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BIO X ICSE Genetics
BIO X ICSE Genetics
BIOLOGY SUMMARY
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FALGUNI MISS
▪ XX pair is found in females.
▪ XY pair is found in males.
• A genetic combination can be represented by a Punnett square or by a Pedigree chart.
• Dominant and recessive alleles:
CHARACTER DOMINANT TRAIT RECESSIVE TRAIT
1. Eye colour Brown Blue
2. Tongue Rolling Non- Rolling
3. Hand Right-handedness Left-handedness
4. Ear lobe Free Attached
5. Lips Thick Thin
6. Rh blood group Positive Negative
7. Colour vision (red-green) Normal Colour blind
8. Cheek Dimpled Normal
Some rather uncommon hereditary traits
Polydactyly (Dominant) = Extra fingers and toes
Albinism (Recessive) = Total absence of skin pigment
Camptodactyly (dominant) = Inability to straighten the little finger.
• Analysis of inheritance:
o Pedigree chart of few families are studied to identify the possible genetic
combination of the parents by analysing the trait that runs into the family.
o There are three examples under study: tongue rolling or non-rolling, ear lobe
– free or attached and polydactyly.
o (I) – Tongue rolling and non-tongue rolling:
▪ In a family it is observed that:
o Both father and mother are tongue rollers.
o Two children are tongue rollers (hollow symbols) and
o One child is non tongue roller (solid symbol).
▪ As tongue non - rolling is recessive, let:
o Genotype of tongue roller be: RR or Rr
o Genotype of non-tongue-roller be: rr
▪ The possible genotype for this family is:
Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 2
FALGUNI MISS
▪ Conclusion:
o The children born in this family shows dominant (RR, Rr) as
well as recessive (rr) traits.
o Hence they have heterozygous (Rr) parents.
o Similarly cases can be analysed for Polydactyly, Free ear lobe and attached
ear lobe.
• Sex determination – son or daughter:
o All eggs bear X - chromosome.
o The sperms are either X bearing or Y bearing Chromosome (50% of each kind).
o The child will be a male or a female is dependent on the type of sperm
which fertilizes with the egg.
o If X of the female combines with the X of the male, then it is a female child.
o If X of the female combines with the Y of the male, then it is a male child.
o Sex of the child is determined by the father.
o The Punnett square is as follows:
X Y
X XX XY
X XX XY
50% of their children are male.
50% of their children are female.
• X-linked inheritance:
o It is the appearance of a trait due to the presence of an allele exclusively on
the ‘X’ chromosome.
o The X-chromosome linked traits are more common in males than in females.
o Example: haemophilia, colour-blindness, sickle cell anaemia.
• Y-linked inheritance:
o It is the appearance of a trait due to the presence of an allele exclusively on
the ‘Y’ chromosome.
o The Y-chromosome linked traits occurs only in males but not in females.
o Example: hypertrichosis, pattern baldness.
Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 3
FALGUNI MISS
• The following cases explain the sex-linked inheritance:
o Y- linked disease (baldness): There is only one kind of case.
▪ A bald man marries a lady with normal hair.
▪ Genotype of Man – X°Y.
▪ Genotype of Lady – XX.
▪ The punnett square for their children:
X °Y
X XX X°Y
X XX X°Y
50% of their children are bald.
50% of their children are normal.
100% of their daughters are normal.
100% of their sons are bald.
o X- linked disease (colour blindness): There are 4 cases:
▪ CASE 1: A man with normal vision marries a lady with normal vision
but she is a carrier of colour blind gene.
o Genotype of Man – XY
o Genotype of Lady – °XX.
o The punnett square for their children:
X Y
°X °XX °XY
X XX XY
75% of their children are with normal vision.
25% of their children are colour blind.
100 % of their daughters are with normal vision.
50% of their daughters are carriers.
50% of their daughters are not colour blind nor carriers.
50% of their sons are colour blind
50% of their sons are with normal vision.
▪ CASE 2: A colour blind man marries a lady with normal vision and is
not a carrier of the disease gene.
o Genotype of Man – °XY
o Genotype of Lady – XX.
o The Punnett square for their children:
°X Y
X °XX XY
X °XX XY
Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 4
FALGUNI MISS
100% of their children are with normal vision.
50% of their children are carriers of disease.
100 % of their daughters are carriers with normal vision.
100% of their sons are with normal vision.
▪ CASE 3: A colour blind man marries a lady with normal vision but is a
carrier of the disease gene.
o Genotype of Man – °XY
o Genotype of Lady - °XX.
o The punnet square for their children:
°X Y
°X °X°X °XY
X °XX XY
50% of their children are with normal vision.
50% of their children are colour blind.
25% of their children are carriers of disease.
25% of their children are having no disease nor are carriers.
50 % of their daughters are with normal vision but are carriers.
50% of their daughters are colour blind.
50% of their sons are having normal vision.
50% of their sons are colour blind.
°X °X°X °XY
°X °X°X °XY
100% of their children are colour blind.
100% of their sons are colour blind.
100% of their daughters are colour blind.
Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 5
FALGUNI MISS
• Criss – Cross inheritance: Inheritance of X – linked genes is called
criss – cross inheritance.
• Y linked inheritance are always transferred from father to son ie. male to male only.
A A
a Aa Aa
a Aa Aa
o Interpretation of F1:
o Phenotype: All are axillary flowers
o Phenotypic Ratio: 1:1:1:1
o Genotype: All are heterozygous genes Aa
o Genotypic ratio: 1:1:1:1
o Punnett square for F2 generation:
Heterozygous → A a
Axial ↓
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 6
FALGUNI MISS
o Interpretation of F2:
o Phenotype: 3 are axillary flowers and 1 is terminal flower
o Phenotypic Ratio: 3:1
o Genotype:
▪ Homozygous dominant - AA
▪ Heterozygous - Aa
▪ Homozygous recessive – aa.
o Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1
▪ CASE 2: Similarly Tall plant and dwarf plant
o Monohybrid ratio:
▪ Definition: The kind of ratio obtained as a result of crossing of two
different traits of a single character is known as monohybrid ratio.
▪ Monohybrid ratio in F1 generation:
o Genotypic (gene feature): 1:1:1:1
o Phenotypic (visible feature): 1:1:1:1
▪ Monohybrid ratio in F2 generation:
o Genotypic (gene feature): 1:2:1
o Phenotypic (visible feature): 3:1
• Dihybrid Cross: A cross between two parents taking into consideration alternative
traits of two different characters.
• Significance of Dihybrid cross: New types of plants with new combinations of useful
characters can be produced by hybridization.
• Dihybrid ratio:
o Definition: The kind of ratio obtained as a result of crossing two different
traits of two contrasting characters is known as dihybrid ratio.
o Dihybrid ratio in F1 generation:
▪ Genotypic (gene feature): 1:1:1:1
▪ Phenotypic (visible feature): 1:1:1:1
o Dihybrid ratio in F2 generation:
▪ Phenotypic (visible feature): 9:3:3:1
▪ Genotypic (gene feature): very complex.
Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493 Page 7
FALGUNI MISS
▪ The one that expresses is the dominant character and the one that is
unexpressed is the recessive.
o Law of segregation: (Also called the Law of purity of gametes.)
▪ It is used for determining sex linked diseases.
▪ Law: The two members of a pair of factors separate during the
formation of gametes.
▪ They do not blend but segregate or separate into different gametes
o Law of independent assortment:
▪ It is used for determining Dihybrid ratio.
▪ Law: Out of two pairs of contrasting characters, the distribution of the
members of one pair into the gamete is independent of the
distribution of the other pair.
• Application of Mendel’s Laws:
o It helps us to understand and predict the new combinations and their
frequency in the progeny of hybrids.
o Helps plant and animal breeders for producing better breeds.
o New types of plants with new combinations of useful characters can be
produced by hybridization.
• Mutation:
o Definition: Mutation is a sudden change in one or more genes (structurally or
in number) of an organism.
o Example: sickle cell anaemia, albinism.
o Radioactive radiations may lead to mutation, altering the gene structure and
their effects can be seen generation after generation.
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ACADEMIC RESULTS 2022 – 23 – 19 ALL INDIA RANKERS
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ACADEMIC RESULTS 2021 – 2022 – 8 ALL INDIA RANKERS
FALGUNI MISS CLASSES – PTS FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS
FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS
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ACADEMIC RESULTS 2020 – 2021 ACADEMIC RESULTS 2019 – 2020
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