Ebook Original PDF Data Analytics For Accounting by Vernon Richardson All Chapter PDF Docx Kindle
Ebook Original PDF Data Analytics For Accounting by Vernon Richardson All Chapter PDF Docx Kindle
Vernon Richardson
Ryan Teeter
Katie Terrell
vii
Key Features
• Emphasis on Skills: Working through the IMPACT cycle framework, students
will learn problem assessment, data preparation, data analysis, data visualization,
control contesting, and more.
• Emphasis on Hands-On Practice: Students will be provided hands-on learning (click-
by-click instructions with screenshots) on datasets within each chapter, within the
end-of-chapter materials, and in the labs and comprehensive cases.
• Emphasis on Datasets: To illustrate data analysis techniques and skills, multiple
practice datasets (audit, financial, and managerial data) will be used in every
chapter. Students gain real-world experience working with data from LendingClub,
Dillard’s, College Scorecard, the State of Oklahoma, as well as financial statement
data (via XBRL) from Fortune 100 companies.
• Emphasis on Tools: Students will learn how to conduct data analysis using Excel
Access (including SQL), Tableau (free student license), IDEA (free student
license), and Weka (free student license). Students will compare and contrast the
different tools to determine which are best suited for basic data analysis and data
visualization, which are easiest for internal controls testing, which are best for SQL
queries, and so on.
viii
Main Text Features Confirming Pages
Chapter Maps
These maps provide a guide of what
we’re going to cover in the chapter
Chapter 2
as well as a guide of what we’ve just Data Preparation and Cleaning
learned and what’s coming next.
Chapter-Opening Vignettes
Because companies are facing the new
and exciting opportunities with their
A Look at This Chapter
use of Data Analytics to help with This chapter provides an overview of the types of data that are used in the accounting cycle and common data that
accounting and business decisions, we are stored in a relational database. The chapter addresses mastering the data, the second step of the IMPACT cycle.
We will describe how data are requested and extracted to answer business questions and how to transform data for use
detail what they’re doing and why in our via data preparation, validation, and cleaning. We conclude with an explanation of how to load data into the appropri-
ate tool in preparation for analyzing data to make decisions.
chapter-opening vignettes. Confirming Pages
A Look Back
Chapter 1 defined Data Analytics and explained that the value of Data Analytics is in the insights it provides. We
described the Data Analytic Process using the IMPACT cycle model and explained how this process is used to
address both business and accounting questions. We specifically emphasized the importance of identifying appropri-
ate questions that data analytics might be able to address.
We are lucky to live in a world in which data are abundant.
However, even with rich sources of data, when it comes to being
able to analyze data and turn them into useful information and A Look Ahead
insights, very rarely can an analyst hop right into a dataset and
begin analyzing. Datasets almost always need to be cleaned Chapter 3 describes how to go from defining business problems to analyzing data, answering questions, and address-
and validated before they can be used. Not knowing how to ing business problems. We make the case for three data approaches we argue are most relevant to accountants and
clean and validate data can, at best, lead to frustration and poor
insights and, at worst, lead to horrible security violations. While
provide examples of each.
this text takes advantage of open source datasets, these datas-
ets have all been scrubbed not only for accuracy, but also to pro-
tect the security and privacy of any individual or company whose
Shutterstock / Wichy
details were in the original dataset.
In 2015, a pair of researchers named Emil Kirkegaard and
Julius Daugbejerg Bjerrekaer scraped data from OkCupid, a free dating website, and provided the data onto the
“Open Science Framework,” a platform researchers use to obtain and share raw data. While the aim of the Open
Science Framework is to increase transparency, the researchers in this instance took that a step too far—and a step
into illegal territory. Kirkegaard and Bjerrekaer did not obtain permission from OkCupid or from the 70,000 OkCupid
users whose identities, ages, genders, religions, personality traits, and other personal details maintained by the dat-
ing site were provided to the public without any work being done to anonymize or sanitize the data. If the researchers
had taken the time to not just validate that the data were complete but also to sanitize them to protect the individuals’
identities, this would not have been a threat or a news story. On May 13, 2015, the Open Science Framework removed
the OkCupid data from the platform, but the damage of the privacy breach had already been done.1 38
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
ric75196_ch02_038-091.indd 38
Learning Objectives 02/19/18 03:55 PM
Progress Checks
October 31, 2016).
39 PROGRESS CHECK
1. Referring to Exhibit 2-1, locate the relationship between the Employee and
Periodic progress check questions are posed to Purchase Order tables. What is the unique identifier of each table? (The unique
ric75196_ch02_038-091.indd 39 02/19/18 03:55 PM
identifier attribute is called the primary key—more on how it’s determined in
the students throughout each chapter. These the next learning objective.) Which table contains the attribute that creates the
checks provoke the student to stop and con- relationship? (This attribute is called the foreign key—more on how it’s deter-
mined in the next learning objective.)
sider the concepts presented. 2. Referring to Exhibit 2-1, review the attributes in the Suppliers table. There is a
foreign key in this table that doesn’t relate to any of the tables in the diagram.
Which table do you think it is? What type of data would be stored in that table?
ix
DATA DICTIONARIES
In the previous section, you learned about how data are stored by focusing on the procure-
to-pay database schema. Viewing schemas and processes in isolation clarifies each indi-
identified when mastering the data from a relational database in order to extract the data correctly from
more than one table.
mastering the data (40) The second step in the IMPACT cycle; it involves identifying and obtaining
the data needed for solving the data analysis problem, as well as cleaning and preparing the data for analysis.
End-of-Chapter Materials
primary key (41) An attribute that is required to exist in each table of a relational database and serves
as the “unique identifier” for each record in a table.
relational database (41) A means of storing data in order to ensure that the data are complete, not
redundant, and to help enforce business rules. Relational databases also aid in communication and integra-
tion of business processes across an organization.
Answers to Progress Co
ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS
Checks
1. The unique identifier of 5. the Employee
Depending ontable is [EmployeeID],
the level and the
of security afforded to unique identi-
a business analyst, she
Allow students to evaluate if they are on track with fier of the Purchase Orderdata table is [POfrom
directly No.].theThedatabase
Purchase Orderortable
herself she contains the the data
can request
foreign key.
their understanding of the materials presented in data herself, the analyst must have access to the raw data in the da
6.
2. The
The metadata
foreign key that describes
attribute that each
doesn’t
knowledge attribute
appear
of SQL intoand
a belong
database
data in is which
the of the
Suppliers
extraction following?
table
techniques. is When
[Supplier
requesting
the chapter. Type].
a. This attribute
Composite primaryprobably
key lystrelates
doesn’ttoneed
the Supplier
the same Type table.
level The data skills,
of extraction in thisbut
table
shewill
still needs
be descriptive, categorical the datadata
about the suppliers.
enough in order to identify which tables and attributes conta
b. Data dictionary
3. The purpose of the primary she
keyrequires.
is to uniquely identify each record in a table. The pur-
c. Descriptive attributes
pose of a foreign key is6.toFour create a relationship
common issues thatbetween
must two tables.
be fixed areThe purposeheadings
removing of a or s
d. Flat file attribute is to provide
descriptive leading meaningful information characters,
zeroes or nonprintable about eachformatting
record in anegative
table. numbe
Descriptive
7. As mentioned attributes aren’t
in the chapter, required
which offor
inconsistenciestheaacross
database
following tonot
run,
theisdata. but they way
a common are necessary for
that data will
people
need toto
begain business
cleaned afterinformation
extraction andabout the data stored in their databases.
validation?
4. a.
Data dictionaries
Remove provide
headings descriptions of the function and data contained in each col-
and subtotals.
umn
b. (attribute)
Format of a database.
negative numbers.Data dictionaries are especially important when databases
contain several different tables and many different attributes in order to help analysts
c. Clean up trailing zeroes.
identify the information they need to perform their analysis.
d. Correct inconsistencies across data.
8. Why is Supplier ID considered to be a primary key for a Supplier table?
x
b. Transforming NULL and N/A values into zeroes
c. Deleting records that have NULL and N/A values from your d
(Hint: Think about the impact on different aggregate functions
AVERAGE.) End-of-Chapter Materials xi
Problems Problems
The following problems correspond to the College Scorecard dat
Challenge the student’s ability to see relation- to answer each question by just looking at the data dictiona
ships in the learning objectives by employing DataDictionary.pdf) included in Appendix A, but if you would like to
higher-level thinking and analytical skills. free to do so (CollegeScorecard_RawData.txt).
1. Which attributes from the College Scorecard data would you ne
attendance across types of institutions (public, private non-profi
2. Which attributes from the College Scorecard data would you
scores across types of institutions (public, private non-profit, or p
3. Which attributes from the College Scorecard data would you ne
diversity across types of institutions (public, private non-profit, o
4. Which attributes from the College Scorecard data would you ne
tion rate across types of institutions (public, private non-profit, o
5. Which attributes from the College Scorecard data would you ne
centage of students who receive federal loans at universities abov
cost of attendance across all institutions (public, private non-profit
6. Which attributes from the College Scorecard data would you nee
ent regions of the country have significantly different costs of at
Lab 2-1 Create
7. Useathe
Request fordata
Data Extraction
Labs College Scorecard to determine if different regions of
icantly different costs of attendance (same as Problem 6 above) a
form in order to extract the appropriate data. Use the template from
One of the biggest challenges you face with data analysis is getting the right data. You
Give students hands-on experience working with may have the best questions 8. If you were analyzing the levels of diversity across public and p
in the world, but if there are no data available to support your
different types of data and the tools used to ana- the College Scorecard data, how would you define diversity in
hypothesis, you will have difficulty providing value. Additionally, there are instances in
vided? Would it be beneficial to combine fields?
lyze them. Students will conduct data analysis which the IT workers may be reluctant to share data with you. They may send incomplete
9. If you were conducting a data analysis in order to compare
using Excel, Access (including SQL), Tableau, data, the wrong data, or completely ignore your request. Be persistent, and you may have to
dents who receive federal loans at universities above and b
look for creative ways to find insight with an incomplete picture.
IDEA, XBRL, and Weka. of attendance across all institutions, you would be conducting
analysis. What question needs to be answered first in order to
Company summary
Come up with a test plan to address the subsequent questions.
Sláinte is a fictional brewery that has recently gone through big changes. Sláinte sells six dif-
ferent
54
products. The brewery has only recently expanded its business to distributing from one
state to nine states, and now its business has begun stabilizing after the expansion. With that
stability comes a need for better analysis. You have been hired by Sláinte to help manage-
ment better understand the company’s sales data and provide input for its strategic decisions.
Data
•ric75196_ch02_038-091.indd
Data request form 54
• Sláinte dataset
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xii
Connect for Data Analytics for Accounting xiii
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Brief Table of Contents
Preface iv
Chapter 1 Data Analytics in Accounting and Business 2
Chapter 2 Data Preparation and Cleaning 38
Chapter 3 Modeling and Evaluation: Going from Defining Business Problems and Data
Understanding to Analyzing Data and Answering Questions 92
Chapter 4 Visualization: Using Visualizations and Summaries to Share Results with
Stakeholders 138
Chapter 5 The Modern Audit and Continuous Auditing 190
Chapter 6 Audit Data Analytics 208
Chapter 7 Generating Key Performance Indicators 250
Chapter 8 Financial Statement Analytics 300
GLOSSARY 326
INDEX 330
xvi
Detailed TOC
Chapter 1 Chapter 2
Data Analytics in Accounting and Business 2 Data Preparation and Cleaning 38
A Look at This Chapter 2 A Look at This Chapter 38
A Look Ahead 2 A Look Back 38
Data Analytics 4 A Look Ahead 38
How Data Analytics Affects Business 4 How Data Are Used and Stored in the Accounting
How Data Analytics Affects Accounting 5 Cycle 40
Auditing 5 Data And Relationships in a Relational
Financial Reporting 6 Database 41
Taxes 7 Columns in a Table: Primary Keys, Foreign Keys, and
The Data Analytics Process Using the IMPACT Descriptive Attributes 41
Cycle 8 Data Dictionaries 43
Step 1: Identify the Question (chapter 1) 8 Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL) of
Step 2: Master the Data (chapter 2) 8 Data 44
Step 3: Perform Test Plan (chapter 3) 9 Extraction 44
Step 4: Address and Refine Results (chapter 4) 11 Step 1: Determine the Purpose and Scope of the Data
Steps 5 and 6: Communicate Insights and Track Request 45
Outcomes (chapter 4 and each chapter thereafter) 11 Step 2: Obtain the Data 45
Back to Step 1 12 Transformation 48
Data Analytic Skills Needed by Analytic-Minded Step 3: Validating the Data for Completeness and
Accountants 12 Integrity 48
Hands-On Example of the IMPACT Model 13 Step 4: Cleaning the Data 49
Identify the Question 13 Loading 50
Master the Data 13 Step 5: Loading the Data for Data Analysis 50
Perform Test Plan 15 Summary 50
Address and Refine Results 17 Key Words 51
Communicate Insights 19 Answers to Progress Checks 51
Track Outcomes 19 Multiple Choice Questions 52
Summary 20 Discussion Questions 53
Key Words 20 Problems 54
Answers to Progress Checks 21 Appendix A: College Scorecard Dataset 55
Multiple Choice Questions 23 Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 55
Discussion Questions 24 Lab 2-1 Create a Request for Data Extraction 57
Problems 24 Lab 2-2 Use PivotTables to Denormalize and
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 26 Analyze the Data 59
Lab 1-0 How to Complete Labs in This Lab 2-3 Resolve Common Data Problems in
Text 27 Excel and Access 67
Lab 1-1 Data Analytics in Financial Lab 2-4 G enerate Summary Statistics in
Accounting 28 Excel 71
Lab 1-2 Data Analytics in Managerial Lab 2-5 College Scorecard Extraction and Data
Accounting 31 Preparation 73
Lab 1-3 Data Analytics in Auditing 33 Lab 2-6 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store
Lab 1-4 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store Data: How to Create an Entity-
Data 34 Relationship Diagram 74
xvii
xviii Detailed TOC
Lab 2-7 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store Lab 3-4 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store
Data: How to Preview Data from Tables Data: Data Abstract (SQL) and
in a Query 77 Regression (Part I) 125
Lab 2-8 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store Lab 3-5 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store
Data: Connecting Excel to a SQL Data: Data Abstract (SQL) and
Database 80 Regression (Part II) 134
Lab 2-9 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store
Data: Joining Tables 89 Chapter 4
Visualization: Using Visualizations and Summaries to
Chapter 3 Share Results with Stakeholders 138
Modeling and Evaluation: Going from Defining
A Look at This Chapter 138
Business Problems and Data Understanding to
A Look Back 138
Analyzing Data and Answering Questions 92
A Look Ahead 138
A Look at This Chapter 92 Determine the Purpose of Your Data
A Look Back 92 Visualization 140
A Look Ahead 92 Quadrants 1 and 3 versus Quadrants 2 and 4:
Performing the Test Plan: Defining Data Analytics Qualitative versus Quantitative 141
Approaches 94 Quadrants 1 and 2 versus Quadrants 3 and 4:
Profiling 98 Declarative versus Exploratory 143
Example of Profiling in Management Accounting 99 Choosing the Right Chart 144
Example of Profiling in an Internal Audit 99 Charts Appropriate for Qualitative Data 144
Example of Profiling in Auditing and Continuous Charts Appropriate for Quantitative Data 146
Auditing 100 Tools to Help When Picking a Visual 148
Data Reduction 101 Learning to Create a Good Chart by (Bad) Example 150
Example of Data Reduction in Internal and External Further Refining Your Chart to Communicate
Auditing 101 Better 155
Examples of Data Reduction in Other Accounting Data Scale and Increments 156
Areas 102 Color 156
Regression 102 Communication: More Than Visuals—Using Words
Examples of the Regression Approach in Managerial to Provide Insights 157
Accounting 103 Content and Organization 157
Examples of the Regression Approach in Auditing 103 Audience and Tone 158
Other Examples of the Regression and Classification Revising 158
Approach in Accounting 104 Summary 159
Classification 104 Key Words 159
Classification Terminology 104 Answers to Progress Checks 160
Evaluating Classifiers 106 Multiple Choice Questions 161
Clustering 107 Discussion Questions 162
Example of the Clustering Approach in Auditing 108 Problems 163
Summary 109 Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 163
Key Words 110 Lab 4-1 Use PivotCharts to Visualize Declarative
Answers to Progress Checks 111 Data 164
Multiple Choice Questions 111 Lab 4-2 Use Tableau to Perform Exploratory
Discussion Questions 113 Analysis and Create Dashboards 166
Problems 113 Lab 4-3 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 114 Store Data: Create Geographic Data
Appendix: Setting Up a Classification Analysis 114 Visualizations in Tableau 175
Lab 3-1 Data Reduction 116 Lab 4-4 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store
Lab 3-2 Regression in Excel 120 Data: Visualizing Regression in
Lab 3-3 Classification 122 Tableau 186
Detailed TOC xix
Lab 7-3 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store The Use of Sparklines and Trendlines in
Data: Creating KPIs in Excel (Part I) 273 Ratio Analysis 306
Lab 7-4 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store Text Mining and Sentiment Analysis 307
Data: Creating KPIs in Excel Summary 309
(Part II) 279 Key Words 309
Lab 7-5 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store Answers to Progress Checks 310
Data: Creating KPIs in Excel Multiple Choice Questions 310
(Part III) 287 Discussion Questions 312
Lab 7-6 Comprehensive Case: Dillard’s Store Problems 312
Data: Creating KPIs in Excel Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 313
(Part IV—Putting It All Together) 295 Lab 8-1 Use XBRLAnalyst to Access XBRL
Data 314
Chapter 8 Lab 8-2 Use XBRLAnalyst to Create Dynamic
Financial Statement Analytics 300 Common-Size Financial Statements 317
Lab 8-3 Use XBRL to Access and Analyze
A Look at This Chapter 300
Financial Statement Ratios—The Use of
A Look Back 300
DuPont Ratios 320
XBRL 302
Lab 8-4 Use SQL to Query an XBRL
Extensible Reporting in XBRL and Standardized
Database 323
Metrics 303
XBRL, XBRL-GL, and Real-Time Financial
Reporting 303 GLOSSARY 326
Ratio Analysis 305
Classes of Ratios 305
INDEX 330
DuPont Ratio Analysis 306
Data Analytics for
Accounting
Chapter 1
Data Analytics in Accounting
and Business
A Look Ahead
Chapter 2 provides a description of how data are prepared and scrubbed to be ready for analysis to answer business
questions. We explain how to extract, transform, and load data and then how to validate and normalize the data. In
addition, we explain how data standards are used to facilitate the exchange of data between senders and receivers.
2
The Chinese e-commerce company, Alibaba, is perhaps the biggest
online commerce company in the world. Using its three main websites,
Taobao, Tmall, and Alibaba.com, it hosts millions of businesses and hun-
dreds of millions of users with $248 billion in sales last year (more than
eBay and Amazon combined!). With so many transactions and so many
users, Alibaba has worked to capture fraud signals directly from its exten-
sive database of user behaviors and its network, and then analyzes them
in real time using machine learning to accurately sort the bad users from
the good ones. Alibaba has developed five stages of fraud detection for
each user: (1) account check, (2) device check, (3) activity check, (4) risk
strategy, and (5) manual review. These stages all combine to develop a
risk score for each user. This fraud risk prevention score is so valuable
to Alibaba and others, Alibaba shares and sells it to external customers,
Alibaba.com
developing a risk score for each current and potential customer. What will
Data Analytics do next?
Sources: J. Chen, Y. Tao, H. Wang, and T. Chen, “Big Data Based Fraud Risk Management at Alibaba,” The Journal of
Finance and Data Science 1, no. 1 (2015), pp. 1–10; and K. Pal, “How to Combat Financial Fraud by Using Big Data,”
2016, http://www.kdnuggets.com/2016/03/combat-financial-fraud-using-big-data.html.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
3
4 Chapter 1 Data Analytics in Accounting and Business
PROGRESS CHECK
1. How does having more data around us translate into value for a company?
2. Banks know a lot about us, but they have traditionally used externally generated
credit scores to assess creditworthiness when deciding whether to extend a
loan. How would you suggest a bank use Data Analytics to get a more complete
view of its customers’ creditworthiness? Assume the bank has access to a cus-
tomer’s loan history, credit card transactions, deposit history, and direct deposit
registration. How could it assess whether a loan might be repaid?
1
http://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2015/09/30/big-data-20-mind-boggling-facts-everyone-must-
read/#2a3289006c1d (accessed November 10, 2016).
2
Roger S. Debreceny and Glen L. Gray, “IT Governance and Process Maturity: A Multinational Field
Study,” Journal of Information Systems 27, no. 1 (Spring 2013), pp. 157–188.
3
H. Chen, R. H. L. Chiang, and V. C. Storey, “Business Intelligence Research,” MIS Quarterly 34, no. 1
(2010), pp. 201–203.
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