FALGUNI MISS

BIOLOGY SUMMARY

02. GENETICS. 2023 – 24.

• GENETICS: Genetics is the study of transmission of characters from parents to
offspring and the laws related to it.
• Important terms:
o Heredity: Heredity is transmission of characters from parents to offspring
o Genetic variations: Differences among individuals due to inheritance are
called variations.
o Character: Any heritable feature is called a character.
o Traits: The alternative forms of a character are called traits.
o Homologous Chromosomes: A pair of similar chromosomes one from each of
the parent is called homologous chromosomes.
o Homozygous: Similar pairs of alleles of a gene are called homozygous genes.
(RR, rr)
o Heterozygous: Dissimilar pairs of alleles of a gene are called heterozygous. (Rr)
o Genes: Genes are specific sequences of nucleotides on a chromosome
determining heredity characteristics.
o Genome: Is the full complement of the DNA (including all genes and the
intergenic regions) of an organism.
o Alleles: Alternative form of a gene, occupying the same position on homologous
chromosomes and affecting the same characteristic in a different way.
o Dominant gene: Super ruling or expressed allele of a gene is called dominant gene.
o Recessive gene: Suppressed or submissive allele of a gene is called recessive gene.
o Genotype: Genetic constitution of an organism is called genotype.
o Phenotype: The observable characteristic of an organism which is genetically
controlled is called phenotype.
o Genetic Linkage: Genetics linkage is the tendency of groups of genes on the same
chromosome to be inherited together.
• Chromosomes – The carriers of heredity:
o Chromosomes are only visible when a cell nucleus is about to divide.
o Definition: A chart in which chromosomes are arranged according to their
size and shape is called karyotype.
o Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes (somatic)– homologous/ identical chromosomes.
▪ Definition: 22 pairs of identical chromosomes in humans that determines body
character are called autosomes.
o Humans have 1 pair of allosomes (sex chromosomes) which are designated as X and Y.
▪ Definition: The different single pair of chromosome in human that
determines the sex is called sex chromosome or allosomes.

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▪ XX pair is found in females.
▪ XY pair is found in males.
• A genetic combination can be represented by a Punnett square or by a Pedigree chart.
• Dominant and recessive alleles:
CHARACTER DOMINANT TRAIT RECESSIVE TRAIT
1. Eye colour Brown Blue
2. Tongue Rolling Non- Rolling
3. Hand Right-handedness Left-handedness
4. Ear lobe Free Attached
5. Lips Thick Thin
6. Rh blood group Positive Negative
7. Colour vision (red-green) Normal Colour blind
8. Cheek Dimpled Normal
Some rather uncommon hereditary traits
Polydactyly (Dominant) = Extra fingers and toes
Albinism (Recessive) = Total absence of skin pigment
Camptodactyly (dominant) = Inability to straighten the little finger.

• Analysis of inheritance:
o Pedigree chart of few families are studied to identify the possible genetic
combination of the parents by analysing the trait that runs into the family.
o There are three examples under study: tongue rolling or non-rolling, ear lobe
– free or attached and polydactyly.
o (I) – Tongue rolling and non-tongue rolling:
▪ In a family it is observed that:
o Both father and mother are tongue rollers.
o Two children are tongue rollers (hollow symbols) and
o One child is non tongue roller (solid symbol).
▪ As tongue non - rolling is recessive, let:
o Genotype of tongue roller be: RR or Rr
o Genotype of non-tongue-roller be: rr
▪ The possible genotype for this family is:

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▪ Conclusion:
o The children born in this family shows dominant (RR, Rr) as
well as recessive (rr) traits.
o Hence they have heterozygous (Rr) parents.
o Similarly cases can be analysed for Polydactyly, Free ear lobe and attached
ear lobe.
• Sex determination – son or daughter:
o All eggs bear X - chromosome.
o The sperms are either X bearing or Y bearing Chromosome (50% of each kind).
o The child will be a male or a female is dependent on the type of sperm
which fertilizes with the egg.
o If X of the female combines with the X of the male, then it is a female child.
o If X of the female combines with the Y of the male, then it is a male child.
o Sex of the child is determined by the father.
o The Punnett square is as follows:

X Y

X XX XY
X XX XY
50% of their children are male.
50% of their children are female.

• Sex-linked inheritance: It is the appearance of a trait which is due to the presence of

an allele on either the X-chromosome or on the Y-chromosome.

• X-linked inheritance:
o It is the appearance of a trait due to the presence of an allele exclusively on
the ‘X’ chromosome.
o The X-chromosome linked traits are more common in males than in females.
o Example: haemophilia, colour-blindness, sickle cell anaemia.

• Y-linked inheritance:
o It is the appearance of a trait due to the presence of an allele exclusively on
the ‘Y’ chromosome.
o The Y-chromosome linked traits occurs only in males but not in females.
o Example: hypertrichosis, pattern baldness.

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• The following cases explain the sex-linked inheritance:
o Y- linked disease (baldness): There is only one kind of case.
▪ A bald man marries a lady with normal hair.
▪ Genotype of Man – X°Y.
▪ Genotype of Lady – XX.
▪ The punnett square for their children:
X °Y

X XX X°Y
X XX X°Y
50% of their children are bald.
50% of their children are normal.
100% of their daughters are normal.
100% of their sons are bald.
o X- linked disease (colour blindness): There are 4 cases:
▪ CASE 1: A man with normal vision marries a lady with normal vision
but she is a carrier of colour blind gene.
o Genotype of Man – XY
o Genotype of Lady – °XX.
o The punnett square for their children:
X Y

°X °XX °XY
X XX XY
75% of their children are with normal vision.
25% of their children are colour blind.
100 % of their daughters are with normal vision.
50% of their daughters are carriers.
50% of their daughters are not colour blind nor carriers.
50% of their sons are colour blind
50% of their sons are with normal vision.
▪ CASE 2: A colour blind man marries a lady with normal vision and is
not a carrier of the disease gene.
o Genotype of Man – °XY
o Genotype of Lady – XX.
o The Punnett square for their children:
°X Y

X °XX XY
X °XX XY

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100% of their children are with normal vision.
50% of their children are carriers of disease.
100 % of their daughters are carriers with normal vision.
100% of their sons are with normal vision.

▪ CASE 3: A colour blind man marries a lady with normal vision but is a
carrier of the disease gene.
o Genotype of Man – °XY
o Genotype of Lady - °XX.
o The punnet square for their children:
°X Y

°X °X°X °XY
X °XX XY
50% of their children are with normal vision.
50% of their children are colour blind.
25% of their children are carriers of disease.
25% of their children are having no disease nor are carriers.
50 % of their daughters are with normal vision but are carriers.
50% of their daughters are colour blind.
50% of their sons are having normal vision.
50% of their sons are colour blind.

▪ CASE 4: A colour blind man marries a colour blind lady.

o Genotype of Man – °XY
o Genotype of Lady – °X°X.
o The Punnett square for their children:
°X Y

°X °X°X °XY
°X °X°X °XY
100% of their children are colour blind.
100% of their sons are colour blind.
100% of their daughters are colour blind.

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• Criss – Cross inheritance: Inheritance of X – linked genes is called
criss – cross inheritance.
• Y linked inheritance are always transferred from father to son ie. male to male only.

• Sir Mendel’s experiments on inheritance:

o Mendel had selected the garden pea for
3 reasons:
▪ There are different variations available.
▪ They are self-pollinated but can be
easily cross-pollinated.
▪ Generation after generation, they
produce true breeds exactly like their
parents.
o Monohybrid Cross:
▪ Definition: A cross between two pure
breeding different varieties of an organism
taking the alternative traits of one single
character.

o Three inheritable features of pea plant are analysed below:

▪ CASE 1: Terminal flowers and axillary flowers
o A pure breeding plant bearing terminal flowers (aa) is taken.
o A pure breeding plant bearing axillary flowers (AA) is taken.
o Both the above are cross pollinated (F1).
o Then the resulting flowers are self-pollinated (F2).
o Punnet square for F1 generation:

A A

a Aa Aa
a Aa Aa
o Interpretation of F1:
o Phenotype: All are axillary flowers
o Phenotypic Ratio: 1:1:1:1
o Genotype: All are heterozygous genes Aa
o Genotypic ratio: 1:1:1:1
o Punnett square for F2 generation:
Heterozygous → A a
Axial ↓
A AA Aa
a Aa aa

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o Interpretation of F2:
o Phenotype: 3 are axillary flowers and 1 is terminal flower
o Phenotypic Ratio: 3:1
o Genotype:
▪ Homozygous dominant - AA
▪ Heterozygous - Aa
▪ Homozygous recessive – aa.
o Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1
▪ CASE 2: Similarly Tall plant and dwarf plant

▪ CASE 3: Similarly Round seeds and wrinkled seeds

o Monohybrid ratio:
▪ Definition: The kind of ratio obtained as a result of crossing of two
different traits of a single character is known as monohybrid ratio.
▪ Monohybrid ratio in F1 generation:
o Genotypic (gene feature): 1:1:1:1
o Phenotypic (visible feature): 1:1:1:1
▪ Monohybrid ratio in F2 generation:
o Genotypic (gene feature): 1:2:1
o Phenotypic (visible feature): 3:1

• Dihybrid Cross: A cross between two parents taking into consideration alternative
traits of two different characters.
• Significance of Dihybrid cross: New types of plants with new combinations of useful
characters can be produced by hybridization.
• Dihybrid ratio:
o Definition: The kind of ratio obtained as a result of crossing two different
traits of two contrasting characters is known as dihybrid ratio.
o Dihybrid ratio in F1 generation:
▪ Genotypic (gene feature): 1:1:1:1
▪ Phenotypic (visible feature): 1:1:1:1
o Dihybrid ratio in F2 generation:
▪ Phenotypic (visible feature): 9:3:3:1
▪ Genotypic (gene feature): very complex.

• Mendel’s law of inheritance:

o Law of dominance:
▪ It is used for determining monohybrid ratio/cross.
▪ Law: Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only
one is able to express itself while the other remains suppressed.

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▪ The one that expresses is the dominant character and the one that is
unexpressed is the recessive.
o Law of segregation: (Also called the Law of purity of gametes.)
▪ It is used for determining sex linked diseases.
▪ Law: The two members of a pair of factors separate during the
formation of gametes.
▪ They do not blend but segregate or separate into different gametes
o Law of independent assortment:
▪ It is used for determining Dihybrid ratio.
▪ Law: Out of two pairs of contrasting characters, the distribution of the
members of one pair into the gamete is independent of the
distribution of the other pair.
• Application of Mendel’s Laws:
o It helps us to understand and predict the new combinations and their
frequency in the progeny of hybrids.
o Helps plant and animal breeders for producing better breeds.
o New types of plants with new combinations of useful characters can be
produced by hybridization.
• Mutation:
o Definition: Mutation is a sudden change in one or more genes (structurally or
in number) of an organism.
o Example: sickle cell anaemia, albinism.
o Radioactive radiations may lead to mutation, altering the gene structure and
their effects can be seen generation after generation.

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ACADEMIC RESULTS 2022 – 23 – 19 ALL INDIA RANKERS

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ACADEMIC RESULTS 2021 – 2022 – 8 ALL INDIA RANKERS

ACADEMIC RESULTS 2021 – 2022

FIRST TERM MARKS (OUT OF 40)

FALGUNI MISS CLASSES – PTS FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS

FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS

CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY MATHEMATICS PHYSICS

81% students above 35/40
81% students above 35/40 78% students above 35/40 75% students above 30/40
40 - Aarush Gupta (CNMS) 40 - Omkar Vanjani (Podar)
40 - Aarush Gupta (CNMS) 39 - Aarush Gupta (CNMS)
40- Eshan Petkar (Podar) 40 - Ojayit Telang (Podar)
40 - Omkar Vanjani (Podar) 39 - Aaryan Vaidya (Lakshdham)
40 - Ojayit Telang (Podar) 40 - Saakshi Bakliwal(Podar)
40 - Shaina Pradhan (JNS) 39 - Parth Desai (CNMS)
40 - Soniya Deshpande (JNS) 40 - Shaina Pradhan (JNS) 40 - Shaina Pradhan (JNS)
40 - Akshaya Parbhakar (Podar) 38 - Ojayit Telang (Podar)
40 - Atharva Deo (Thakur Int.) 40 - Soniya Deshpande (JNS) 38 - Omkar Vanjani (Podar)
40 - Amogh (Sishya Chennai) 40 - Naman Jalan (Sanskriti, Gauhati) 40 - Naman Jalan - (Sanskriti, Gauhati)
40 - Siddhi Iyer (Ambassador, Dubai) 38 - Atharva Deo (Thakur Int.)
40 - Ahem Shaikh (Podar) 40 - R Janavi (Gokuldham)
40 - Tarush Dhamne (Podar) 38 - Tarush Dhamne (Podar)
40 - Ankit Basu (Cambridge School) 40 - Durva Bhatt (P.G. Garodia)
40 - Dia Jaiswal (AVM) 38 - Atharva Surve (Ryan Int)
40 - Tarush Dhamne (Podar) 40 - Kannika Shetty (A.V.M)
40 - Parth Desai (CNMS) 38 - Nidhi Pusalkar (Prime Academy)
40 - Parth Desai (CNMS) 40 - Tarush Dhamne (Podar)
39 - Akshata Kalyanikar (Thakur Int.) 37 - Yashica (Visanji Academy)
40 - Durva Bhatt (P.G. Garodia) 40 - Twisha Furia (St.Gregorios)
39 - Twisha Furiya (St. Gregorios) 37 - Naman Jalan (Sanskriti Gauhati)
40 - Nidhi Pusalkar (Prime Academy) 40 - Akshata Kalyanikar (Thakur Int.)
39 - Soniya (JNS) 36 - Siddhi Iyer (Ambassador - Dubai)
40 - Yashica Kapahi (Vissanji Academy) 40 - Eshna Sobti (Universal Dahisar)
40 - Iqra Kazi (Podar) 39 - Amogh (Sishya Chennai) 36 - Aaryan Mehta (CNMS)
40 - Akshata Kalyanikar (Thakur Int.)
40 - Nidhi Pusalkar (Prime Academy) 39 - Bhuvana Santosh (Vapii Public school) 35 - Sehej Khanna (JNS)
40 - Archit Desai (P.G. Garodia)
40 - Yashica Kapahi (Visanji Academy) 39 - Harshvardhan Agarwal (Gokuldham) 35 - Durva Bhatt (P.G.garodia)
39 - Keshav Agarwalla (Sanskriti Gauhati) 35- R Janavi (Gokuldham)
And a long list from 39 to 30 .... And a long list of 39 to 30.... 39 - Ahem Shaikh (Podar) 35 - Amogh (Sishya Chennai)

FALGUNI THAKKER MISS And a long list from 38 to 30...... And a long list of 34 to 30.....
FALGUNI THAKKER MISS FALGUNI THAKKER MISS FALGUNI THAKKER MISS

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ACADEMIC RESULTS 2020 – 2021 ACADEMIC RESULTS 2019 – 2020

ACADEMIC RESULTS 2003 – 2019

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