Introduction Modern nationalism was associated with the formation of nation-states.

The Idea of Satyagraha

A novel way of fighting the colonial rule in India
In India like many other colonies the growth of modern nationalism is connected to
the anti-colonial movement a non-aggressive, peaceful mass agitation against oppression and injustice.

People discovered unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism It means insistence on truth. It is a moral force, not passive resistance

In January 1915 Mahatma Gandhi returned to India.

Gandhiji organised Satyagraha Movements in Champaran, Bihar (1917), Kheda district of Gujarat (1918)
02. The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation and amongst cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad (1918).

The Rowlatt Act (1919)

In the years after 1919 National movement spreading to new areas incorporating new social groups
and developing new modes of struggle. This act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention
of political prisoners without trial for two years.
The first world war created a new economic and political situation
India faced various problems during war period: Jallianwala Bagh massacre
On 13th April 1919 a Dyer entered the area As the news spread, The government Gandhi called off the
huge crowd gathered in blocked the exit points strikes, clashes with the responded with brutal Rowlatt satyagraha as
Increase in Increase in Prices increased Forced During 1918-19 Hardships did the enclosed ground of opened fire on the police and attacks on repression. the violence spread.
defence income tax through the recruitment and 1920-21, not end after Jallianwalla Bagh. crowd, killing hundreds government buildings
started
expenditure war years in rural areas crops failure in the war was over.
many parts of India

Khilafat Movement

NATIONALISM IN INDIA
Khilafat Movement was led by two brothers
Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.

Khilafat Committee formed in Bombay

in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa’s
03. Differing strands within the movement
temporal powers.

The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921 various social groups

Rebellion in the Countryside
participated with its own specific aspiration All responded to the call of Swaraj
Peasants and tribal took over the struggle
but the term meant different things to different people.
Calcutta session of the Congress in September which turned violent gradually.
1920 Gandhiji convinced the Congress to join
hands with the Khilafat Movement & start a The Movement in the Towns Peasant Movement in Awadh
Non-ooperation movement in support of Khilafat the peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh
as well as for swaraj. against landlords and talukdars.
• It started with middle class participation
in cities. 1 1920 the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by
Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others.
Why Non-cooperation?

Hind Swaraj (1909) December 1920 Gandhiji proposed the

• Students, teachers, lawyers gave up

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Mahatma Gandhi Congress session, movement should
unfold in stages should studies, jobs, legal practices and joined
declared British rule Nagpur the movements. Alluri Sitaram Raju led the guerrilla warfare in the
begin with the surrender Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh The rebels attacked
established in India Non-Cooperation of titles that the police stations Raju was captured and executed
with the cooperation programme was
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government awarded, in 1924.
of Indians adopted. and a boycott of civil • Council elections were boycotted
Movement of Tribals in Andhra Pradesh
services, army, police,
courts and legislative

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councils, schools, &
foreign goods Then, in • Foreign goods were boycotted.
But the movement failed in towns, because
case the government (a) khadi being expensive could not be afforded by the poor.
used repression a full
(b) Indian institutions were slow to come up so people returned back to the

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civil disobedience
campaign would be • Liquor shops were picketed. British institutions
launched.
 Swaraj in the Plantations

for the plantation workers They protested against the

Inland Emigration Act (1859)
Each group interpreted the 5 The British Government followed a policy of brutal repression

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Swaraj means moving freely which prevented them from term swaraj in their own ways.
leaving the plantation without British government arrested all the leaders including Gandhiji and Nehru.
permission

04. Towards Civil Disobedience

7 Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement

Gandhi-Irwin Pact

February 1922 Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with
the police after the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the Non-Cooperation Movement felt the
movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be
ready for mass struggles. 5th March 1931 December 1931 Gandhi launched the
Lord Irwin, then Viceroy, Gandhiji went to London Civil Disobedience
signed a pact with Gandhi. for the Second Round Table Movement but by 1934
Conference but returned it lost its momentum
Many leaders such as C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a disappointed.
return to council politics but Younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more
radical mass agitation and for full independence. How Participants saw the Movement?

Rich expected the revenue demand to be reduced when the British refused to do so they
peasants joined the movement They did not re-join the movement as the movement was called
without revising the revenue rates.
Factors that shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s:
Poor wanted rents of lands to be remitted The Congress was unwilling to support the “no rent”
Peasants campaigns due to the fear of upsetting the rich peasants and landlords.
The Worldwide Simon Commission Simon Commission
Economic Depression after the war their huge profits were reduced wanted protection against import of foreign
• It was constituted by • In December, 1929
Business goods To organise business interests they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial
the Tory government of under the presidency of Classes Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries
Agricultural prices
Britain to look into the Jawaharlal Nehru, (FICCI) in 1927
collapsed after 1930 as
demands of the nationalists the Lahore session of
the demand for also participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and
& suggest changes in the Congress formalized the
agricultural goods fell Women liquor shops Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within
constitutional structure demand of the organisation.
and exports declined.
of India. Purna Swaraj
• The Commission arrived
in India in 1928 Limits of Civil Disobedience
• The Congress protested
against this commission. The Dalits or the Dr B.R. Ambedkar Poona Pact The leader of the Large sections of
Untouchables did the leader of the between the Muslim League Muslims did not
not actively Dalits Formed an Gandhiji and B.R. M.A. Jinnah participate in the
participate in the association in Ambedkar (1932) wanted reserved Civil disobedience
movement they 1930 called the gave reserved seats for Muslims movement.
demanded Depressed Classes seats in Provincial in Central
reservation of Association. and Central Assembly.
05. The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement seats, separate Councils but were
electorates. voted by general
electorate.

Gandhiji chose Salt as the medium that could unite the nation as it is consumed by all the sections
of the society.
06. The Sense of Collective Belonging

1 March 12, 1930 Salt or Dandi March began from Sabarmati Ashram

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6th April 1930 Gandhiji reached Dandi a village in Gujarat and broke the Salt Law by
boiling water and manufacturing salt Thus, began the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The sense of collective History and fiction, folklore By 1921 Gandhiji had

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belonging came partly and songs, popular prints designed the Swaraj flag
Different from Non-Cooperation Movement as people were now asked not only to refuse through the experience of and symbols all played was again a tricolour
cooperation but also to break colonial laws. united struggles. a part in the making of (red, green and white)

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nationalism. and had a spinning wheel
in the centre.
Boycott of foreign goods, non-payment of taxes, breaking forest laws were its main features.