SAD Chap4 (Updated Mac2021)
SAD Chap4 (Updated Mac2021)
Chapter 4
ENTERPRISE
MODELLING
Course Learning Outcome (CLO2)
2
Chapter Learning Outcome
Data Dictionary
❑ Relationship types:-
1. One to One (1:1)
2. One to Many (1:M)
3. Many to Many (M:N)
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
Data Flow Diagram - DFD
DFD ➔ shows how the system transform input data into
useful information.
➢ Shows how data moves through an information system BUT
doesn’t show program logic / processing steps.
➢ Shows what does the system does NOT how it does it.
➢ DFDs use four basic symbols that represent processes, data flows,
data stores, and entities
➢Gane and Sarson symbol set
➢Yourdon symbol set
➢ Symbols are referenced by using all capital letters for the symbol
name
DFD Symbols: 1- PROCESS
A data flow is a path for data to move from one part of the
information system to another.
A data flow represents one or more data items.
The symbol for a data flow is a line with a single or double
arrowhead
Three data flow and process combinations that must be
avoided:
▪ Spontaneous Generation ➔ a process that produces an output but
has no input.
▪ Black Hole ➔ process that receive input but have no output
▪ Gray Hole ➔ input is insufficient to produce the output 12
Developing a DFD
DFD Symbols: 3 – DATA STORE
▪ For example, the process name is GRADING SYSTEM. Notice that the
process name is the same as the system name. This is because the
context diagram shows the entire information system as if it were a
single process.
To show
detail inside
of context
diagram
Step 3: Draw the Lower-Level Diagrams
33
Conventions for DFDs
Data Elements
Data Flows
Data Stores
Processes
Entities
Records
Reports
Data Dictionary (Cont.)
FIGURE 5-23 Using an online documentation form, the analyst has recorded information for a data element
named SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER. Later, the analyst will create a data dictionary entry using a CASE tool
40
PROCESS DESCRIPTION TOOL
Process Description Tools
Sequence :
The completion of steps is in sequential
order, one after another.
Modular Design
Selection :
The completion of the process based on the
results of a test condition.
Modular Design
Iteration / Looping :
The completion of a process step that is
repeated until specific condition changes.
Structured English
Describe logical processes clearly & accurately
Must conform to the following rules
• Use only the three building blocks of sequence, selection, and
iteration.
• Use indentation for readability.
• Use a limited vocabulary, including standard terms used in the
data dictionary and specific words that describe the processing
rules.
FIGURE 5-34 The Verify Order business process has two conditions. For an order to be
accepted, the product must be in stock and the customer must have an
acceptable credit status
FIGURE 5-35 Example of a simple decision table showing the processing logic of the
VERIFY ORDER process
50
Decision Tree
– Graphical representation of the conditions,
actions, and rules found in a decision table.
– Whether to use a decision table or tree often is a
matter of personal preference.
Logical vs Physical Models
❑ The end product of Data & Process Modeling is a logical model that
will support business operations and meet user needs