Parametric and Non Parametric Tests

PARAMETRIC AND NON PARAMETRIC TESTS
To make the generalisation about the population from the sample, statistical tests are used. A
statistical test is a formal technique that relies on the probability distribution, for reaching the
conclusion concerning the reasonableness of the hypothesis. These hypothetical testing related
to differences are classified as parametric and nonparametric tests.
The parametric test is one which has information about the population parameter. On the
other hand, the nonparametric test is one where the researcher has no idea regarding the
population parameter.
Definition of Parametric Test:
In Statistics, a parametric test is a kind of hypothesis test which gives generalizations for
generating records regarding the mean of the primary/original population. The t-test is carried
out based on the students’ t-statistic, which is often used in that value.
The t-statistic test holds on the underlying hypothesis, which includes the normal distribution of
a variable. In this case, the mean is known, or it is considered to be known. For finding the
sample from the population, population variance is identified. It is hypothesized that the
variables of concern in the population are estimated on an interval scale.
Definition of Nonparametric Test
The non-parametric test does not require any population distribution, which is meant by
distinct parameters. It is also a kind of hypothesis test, which is not based on the underlying
hypothesis. In the case of the non-parametric test, the test is based on the differences in the
median. So this kind of test is also called a distribution-free test. The test variables are
determined on the nominal or ordinal level. If the independent variables are non-metric, the
non-parametric test is usually performed.
Key Differences Between Parametric and Nonparametric Tests:
The fundamental differences between parametric and nonparametric test are discussed in the
following points:
1. A statistical test, in which specific assumptions are made about the population
parameter is known as the parametric test. A statistical test used in the case of non-
metric independent variables is called nonparametric test.
2. In the parametric test, the test statistic is based on distribution. On the other hand, the
test statistic is arbitrary in the case of the nonparametric test.
3. In the parametric test, it is assumed that the measurement of variables of interest is
done on interval or ratio level. As opposed to the nonparametric test, wherein the
variable of interest are measured on nominal or ordinal scale.
4. In general, the measure of central tendency in the parametric test is mean, while in the
case of the nonparametric test is median.
5. In the parametric test, there is complete information about the population. Conversely,
in the nonparametric test, there is no information about the population.
6. The applicability of parametric test is for variables only, whereas nonparametric test
applies to both variables and attributes.
7. For measuring the degree of association between two quantitative variables, Pearson’s
coefficient of correlation is used in the parametric test, while spearman’s rank
correlation is used in the nonparametric test.
Types of Parametric Tests:
 Student's T-Test:- This test is used when the samples are small and population variances
are unknown. The test is used to do a comparison between two means and proportions
of small independent samples and between the population mean and sample mean.
 1 Sample T-Test:- Through this test, the comparison between the specified value and
meaning of a single group of observations is done.
 Unpaired 2 Sample T-Test:- The test is performed to compare the two means of two
independent samples. These samples came from the normal populations having the
same or unknown variances.
 Paired 2 Sample T-Test:- In the case of paired data of observations from a single sample,
the paired 2 sample t-test is used.
 ANOVA:- Analysis of variance is used when the difference in the mean values of more
than two groups is given.
 One Way ANOVA:- This test is useful when different testing groups differ by only one
factor.
 Two Way ANOVA:- When various testing groups differ by two or more factors, then a
two way ANOVA test is used.
 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient:- This coefficient is the estimation of the strength
between two variables. The test is used in finding the relationship between two
continuous and quantitative variables.
 Z - Test:- The test helps measure the difference between two means.
 Z - Proportionality Test:- It is used in calculating the difference between two
proportions.
Applications of Parametric Tests:

 This test is used when the given data is quantitative and continuous.
 When the data is of normal distribution then this test is used.
 The parametric tests are helpful when the data is estimated on the approximate ratio or
interval scales of measurement.
Types Of Non-Parametric Test:
 1 Sample Sign Test:- In this test, the median of a population is calculated and is
compared to the target value or reference value.
 1 Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test:- Through this test also, the population median is
calculated and compared with the target value but the data used is extracted from the
symmetric distribution.
 Friedman Test:- The difference of the groups having ordinal dependent variables is
calculated. This test is used for continuous data.
 Goodman Kruska's Gamma:- It is a group test used for ranked variables.
 Kruskal-Wallis Test:- This test is used when two or more medians are different. For the
calculations in this test, ranks of the data points are used.
 The Mann-Kendall Trend Test:- The test helps in finding the trends in time-series data.
 Mann-Whitney Test:- To compare differences between two independent groups, this
test is used. The condition used in this test is that the dependent values must be
continuous or ordinal.
 Mood's Median Test:- This test is used when there are two independent samples.
 Spearman Rank Correlation:- This technique is used to estimate the relation between
two sets of data.
Applications Of Non-Parametric Tests:

 These tests are used in the case of solid mixing to study the sampling results.
 The tests are helpful when the data is estimated with different kinds of measurement
scales.
 The non-parametric tests are used when the distribution of the population is unknown.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Parametric and Nonparametric Tests:

A lot of individuals accept that the choice between using parametric or nonparametric tests
relies upon whether your information is normally distributed. The distribution can act as a
deciding factor in case the data set is relatively small. Although, in a lot of cases, this issue isn't
a critical issue because of the following reasons:
 Parametric tests help in analyzing non normal appropriations for a lot of datasets.
 Nonparametric tests when analyzed have other firm conclusions that are harder to
achieve.
The appropriate response is usually dependent upon whether the mean or median is chosen to
be a better measure of central tendency for the distribution of the data.
 A parametric test is considered when you have the mean value as your central value and
the size of your data set is comparatively large. This test helps in making powerful and
effective decisions.
 A non-parametric test is considered regardless of the size of the data set if the median
value is better when compared to the mean value.
Ultimately, if your sample size is small, you may be compelled to use a nonparametric test. As
the table shows, the example size prerequisites aren't excessively huge. On the off chance that
you have a little example and need to utilize a less powerful nonparametric analysis, it doubly
brings down the chances of recognizing an impact.
The non-parametric test acts as the shadow world of the parametric test. In the table that is
given below, you will understand the linked pairs involved in the statistical hypothesis tests.
Conclusion:
To make a choice between parametric and the nonparametric test is not easy for a researcher
conducting statistical analysis. For performing hypothesis, if the information about the
population is completely known, by way of parameters, then the test is said to be parametric
test whereas, if there is no knowledge about population and it is needed to test the hypothesis
on population, then the test conducted is considered as the nonparametric test.

Parametric and Non Parametric Tests

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Parametric and Non Parametric Tests

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PARAMETRIC AND NON PARAMETRIC TESTS

Types of Parametric Tests:

Applications of Parametric Tests:

Types Of Non-Parametric Test:

Applications Of Non-Parametric Tests:

Advantages and Disadvantages of Parametric and Nonparametric Tests:

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