At p<0.05level of significance

H1 : There will be a significant difference in knowledge regarding impact of

television watching in experimental group.

H2 : There will be a significant difference in level of knowledge on impact of

television watching among school going children after child-child approach
in experimental group than in control group.

8
H3 : There will be a significant association between selected demographic
variables with pre-test level of knowledge regarding the impact of television
watching among school going children in control group.

H4 : There will be a significant association between selected demographic

variables with pre-test level of knowledge regarding the impact of television
watching among school going children in experimental group.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
EFFECTIVENESS
It is defined as a result produced by an agent, action or force.
In this study, it refers to preceding the desired result of child to child approach on
impact of television watching as measured by the knowledge questionnaire.

CHILD-CHILD APPROACH
Child to child approach is where children learn and share the knowledge with
their peer groups.
In this study, it refers to providing health education on impact of television
watching through change agent of 8th standard students to their peer groups.

KNOWLEDGE
It is defined as the information and understanding about a subject which a
person has or which all people have.
In this study, the knowledge is imparted by high scorer of the class to the low
scorer and the knowledge acquired is assessed through self administered
questionnaire.

9
IMPACT
It is defined as having a strong effect on someone or something.
In this study, it refers to alteration in health status of school children as a result
of excessive television watching such as visual disturbances, obesity, heart diseases,
behavioral disorders.

TELEVISION WATCHING
It is defined as an electronic device for viewing television programs and
movies consisting of a display screen and speaker.
In this study, television watching is defined as an act, occasion of watching the
television for the purpose of entertaining or recreation.

SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN

It is defined as children who go to school.
In this study, it refers to the children between the age group of 12-13 and studying
8thstd in selected schools.

ASSUMPTION
The study assumes that,
 Watching television for a long time will cause increase in the risk of
morbidity among school going children like eye strain, obesity, behavioral
problems and social withdrawal.

10
  Children will become knowledgable and competent concerning impact of
television watching through child to child approach.
 Gaining knowledge will help in reducing the impact of television among
school going children.

DELIMITATION

The study was delimited to,

 6 weeks only.
 60 samples only.
 Children who are studying 8th standard in private schools only.

11
 CHAPTER - II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
Review of literature is an important step in the development of the research
project and in broadening the understanding and developing an insight into the
problem area. It further helps in development of the broad conceptual context in
which the methodology, construction of tools and development of instructional
module and analysis of data are presented.
The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the best available
information regarding impact of television watching. The current information helps
in providing adequate knowledge about impact of television watching.

THE REVIEW OF LITERATURE IS ORGANISED UNDER THE

FOLLOWING HEADINGS
a) Literature related to impact of television watching among school going
children.
b) Literature related to effectiveness of child to child approach on various health
aspects.
c) Literature related to effectiveness of child to child approach regarding impact
of television watching.

I. LITERATURE RELATED TO IMPACT OF TELEVISION

WATCHING AMONG SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN
Sibsankar.(2013) conducted a research to investigate theoretically and
experimentally the effects of television on children, especially advertising. The

12
investigator identified critical impacts of advertisement that lead to attitudinal,
behavioral and lifestyle changes among school children. This study was done on
primary data. A questionnaire was prepared for getting the view of parents and their
children (5-14) years on the purchasing choices and eating habits of children. It was
mainly directed towards what kind of impact does the advertising has on the
impressionable minds and how advertisement decides their buying and eating habits.
Non Probability Sampling Technique was used and in that Convenience sampling
was done. A total of about 230 different parents were interviewed with the
questionnaire at different places of purchase at Midnapur town of west Bengal.
When asked the parents of children if their child helps them while making any
shopping decision in 58% of the cases it was found that the child used to particularly
buying clothes, food items, toys.

Ashish. (2013) conducted a cross sectional studies associating television

viewing to performance and effect of television watching on school children. The
study was systematically analysed the relationship between children’s academic
skills and television viewing. We examined the association between academic skills
of children aged 8-11 years. Relevant socio economic, demographic,
parent/household level controls were included in the multi variant analysis. The
analysis was done in two levels, first for the full sample and second for sub samples,
formed first by gender and second by economic status. Findings suggested positive
correlation between overall viewing and the reading skills of boys and the
mathematics skills of girls, but negative correlation with the writing skills of both.
The correlation of educational content with academic skills also differed by gender,
with a positive correlation with the three skills of girls but a positive correlation with

13
only the writing skills of boys. Moreover, educational content was positively
correlated with the skills of children belonging to the lowest wealth class but had no
correlation with the skills of the children belonging to the highest wealth class.

Bickham.(2014) conducted an investigative study about the relationship

between Television viewing time, content, place and way of watching. As children
who develop watching television for a prolonged time, they don’t spend time with
their peers. Thus viewing media for a long time, the children may undergo various
behavior problems that may lead their lives to threat.

Primack.(2014) conducted a cross sectional study which showed that

excessive television watching in school children may cause psychological problems.
Media watching leads to the occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
This research is prominent with evidence indicating that children with Attention
Deficit Hyper Active Disorder view more media than their friends and develop
problems in education.

Zimmerman.(2014) conducted a longitudinal study relation between television

and psychological prognosis will develop hyper active disorders, where as Acevedo
Polakovich observed no effect. Thus a increased number of care should be taken to
develop the children’s thinking process. Thus the researcher explains that children
who are too addicted in watching television are prone to get Attention Deficit Hyper
Active Disorder.

14
 Ray.(2015) conducted a survey research results which demonstrate that
Television programs watched by adolescents contains high level of drug abuse
content that includes little information about drug addiction risks and are an
important source of information about drug abuse. Almost 75% of 15 to 17 year olds
trust that pornography leads the children to certain behavior problems along with the
drug use shown on the media. These two affect the children’s attitude.

Ashby.(2016) conducted a longitudinal study data to examine the relationships

with content of media watching and familial process of viewing media for a long
period may lead to increased risk of watching porn movies. This is because there is
lack of familial rules and regulations. Peterson found that co-viewing television and
discussing television with parents were related to decreased sexual initiation in
certain adolescents.

Moreno.(2017) conducted an interventional study using social networking sites

shows promise in reducing sexual references in the online profiles of at risk
adolescents. There is need to decide how to cover a tragedy in a way that will
communicate the necessary information and minimize the detrimental effects on the
developing brains.Thus the researcher had found ways to optimize the role of media
in our society taking advantage of their positive attributes and minimizing their
negative ones.

Anuradha.(2017) conducted a study to identify the significant difference in

children’s amount of TV watching depending on the type of negative reinforcement
and consequences exercised by the parents. This study shows that parental

15
disciplinary practices significantly affected children’s academic achievement. So,
parents need to be educated about the negative effects of media, but it is not clear
how to target messages in such a way that parents will feel that they have the power
to make changes within the home. Pediatricians should encourage the development
of media literacy, but studies indicate that few primary care physicians have the time
or the inclination to address such matters in office visits because their time is limited
and they believe that their efforts in this realm would be futile.

II. LITERATURE RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF CHILD TO

CHILD APPROACH ON VARIOUS HEALTH ASPECTS

Epstein.(2018) conducted a randomized trial and found that reducing television

viewing and computer use may have an important role in preventing obesity and in
lowering BMI in young children and these changes may be related more to changes
in energy intake than to changes in physical activity. In the absence of regulations
restricting food advertising aimed at children, reduction in television viewing is a
promising approach to reducing excess energy intake.

Field.(2017) conducted a observational study that the majorty of the

preadolescent and adolescent girls in their school based study were unhappy with
their body weight and shape. This discontentment was strongly related to the
frequency of reading fashion magazines. The frequency of reading fashion
magazines was positively associated with the prevalence of haying dieted and
exercised to lose weight and to improve body shape. The results suggest that the

16
print media aimed at young girls could serve a public health role by refraining from
relying on models that are severely underweight .

Monique.(2017) conducted a study on recent review highlights consistent

associations between media and sleep in children and adolescents 5 to 17 years of
age from geograohic regions. More than 5 dozen observational studies using cross
sectional or prospective approaches have examined associations between screen
time i.e television and a variety of sleep parameters. In >90% of these studies, more
screen time was associated with delayed bed times and shorter total sleep time
among children and adolescents. Among studies of the associations between
television use and sleep timin and quality, >75% found links between television use
and insufficient sleep. In addition to that review, data from other studies demonstrate
adverse implications of screen time for sleep duration timing in developing
countries. These studies include infants in Thailand, ore school aged children in the
Netherlands, school aged children in Canada. Thus the results showed that the
children were left on overnight in the child’s bedroom was a significant predictor of
insufficient, age appropriate sleep duration.

Joseph.(2016) conducted a study in Mumbai on the utilization of child to child

concept during pulse polio immunization in 2004, among families in urban slums. In
this study 50 children in the age group of 10 to 12 years were trained on the different
aspects of pulse polio immunization. Each child was allocated 30 families to whom
they explained about pulse polio immunization and its importance prior to children
from the selected 150 families was immunized achieving a 100% response for
immunization among the children covered by child to child group.

17
 Peradurachi.(2016) conducted a study on child to child program by department
of preventive oncology in 2004, among the urban slums of Mumbai, regarding
awareness of tuberculosis. 65 students of age 10 to 12 years were used to spread the
message. One hour sessions were conducted regularly once a week for 17 weeks on
tuberculosis and its management. With the help of these school children, 54 patients
were referred to the hospital. Many of them had bronchitis, pneumonia and upper
respiratory tract infections.

Sudha. (2015) conducted a pretest – posttest study to a selected school of

Chennai to know the effectiveness of a planned health education through child to
child approach on knowledge of vitamin B12. 133 peer group members and 19 peer
leaders were choosed from 7th standard for the study. The study design was pretest
posttest design. The research showed that the child to child approach is effective,
which was found to be evident at p<0.001 level. The knowledge scores of the pre
test was 16% and after training the peer leaders to give health education to
remaining peer group members, the post test score were 54.9.

III. LITERATURE RELATED TO CHILD TO CHILD APPROACH ON

IMPACT OF TELEVISION WATCHING

Christaki.(2017) conducted a longitudinal study on child to child approach on

impact of television watching that focused children on their television habits.
Variety of standardized tests were used to measure intelligence and reading
performance. The results of this study obtained that children who watched television
for a shorter amount of time scored greater than on the tests. Trends in the study

18
showed that children who are greater achieving view television in addition to
complete school work. In contrast, students who scored low displaced school work
with viewing television. Increasing the amount of television time was also
associated with a decrease in imagination, reflection.

Stayer.(2015) conducted a survey on the results of child to child approach of

750- children in the age of 10 -16 years in USA by a nationally recognized public
opinion. The study results revealed that Television is passing children mixed number
of messages about the moral situation of the society. What children view on
Television makes them think people are mostly dishonest (49%), care more about
money than about people (54%), are selfish (46%) and talk back to their parents
(51%). On the other side, childen also report that what they view on Television
makes them think people take responsibility for their actions (54%) have good
conduct (61%). The study also says that the issues children say that Television and
movies do an average job by addressing the issues they think are more valued. The
issues children are addressed most often by entertainment Television are crime
(37%), gangs (30%) and drugs (32%), those least often addressed are education
(28%), school related problems (18%) and family problems (12%).

Webster.(2015) conducted a comparative research study on impact of television

viewing where he explains whether a increased level of Television watching will
have only negative impact on the thinking and behavior of children and how they
can be countered by using more Television in teaching. The researcher asks whether
long term passive television viewing has damaging effects on children’s cognitive
skills, language, behavior and achievement. The researcher then concludes that

19
children who spend more time viewing television tend to be less general abilities in
any case. In other forms, the longer a child habitually spends viewing television at
home, worse is her performance on measures such as reading, comprehension,
spelling.

Chaudhary.(2014) conducted a doctoral study on a survey of 100 students from

nine distributes of the Rajasthan state, India was investigated into the attitude of the
Television custodian teachers towards school Television and examined the
relationship between teachers attitude on the one hand and their job satisfaction and
mass mesia on the other hand. The results indicate an overall favourable correlation
between teacher attitude and job satisfaction and between teacher attitude and mass
media behavior. Thus one third of the sample schools were using radio and
Television as tools of teaching to know the range of impact of television viewing.

Kalra.(2014) conducted a cross sectional study on the impact of Television

watching on adolescents. The research was conducted in four colonies of Ludhiana
city in Punjab covering a sample of 150 adolescents in the age group of 13 – 19years
who had cable TV connections in their houses. The authors point out that the media
invasion has triggered off a number of unhealthy trends in the society. It has even
interfered with social mingling and family bonds. The Villian has driven guests
away and injected lethargy into the young students. Students have gone out of fear
and ocular, physical and mental health of victims have been affected.

Anisha.(2013) conducted a longitudinal study to assess the effect of impact of

television watching that creates great violence among 466 school children of Punjab.

20
In this children are exposed to aggressive and pro social television models in drama
programs. The researcher found that positive correlation were found between
aggression and television violence viewing and this relationship disappeared
completely when correlation for the starting level of aggression and intelligence
were applied.

Dharmesh. (2013) conducted a study to assess the impact of television

watching on violence on 40 school children through child to child activity. An
violent and non violent television program of minutes of duration in the English
language were the main instrument used in the main study. Half of the students 20
were selected randomly to an experimental group. A researcher found that results
supports the hypothesis that students who watch violent TV content learned violence
evidently as compared those who watched non violent Television content.

Rajesh.(2012) conducted a study to assess the impact of television viewing on

school children were he selected 100 children to check their knowledge level with a
help of self administered questionnaire. The major findings of the study includes
among 100 children, 10 (10%) had low level 57 (57%) had moderate level and 33
(33%) had high level of viewing preferences of television. Among 100 children 29
(29%) had unfavorable perception , 46 (46%) had favorable perception and 25
(25%) had highly favorable perception regarding ill effects of television. There was
no statistically significant association among the child viewng preferences of
television with demographic variables.

21
 Ganga.(2011) conducted a study on effectiveness of information, education and
communication package on knowledge regarding impact of television watching
among children. Quantitative and quasi experimental research design was used for
the study. The study was conducted in Jain Matriculation Higher secondary school
Kalinjur. The sample size was 100. Proportionate stratified sampling technique was
used to select the samples for the study. The tool used for the data collection was
structured self administered questionnaire that consisted of 30 multiple choice
questions. The results concluded that inadequate knowledge score was (<=50%),
moderately adequate knowledge (75%) and adequate knowledge (>75%). After 7
days posttest was conducted where the students took 45 minutes to complete the tool
and their cooperation was imperative

CONCLUSION
This study concludes that the children are spending time in watching more
excessively than other curricular activities. Much studies recommend that impact of
television watching through child to child approach is effective in improving the
children’s day to day activities, This review of literature helps in selecting
appropriate methodology, developing tool, analyzing data and relating the findings
from one study to another as to establish knowledge in a professional discipline.

22
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual framework is an interrelated concepts or abstractions that are

assembled together in some rational schemes by virtue of their relevance to a
common theme.

(Polit and Beck)

This study was based on the Conceptual framework of Daniel Stuffle Beam.
Daniel Stuffle Beam proposed a prescriptive theory of nursing which is described as
a conceiving of a desired situation of the way to attain it.This framework consists of
the following main concepts:

CONTEXT EVALUATION:
The context evaluation assess needs, problems, assets and opportunities to help
decision makers define goals and priorities and help the broader group of users to
judge goals, priorities and outcomes.

INPUT EVALUATION:
Input evaluation assesses the alternative approaches among competing plans to
meet targeted needs and achieving goals. In this study, the input evaluation refers to,
Development of tools to assess the knowledge regarding impact of television
watching before and after the child to child approach and establishment of content
validity and reliability of the tools.

23
 1. Development of planned health teaching program and preparation of power
point presentation.
2. Selecting the change agents.
3. Health education to change agents through power point presentation
regarding impact of television watching.

PROCESS EVALUATION:
Process evaluation assess the implementation of plans to help the investigator
to carryout activities and later help the broad group of use judge program
performance and interpret outcomes.
In this study the process evaluation refers to,
Selection of samples
Pre test assessment of knowledge by structured knowledge questionnaire.
Health education regarding impact of television watching by change agents.
Post test assessment of knowledge.

PRODUCT EVALUATION:
The product evaluation identifies and assess outcomes of short term and long
term both intended and unintended, which helps the investigator keep an enterprise
focused on achieving important outcomes and ultimately to help the broader groups
in meeting targeted needs. In this present study product evaluation refers to
effectiveness of child to child program which was proved by comparing pre test and
post test assessment of knowledge regarding impact of television watching.

24
 Context Input evaluation Process Product
evaluation evaluation evaluation

Selection of tools 60 samples

DEMOGRAPHIC
VARIABLES
Development of Pretest Child to child
Age, sex, birth
planned teaching approach was
order type of
program Health education to
family, occupation, effective to
area of living, the change agents improve the
income Selecting change by power point knowledge
agents presentation
regarding
STUDY SETTING impact of
Posttest
Care international Health education television
school, RC to change agents watching
Health education
matriculation school through power
to the change
Trichy. point presentation
agents by power
point presentation

Figure:1 Conceptual Frame work based on Modified Daniel L.Stuffle Beam’s Health Model

25
 CHAPTER – III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Methodology of research refers to the investigations of the ways of obtaining,

organizing and analyzing data. Methodological studies address the development
validation and evaluation of research tool or methods.

Polit and Beck (2008)

The chapter deals with research approach, research design, setting population,
sample size, sampling technique, criteria for sample selection, development and
description of the tool, validity and reliability, pilot study, data collection procedure,
data analysis and protection of human rights.

RESEARCH APPROACH
A Quantitative evaluative approach was used for this study.

RESEARCH DESIGN
The design used for this study was quasi-experimental non-equivalent control
group pre-test post-test design.
E - O1 X O2
C - O3 O4

E - Experimental group.

26
 01 - Pre test level of knowledge in experimental group..

Health education on impact of television watching through child to

X -
child approach using change agent.

02 - Post test level of knowledge in experimental group.

C - Control group.

03 - Pretest assessment of knowledge in control group.

04 - Post test level of knowledge in control group.

SETTING OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted in Care International school, Thayanur, Trichy

which was situated 20 kilometers away from Dr.G. Sakunthala College of Nursing.
It has total strength of 40 students in 8th standard. The school has adequate lighting
and well ventilated classrooms, clean environment, toilets and play ground facility.
The investigator has taken 30 students as experimental group study samples.

In control group, the study was conducted in RC Matriculation higher

secondary school, Woraiyur Trichy which was situated 7 kilometers from
Dr.G.Sakunthala College of Nursing. It has total strength of 35 students in 8th
standard. The school has adequate lighting and well ventilated classrooms, clean
environment and toilet and playground facility. The investigator has taken 30
students as control group study samples.

27
POPULATION
The target population consisted of 8th standard school going children

SAMPLE
The sample of the study consisted of school children who were studying in
the 8th standard Care International School, Thayanur and RC Matriculation School,
Trichy.

SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size is 60 school children of 8th standard. 30 students in the
experimental group and 30 in control group.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Non probability convenience sampling technique was used for selection of
samples.

CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION

INCLUSION CRITERIA

1. School going children who were studying in the 8th standard from selected
school.
2. School going children who were present during data collection.
3. Change agents were the first six top scorers of the selected section as per the
teacher‟s opinion.

28
 4. Peer group where the students are available in the selected section, other than
change agent.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA
1. Children who were absent during data collection.
2. Children who were sick during data collection.

RESEARCH TOOL AND TECHNIQUE

In this study, self administered knowledge questionnaire were used to assess

the knowledge of school children through child to child approach regarding impact
of television watching among 8th standard students in Care International schools,
Trichy.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL

The tool used for this study consisted of 2 parts.

PART – 1

It consisted of demographic variables of school children

PART – 2

It consisted of 26 self administered questionnaire regarding impact of

television watching.

29
SCORING PROCEDURE

The possible vital scores for multiple choice questions on the knowledge
related score of 26. A score of „1‟ mark will be given for every correct answer and
„0‟ for the wrong answer.

Level of knowledge Score

Adequate knowledge 76-100%

Moderately adequate knowledge 51-75%

Inadequate knowledge 0-50%

TESTING OF THE TOOL

VALIDITY

The tool was evaluated by 5 experts who were requested to give their valuable
suggestion about the content areas relevant, clarity and appropriateness of items.

RELIABILITY

The reliability of the tool was established by assessing the quality and adequacy
of the tool using split half method. The reliability of the knowledge questionnaire
was r=0.7. Hence the tool was highly reliable.

30
PILOT STUDY

After obtaining the formal permission from the head masters of the respective
schools, the pilot study was carried out with 10 school children (5-experimental, 5-
control) from 15.2.2019 to 2.3.2019.The investigator had taken Kalaivani Middle
School for control group and St.John‟s Vestry Anglo Indian Higher Secondary
School for experimental group. The pilot study was designed to find out the
feasibility of the tool and practicability of the study, there was no modification done
in the study and the pilot study samples are excluded in main study. The data
collection was amenable to statistical analysis and thus the study was found to be
feasible.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The data collection was held from 3.04.2019 to 15.05.2019. Before starting
the study the investigator will obtain formal permission from the Principal, Head of
the Department of Child Health Nursing and Research Committee members of the
Dr.G.Sakunthala College of Nursing. The investigator obtained formal permission
from headmistress of Care International School to conduct the study for
experimental group and RC Matriculation School for control group. After obtaining
permission, 60 samples was selected with non probability convenience sampling
technique. A Quasi experimental pretest post test control group design was used.
The timing of data collection was from 9.00am to 5.00pm. The researcher identified
the sample depending on the availability and based on inclusion criteria.

In this study, it refers to the process of providing health education to the 8 th

standard students through the change agents to impart knowledge regarding impact
of television. Change agents will be first six topers of the selected section as per

31
teacher‟s opinion. The change agents will be trained for the initiation of child to
child approach program. Three days after training, post test will be given to the
change agents to assess whether they have acquired adequate knowledge. Re –
training will be given in case of inadequate knowledge observed in change agents by
convenience method for the initiation of program. Then, the knowledge on impact of
television will be imparted through the change agents through their peer group in
three sessions. Each teaching session lasts for 30 minutes and discussion for 10
minutes. There were 5 students for each change agent. Pretest and posttest level of
knowledge was assessed for both control and experimental group.

DATA ANALYSIS PLAN

The collected data would be arranged and tabulated to represent the finding
of the study. Both descriptive and inferential statistics would be used. All the
analysis was done by SPSS 23rd version.

1. Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to demographic

variables.
2. Comparison between pretest and post test scores of knowledge among school
going children in experimental and control group using paired “t” test.
3. Effectiveness of child to child approach on knowledge regarding impact of
television watching between experimental and control group using
independent “t” test.
4. Association between the pretest level of knowledge and selected
demographic variables among experimental and control group of school
going children using chi square test.

32
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

The research proposal was approved by the ethical committee of the

institution. Prior to the pilot study, permission was obtained from the Principal and
the head of the Pediatric department and the investigator obtained formal permission
from the head master of the respective schools to conduct the study. Oral consent
was obtained from each participant‟s of the study before starting the data collection.
Assurance was given to the subject that confidentiality of each individual will be
maintained. The students were informed that they were free to withdraw from study
at any time. The purpose of the study was explained to the selected school teachers.

33
 CHAPTER – IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the description of the sample, analysis and interpretation of

data to assess the effectiveness of child to child approach on impact of television

watching among school children. The obtained data have been classified, grouped and

analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics based on the objectives of the study.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the pretest level of knowledge regarding impact of television watching

among school going children in control group and experimental group.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of child to child approach on knowledge regarding

impact of television watching among school going children in experimental group.

3. To compare the mean posttest level of knowledge regarding impact of television

watching among school going children in control and experimental group.

4. To determine the association between selected demographic variables with pretest

scores regarding impact of television watching among school going children in

control group.

5. To determine the association between selected demographic variables with pretest

scores regarding impact of television watching among school going children in

experimental group..

34
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS

The analysis of data has been organized and presented under the following headings:

SECTION-I : Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according

to their demographic variables.

SECTION-II : Percentage distribution of knowledge scores of school going

children in control group and experimental group.

SECTION-III : Comparison of mean scores between pretest and posttest level of

knowledge in control group and experimental group.

SECTION-IV : Comparison of mean posttest level of knowledge in control

group and experimental group.

SECTION-V : Association between selected demographic variables with pretest

level of knowledge in control group using chi-square test.

SECTION-VI : Association between selected demographic variables with pretest

level of knowledge in experimental group using chi-square test.

35
 SECTION – I

This section deals with demographic variables of the samples.

Table-1

Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to the demographic

variables.

(N=60)

Control group Experimental group

S.No Demographic Variables
(n=30) (n=30)

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

(n) (%) (n) (%)

1. Age (in years)

a. 12 10 33.33 13 43.33

b. 13 20 66.66 17 56.66

2. Gender

a. Male 16 53.3 18 60

b. Female 14 46.6 12 40

3. Type of family

a. Nuclear 21 70 20 66.6

b. Joint 9 30 10 33.3

36
4. Income

a. Below 10,000 6 20 22 73.3

b. 10,000-20,000 6 20 7 23.3

c. Above 20,000 18 60 1 3.33

5. Birth order

a. First 20 66.6 17 56.6

b. Second 8 26.6 13 43.3

c. Third 2 6.66 0 0

d. Above third 0 0 0 0

6. Place of living

a. Urban 19 63.3 27 90

b. Rural 11 36.6 3 10

7. Occupation

a. Government 21 70 13 43.3

b. Private 9 30 17 56.6

37
Table –I shows the frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables.

Majority of the samples were 12 years of age 20(66.6%) in the control group
and 17(56.6%) in experimental group belong to age of 13 years.

Majority of the samples were males 16(53.3%) in the control group and 18(60%)
samples were males in the experimental group.

Majority of the samples were nuclear type of family 21(70%) in the control group
and experimental group 20(66.6%).

Majority of the samples were above 20000 of salary 18(60%) in control group and
22(73.3%) in experimental group.

Majority of the samples were first birth order 20(66.6%) in the control group and
17(56.6%) in the experimental group.

Majority of the samples were living in urban 19(63.3%) in the control group and
27(90%) in the experimental group.

Majority of the parents were working in government sector 21(70%) in the

control group and 17(56.6 %) were working in private sector in the experimental group.

38
 SECTION-II

This section deals with the level of knowledge regarding impact of television
watching in experimental group and control group.

80
73.33 73.33

70 66.66

60

50
50
Percentage

40 36.66 Adequate
Moderately adequate
Inadequate
30

20 20 20
20
13.33 13.33

10 6.66 6.66

0
Experimental Experimental Control Control
group Pre group Post group pre group post
test test test test

Figure-2 Percentage distributions on level of knowledge regarding impact of television

watching in experimental group and control group.

39
 SECTION-III

This section deals with the comparison of mean scores between pretest and posttest
level of knowledge among control group and experimental group.

Table-2

Comparison of mean scores between pretest and posttest level of knowledge in

control group and experimental group.

Pretest Posttest Mean Paired’t’

Difference test
Groups
Mean SD Mean SD

11.63 4.10 11.50 4.117 0.295 1.682

Control group level of

Knowledge

Experimental group 12.87 5.47 19.23 5.475 5.213 11.284**

level of Knowledge

*p<0.05

Table 2 shows the comparison of mean scores between pretest and posttest level of
knowledge in experimental group. The mean posttest level of knowledge (19.23) was
higher than the pretest mean (12.87) with the standard deviation (5.47) and obtained
‘t’value (t=11.284) was significant at p>0.05 level. So the hypothesis1 (H1) was
accepted.

40
 SECTION- IV

This section deals with posttest level knowledge scores between control group and
experimental group.

Table-3

Comparison of mean posttest level of knowledge scores between control group

and experimental group.

Sample Posttest Posttest Mean Independent

Mean SD Difference ‘t’ test
Group

30 21.03 4.87

Control group level 9.90 8.499**

of Knowledge

Experimental group 30 11.13 4.11

level of Knowledge

**p<0.05

Table -4 shows that comparison of mean scores of the experimental group

(21.033) and standard deviation was (4.87).The difference between the level of
knowledge in the experimental group and control group is significant (t=8.499**) at
p<0.05 level. So the hypothesis 2(H2) was accepted.

41
 SECTION - V
This section deals with the association between selected demographic variables with
pretest level of knowledge in control group.
Table-4
Association between pretest level of knowledge scores with selected demographic
variables in control group.
(N=30)

S.No Control group

Demographic Chi-square
Moderately
Variables Adequate Inadequate
Adequate

1. Age (in years)

a. 12 1 4 8
0.814
b. 13 1 3 13

2. Gender

a. Male 0 4 14
3.232
b. Female 2 2 8

3. Type of family

a. Nuclear 2 5 13
2.318
b. Joint 0 1 9

42
 4. Income

a. Below 10,000 1 5 16

b. 10,000-20,000 1 1 5 1.322

c. Above 20,000 0 0 1

5. Birth order

a. First 2 2 13

b. Second 0 4 9
2.912
c. Third 0 0 0

d. Above third 0 0 0

6. Place of living

a. Urban 1 6 20
4.242
b. Rural 1 0 2

7. Occupation

a. Government 2 4 7
5.134
b. Private 0 2 15

**p<0.05

43
 Table-4 shows the association between selected demographic variables with
pretest level of knowledge. The calculated chi-squares value were less than the table
value which implies that there was no association between selected demographic
variables with the pre test level of knowledge in control group. so the hypothesis 3 (H3)
was rejected.

44
 SECTION VI

This section deals with the association between selected demographic variables with
pretest level of knowledge in experimental group.

Table-4

Association between pretest level of knowledge scores with selected demographic

variables in experimental group.

(N=30)

S.No Experimental group

Demographic Chi-square
Moderately
Variables Adequate Inadequate
Adequate

1. Age (in years)

a. 12 4 5 1
13.527**
b. 13 0 6 14

2. Gender

a. Male 1 4 11
3.532
b. Female 3 6 5

3. Type of family

a. Nuclear 2 10 9
1.995
b. Joint 2 2 5

45
 4. Income

a. Below 10,000 0 5 1

b. 10,000-20,000 0 1 5 9.939

c. Above 20,000 4 5 9

5. Birth order

a. First 4 6 10

b. Second 0 5 3
5.682
c. Third 0 0 2

d.Above third 4 11 1

6. Place of living

a. Urban 4 4 11
6.407
b. Rural 0 7 4

7. Occupation

a. Government 2 10 9
3.766
b. Private 2 1 6

**p<0.005

46
 Table-4 shows the association between selected demographic variables with the
pretest level of knowledge. The calculated chi-square value implies that there was no
significant association between selected demographic variables only for age with the
pretest level of knowledge in experimental group. Hence the hypothesis 4(H4) was
accepted..

47
 CHAPTER-V

DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with findings of the study. The study was done to
evaluate the effectiveness of child to child approach on knowledge regarding impact
of television watching among school going children at selected schools, Trichy.

A Quasi – experimental non equivalent pre and posttest control group

design was used to conduct the study. The level of knowledge was assessed by using
structured questionnaire in control and experimental group. Non probability
convenient sampling technique was used.

The study sample consisted of 60 school children, (30 control group and 30
experimental group) studying in 8th standard. Using the above tool, data were
collected and analyzed, the study findings revealed the following.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of child to child
approach on knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school
children in selected schools at Trichy.

Majority of the samples were 12 years of age 17(56.66%) in the experimental

group and 20(66.6%) in control group belong to age of 13 years.

Majority of the samples were males 16(53.3%) in the control group and
18(60%) samples were males in the experimental group.

Majority of the samples were nuclear type of family 21(70%) in the control
group and experimental group 20(66.6%).

48
 Majority of the samples were above 20,000 of salary 18(60%) in control
group and 22(73.3%) in experimental group.

Majority of the samples were first birth order 20(66.6%) in the control group
and 17(56.6%) in the experimental group.

Majority of the samples were living in urban 19(63.3%) in the control group
and 27(90%) in the experimental group.

Majority of the parents were working in government sector 21(70%) in the

control group and 17(56.6%) were working in private sector in the experimental
group.

The first objective of the study was to evaluate the existing level of
knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school children in
control and experimental group

The results of this study showed that in control group 2 (6.66%) of the children
had adequate knowledge, 6 (20%) had moderate knowledge, 22(73.3%) had
inadequate knowledge. In experimental group 4 (13.3%) had adequate knowledge,
11 (36.6%) had moderately adequate knowledge, 15 (50%) had inadequate
knowledge. The study was supported by Sibsankar.(2013).

The second objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of child to
child approach on knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school
going children in experimental and control group.

The findings of the study showed that in experimental group mean post test
level of knowledge (19.23) was higher than the mean pretest level of knowledge

49
with the standard deviation(5.47) and the obtained ‘t’ value (t=11.284)was
significant at p< 0.05. The study findings was supported by Ashish.(2014), so the
hypothesis1(H1) was accepted..

The third objective of the study was to compare the posttest level of
knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school going children in
experimental and control group.

The result of the study showed that the post test level of knowledge mean
score was(11.133)in experimental group , which was lower than control group post
test mean score (21.033) with standard deviation (4.87) and obtained ‘t’ value
(t=9.900)was significant at p<0.05 level The study findings was supported by
.Bickam.(2014). So the hypothesis 2(H2) was accepted

The fourth objective of the study was to determine the association between
selected demographic variables with pretest level of impact of television watching in
control group.

The calculated chi-square value revealed that there was no significant

association between demographic variables. These findings were contradicted by
Primack.(2014). So the third hypothesis (H3) was accepted.

The fifth objective was to determine the association between selected

demographic variables with pretest level of impact of television watching in
experimental group.

The calculated chi-square value revealed that there was no significant

association between selected demographic variables except age of the samples.
These findings were contradicted by Zimmerman. (2014). So hypothesis 4 (H4) was
accepted.

50
 CHAPTER-VI

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study, conclusion, implications, in

different areas like nursing practice, nursing education, nursing research, nursing
administration, limitations and recommendation for the further study.

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

A Quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of child to child

approach on knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school
going children in selected schools at Trichy.

THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES WERE SET FOR THE STUDY:

1. To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding impact of television

watching among school going children in control and experimental group.
2. To assess the effectiveness of child to child approach on knowledge
regarding impact of television watching among school going children in
experimental group.
3. To compare the mean posttest level of knowledge regarding impact of
television watching among school going children between control and
experimental group.

51
 4. To determine the association between selected demographic variables with
pre test level of knowledge regarding impact of television watching among
school going children in control group.
5. To determine the association between selected demographic variables with
pre test level of knowledge regarding impact of television watching among
school going children in experimental group.

The conceptual model of the study was based on Daniel Stuffle Beam’s
health belief model. The study was conducted by using quasi experimental non-
equivalent control group pre-test post – test design. Non probability convenient
sampling techniques were used to select the samples. The sample size used for the
study was 60 students at selected schools of 30 in control group and 30 in
experimental group. The instruments used for data collection was self administered
questionnaire regarding impact of television watching.

The data was analyzed and interpreted in terms of objectives and research
hypothesis. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard
deviation) and inferential statistics (paired t – test, independent t – test and chi –
square) were used to test the research hypothesis.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

1. Majority of the samples were 12 years of age 17(56.66%) in the control

group and 20(66.6%) in experimental group belong to age of 13 years.
2. Majority of the samples were males 16(53.3% ) in the experimental group
and 18(60%) samples were males in the control group .

52
3. Majority of the samples were nuclear type of family 21(70%) in the
experimental group and control group 20(66.6%).
4. Majority of the samples were above 20000 of salary 18(60%) in experimental
group and 22(73.3%) in control group.
5. Majority of the samples were first birth order 20(66.6%) in the experimental
group and 17(56.6%) in the control group.
6. Majority of the samples were living in urban 19(63.3%) in the experimental
group and 27(90%) in the control group.
7. Majority of the parents were working in government sector 21(70%) in the
experimental group and 17(56.6%%)were working in private sector in the
control group
8. The result of the study showed that the experimental group mean post test
level of knowledge was higher than the mean pretest level of knowledge in
experimental group and the obtained ‘t’ value (t=11.284) was higher than the
table value and significant at p< 0.05level.
9. The findings of the study showed that the mean post test level of knowledge
in experimental group , was higher than the mean post test score in control
group, and obtained ‘t’ value (t=1.682)was higher than the table value and
significant at p<0.05 level.
10. There was no significant association between selected demographic variables
with the pre test level of knowledge in control group.
11. There was no significant association between selected demographic variables
with the pre test level of knowledge in experimental group .

53
CONCLUSION

The study brought out the following conclusions that child to child program
was effective increasing knowledge regarding impact of television watching among
school going children.

The school health nurses can include child to child program in their routine
activity to improve the knowledge among school going children.

IMPLICATIONS

The findings of this study have several implications on nursing practice,

nursing education, nursing research, and nursing administration.

NURSING PRACTICE

The health professionals including nurses and health care practitioners are
able to make significant contributions to promote knowledge, attitude and practice
among school children regarding impact of television watching. The health team
members reveal that the importance of formulating and implementing various
teaching program regarding impact of television watching.

The nursing students should be taught about the importance of child to child
program during hospitalization of children.

The school health nurses have a major role in assessing and providing
necessary action among school children to maintain their physical health and excel
in academic performance by minimizing the impact of media. Community health

54
nurses also can educate the school children in the community regarding impact of
television watching.

NURSING EDUCATION

The practical knowledge of the nurse depends upon the education they
receive. So the nursing students should prepare the nurse to realize their
responsibility as nurse educator has to render health services in various settings.

The student nurse must be prepared to use the technology in providing

effective health education regarding impact of television watching. The present
study would help nursing students to understand the advantages and importance of
child to child approach which is more effective in imparting knowledge among
school children.

Students should be given experience to practice child to child approach by the

educator institution. Curriculum should integrate this type of activity in all areas of
nursing. Nursing should emphasize more innovative methods of teaching through
vried approaches of health education.

NURSING ADMINISTRATION

Nurse administrator can facilitate the community health program to be

focused on the identification and management of impact of television watching
among school children.

Mass health education can be planned to impart appropriate knowledge to

school children regarding impact of television watching.

55
 Nurse administrator should also plan to conduct the educational program by
means of child to child approach on various health aspects among school children
periodically.

NURSING RESEARCH

The findings of the study can be utilized by a nursing researcher in future to

extensive studies to identify and assess the knowledge, attitude and practices
regarding impact of television watching. Health related studies need to be
concentrated for behaviour modification of children by developing unique health
education program.

LIMITATION

1. The limitation of this study is generalization of the findings that cannot be

done to convenience sampling method.
2. There was no control on extraneous variables like sources of information
after pre test.

RECOMMENDATION

On the basis of study findings, the following recommendations were given.

1. A quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of child to child

approach on knowledge regarding impact of television can be conducted in
large group in various settings.

56
2. A true experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of Information
education and communication package on knowledge regarding impact of
television watching among school going children can be conducted.
3. A comparative study can be conducted to find out similarities and differences
in knowledge between urban and rural school going children.
4. The study can be conducted among general population.

57
 REFERENCES

Anisha.(2013) Mitigating the harmful effects of violent television, Journal of applied

developmental psychology.

Anuradha.(2017) Effects of repeated exposures to a single episode of the television

programme on the viewing behaviors of preschool children, Journal of
educational psychology.

Ashby.(2016) Television viewing, educational quality of the home environment and

school readiness. The Journal of Educational Research.

Ashish Singh.(2013) Conducted a cross sectional study associating television

watching.

Bickam.(2014) Violence on television, 2nd edition publications, New York.

Chaudhary(2014) Conducted a cross sectional study on different factors associated

with TV watching on vision in school children in Government senior
secondary schools in, Hyderabad.

Christaki.(2017) Conducted a longitudinal study on child to child approach on

impact of television watching.

Dharmesh.(2013) The popular media as educators and socializes of growing

children, Indian Journal of Pediatrics

Epstein.(2018) Conducted a randomized trial on television viewing. American

journal of publications.

58
Field.2017) Conducted a observational study about the obesity among adolescent
children due to television watching. in,Maharashtra.

Ganga.(2011) Conducted a study on impact of media on children and adolescents to

review the literature in, Haryana.

Joseph.(2016) conducted a study in Mumbai on the utilization of child to child

approach.

Kalra.(2014) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of child to child

approach on knowledge regarding behavioural problems due to television
watching

Marshal.S.J.(2013) Conducted a meta analysis study on relationship between

media use, body fatness and physical activity in children in, Manipur.

Monique.,(2017) Conducted a study on recent views and associations between

media and sleep in children. in rural Thailand.

Moreno.(2017) Conducted a interventional study to evaluate the effectiveness of

child to child approach on ill effects of television watching in, Bangalore.

Peradurachi.(2016) Conducted a study on child to child approach program by

department of preventive oncology.Mumbai.

Primack.(2014) Conducted a study on excessive TV viewing,New Delhi.

Rajesh.(2012) Effects of television watching on children, Indian Journal of

Pediatrics.

59
Ray Jat(2015) Conducted a survey research among adolescents.

Sibsankar Mal.(2013) Conducted a research to investigate theoretically and

experimentally the effects of television.in Bangalore.

Stayer.(2015) Television advertising processing message among urban children,

British Journal of Pediatrics.

Sudha.(2015) Conducted a survey study on television viewing and dietary intake

in,Chandigarh.

Webster.(2015) Conducted a study on the effects of television viewing on a child’s

eating habits at, Jaipur.

Weigman.(2015) Effects of television viewing on aggressive and prosocial

behavior,British journal of social psychology.

Zimmerman.(2014) Conducted a longitudinal study relation between television and

cognitive outcomes.

Blousea. R.(2013) “Discussed about the children’s distraction regarding

television among school children” – American Journal of

pediatrics.

Diet.(2013) “Mitigating the central roles of children about impact of

children”.

Kondo.(2010) “Influencing the harmful effects of television among school

children”. American Journal of Pediatrics.

60
Sarthar.(2016) “Television serves as an audio visual aid for students”.

Collins.(2017) “Influencing the merits and demerits of children”.

Sheela.(2017) “Current survey between relationship of watching violent

television programmes and increase in violent behaviour”.

Cacion.(2012) “Television acts as a powerful teaching role” American

Journal of pediatrics.

Viana.(2012) “Systemic review a negative effects of television watching on

children”.

Charles.(2016) “School children watching television for prolonged time”.

John.(2016) “Excessive watching of television affects the child is brain

development”. American Journal of pediatrics.

Hannah.(2012), “Amount of guns used on television provides a bad

environment” American Journal of Pediatrics.

Clara.(2012), “Television viewing habits of children”.

Joley.(2016) “Recent studies about the current literature”.

Kilson.(2017), “Advertisements targeting adolescents”.

Walter.(2018), “High prevalence rate of impact of television watching”.

Jabez.(2018) “American School Children Watching television for

prolonged time”. American Journal of pediatrics.

61
Michigan.(2016) “Positive side of television watching”.

Jane.(2014) “Television channels dedicated to create educational and

informative content for children”. Indian Journal of pediatrics.

Johnson.(2017) “Television acts as a primary source of entertainment”.

www.wikipedia.com

www.medscape.com

www.pubmed.com

62
 APPENDIX – A
(a) LETTER REQUESTING FOR VALIDATION
From:
Ms . Shalom Rebecca
II yr.MSc (N)
DR.G. Sakunthala College of Nursing,
Keela street, Murungapettai
Trichy-21
To:

Respected Madam,

Sub: Letter requesting opinion and suggestions from experts for establishing
the content validity of the tool.

I am a MSc., nursing student of DR.G. Sakunthala College of nursing,

Trichy. As a part of my course, I am doing a study on the topic mentioned below.

A Quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of child to child

approach on knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school
going children in selected schools at Trichy 2018- 2019.

May I request you to give your valuable suggestions regarding the

appropriateness of the tool.

Thank you in anticipation

Yours faithfully,

Shalom Rebeccah
 APPENDIX-A
(d) REQUISITION LETTER TO MEDICAL GUIDE
From:
Ms.Shalom Rebeccah
II yr. MSc (N)
DR.G. Sakunthala College of Nursing,
Keela Street, Murungapettai,
Trichy-21.
To
Dr.T.R.R.KRISHNAN.MBBS.,M.D.,(Pediatric) Dip.in Allergy & Asthma
(CMC Vellore & AAAAI, USA)
Dr.G.Viswanathan Speciality Hospitals,
Trichy.
Respected sir,

Sub: Requesting Permission for the guidance to conduct the study

I am a MSc, nursing student of DR.G. Sakunthala College of nursing,
Trichy. I would like to conduct a study as a part of partial fulfillment for the degree
of Masters in Nursing. The statement of the problem is “A Quasi experimental study
to assess the effectiveness of child to child approach on knowledge regarding impact
of television watching among school going children in selected schools at Trichy.”
I humbly request you to give me guidance and suggestions for conducting
study.
Thanking you in anticipation

Yours sincerely,

SHALOM REBECCAH
 APPENDIX-A

(b) LETTER SEEKING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE RESEARCH STUDY

From

The principal
Dr.G.Sakunthala College of Nursing,
Trichy-5
To
The Headmistress
Care International School,
Trichy
Respected Madam,

Sub: Letter requesting permission to conduct research study Reg.

This is to introduce Ms.Shalom Rebeccah M.Sc ., Nursing student II year of

Dr.G.Sakunthala College of Nursing ,Trichy. She is to conduct a research project
which is to be submitted to Dr.MGR Medical University, Chennai, as partial
fulfillment of university requirement for the award of Master Degree of nursing.
TOPIC: A quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of child to child
approach on knowledge regarding impact of television among school going children
in selected schools at Trichy.

The Student is interested in conducting her study among school children

regarding impact of television watching, I shall be obliged if you kindly grant
permission for conducting this study in your esteemed hospital

Thanking You.

Yours sincerely,

(PRINCIPAL)
 APPENDIX-A
(c) LETTER SEEKING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE RESEARCH STUDY
From
The Principal
Dr.G.Sakunthala College of Nursing,
Keela street, Murungapettai,
Trichy-21.
To
The Headmistress
RC Matriculation School,
Woraiyur,
Trichy-3
Respected Madam,
Sub: Requesting permission for the guidance to conduct the study
This is to introduce Miss.Shalom Rebeccah, M.Sc Nursing II Year student of
Dr.G.Sakunthala college of Nursing, Trichy. She is to conduct a research project
which is submitted to the Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, as
partial fulfillment of university requirement for the award of Master Degree in
nursing. Her topic,
“A quasi experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of child to child
approach on knowledge regarding impact of television watching among school
going children in selected schools at Trichy 2018 – 2019
The student is interested in conducting her study among school children
regarding impact of television watching in Private schools. I shall be obliged if you
kindly grant permission for conducting study in your esteemed institution.
Thanking you,
Yours sincerely,
(PRINCIPAL)
 APPENDIX B
LIST OF EXPERTS CONSULTED FOR THE CONTENT VALIDITY OF
RESEARCH TOOL

Mrs.M.Vani Chitra Devi, M.sc(N),

Vice Principal,
KarpagaVinayaga college of nursing,
Pudukkotai.

Mrs. Manimehalai,M.sc(n),
Principal,
PPG Institute of Allied Health Science,
Coimbatore.

Ass.prof. Mrs. Mary Minolin,M.sc(n),

Saveetha College Of Nursing,
Thandalam,
Chennai.

Prof.Mr.Venkatesh, M.sc(n),
Vinayaga Mission Medical College,
Salem

Prof.Mrs.Vimala,M.sc(n),
Thanthai Rover College of Nursing,
Perambalur.
 APPENDIX – C

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT (ENGLISH)

QUESTIONNAIRE ON IMPACT OF TELEVISION WATCHING

INTRODUCTION

Good morning, I am Shalom Rebeccah II year M.Sc (N) student of

Dr,G,Sakunthala college of Nursing. I will ask few questions regarding impact of
television watching, This is only for educational purpose, The confidentiality was
strictly maintained, Interview schedule was to assess the knowledge of students
regarding impact of television watching.

PART – I

Instruction

Please read the questions carefully and put a tick mark ( ) and indicate the
response that you chose against the space provided.

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

1. AGE
a) 12 years
b) 13 years
2. SEX:
a) Male
b) Female
3. TYPE OF FAMILY:
a) Nuclear
b) Joint
4. FAMILY INCOME PER MONTH:
a) < 10,000
b) 10,000-20,000
c) >20,000
5. BIRTH ORDER OF THE CHILD:
a) First
b) Second
c) Third
d) Above third
6. PLACE OF LIVING:
a) Urban
b) Rural
7. OCCUPATION OF THE PARENTS:
a) Government
b) Private
 STRUCTURED KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE ON IMPACT OF
TELEVISION WATCHING:

HEALTHY PRACTICES OF IMPACT OF TELEVISION WATCHING:

1. What do you mean by television?

a) Electrical equipment ( )

b) toys ( )

c) musical instrument ( )

2. What is the effective way to spend time in the evening?

a) watching television ( )

b) outdoor games ( )

c) playing computer games ( )

3. How many hours children can watch television per day?

a) Below 1 hour ( )

b) 1-2 hours ( )

c) Above 2 hours ( )
4. Where should be the TV situated in home?

a) hall ( )

b) dining hall ( )

c) bedroom ( )

5. What should be the distance between the television set and the usual
place of watching television?

a) below 5.1 feet ( )

b) 5.1 feet – 8.4 feet ( )

c) above 8.4 feet ( )

6. What is the appropriate point while watching TV?

a) lateral point ( )

b) central point ( )

c) diagonal point ( )

7. What is the appropriate eye level to be maintained while watching TV?

a) Straight to eye level ( )

b) Below eye level ( )

c) Above eye level ( )

8. Which is position will be maintained during TV watching?

a) sitting ( )

b) lying down ( )

c) half lying ( )

9. What type of lighting is needed while watching TV?

a) dim light ( )

b) bright light ( )

c) dark ( )

10. Which time of a day children should not watch TV?

a) late night ( )

b) morning ( )

c) evening ( )

IMPACT OF WATCHING TELEVISION:

11. How does TV watching affect the eye sight?

a) It slowly lowers the eye sight ( )

b) It gradually improves the eye sight ( )

c) It keeps the eye sight as usual ( )

12. What is the physiological effect of prolonged television watching?

a) aggression ( )

b) diarrhea ( )

c) excessive amount of eye strain ( )

13. What is the effect of listening to loud noises during TV watching?

a) eye strain ( )

b) hearing impairment ( )

c) improves activity ( )

14. How does TV watching influence the sleeping pattern?

a) it helps to sleep regularly ( )

b) it makes the child to be fresh and active ( )

c) it leads to disturbed sleep pattern ( )

15. How does TV watching affects academic performance in school?

a) poor performance in the school ( )

b) creates a pattern of disinterest in studies ( )

c) all the above ( )

16. How does TV watching affects the development of children?

a) It allows children to make responsibilities ( )

b) it allows children to be careless ( )

c) it makes children to do day to day activities ( )

17. How does TV watching affect the behavior in school?

a) causes violence in the class ( )

b) makes the children to become more discipline ( )

c) only (a) ( )

18. How TV watching affects memory?

a) improves intelligence ( )

b) improves memory power ( )

c) reduces memory capacity ( )

19. What is the effect of TV watching on weight?

a) weight gain ( )

b) reduces weight ( )

c) does not affect weight ( )

20. How does TV watching produces obesity?

a) only eating, sleeping and no activity ( )

b) being active, regular eating and not sleeping ( )

c) sitting, poor eating and not sleeping ( )

21. How does TV watching affect the family relationship?

a) doesn’t affect parent child relationship ( )

b) causes impaired family process ( )

c) causes improved family process ( )

22. What is the effect of watching TV in eating habits?

a) over eating ( )

b) poor eating ( )

c) having a balanced diet ( )

23. What will be the effect of prolonged TV watching on spending time?

a) wastes time ( )

b) affects little time ( )

c) good utilization of time ( )

24. How does TV watching influence communication among family
members?

a) poor communication ( )

b) have good interpersonal relationship ( )

c) none of the above ( )

25. How TV watching leads to heart problems?

a) Too much eating and not doing exercise ( )

b) poor eating and too much sleep causes impaired heart function ( )

c) regular eating and regular sleeping does not affect heart function ( )

26 What are the malpractices that arise due to continuous TV watching

a) Stealing, school bunking, imitation

( )

b) Viokence, talking bad words

( )

c) all the above

( )
 APPENDIX- D
SCORING KEY
ITEM SCORE 1 – KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE

ITEM A B C
1 1 0 0
2 0 0 1
3 0 1 0
4 1 0 0
5 0 1 0
6 1 0 0
7 1 0 0
8 1 0 0
9 0 1 0
10 1 0 0
11 1 0 0
12 1 0 0
13 0 1 0
14 0 0 1
15 0 0 1
16 0 1 0
17 0 0 1
18 0 0 1
19 0 1 0
20 1 0 0
21 0 1 0
22 1 0 0
23 1 0 0
24 1 0 0
25 1 0 0
26 0 0 1
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 APPENDIX – E
CHILD – CHILD APPROACH (ENGLISH)
TEACHING MODULE
Name of the Topic : Impact of Television Watching.

Group : School – age children of 13 – 14 Years

Venue : Care International School and RC Matriculation School,

Trichy

Time duration : 9.00 am – 4.00 pm

Audiovisual Aids : Power Point

Methods of Teaching : Lecture cum discussion

General Objectives

The sample (school children) will be able to gain adequate knowledge regarding impact of television
watching and apply this knowledge into their day today life.
Specific Objectives

The children with be able to

 Define television
 Determine the reasons for watching television
 Explain the healthy practice about television watching
 Enlist the advantages of television watching
 Enlist the disadvantages and impact of television watching.
 Enumerate the steps to reduce the impact of television watching.
 SPECIFIC TEACHER’S
TIME CONTENT STUDENT’S
OBJECTIVES ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
Introduce the 1 min Introduction
topic Television viewing plays a major role and
influence in children’s lives. Time spending in Explaining Listening
watching television takes away from important
activities. Children can also learn information from
television that may be inappropriate or incorrect.
Definition
Define Television 1 min In is a communication media and also said to
be an electronic equipment. Explaining Listening
It is defined as the transmission of dynamic or
static images with accompanying sound via
electromagnetic signals.
Enlist the reasons 2 min Reasons for watching television
for watching  Children watch television when they are
television bored. Explaining Listening
 Lack of parent – child interaction.
  When children feel very lonely
 Socio – economic status
 Having only one child
Healthy practices of watching television
 Television should be placed in hall.
 The distances should be maintained at 8.0 Explaining Listening
Enumerate the feet to 9.0 feet.
healthy practices  The good focal point is central while
of watching 2 min watching television.
television  Proper eye crenel should be maintained.
 Sitting position is the best choice for
watching television
 Television should be watched in bright light
only.
 Television should not be watched during the
late nights.
Explain the 2 min Advantages
advantages of  Television is the easiest source of
television entertainment . Explaining Listening
watching  It provides valuable family time.
 Provides educational exposure.
 It helps to know the current events.
 Helps to develop social
Impact and 2 min Impact / disadvantages of television watching
disadvantages of Visual disturbances
television  Too much of television watching is caused Explaining Listening
watching by impairment of vision because the
radiation is passing from the television and
remote control.
 One of the physiological effects of watching
television is excessive amount of eye strain.
1 min Hearing impairment
 Hearing loud noises from television causes
hearing impairement. Explaining Listening
 One of the first signs of hearing loss is that
you find the TV hard to hear without turning
 up the volume a so loud that your
neighbours can hear what your watching
1 min Sleep pattern disturbance
 Children watching at late night, scary shows
may affect sleeping pattern. Explaining Listening
 The sleep domains that appeared to be
affected most consistently by television were
bed time resistance, sleep onset delay and
anxiety around sleep followed by shortened
sleep duration.
1 min Mental and emotional development
 Repeated exposure to television or related
activity can affect children’s mental and Explaining Listening
emotional development.
 Poor performance in school, especially in
the areas of language and reading.
 Television typically places minimal
intellectual demands of the child, which can
create a pattern of laziness and disinterest in
 studies.

Obesity
 Children who are addicted to watch
television instead of playing outdoor games
are prone to obesity.
 The relation between television viewing and
Listening
fool consumption such as breakfast cereals, Explaining
snacks and fast foods are advertised on
television programmes.

POOR FAMILY INTERACTION

 Poor family interaction occurs when
children are not communicating properly
with their parents.
Violent and aggressive behaviour
 Violent behavious can range from hitting,
kicking and biting when children have early Explaining Listening
exposure to television which is at risk for the
 development of aggressive and violent
behaviours.
2 min Steps to reduce impact of television watching
There are certain steps that can be reduced by the
following : Explaining Listening
 Painting pictures
 Make children involve in reading books
related to general knowledge that boosts
vocabulary knowledge.
 Acting out a favorite story.
 Family members should make children
involve in daneing? Singing in their free
time.
 Blowing Bubbles and balloons is an
excellent hobby. This is a good exercise for
the lungs.
 Encourage outdoor and indoor games in the
evening.
 Look for programs your family can watch
 together.
 Involve in sports, school work and
extracurricular activities.
 Encourage children in gardening
Conclusion
Watching television may take place of social
interaction with friends and family depriving
Explaining Listening
children of sharing ideas and feelings. Thus parents
should talk to their children, explaining the
positions and negatives and prevents them for
dangers.
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