Professional Documents
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Chapter Two
Chapter Two
LITERATURE REVIEW
Rice is an annual plant, one of the world most important cereals, providing
nourishing for a greater number of people than any other grain, rice is a symbol of
fertility.
According to Alexander (1999) tropical crop made us to know that for the past
Remains of rice were found in the yung chaw excavation in china, dating as far
back 2500 B.C. the sowing of rice was an important religious ceremony. There is
this general belief that rice was domesticated in some part of country, somewhere
in India or Indochina, probably in Southern India. There are also reference to rice
in ancient (Hindu) Scripture dating back to 1300 B.C. they use it in religion
In Europe rice was not grown there, not until about 700 A-D by (Korcher) it was
Canolina about 1685. it cultivation began toward the end of the last century in
Australia.
Rice is one of the oldest cultivate crops, being produced in China and India for
several thousand of years. It is thought to have originated from south and south
East, tropical Asia. In a broad belt extending from North-Eastern India, across
Other species of rice known as Oryza Gilaberrima Originated from upper valley of
Niger River of Africa and cultivated only in west tropical Africa. Both Oryza
uncovers rice dated more that 6968 years old. Further more North, domesticated
rice seemed to have occurred around 3200-2500 BC in the nuclear area if northern
China as evidenced by the finding of rice glume remains at the yangs hao site. (KC
China 1997). Cultivated rice excavated from the gangetic plain in India dated back
to about 4530BC (Vishru Mittre 2001) The rice remain excavated from non nok in
a site in Southern Thailand dated back to about 4000 BC (Solhelm 1996). But the
sample may represent a non cultivated from paragraph above findings, it indicates
that between the 4th and 5th millennia BC. These inhabitants of the lowland of south
and southeast Asia and southern of China Including south west and east of china)
were already depending on rice as staple food. Once adopted it taste and uses for
many different things make it have more advantage than other cereal crops and
root crops.
2.1 CULTIVATION OF RICE
According to Metcalfe and Elkins (2000) crop productions”. Crop rotation is the
best process used in the cultivation of rice, if rice is grown on a soil continuously;
the soil becomes depleted in fertility and organic matter and fall into poor physical
condition. Weed problems may also occur with better method of weed control,
The water requirement for rice is 1.5-8.0 acre feet amount of irrigation system will
There are just two ways by which rice can be grown here in Nigerian. Te first way
This can occur naturally or by irrigation in a flat low lying area. The second way is
under ordinary un-floated condition also know as upland rice. Different variety of
rice can be cultivated in these two ways. Onvemar I.C. in his work of “Crop
In flooded condition the planting always start in May or June, the seeds germinated
in 4-5 days and by 7-8 weeks they are ready for transplanting. This is commonly
dug up from the nursery water has to be supplied by irrigation in that case the soil
only is kept saturated with water until the seedling are up to 15cm tall, 10cm of
water is allowed to stand on the field, after flowering, then it is allowed to dry the
For un-flooded condition, planting is done early in rainy season usually around
April or May; the crop is ready for harvesting in August. In the area with long
raining season, second crop may be planted in late August, to be harvested during
dry season, up land rice is commonly seeded directly into the field spacing
Rice respond well to nitrogenous fertilizer and sometimes phosphate fertilizer. For
floaded rice, sylphate of ammonia at the rate of 22 okg/acre. For upland rice
15;15;15 compound fertilizer is applied broadcast at 3 weeks it has been know that
Harvesting is done by cutting the rice heads tying than in bundles and allowing
them to dry in the sun for someday according to Onwuemer (1998). Rice is
threshing is done by using sticks to beat the dry harvested rice heads. After
beating, the rice is thrown in the air repeatedly to allow the wind to blow
away the stalk and lighter chaff. This process is called WINNOWING it can
b. HULLING: This is the removal of the husk from the edible grain. It is done
by motor driven rice mills, not only to remove the husk or hills, it may also
Metcalfe D.S. discussed it as something that is carried out manually in the sense
that human labor are used by using their hands and crude implements instead of
mechanical devices, some factors to be considered before harvesting was that the
grain must be matured. High in quality and have proper moisture content. To
support harvest transport equipment must be available and the soil must be
sufficiently dry.
election of draining date is important because the soil must be dried to support easy
harvesting. This draining data is determined who the heads (panicles) are dropping.
To Kochhar (1997) harvesting is done when the panicles are turn down are
yellowish in colour and the lower kernels are in hand dough shape. Premature
harvesting will affect the yield and the milling quality. If this is delayed there may
be loss due to shattering. Harvesting is done by hand and also sickle in most Africa
and Asiatic country, while in agriculturally advanced country, tractor that cut,
It is not stored in tight fitting sack in order to provide enough air to prevent
spontaneous heating and maintain the rice grain at low moisture content and to
unnatural growth, not by an accidents, while pest is small animal or insect that
Rice disease in Nigeria has been studies with emphasis mainly on blast caused by
Pyricularia Oryzae. It may be generally summarized that most rice disease is the
rice growing countries of Africa are present in Nigeria. However the major disease
Metcalfe D.S. and Elkins D.M. 1993 mention some of these pests and disease in
their book crop production. Rice sting bug and rice water we evil are the most
damaging pest causing arrival losses of about 4% other pest are rice stalk borer,
rice leaf mine, fall any worm, grasshopper and chinch bug.
Disease caused annual loss 5% the disease that are caused by FUNGI include
seeding blight brown leaf spot blast, stem rot, kernel smut etc.,
While tip is caused by NEMATODE disease by virus are green leaf hopper and
gressy stunt.
Rice is a staple food and is used by many ways as under food: Rice is used as a
staple food by more than 60 percent of world population. Cooking of rice is a most
2.5.1 STARCH
Rice starch is used in making ice cream custard powder, pudding, gel, distillation
Rice Bran is used in confectionary product like bread, snacks, cookies and biscuit.
The defatted bran is also used as cattle food, organic fertilizer and medicinal
Rice bran oil is used as edible oil in soap and fatty acids manufacturing. It is also
Flacked rice is made from parboiled rice and used in many preparations. Example
Puffed rice is made from paddy and used as whole for eating.
Rice husk is used as a fuel, in board and paper manufacturing, packing and
building materials and as an insulator. It is also used for compost making and
chemical derivatives.
Rice Broken is used for making food item like breakfast cereals, baby foods, rice
flour, noodles rice cakes, etc. and also used as a poultry feed.
Mainly use as animal feed fuel mush room bed, for mulcting in horticultural crops