Tll cksdussk`es, stnts, nec nuth`r pr`jkbls j`r thks puabkdntk`e nt6 https6//www.rlslnrdhontl.elt/puabkdntk`e/431?

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G-p`p Jnes' Kcletkty nec Shl Ilnekeo `j Alkeo n Jne

Shlsks ¿ Fuel 1=1=

C@K6 >=.>4>3=/QO
>=.>4>3=/QO.1.1.1:4=<.?;
.1.1.1:4=<.?;1=1
1=1

DKSNSK@ET QLNCT

= 14,=;;

1 nuth`rs6

Nyuek Fle`b Eur Hnjllzn Nhinc ]nzkb

\ekvlrsktk Tnkes Inbnyskn \ekvlrsktk Tnkes Inbnyskn
1 ]\ABKDNSK@ET > DKSNSK@E ; ]\ABKDNSK@ET >4 DKSNSK@ET

TLL ]Q@JKBL TLL ]Q@JKBL

Nbb d`etlet j`bb`wkeo thks pnol wns upb`nclc ay Nyuek Fle`b `e =8 Fuby 1=1=.

Shl uslr hns rlqulstlc lehnedlilet `j thl c`web`nclc jkbl.

G-]@] JNET‛ KCLESKS[ NEC SHL ILNEKEO @J ALKEO N JNE

E\Q N[\EK AKESK I@HC FLE@B

\EKZLQTKSK TNKET INBN[TKN

1=1=
G-]@] JNET‛ KCLESKS[ NEC SHL ILNEKEO @J ALKEO N JNE

ay

E\Q N[\EK AKESK I@HC FLE@B

Shlsks suaikttlc ke jubjkbilet `j thl rlqukrlilet

j`r thl clorll `j
Andhlb`r `j T`dknb Tdkledls (Nethr`p`b`oy nec T`dk`b`oy)

Fuel 1=1=
 SNABL @J D@ESLEST

Snabl `j D`etlets ...............................................

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Bkst `j Snabls ...................

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Bkst `j Jkourls ................................................

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Ndge`wblcolilets ......................
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Nastrndt .....................
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Dhnptlr @el Ketr`cudtk`e ...................

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]r`abli Ttntlilet ...................

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Qlslnrdh @afldtkvls nec Qlslnrdh ^ulstk`es ...................................................

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D`edlptunb Jrnilw`rg ........................................................

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Dhnptlr Sw` Bktlrnturl Qlvklw.....................

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Jnes nec Kcletkty .....................................

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Shl Ilnekeo `j Alkeo

Alk eo n Jne ..........................................................
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D`edbusk`e ...................
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Dhnptlr Shrll Ilth`c`b`oy .........................................

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Cntn D`bbldtk`e ...................

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]nrtkdkpnet @aslrvntk`e ......................................

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Tlik-strudturlc Ke-clpth Ketlrvklw ................................................

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Cntn Nenbysks ................................................................

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Jnes‛ Kcletkty .....................

Dhnptlr J`ur Gp`p Jnes‛ ...........................................
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Blnrekeo thl G`rlne Bneounol ......................

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G-p`p Jnec`i nec Shl J`rintk`e `j Elw Jrklecshkp......................

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D`esuilrksi Nec G-p`p Jnes Clv`tk`e .....................

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Crlsskeo Bkgl Iy Kc`bs ......................

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D`edbusk`e ...................
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Dhnptlr Jkvl Shl Ilnekeo `j alkeo n Gp`p Jne.....................

Jne...........................................
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G-p`p nec Jnec`i6 Qlbntk`eshkp Shnt ]r`vkcl n Tlesl `j Alb`eokeo ................... <<

\eblnshkeo Snblet ns Nrts nec D`etlet Drlnt`r ......................

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G-p`p ns n J`ri `j Lsdnpksi ............................

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Dhnptlr Tkx D`edbusk`e ......................

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Snabl > Cli`ornphkd Andgor`uec `j ]nrtkdkpnets

]nrtkd kpnets ......................
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Snabl 4 Shrll Dntlo`rkls `j Jne D`esuilr .......................................

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 NDGE@_BLCOLILEST

Ke thl enil `j Nbbnh, thl I`st Orndk`us nec thl I`st Ilrdkjub.

Shl w`rg prlsletlc ke thks thlsks w`ubc e`t hnvl alle p`sskabl wkth`ut thl hlbp

nec supp`rt jr`i iney gkec pl`pbl nr`uec il. K w`ubc bkgl t` tngl thks `pp`rtuekty t`

lxtlec iy npprldkntk`e t` lvlry`el.

K w`ubc bkgl t` `jjlr iy cllplst orntktucl t` iy suplrvks`r, Cr. Eur Hnjllzn

Nhinc ]nzkb, j`r hlr d`uetblss hlbp, ncvkdl, nec led`urnolilet jr`i cny `el `j iy

thlsks f`urely. Hlr lethusknsi j`r oukckeo il t` pr`vkcl hkoh-qunbkty w`rg hns incl

ne kiprlssk`e `e il nec incl il blnrelc lxtleskvlby jr`i hlr. Kt ks n orlnt h`e`ur

nec prkvkblol t` al thl jkrst stuclet shl lvlr suplrvkslc. K wkbb dhlrksh nec rlilialr

hlr wnrith nec jrklecby enturl. Shks thlsks hns nbs` aleljkttlc jr`i d`iilets nec

suoolstk`es incl ay `thlr bldturlrs ke thl Nethr`p`b`oy nec T`dk`b`oy Tldtk`e, Tdh``b

`j T`dknb Tdkledls. K w`ubc bkgl t` lxprlss iy spldknb npprldkntk`e t` nbb `j thli j`r

thlkr vnbunabl nec pr`jlssk`enb keskohts.

Nbs`, iy hlnrtjlbt orntktucl t` iy i`thlr, E`r Njkcnh Tnint wh`i K hnvl

nbrlncy `wlc n b`t `j thkeos. Hlr ued`ecktk`enb b`vl nec supp`rt hnvl nbwnys alle iy

strleoth nec thl orlntlst keckrldt d`etrkautk`e `j thks thlsks. Shks f`urely w`ubc e`t

hnvl alle p`sskabl kj e`t j`r hlr, nec K clckdntl thks

thk s ikblst`el lspldknbby t` hlr.

K ni nbs` keclatlc t` n jlw `j iy jrklecs whkbst d`ecudtkeo thks rlslnrdh. Iy

npprldkntk`e o`ls t` Dlrn, Niy, Nzn, Thnz, nec Jntin j`r tnookeo nb`eo whle K wns

o`keo andg nec j`rth t` Gunbn Buipur j`r iy cntn d`bbldtk`e.

d`bbldtk `e. K w`ubc bkgl t` nbs` thneg

vk
Iurek, Lpn, nec Iklrn, iy h`uslintls thnt hnvl alle bkgl n jnikby t` il. Shneg y`u,

iy jrklecs, j`r bkstlekeo, `jjlrkeo il ncvkdl, nec supp`rtkeo il thr`uoh thks wh`bl

pr`dlss. K ni nbs` orntljub t` Nthkr j`r hks d`ij`rtkeo w`rcs, d`edlre, nec d`estnet

prnylrs. Tpldknb thnegs t` n o``c jrklec `j ikel Fubkn j`r hlr tkil t` pr``jrlnc
pr``jrlnc iy thlsks.

Hlr gkecelss elvlr dlnsls t` ninzl il.

Jkenbby, K huiaby ndge`wblcol thl d`etrkautk`e `j thl pnrtkdkpnets ke thks rlslnrdh

j`r thlkr tkil nec ljj`rt t` hlbp il wkth thks rlslnrdh. Iny thks rlslnrdh al aleljkdknb

t` nbb rlnclrs nec hlbp ke jurthlr rlslnrdh.

vkk
 NATSQNDS

G-p`p ks n rlbntkvlby elw olerl aut kts jneansl hns or`we insskvlby ke Inbnyskn j`r thl

pnst jlw cldncls. Kt ks nbs` lvkclet thnt thl cnkby bkvls `j Inbnysknes hnvl ked`rp`rntlc

G`rlne dubturl ke vnrk`us s`dknb nspldts. Shus, thks stucy sllgs t` lxpb`rl thl s`dknb

eunedls `j b`dnb G-p`p jnes ay ueclrbkekeo tw` inke `afldtkvls6 n) t` lxpb`rl thl

j`rintk`e `j G-p`p jne's kcletkty nec a) t` ueclrstnec thl ilnekeo `j alkeo n G-p`p

jne. Ke `rclr t` clsdrkal nec nenbysl thl s`dknb ckjjlrledls `j G-p`p jnes, slvlrnb

d`edlpts jr`i s`dk`b`oy ns wlbb ns jne stuckls wlrl pb`ttlc t` nsskst thks rlslnrdh sudh

ns pnrn-s`dknb rlbntk`eshkp, kcletkty nec s`dknb kcletkty, crninturoy, thl d`edlpt `j

ilnekeo ns wlbb ns pnrtkdkpnt`ry dubturl.

dubt url. N qunbktntkvl nppr`ndh wns lipb`ylc ay uskeo

pnrtkdkpnet `aslrvntk`e nec slik-strudturlc ke-clpth ketlrvklws t` olt ket` thl

lxplrkledls, vklws, vnbuls, nec bkjlstybls `j G-p`p jnes. ]nrtkdkpnet `aslrvntk`e wns

d`ecudtlc ke G-p`p d`edlrt nec jne lvlet t` `aslrvl jne prndtkdls. Ns j`r thl slik-

strudturlc ke-clpth ketlrvklw, n t`tnb euialr `j 8 pnrtkdkpnets wlrl slbldtlc t` pr`vkcl

ne ueclrstneckeo `j G-p`p jne's lxplrkledls nec jllbkeos. Shks d`edbucls thnt G-p`p

jne's kcletkty dne al clrkvlc jr`i thl wny thly splng nec s`dknbkzl, thlkr purdhnsl

ketletk`e nec alhnvk`ur, ns wlbb ns thl wny thly crlss. Alskcls thnt, alkeo n G-p`p jne

dnrrkls kts spldknb ilnekeo thnt trnesdlecs n jne `j n iuskd olerl. Kt vnrkls jr`i
pr`vkckeo n slesl `j
`j alb`eokeo,
alb`eokeo, ueblnshkeo jne's tnblet nec dnpnakbktkls, `jjlrs n pbntj`ri
pbntj`ri

j`r lsdnpksi ns wlbb ns li`tk`enb nec i`tkvntk`enb supp`rt thr`uoh n pnrn-s`dknb

rlbntk`eshkp. Nbth`uoh jne nec kc`b ks usunbby slle ns `el-skclc rlbntk`eshkp, kt ks

ndtunbby hns aleljkttlc thl jne ke s`il wny. Shks stucy

s tucy pr`vls thnt thl jnes dne nbs` al

slle ns ndtkvl pr`cudlrs nec d`etlet drlnt`rs whkdh d`etrnckdt t` thl stntlilet `j jne

ns n pnsskvl letkty.

vkkk
 DHN]SLQ @EL KESQ@C\DSK@E

Alkeo n ;=s gkc, K hnvl wktelsslc thl o`bcle lrn `j tlblvksk`e6 n suddlssjub tkil

j`r SZ sh`ws wkth n vnrklty `j olerls sudh ns dnrt``es, tnbg sh`ws, sktd`i, thl b`dnb

nec ketlrentk`enb crnin whkdh ks nbs` ge`we ns tlble`vlbn nec skeltr`e. Bntlr ke iy
tllenol ylnrs, K stnrtlc t` lxpb`rl thl ketlrelt nec K hnvl alle ne ndtkvl uslr `j s`dknb

ilckn uetkb e`w. Shl lxp`surl t` thlsl ilckn hlbplc t` clvlb`p iy ketlrlst ke thl

letlrtnkeilet kecustry ns K hnvl ald`il n jne. Kt ks lvkclet thnt p`pubnr dubturl hns

ald`il kefiuletknb nec lvle c`ikentlc iney nrln

nrlnss `j `ur s`dklty. Jurthlri`rl, thl

lxkstledl `j thl ketlrelt ingls uebkiktlc nec a`uecblss lxp`surl t` ge`w i`rl na`ut

dlblarktkls t`cny.

Dlblarktkls nrl `jtle slle ns thl d`rl `j thl kecustry. H`wlvlr, wl nbs` ellc t`

ueclrstnec thnt alhkec thl nc`rntk`e, jnil, nec buxury thl dlblarktkls nrl bkvkeo ke, jnes'
j nes'

r`bls nrl fust ns kip`rtnet. Jnes nrl thl `els wh` splec thlkr i`ely, tkil, nec lelroy

t` auy nbauis, d`edlrt `r i`vkl tkdglts, t` v`tl `ebkel j`r ney d`ipltktk`e `r onils,

nec lvle t` jby `r crkvl d`uetblss h`urs t` illt wkth thlkr ncikrlc dlblarktkls. H`wlvlr,

thlrl ks e` dblnr cljkektk`e `j whnt kt ks t` al n jne ns nroulc ay Gb`lt nec V``ele (1==?).
(1==?).

Shly iletk`elc ke thlkr stucy thnt jne ks ne naarlvkntk`e `j jnentkd nec hkst`rkdnbby kt

tlecs t` al rlbntlc wkth rlinrgs bkgl `aslsskvl,

`aslssk vl, w`rshkpplr, nec clv`tll. Shl e`tk`e `j

jnentkdksi wns albklvlc t` stli jr`i thlsl rlbkok`us d`ee`tntk`es. Nr`uec thl bntl >;th

dletury, thl w`rc jne alone t` al uslc d`edlrekeo sp`rts lethusknsts, slpnrntkeo thl

tlri jr`i kts nss`dkntk`e wkth rlbkok`e. Ke d`etlip`rnry cnys, kts usnol hns alle

lxtleclc t` clsdrkal j`bb`wlrs `r clv`tlls `j p`pubnr dubturl sudh ns p`p skeolrs, iuskd

olerls, SZ slrkls, i`vkls, `r lvle d`ikd dhnrndtlrs

dhnrndtl rs (Qnhki, 1=>;).

>
 Shl kevletk`e `j Outtlealro's prketkeo prlss ke thl ikccbl `j thl ><th dletury

hns ar`uoht thl ndge`wblcoilet `j thl kejbuledl thnt inss ilckn ilssnols arkeo t`

nuckledls (Nakcn nec Qnen Lkfnz, 1=>>). Nbth`uoh a``gs wlrl `eby nvnkbnabl j`r thl

rkdh, prketkeo aldnil dhlnplr ns blss wlnbthy ilialrs `j s`dklty wlrl nabl t` onke

nddlss t` thks buxury ktli nt thnt tkil. T`dklty rlnbkzlc thnt thl nakbkty t` rlnc hns

ald`il `abkont`ry nec thly

t hly alone t` albklvl thnt nbb ilialrs sh`ubc al lcudntlc t`

rlnc (I`ekgn nec Kvltn, 1=>:). Ns bktlrndy alone t` rksl ns wlbb ns thl typls `j ilckn

nec kej`rintk`e pl`pbl d`ubc al lxp`slc t`, n clckdntlc keckvkcunb sh`wkeo clv`tk`e

t` ney `afldt thnt typkdnbby nddlsskabl thr`uoh thl trncktk`enb ilckn sudh ns a``gs,

inonzkels, d`ikds, SZ, nec rnck` nbs` lilrolc (Qnhki, 1=>;). J`r lxnipbl, jnes `j

Thlrb`dg H`bils ay Nrthur D`ene onkelc thl puabkd's nttletk`e nec nc`rntk`e curkeo

thl bntl Zkdt`rkne lrn (C`ebly lt nb., 1=>?). Shly pr`dbnkilc thlislbvls ns thl ilialrs

`j thl jkrst jnec`i lvlr lxkstlc. Njtlr H`bils wns gkbblc `jj ke >8;4, jnes wlrl s`

lernolc thnt twlety th`usnec `j thli dnedlbblc thlkr suasdrkptk`es t` Shl Ttrnec, thl

inonzkel whkdh Thlrb`dg H`bils wns alkeo puabkshlc ke (Ikeglb, 1=>3). Shlrl wlrl

nbs` slvlrnb cli`estrntk`es jr`i thl uepblnsnet jnes t` gllp thlkr jnv`urktl dhnrndtlr

nbkvl. Shl nuth`r lvle o`t blttlrs `j rnol jr`i jnes aldnusl `j H`bils' clnth. Thlrb`dg

H`bils' jnes `r Thlrb`dgknes, nbs` jni`usby wlnrkeo abndg nrianecs ke thl strllt t`

i`ure thl jnbble cltldtkvl (I`ekgn nec Kvltn, 1=>:).

_hkbl ke thl lnrby t` ikc-twletklth dletury, jnes `j sdkledl jkdtk`e alone

j`rikeo dbuas nec h`bckeo d`evletk`es t` cksduss thlkr shnrlc ketlrlst. @el `j thl

lnrbklst d`evletk`es wns thl _`rbc Tdkledl Jkdtk`e D`evletk`e `r _`rbcd`e whkdh wns

jkrst hlbc ke >;4; nec hns d`etkeulc neeunbby. Kt wns e`tlc thnt thlrl ks e` `thlr p`pubnr

dubturl phle`ile`e thnt hns sh`we thl clpth nec arlncth `j jne ndtkvkty. Nskcl jr`i

1
nttleckeo sudh d`evletk`es, jnes nbs` drlntlc thl jkrst Ttnr Srlg zkel, n jne-incl

inonzkel dnbblc Tp`dgnenbkn, ke >;:? (Fkecrn, 1=>?). Shks p`rtrnylc thnt alkeo n jne ks

e`t skipby d`esuikeo. Qnthlr, jnes leonol wkth thl ilckn ns wlbb ns ni`eo `thlr jnes.

Shlsl prndtkdls dne al slle thr`uoh jne ndtkvktkls sudh ns wrktkeo thlkr jkdtk`e (jnejkd)

anslc `e thlkr jnv`urktl dhnrndtlrs, puabksh thlkr inonzkels (jnezkels), wrktkeo thlkr

byrkds t` p`pubnr s`eos (jkbgkeo) ns wlbb ns d`spbnykeo nt jne d`evletk`es (Flegkes,

(Fl egkes, >;;1).

Shus, alkeo n jne ks e`t ilrlby n blksurl ndtkvkty aut nbs` drlntl n elw j`ri `j

dubturl dnbblc pnrtkdkpnt`ry dubturl. ]nrtkdkpnt`ry dubturl lxpbnkes thnt jnes e`t `eby

d`esuil ilckn ay bkstlekeo nec wntdhkeo aut nbs` usl slbldtlc ilckn d`etlet t`

rldrlntl nec rlpr`cudl thlkr d`etlet. Jnes usunbby d`iiuekdntlc thr`uoh thl shnrkeo

`j physkdnb tlxt `r nrt ns wlbb ns onthlrkeo ke jne d`evletk`es nec jne illtkeos.

E`wncnys, i`st
i`st `j thl jnes' ketlrndtk`e ks ketlrelt-anslc (Or`lel nec Hlttkeolr, 1=>:).

Jnes ndtkvlby pr`cudl vkcl`s `e pbntj`ris sudh ns [`uSual t` sh`w thlkr ketlrlst ke

dlrtnke pr`cudts `j ilckn sudh ns a``g rlvklw, iuskd vkcl` rlndtk`e, s`eos, nec cnedl

d`vlr — whkdh nbs` ge`we ns

ns ‘jnew`rgs‛.
‘jnew`rgs‛. Shlsl jnew`rgs nrl s`il `j thl lxnipbls `j

h`w jnes d`il t`olthlr vkrtunbby t` shnrl thlkr ketlrlsts. Ns tldhe`b`oy d`etkeuls t`

lv`bvl, jne d`iiuektkls kedrlnskeoby prlvnblet ndr`ss entk`enbkty nec lthekdkty.

Ndd`rckeoby, jne stuckls hnvl ald`il ne kip`rtnet t`pkd j`r ndnclikn e`t `eby ke thl

ilckn nec d`iiuekdntk`e jklbc. Tdh`bnrs jr`i vnrk`us ndnclikd cksdkpbkels hnvl alle

ketlrlstlc ke jne stuckls rneol jr`i Ld`e`ikds, Nrts, ]sydh`b`oy, ns wlbb ns

Nethr`p`b`oy nec T`dk`b`oy (Skenbkon, 1=>8). I`st `j thl jnes thnt hnvl alle

rld`oekzlc nrl usunbby r``tlc ke n pnrtkdubnr iuskd olerl sudh ns pueg, hlnvy iltnb,

keckl, nec fnzz.

4
 E`tnaby, thl G`rlne wnvl `r Hnbbyu wnvl hns jb`urkshlc w`rbcwkcl skedl n

cldncl no` (F`ydl nec ]ndks, 1=>1). G`rlne wnvl ks spldkjkdnbby rljlrrlc t` ns thl

G`rlne dubturl thnt d`esksts `j thl bneounol, crnins nec i`vkls, j``c, iuskd, nec `thlr

dubturnb pr`cudts. G`rlne-p`p `r jnikbknrby ge`we ns G-p`p ks ylt thl i`st phle`ilenb

nec kipndtjub `ut `j nbb. G`rlne crnin, _ketlr T`entn whkdh nkrlc `e SZ4 ke Nuoust

1==1 inrglc thl stnrt `j thl p`pubnrkty `j Hnbbyu ke Inbnyskn (Nhinc nec Aleo, 1=>:).

J`bb`wkeo thnt, n tsuenik `j G`rlne p`p or`ups incl kts wny. Inbnyskn's b`dnb rnck`

dhneelb, Nstr` Hktz wkth G`rlne S`urkst @ronekzntk`e hns puabkshlc n elw pr`orni

whkdh ks G-p`p Hktz Snblet Th`w ke 1=>>. Shl pr`orni o`t n hkohlr rntkeo whkdh

vnbkcntls thl puabkd nddlptnedl nec clinec j`r G-p`p iuskd (Nrkjjke lt nb., 1=>4).

Alskcls thnt, Inbnyskne sntlbbktl tlblvksk`e

tlb lvksk`e pr`vkclr, NTSQ@ nbs` pr`vkcls GAT _`rbc

Dhneelb — n dhneelb ar`ncdnsts j`r G`rlne crnins, iuskd nec rlnbkty sh`ws t` sntksjy

thl clskrl `j nuckledls t`wnrcs G`rlne letlrtnkeilet (Ek, 1=>;). Shks G`rlne wnvl

t``g s`dknb ilckn ay st`ri ns wlbb ns Inbnyskne G]@] Jnes Jndla``g pnol hns nbs`

alle slt up t` cksduss nec ketlrndt

ketlrndt wkth G`rlne jnes entk`ewkcl (Czub, 1=>:). Shl pnol

hns rldlkvlc nbi`st ?<,=== bkgls skedl kt wns drlntlc.

drl ntlc. Ke nccktk`e t` thnt, Tnanhne cnedlr

Ksnnd Z`` hns ald`il thl jkrst Inbnyskne t` claut ke n G-]`p or`up KE1KS (Qnibk,

1=>8). Shl `iekprlsledl `j G-p`p `e vnrk`us ilckn pbntj`ris ke Inbnyskn hns incl

kt lnsy j`r b`dnbs t` onke nddlss t` thks pnrtkdubnr olerl. Hledl, K albklvl thnt kt ks

skoekjkdnet nec aleljkdknb t` stucy thl s`dknb eunedls `j b`dnb G-p`p jnes ns thl cnkby

bkvls `j Inbnysknes hnvl pr`vlc t` ked`rp`rntl G`rlne dubturl ke vnrk`us s`dknb nspldts.

3
]r`abli Ttntlilet

Inbnyskne G-p`p jnes hnvl or`we insskvl ns thlrl nrl d`uetblss `j G-p`p jnes

`ronekzntk`es nbb `vlr thl d`uetry. Shl rnpkc rksl `j thl G`rlne wnvl ke Inbnyskn hns

blc sdh`bnrs t` sllg n alttlr ueclrstneckeo `j thks succle phle`ile`e (Gki nec Qy``,

1==?). Kip`rtnetby, Inbnyskn rneglc jkjth ke thl d`uetrkls wkth i`st t`urkst nrrkvnbs ke

G`rln njtlr Fnpne, Snkwne,

Snkwn e, H`eo G`eo, nec Shnkbnec (Gki nec Qy``, 1==?). Nbneznb`e

(1=>>) ke hks rlslnrdh nbs` sh`wlc thnt na`ut 8=% `j Inbnyskne rlsp`eclets stnrtlc t`

blnre thl G`rlne bneounol aldnusl `j thlkr cllp ketlrlst ke G`rlne dubturl. @thlr thne

thnt, Inbnyskn G-p`p jnes hnvl nbs` alle snkc t` d`ej`ri t` G`rlne alnuty stnecnrcs

`r nbs` ge`we ns G-alnuty — n tlri rljlrs t` thl sgkednrl pr`cudts nec d`siltkds

pr`cudts `rkokentlc jr`i T`uth G`rln, whkdh or`we t` ald`il sudh n huol drnzl
(Dhl`eo, 1=>;). Alskcls thnt, kt ks nbs` lvkclet thnt thl Inbnyskne d`esuiptk`e `j

G`rlne j``c d`etkeuls t` surol (Shl Tuecnkby, 1=>:). J`r thl pnst jlw ylnrs, G`rlne

j``c `utblts iushr``ikeo ako dktkls ke Inbnyskn sudh ns Gy`dh`e, Clsl`, Cuauy`,

Iyl`eoc`eo S`p`ggk, nec IyueoQyneo. Shlsl stuckls clpkdtlc thl surokeo `j

Inbnyskne nddlptnedl `j G`rlne p`pubnr dubturl ke s`dklty.

Nbth`uoh G-p`p jnes hnvl or`we insskvl ke Inbnyskn, s`il d`edlres rlv`bvlc

nr`uec thl suafldt `j n jne. Shks ks aldnusl jne stuckls nrl `jtle d`eskclrlc t` al e`e-

ketlbbldtunb, skipbl, nec uekip`rtnet ke ndnclikn (Qhll, _`eo nec Gki, 1=>:). Shks

iny al d`etrkautlc ay thl elontkvl d`ee`tntk`es thnt hnvl alle nss`dkntlc

nss` dkntlc wkth thl tlri

lvlr skedl kt wns d`kelc. Shus, iy rlslnrdh hlbps t` dbnrkjy whlthlr thks G-p`p jne

phle`ile`e ke s`il wny shnpls jne's kcletkty. Ns pr`p`slc ay Nreltt (>;;<), pl`pbl

hnvl clvlb`plc ne kcletkty e`t `eby anslc `e thlkr trncktk`e aut nbs` `e n ob`anb kcletkty

<
anslc `e thlkr lxp`surl t` n ob`anb dubturl d`evlylc thr`uoh thl ilckn.
i lckn. ]`p dubturl,

spldkjkdnbby, ks `el `j thl dnusls thnt ingl keckvkcunbs t`cny nabl t` slbldt, ikx, nec

intdh thlkr kcletktkls (Grntz nec Qlkilr, >;;8). I`rl`vlr, ns thl s`dklty lv`bvlc jr`i

p`st-kecustrknb t` p`sti`clre
p`sti`clre w`rbc, n wkclr nrrny `j suadubturnb or`ups bkgl thl G-p`p

jne d`iiuekty nrksls. Hledl, thks ketrkoulc il t` jkourl `ut whnt j`ris thl G-p`p jne‛s

kcletkty. I`rl`vlr, K albklvl thnt kt ks nbs` kip`rtnet t` lxpb`rl thl ilnekeo `j alkeo n

G-p`p jne. Iy rlslnrdh ks e`t b``gkeo j`r ilnekeo nec keskoht ket` jnes' lxplrkledls

thr`uoh thlkr ketlrndtk`es wkth kc`bs `r ilckn aut i`st kip`rtnetby ni`eo jlbb`w jnes.

Ke thl b`dnb d`etlxt, G-p`p jne stuckls ke Inbnyskn ks rlbntkvlby elw. Hledl, thl jkeckeos

onthlrlc jr`i thks stucy ingl ne kip`rtnet d`etrkautk`e t` thl lxkstkeo bktlrnturl

spldkjkdnbby ke Nethr`p`b`oy nec T`dk`b`oy jklbc. Shks rlslnrdh nbs` pr`vkclc ne

kip`rtnet `pp`rtuekty t` ncvnedl thl ueclrstneckeo `j thl cyenikds `j kcletkty nec

ilnekeo ke s`dklty.

Qlslnrdh @afldtkvls nec Qlslnrdh ^ulstk`es

Shks stucy kevlstkontls nec nkis t` cltlrikel thl lxplrkledls `j y`ueo ncubts

G-p`p jnes ke Inbnyskn. Shlrlj`rl, K hnvl ueclrbkelc tw` `afldtkvls thnt hnvl oukclc

il thr`uoh`ut thl rlslnrdh pr`dlss. Shl `afldtkvls `j thks rlslnrdh nrl6

@>6 S` lxpb`rl thl j`rintk`e `j G-p`p jne‛s kcletkty.

@16 S` ueclrstnec thl ilnekeo `j alkeo n G-p`p jne.

Shlsl `afldtkvls wlrl d`estrudtlc t` neswlr slvlrnb rlslnrdh qulstk`es. S` suiinrkzl,

thlrl nrl tw` rlslnrdh qulstk`es thnt K hnvl clvlb`plc ke thl stucy whkdh nrl6

:
 Q^>6 _hnt j`ris thl G-p`p jne‛s kcletkty0

Q^16 _hnt ks thl ilnekeo `j alkeo n G-p`p jne0

D`edlptunb Jrnilw`rg

N d`edlptunb jrnilw`rg ks `el `j thl kip`rtnet d`ip`elets thnt d`estktutl

rlslnrdh. N jrnilw`rg w`rgs bkgl n 'abulprket' t` aukbc n strudturl alj`rl alokeekeo

rlslnrdh (F`ydl nec ]ndks, 1=>1). Hledl, n jrnilw`rg wns pb`ttlc t` nsskst il ke thks

stucy alj`rl sdkletkjkdnbby lxpb`rl thl kcletkty nec ilnekeo `j alkeo n G-p`p jne. Shl

d`edlptunb jrnilw`rg ks e`t `eby pr`vkckeo n pnth `r ckrldtk`e j`r n rlslnrdhlr aut nbs`

ne kipltus t` thl rlslnrdh kequkry (Nc`i lt nb., 1=>8). Ke clsdrkakeo nec nenbyskeo thl

s`dknb ckjjlrledls `j G-p`p jnes, K crlw slvlrnb d`edlpts jr`i j`ur d`edlpts ke

s`dk`b`oy ns wlbb ns jne stuckls ns sh`we ke Jkourl > alb`w.

Jkourl > D`edlptunb Jrnilw`rg

?
 ]nrtkdubnrby, K lipb`ylc thl w`rgs `j H`rt`e nec _`hb (>;<:), Abuilr (>;:;),

O`jjine (>;<;), Flegkes (>;;1), Aurgl nec Ttlts (1===) ns wlbb ns Flegkes (1==3) t`

j`ri iy jrnilw`rg. Alj`rl K cksduss jurthlr ket` thl clvlb`pilet `j thks jrnilw`rg,

kt ks nbs` kip`rtnet t` `plrntk`enbkzl thl tlri jne thnt rlv`bvls nr`uec iy stucy.

J`bb`wkeo thl vklw `j H`rt`e nec _`hb (>;<:), G-p`p jne ke thks stucy ks uslc t` rljlr

t` ne keckvkcunb thnt d`iikts t` n `el-skclc rlbntk`eshkp nec clvlb`p ne ketkintl

nttndhilet wkth G-p`p kc`bs. G-p`p jnes nbs` n pnrt `j jnec`i — d`iiuektkls aukbt

nr`uec n shnrlc lef`yilet nec ketlrlst t`wnrcs n suafldt nec kev`bvls ke jne ndtkvktkls.

Flegkes (>;;1) rlonrcs jne ndtkvktkls ns thl pnrtkdkpnt`ry dubturl thnt d`esksts `j6

>. Qlbntkvlby b`w anrrklrs t` nrtkstkd lxprlssk`e nec dkvkd

leonolilet

1. Ttr`eo supp`rt j`r drlntkeo nec shnrkeo `el's drlntk`es wkth

`thlrs

4. T`il typl `j kej`rinb ilet`rshkp ke whkdh thl i`st

lxplrkledlc ilialrs pnss nb`eo thlkr ge`wblcol t` e`vkdls

3. Ilialrs wh` albklvl thlkr d`etrkautk`es inttlr

Shr`uoh thl pnrn-s`dknb rlbntk`eshkp nec pnrtkdkpnt`ry dubturl, K clrkvlc thl G-

p`p jne's kcletkty nec thl s`dknb ilnekeo alhkec thlkr alhnvk`ur. Olelrnbby, t` nenbysl

a`th `j thlsl nspldts, K wns oukclc

oukclc ay thl
thl e`tk`e `j Tyia`bkd Ketlrndtk`eksi thnt p`skts

thl kip`rtnedl `j huine ketlrndtk`e t` lxpbnke huine alhnvk`ur. K albklvl thnt G-p`p

jnes ketlrndt wkth `thlr jlbb`w jnes lxdhneokeo thl ilnekeo thr`uoh syia`bs t` ingl

slesl `j thlkr w`rbc. O`jjine (>;<;) uslc thlntrl ns ne nenb`oy t` lxpbnke thl s`dknb

ketlrndtk`e whkdh ks ge`we ns crninturoy. Ndd`rckeo t` hki, thl w`rbc ks n stnol nec

8
huines nrl ndt`rs. Ne keckvkcunb dnrrkls n vnrklty `j r`bls thnt nrl ketlrprltlc ns thl slt

alhnvk`urs nec ndtk`es anslc `e `el's slttkeo nec nuckledl t` d`evly thl clskrlc

kiprlssk`e. Shks phle`ile`e ks whnt O`jjine dnbblc kiprlssk`e inenolilet. Ke thl

d`etlxt `j G-p`p jnes, ne keckvkcunb plrj`ris thl kcletkty

k cletkty ns n jne ns ne nttlipt t` j`ri

ne kiprlssk`e `j wh` nec whnt gkec `j plrs`e hl `r shl ks. Shks dne al slle ke vnrk`us

plrj`rintkvkty sudh ns jr`i thl wny jne splngs, jne s`dknbkzls,

s`dknbkzls, jne's purdhnsl ketletk`e

nec alhnvk`urs, nec thl wny jne crlssls. Shlsl nrl blnrelc jr`i thl ckstkedt slt `j

vnbuls nec prndtkdls thnt nrl `eby ueclrst``c ay thl ilialrs `j G-p`p jne d`iiuektkls.

Ns e`tlc ay Ttlts nec Aurgl (1===), thlrl ks n d`etkeuui altwlle plrs`enb nec s`dknb

kcletkty. Shks ks jurthlr lxpbnkelc ay thli whle thly wlrl d`etrnstkeo a`th `j thlsl

lblilets. Shly iletk`elc thnt kcletkty ‘liphnskzls `e c`keo‛

c`keo‛ whkbl s`dknb kcletkty

‘liphnskzls `e alkeo‛
alkeo‛ (Aurgl
(Aurgl nec Ttlts, 1===). Shus, s`dknb kcletkty hns j`duslc i`rl

`e thl ilnekeos nss`dkntlc wkth alkeo n ilialr `j n s`dknb dntlo`ry nec kcletkty thl`ry

hns j`duslc i`rl `e thl ilnekeos nss`dkntlc wkth plrj`rikeo n r`bl. Shks ks ke bkel

wkth Flegkes (1==3), nbb huine kcletktkls nrl s`dknb kcletktkls. Ndd`rckeo t` hki,

ketlrndtk`e pr`vkcls ne kip`rtnet s`urdl `j iutunb rld`oektk`e nec vnbkcntk`e.

Elxt, K nbs` nppbklc Abuilr's (>;:;) lilrolet kcln j`r ilnekeo ke s`dknb

ketlrndtk`e. Hl albklvls thnt ilnekeo ks n d`ecktk`e rlsubtkeo jr`i thl ketlrndtk`e `j

or`up ilialrs. Anslc `e hks nssuiptk`e, >) huines ndt t`wnrc thkeos aldnusl `j thl

ilnekeos thnt thkeos hnvl j`r thli. Huine hns t` keckdntl s`ilthkeo t` thlislbvls

na`ut thlkr surr`ueckeos thnt blnc t` thl p`sskakbkty `j ilnekeo. 1) Shl ilnekeo `j

thkeos nrksls `ut `j thl s`dknb ketlrndtk`e `el hns wkth `el's jlbb`ws. Shkeos c` e`t hnvl

kehlrlet ilnekeo ke nec `j thlislbvls, aut thl ilnekeo ks s`dknbby drlntlc `r

d`estrudtlc thr`uoh lxplrkledl wkth `thlr keckvkcunbs nec or`ups ke s`dklty. 4) Shl

;
ilnekeos `j thkeos nrl inenolc nec i`ckjklc thr`uoh ne ketlrprltkvl pr`dlss uslc ay

thl plrs`e ke clnbkeo wkth thkeos hl led`uetlrs. Abuilr (>;:;)

( >;:;) e`tlc h`w thl ilnekeos

nrl nbs` n rlsubt `j cknb`oul `r ketlrndtk`e wkthke `elslbj.

Ns j`r G-p`p jnes, kt ks nbs` skoekjkdnet t` sllg j`r thl ilnekeo alhkec th`sl
prndtkdls nec alhnvk`urs alkeo n jne. J`r lxnipbl, alkeo n G-p`p
G -p`p jne hns pr`vkclc ne

keckvkcunb n slesl `j alb`eokeo, n j`ri `j lsdnpksi, n pbntj`ri t` ueblnsh nrtkstkd nec

lxprlsskvl slbj ns wlbb ns li`tk`enb nec i`tkvntk`enb supp`rt j`r ne keckvkcunb. Jr`i

thlsl lxnipbls, kt dne al d`edbuclc thnt huines j`ri ilnekeo ns n rlsubt `j thlkr `we

lxplrkledls. Hledl, ke thl nenbysks dhnptlrs 3 nec <, K prlsletlc h`w thks jrnilw`rg

wns kipbliletlc nec rls`rtlc t` iy jkeckeos.

>=
 DHN]SLQ S_@ BKSLQNS\QL QLZKL_

Shks dhnptlr d`esksts `j tw` sldtk`es thnt j`duslc `e thl pnst bktlrnturl `j a`th

kcletkty nec thl ilnekeo `j alkeo n jne. Shlsl hnvl okvle il n olelrnb ueclrstneckeo

alj`rl K alone iy rlslnrdh. Ke olelrnb, thl r``ts `j

`j jne stuckls dne al trndlc andg jr`i
thl >;8=s t` thl lnrby >;;=s. Shl i`st kip`rtnet lnrby tlxt d`etrkautkeo t` thl jklbc

Hlery Flegkes‛s Slxtunb ]`ndhlrs6 Slblvksk`e Jnes nec

ge`we ns jne stuckls ks Hlery

]nrtkdkpnt`ry Dubturl. Ke thks w`rg, Flegkes leonols wkth jnes t` nenbysl jne dubturl ns

n rlsp`esl t` inss ilckn. H`wlvlr, skedl Flegkes ks n ilckn sdh`bnr, i`st `j thl

d`edlres rlonrckeo jnes hnvl kev`bvlc wkth jne ketlrndtk`es ke ilckn tlxts. Shus, ns n

s`dknb sdkletkst, iy j`dus ke thks rlslnrdh ks i`rl `e thl d`estrudtk`e `j G-p`p jne‛s

kcletkty nec thl ilnekeo kt dnrrkls thr`uoh jne ketlrndtk`es. Kt ks nbs` kip`rtnet t`

hkohbkoht thnt thl jne ketlrndtk`es ke thks stucy nrl e`t bkiktlc t` thl ilckn tlxt aut nbs`

wkth `thlr jlbb`w jnes.

Jnes nec Kcletkty

Ns alkeo stntlc ke thl ketr`cudtk`e dhnptlr, s`dklty‛s lxp`surl t` thl ilckn nt

thl alokeekeo `j thl 1=th dletury hns alle bkiktlc t` prket ilckn sudh ns a``gs,

inonzkels, nec elwspnplrs ns thlrl wns e` lbldtr`ekd ilckn nt thnt tkil. Ns ilckn

lv`bvlc, ilckuis sudh ns tlblvksk`e nec rnck` hnvl ald`il n dletrnb pnrt `j thl dubturnb

levkr`eilet `j kecustrknbkzlc s`dkltkls (Abuilr, >;:;). ]`p dubturl ns n rlsubt `j

dnpktnbksi ks `el `j thl dnusls thnt ingl keckvkcunbs t`cny nrl nabl t` dh``sl thlkr

t`cny‛s i`clrekzlc w`rbc, vnrkltkls `j

kcletktkls (Grntz nec Qlkilr, >;;8). Shus, ke t`cny‛s

suadubturnb or`ups nbs` nrksl. Shl ketlrelt hns incl kt p`sskabl nec inekjlsts kcletkty

j`rintk`e thr`uoh `ebkel spndls. Shlsl `ebkel kcletkty d`estrudtk`es rlsubtlc jr`i

>>
shnrlc ketlrlst wkth `thlr pl`pbl t` cli`estrntl thl wny `ebkel nec `jjbkel kcletktkls

nrl ketlrrlbntlc (Ineno`, 1=><).

Shl s`dk`b`okdnb nppr`ndh `j kcletkty c`ls e`t nccrlss thl psydh`b`okdnb `r

d`oektkvl pr`dlssls `j kcletkty, aut rnthlr h`w kcletkty ks prlsletlc nec rl-prlsletlc
wkthke n s`dknb sktuntk`e. Tyia`bkd Ketlrndtk`eksi ks n dbnsskd d`edlre rlonrckeo thl

d`estrudtk`e `j kcletkty wkthke ne Nethr`p`b`oy nec T`dk`b`oy d`etlxt. Ke `el `j hks

lnrbklst wrktkeos, Ilnc (>;43) snkc thnt thl lxkstledl ke n d`iiuekty d`ils alj`rl

keckvkcunb d`esdk`uselss. Ilnc (>;43) ns `el `j thl pk`ellrs `e thl suafldt albklvlc

thnt ‒s`dklty shnpls slbj, slbj shnpls s`dknb alhnvk`ur’ (p.>4). Ndd`rckeo t` s`dk`b`okdnb
s`dk`b`okdnb

thl`rkls `j slbj, thl clvlb`pilet `j slbj nec kcletkty kejbuledlc ay thl s`dknb j`rdl, j`r

lxnipbl thr`uoh thl ketlrndtk`es. O`jjine (>;<;) ke pnrtkdubnr, prlslets n s`dk`b`okdnb

plrspldtkvl thnt
thnt ketlrlstlc ke ueclrstneckeo huine ketlrndtk`es. Hl suoolstlc thnt whle

ne keckvkcunb ks ke thl physkdnb spndl wkth `thlr pl`pbl, hl `r shl wkbb sllg t` d`etr`b

thl kiprlssk`e thnt `thlrs j`ri hki `r hlr. Shks ks whnt O`jjine dnbblc kiprlssk`e

inenolilet. Ke sudh n s`dknb led`uetlr, thl `thlr pnrtkdkpnet nbs` nttlipts t` j`ri ne

kiprlssk`e `j wh` nec whnt gkec `j plrs`e thks keckvkcunb ks. D`eslquletby, thly wkbb

try t` j`ri n pkdturl `j hks `r hlr kcletkty.

Alkeo n jne ks `el `j thl kcletktkls thnt ne keckvkcunb pbny ke s`dklty. S` ‘plrj`ri
plrj`ri‛‛

thnt jne kcletkty, `el blnres ckjjlrlet typls `j sgkbb, ge`wblcol, crlss d`cls, `r

v`dnaubnrkls thnt nrl `eby ueclrst``c ay ilialrs `j n jne d`iiuekty (O``dh, 1==8).

Ckspbnykeo jne or`up kcletkty iny al ne nttlipt t` nttrndt elw jrklecshkps nec inketnke
in ketnke

durrlet rlbntk`eshkps wkth `thlrs wh` shnrl n skikbnr jne ketlrlst (Dhnca`re lt nb., 1=>?).

Ke stnokeo thks plrj`rinedl `j ingkeo ne kiprlssk`e, n plrs`e usls hks lxprlsskvl

>1
lqukpilet sudh ns db`thls nec bneounol t` ingl stntlilets na`ut hki `r hlrslbj

(Fnd`asle nec Grkstknesle, 1=>:). Tkikbnrby, G-p`p jnes dne nbs` al vklwlc ns

plrj`rilrs j`r pl`pbl t` rld`oeksl

r ld`oeksl thlkr kcletktkls
k cletktkls (Bndnsn lt nb., 1=>?). Ne keckvkcunb

ay plrj`rikeo hki `r hlrslbj ns n jne drlntls

drlntl s n a`ec altwlle jnes whle thly d`evlrsl

nec ketlrndt t`olthlr (Qnhki, 1=>;). Kt ks n wny j`r jnes t` vksunbby d`iiuekdntl wh`

thly nrl nec whnt gkec `j or`up thly alb`eo t` (Grntz nec Qlkilr, >;;8).

Ndd`rckeo t` Flegkes (1==3) ke s`dknb kcletkty, thlrl ks n d`etkeuui altwlle

plrs`enb nec s`dknb kcletkty. Hl pr`p`slc thnt kcletkty prkinrkby kev`bvls n slesl `j

skikbnrkty wkth `thlrs nec ckjjlrledl jr`i thli. Shus, pl`pbl usl s`dknb dntlo`rkls t`

nsskoe thlislbvls ns G-p`p jnes nec `thlr pl`pbl ns n e`e-G-p`p jne j`r kcletkjkdntk`e

nec s`dknb d`ipnrks`e. Shks lxpbnkes thnt kcletkty nrksls wkthke ne keckvkcunb wkbb e`t

jkri wkth`ut thl supp`rt pr`vkclc ay thl keckvkcunb‛s s`dknb levkr`eilet.

stnec jkri

I`rl`vlr, kcletkty ks e` b`eolr bkiktlcby na`ut kcletkty anslc `e `ur oleclr, dbnss,

jnikby `r b`dnbkty, aut kcletkty hns ald`il n tnsg — s`ilthkeo ne keckvkcunb dh``sls t`

sllg nec lxp`sl t` j`r thl slbj. Tkikbnrby, Okccles (>;;>) dbnkis thnt kcletkty ks nbs`

s`ilthkeo thnt keckvkcunbs dne cldkcl t` leonol wkth `r e`t. Tlbj-kcletkty ks thus e`

b`eolr slle ns s`ilthkeo thnt ks okvle aut npplnrs ns s`ilthkeo

s `ilthkeo thnt hns t` al ‒r`utkelby
‒r`utkelby

drlntlc nec sustnkelc ke thl rljblxkvl ndtkvktkls `j thl keckvkcunb’ (p. <1).

Bneounol ks ni`eo `thlr nspldts thnt nrl d`eskclrlc ns n vkvkc nec drudknb gly

>;;?, p.><;). Ke hks e`tnabl lssny tktblc ‒Kj Abndg Leobksh Kse‛t n
t` kcletkty (Anbcwke, >;;?,

Bneounol, Shle Slbb Il, _hnt Ks0’, hl liphnskzls thl hkst`ry `j Abndg Leobksh nec

uskeo thnt j`r lxnipbl `e h`w bneounol dne d`eeldt `r ckv`rdls keckvkcunbs jr`i thl

d`iiuenb kcletkty. Qkdgj`rc (>;;?) ke thl snil ineelr j`dusls `e thl s`dk`bkeoukstkd

>4
nspldts `j thl Njrkdne Nilrkdne splldh d`iiuekty. H`wlvlr, ke n rlbntkvlby rldlet

stucy, bneounol ks e`t `eby bkiktlc ke kcletkjykeo entk`enbkty `r lthekdkty ns d`ii`eby

albklvlc (Thnhrlanangk, 1=>8). Shlrl ks nbs` ne ketlrrlbntk`e altwlle bneounol nec

kcletkty ke ney gkec `j s`dknb rlbntk`eshkp sudh ns n d`iiuekty ke n vkrtunb w`rbc (B`dgl,

1===) `r lvle elrc okrbs‛ or`ups ke hkoh sdh``b (Audh`btz, >;;;). Ne keckvkcunb wh` ks

n pnrt `j n or`up typkdnbby shnrls thl snil bneounol, splldh dhnrndtlrkstkds, nec wnys

`j ketlrprltkeo d`iiuekdntk`e nb`eo wkth `thlr ilialrs ke thl or`up (E`rcqukst,

1=>;). Shks ks lvkclet whle G-p`p jnes ke pnrtkdubnr hnvl nbs` ked`rp`rntlc thlkr wnys

`j rlcljkekeo nec uskeo G`rlne v`dnaubnry nec `thlr bneounol prndtkdls (Dr`w, 1=>;).

Dr`w‛s (1=>;) rlslnrdh jurthlr lxpbnkelc thnt bneounol ndt ns thl plrj`rinedl `j

kcletkty ay G-p`p jnes. A`urcklu (>;??) thr`uoh hks d`edlpt `j hnaktus pr`vls bneounol

ks n hnaktunb s`dknb ndtkvkty ns jnes nrl

n rl kev`bvlc wkth thlkr jne ndtkvktkls cnkby. Q`utblcol

nbs` rljlrs t` A`urcklu‛s hnaktus ns ‒thl physkdnb lia`ckilet

lia`ckilet `j dubturnb dnpktnb, t` thl

cllpby keornkelc hnakts, sgkbbs, nec cksp`sktk`es thnt wl p`sslss cul t` `ur bkjl

lxplrkledls’ (1==:, pnrn >). G -p`p jnes‛ nakbkty t` ueclrstnec G`rlne ks e`thkeo elw

ns kt ks lvkclet thnt thl clckdntlc jnes typkdnbby dne rlnc, splng, nec wrktl thl G`rlne

bneounol (T``ipk, 1=>8). Inbnyskn nb`eo wkth `thlr d`uetrkls hns nbs` wktelsslc thl

hkoh clinec j`r G`rlne bneounol d`ursls ke uekvlrsktkls (]kdgbls, 1=>8). Ndd`rckeo t`

Ant`ub nec Jnwwnz (1=>?), G-p`p jnes e`t `eby blnrelc thl G`rlne bneounol aut nbs`

ueclrstnec thl lxdbuskvl nec pnrtkdubnr tlris thnt nrl `eby ueclrst``c wkthke G-p`p jne

d`iiuektkls (Qklclb, 1=1=). G-p`p jne‛s `we ckstkedt slt `j bneounol nec prndtkdls t`

d`iiuekdntl wkth `el ne`thlr ks thl rljbldtk`e `j kcletktkls jnes nc`pt ns n rlsubt `j

thlkr ilialrshkp ke n or`up (Nbilkcn, 1=>?).

>3
 Alskcls thnt, thl drlntk`e `j n slesl `j slbj nec kcletkty ks nbs` nss`dkntlc wkth

`el‛s d`esuiptk`e. S`cc p`kets `ut thnt ‒kt ks vkrtunbby kip`sskabl t` auy ney pr`cudt

e`t lialcclc wkth dlrtnke syia`bs `j kcletkty ndqukrlc ay thl auylr ge`wkeoby `r

`thlrwksl’ (1=>1, p. 38). Ke t`cny‛s w`rbc, thks phle`ile`e ks i`rl nppnrlet ns

p`sti`clreksi rlonrcs kcletkty thr`uoh d`esuilr pr`cudts ns `pp`slc t` thl

trncktk`enb s`dklty thnt ks cljkelc i`stby ay thlkr hkst`ry, trncktk`e, nec nedlstrnb

(1==8), T`uth G`rln‛s p`rtrnynb `j n

hlrktnol (B`gl, 1=><). Ns e`tlc ay Bke nec S`eo (1==8),

i`clre dnpktnbkst d`uetry nec kts d`esuilrkst dubturl thr`uoh G`rlne wnvl sudh ns G-

p`p hns s`ilwhnt njjldtlc thl G-p`p jne‛s kcletkty. Kt hns nbs` alle pr`vlc th
thnt
nt thlrl

ks ne ketlrpbny `j j`rdls altwlle jne‛s slbj nec thlkr ketlrlst t`wnrcs G -p`p (Ek, 1=>;).

Tuetkgub (1=>;) rlvlnblc thnt AST — thl durrletby i`st p`pubnr G-p`p or`up, nb`el

d`etrkautlc 4.: akbbk`e c`bbnrs t` T`uth G`rln‛s OC] ke 1=>8. Ns G -p`p hns ald`il

T`uth G`rln‛s euialr `el dubturnb lxp`rt, w`rbcwkcl jnes‛ leonolilet ke kc`b kecustry

ks e`t ilrlby na`ut thl pr`jkt aut kt dne nbs`

nbs ` al n ilnes t` d`estrudt, j`ri `r drlntl thl

G-p`p jne‛s kcletkty. Alskcls, Flegkes (1==:) nbs` tnbglc na`ut thl p`bktkds `j

pnrtkdkpntk`e whlrl hl albklvls thnt e`t nbb jnes nrl drlntlc lqunb. T`il jnes ns

d`esuilrs hnvl orlntlr nakbktkls t` pnrtkdkpntl ke thl jne dubturl thne `thlrs. Shks ks ke

bkel wkth A`urcklu (>;83) thl`rkls `j hklrnrdhy nec dnpktnb. G-p`p jnes' d`esuilr

alhnvk`urs dne nbs` al slle ns thl pr`cudt `j n hklrnrdhkdnb s`dknb systli whle jnes

drlntl thlkr j`ri `j dubturnb dnpktnb. Kt ks nbs` skoekjkdnet t` hkohbkoht thnt e`t nbb ilialrs

`r jnes wkbb ndduiubntl thl snil ni`uets `j dnpktnb (Vhuneo, 1=>;). Shlrlj`rl, thks

phle`ile`e hns pr`vkclc G-p`p jnes thl kcletkty wkthke thlkr `we d`iiuekty anslc

`e thl ld`e`ikd dnpndkty.

><
 Jnshk`e ke thl jklbc `j T`dk`b`oy hns alle wrkttle
wrkt tle n b`t ay s`il `j thl pr`ikelet

thl`rksts sudh ns Tpledlr nec Tkiilb (Gnwniurn, 1=><). Ndd`rckeo t` thli, jnshk`e

ks n pr`dlss `j kiktntk`e. Nbth`uoh thly inkeby cksdusslc jnshk`e ke rlbntk`e t` s`dknb

dbnss, jnshk`e ks nbs` nss`dkntlc wkth `el‛s dubturl, e`ris, rlprlsletntk`es, nec s`dknb

r`bls (Hurt nec Fneo, 1=>8). Jnshk`e pr`vkcls ne nbtlrentkvl j`r keckvkcunbs t` ingl

lxprlsskvl nec vksunb stntlilets na`ut thlkr kcletktkls

kcletktk ls (Anrthls, 1==<). G-p`p ks `el `j

T`uth G`rln‛s i`st suddlssjub dubturnb lxp`rts hns hlbplc kts

kts jnshk`e ket` thl w`rbc‛s
w `rbc‛s

sp`tbkoht (Fl`e, 1=>;). Ns rlp`rtlc ay J`rlr` (1=>;), G-p`p jnshk`e hns slle ns thl

akoolst d`ipltktk`e
d`ipltktk`e j`r Fnpnelsl Hnrnfugu whle kt d`ils t` thl Nskne jnshk`e kecustry.

Kt wns clsdrkalc ay H`k (1=>4) ns jnshk`e thnt typkdnbby kev`bvlc akznrrl nec cnrkeo

`utjkts, `utrnol`us inglup wkth hlnvy lylbkelr, lxtrnvnonet nddlss`rkls, nec d`b`urjub

hnkrstybls. Jnes‛ ncikrntk`e t`wnrcs thlkr kc`bs nspkrl thli t` kiktntl thlkr jnv`urktl

kc`b‛s stybl. Ndd`rckeoby, rlslnrdh ay Clwnetk lt nb., (1=>3) ke Slonb, Kec`elskn j`uec

thnt Kec`elskne jnes `j thl G-p`p okrb or`up, TETC, uslc jnshk`e ns n ilnes `j

lxprlssk`e j`r thli t` sh`w thl puabkd thnt thly alb`eo t` n dlrtnke jnec`i. Shks ks ke

bkel wkth Grntz nec Qlkilr (>;;8) kcln thnt p`p dubturl hns rls`rtlc keckvkcunbs ke

t`cny‛s w`rbc t` dh``sl thlkr `we kcletkty. Shl suadubturl `j iuskd olerls sudh ns pueg,

hkp h`p, hlnvy iltnb, nec r`dg ks n plrjldt lxnipbl `j h`w lxp`surl t` n rlbntkvlby
rlbntk vlby elw

olerl bkgl G-p`p hns kejbuledlc thl drlntk`e `j kcletkty ni`eo jnes thr`uoh thl wny

thly crlss.

Shl Ilnekeo `j Alkeo n Jne

Shl d`edlpt `j ilnekeo ke s`dk`b`oy clrkvlc jr`i thl Tyia`bkd Ketlrndtk`eksi

— thl thl`rksts rlonrc keckvkcunb‛s alhnvk`ur cltlrikelc ay ikdr`-sdnbl

ikdr`-sdnbl lxtlrenb j`rdls

>:
ns `pp`slc t` thl e`tk`e `j strudturnb juedtk`enbksi thnt albklvlc ke n bnrolr-sdnbl

lxtlrenb j`rdl (_kbly, 1=>:). Kt ks nbs` albklvlc thnt keckvkcunbs ndt ay n shnrlc

ueclrstneckeo `j ilnekeo wkthke thlkr s`dknb d`etlxt. Ilnekeo ks t` onke nec blnre vkn

ketlrndtk`es altwlle pl`pbl nec nrksl aldnusl `j thl lxdhneol `j syia`bs ke s`dknb

or`ups (Newnr, 1=>8). Shus, thl ilnekeo ks n jrnilw`rg thnt hlbps t` ueclrstnec h`w

s`dklty ks prlslrvlc nec drlntlc thr`uoh rlplntlc ketlrndtk`es altwlle keckvkcunbs. Shks

prliksl blncs t` thl d`edlpt `j ‒slbj’ ay Ilnc (>;43

(>;43)) t` ne keckvkcunb‛s s`dknbkzntk`e

nt thl bnrolr d`iiuekty `r s`dknb or`ups. Abuilr (>;:;) jurthlr nroulc h`w pl`pbl ndt

n dlrtnke wny t`wnrcs thkeos anslc `e thl ilnekeo thnt ks clrkvlc jr`i s`dknb

ketlrndtk`e nec i`ckjklc thr`uoh ketlrprltntk`e. Ndd`rckeo t` hki, thlrl nrl thrll

prliksls6 >) huines ndt t`wnrc thkeos anslc `e thl ilnekeo thly nsdrkal t` th`sl

`afldts rljlrrkeo t` psydh`b`okdnb nec s`dk`b`okdnb lxpbnentk`es j`r th`sl ndtk`es nec

alhnvk`urs7 1) thl ilnekeo `j thl `afldts ks clrkvlc jr`i `r nrksls `ut `j thl s`dknb

ketlrndtk`e thnt `el hns wkth `thlrs nec s`dklty7 nec 4) ilnekeos nrl inenolc nec

i`ckjklc thr`uoh ne ketlrprltntkvl pr`dlss `r ne keelr d`evlrsntk`e wkthke `elslbj.

J`duskeo `e thl e`tk`e `j TK, n huine alkeo iust al ueclrst``c ns n s`dknb

plrs`e (Dhnr`e, >;?;). Kt ks kip`rtnet t`

t ` ueclrstnec thnt huine ks ke d`estnet slnrdh

j`r s`dknb ketlrndtk`e. Shks ks skikbnr

skikb nr t` Ssny-Z`olb nec Tneclrs (1=>?) nrouilet na`ut

thl ellc t` alb`eo ks clrkvlc jr`i thl enturnb clskrl `j huine alkeos t` j`ri nec

inketnke str`eo rlbntk`eshkps. Alkeo n jne, ne keckvkcunb kektkntl ay thl njjldtk`e t`wnrcs

dlblarktkls `r ney t`pkd `j ketlrlst (Flegkes, >;;1). Kt dne al j``tanbb dbuas, vkcl` onils,

i`vkls, d`ikd a``gs, `r lvle n p`bktkdnb jkourl. Njtlr thnt, thl jne alokes hks `r hlr

ketlrplrs`enb ketlrndtk`es altwlle jlbb`w keckvkcunbs wh` shnrl thl snil ketlrlst. G-

j ne typkdnbby ks n pnrt `j jnec`i — n phle`ile`e thnt led`urnols keckvkcunbs t`

p`p jne

>?
d`bbldtkvlby nec s`dknbby uektl wkthke n suadubturl anslc `e shnrlc ketlrlsts. Shus, kt ks

kip`rtnet t` ueclrstnec thnt G-p`p jnes, bkgl `thlr pl`pbl, sllg t`

t ` alb`eo ke or`ups `j

bkgl-ikeclc pl`pbl (Snfjlb nec Surelr, >;?;). Ndd`rckeo t` Sh`ins (1=>8), s`dknb

or`ups sudh ns G-p`p jnec`i dne `jjlr n ‒jrntlrekty

‒jrntlrekty-bkgl jnikby-bkgl slesl `j sldurkty’
-bkgl `r jnikby-bkgl

j`r ne keckvkcunb. Kt ks nbs` kip`rtnet t` hkohbkoht thnt nskcls jr`i thl s`dknb d`hlsk`e

thnt j`rilc thr`uoh p`sktkvl plrj`rinedls, elontkvl lethusknsi dne nbs` arkeo pl`pbl

t`olthlr (Cuebnp nec _`bj, 1=>=). Ns rlp`rtlc ay Nbbgp`p (1=>;), thl clckdntk`e nec

pnssk`e `j jnes t`wnrcs thl kc`bs t` s`il lxtlet iny blnc t` jne wnrs.

Alskcls thnt, thl ilnekeo hns nbs` ar`uoht nttletk`e t` thl r`bls pl`pbl pbny.

‒Q`bl-tngkeo
‒Q`bl-tngkeo ks n gly ildhneksi thnt plrikts pl`pbl t` sll ne`thlr plrs`e's
plr s`e's plrspldtkvl

t` ueclrstnec whnt ndtk`e ikoht ilne t`

t ` ne`thlr plrs`e’ (C`rsly nec D`bbklr, 1=>8, p

8:). Ke thks ineelr, huines nrl pr`ndtkvl pnrtkdkpnets ke s`dklty (Onrjkeglb, >;:?). Ke

bkel wkth thks kcln, thl kev`bvlilet `j ne keckvkcunb ke jne ndtkvktkls hns e`tnaby

olelrntlc n p`sktk`e `r r`bl j`r thli ke thlkr rlspldtkvl G-p`p jnec`i. Qlslnrdh ay

Qnhki (1=>;) sh`wlc thnt G-p`p jne plrj`ris hks `r hlr kcletkty thr`uoh kevlstilet

ke dubturnb dnpktnb, s`dknbkskeo `r shnrkeo, nec s`dknb dnpktnb. Shus, n jne ks slle ndtkvlby

leonols wkth ilckn tlxt nec rlpr`cudls d`etlets sudh ns jne jkdtk`e, jne nrt, cnedl d`vlr,

s`eos d`vlr, jne-incl vkcl`s, `r lvle jne-lvlet ns pnrt `j thl pnrtkdkpnt`ry dubturl

(Flegkes, >;;1). Alskcls thnt, Hlbblgs`e (1==;) nec Surg (1=>3) j`uec thnt thl d`edlpt

`j jne‛s okjt ld`e`iy okvls thli sntksjndtk`e whle thlkr ‒okjts’ `r jnew`rgs
jnew `rgs nrl

nddlptlc ke thl j`ri `j alkeo rlnc, wntdhlc, npprldkntlc, nec vnbulc wkthke thl

d`iiuekty. Ndd`rckeo t` Flegkes (1==3), ilialrshkp ilnekeos prkinrkby hnvl

kipbkdntk`es j`r wh` y`u nrl nec whnt y`u c`. D`eslquletby, sudh plrj`rintkvkty ke

thl d`iiuekty ckstkeoukshls thl r`bl n jne hns ke hks `r hlr `we s`dklty nec thl r`bl

>8
thnt ks onkelc lxdbuskvlby ay alkeo n G- p`p jne. Flegkes‛ kcln `j pnrtkdkpnt`ry dubturl ks

slle ns `pp`slc t` thl thl`ry `j dubturl kecustry thnt dbnkis p`pubnr dubturl prk`rktkzls

pr`jkt nec kt ks n j`ri `j hloli`ey thnt uslc t` sprlnc c`ikenet kcl`b`okls (Nc`re`

nec H`rghlkilr, >;;>).

Ns thl stuckls `j thl `ebkel d`iiuekty kedrlnskeo, thl d`edlpt `j thl `ebkel

d`iiuekty hns nbs` ald`il kip`rtnet nec i`rl nddlptlc ns n s`dknb d`estrudt. Kt nbs`

lenabls ilnekeo t` al j`rilc thr`uoh ketlrndtk`es a`th ke `ebkel j`ruis nec jndl-t`-

jndl. Ns n rlsubt, pl`pbl ke thlkr rlspldtkvl d`iiuektkls `j prndtkdl — n or`up `j pl`pbl

wh` shnrl n d`edlre `r n pnssk`e

pnssk `e j`r s`ilthkeo thly c` nec blnre h`w t` c` kt alttlr ns

thly ketlrndt rloubnrby (Bnvl nec _leolr, >;;>), ndt ndd`rckeo t` thl ilnekeo thly

clrkvl jr`i th`sl levkr`eilets. S` s`il lxtlet, ilckn pr`cudls kinols, syia`bs, nec

d`cls thnt `jjlr n elw rlnbkty j`r pl`pbl (Anucrkbbnrc, >;84). Nppncurnk (>;;:) p`kets

`ut thnt kt drlntls n s`rt `j n ut`pkne d`iiuekty. Jne jnv`urs thks nbtlrentkvl ns kt

juedtk`es ns n ckvlrsk`e jr`i thl r`utkel nec iuecnel s`dklty (G` lt nb., 1=>3).

Tl`ubalnts (1=>1) e`tlc thnt T`uth G`rln ks `el `j thl jlw d`uetrkls whlrl thl usl `j

dlblarktkls ke d`iilrdknbs surpnssls <=% nec thl ncvlrtkslilet kecustry ks jb``clc

jb ``clc wkth

kc`bs. Shl `iekprlsledl `j kc`bs ke vnrk`us ilckn sudh ns s`dknb ilckn, SZ crnins,

vnrklty sh`ws, d`iilrdknbs, i`vkls, `r lvle iuskdnbs ingls kt lnsklr j`r jnes t`

ald`il nttndhlc nec kiilrslc.

Alskcls thnt, jnes nrl nbs` ketleslby nec elur`tkdnbby kev`bvlc wkth thlkr

jnv`urktl dlblarkty (D`bbkss`e lt nb., 1=>8). Shly suoolst thnt alkeo n jne ks bkgl alkeo

ke n rld`oekzlc rlbkok`e, kt hlbps jne

j ne hnvkeo n hkohlr blvlb `j suafldtkvl wlbbalkeo.
wlbb alkeo. Qyjj

(>;8;) nbs` p`kets `ut thnt alkeo n pnrt `j thl jne d`iiuekty hlbps ne keckvkcunb t`

>;
strkvl j`r plrs`enb or`wth nec clvlb`pilet. I`rl`vlr, kt ks
k s nbs` kip`rtnet t` arkeo ket`
ket `

nttletk`e thl lstnabkshlc thl`ry `j jne-dlblarkty

jne -dlblarkty rlbntk`eshkp ay H`rt`e nec _`hb (>;<:)

— pnrn-s`dknb rlbntk`eshkp. Shks rlbntk`eshkp ks clsdrkalc ns n `el-skclc ketlrndtk`e

altwlle jnes nec ilckn jkourls sudh ns dlblarktkls

d lblarktkls `r jkdtk`enb dhnrndtlrs. Ke thl jklbc

`j Nethr`p`b`oy nec T`dk`b`oy, thlrl nrl pblety `j rlslnrdhlrs thnt nrl d`edlre wkth

thl wnys dlblarktkls ns kd`es njjldt thl dubturl nec h`w keckvkcunbs vklw th`sl

dlblarktkls (Ttlvlr, 1==;). Dnuohly (>;83) ke pnrtkdubnr iletk`elc thnt6

‒thl ansks `j i`st jne rlbntk`eshkps ks e`t ne nlsthltkd npprldkntk`e

aut n s`dknb rlbntk`eshkp. Jnes hnvl nttndhilets t` ueilt ilckn
jkourls thnt nrl nenb`o`us t` nec ke iney wnys ckrldtby pnrnbblb t`
rlbntk`eshkps’ (p. 3=).
ndtunb s`dknb rlbntk`eshkps’

Ndd`rckeoby, n rldlet stucy ay Hleo (1=>;) rlvlnblc thnt alkeo n G-p`p jne ke

jnec`i, pnrtkdubnrby NQI[ — n jne `j AST, h`bcs lxtrn`rckenry d`iiuenb s`bkcnrkty.

Hks jkeckeos d`edbuclc thnt G-p`p jnes nrl e`t fust d`esuilrs `j p`pubnr iuskd aut thl

plrs`enb nttndhilet
nt tndhilet nec ketlrndtk`e wkth thl kc`bs hnvl nbs`
nbs ` crkvle p`sktkvl j`rdls ke

thlislbvls j`r n o``c dnusl.

D`edbusk`e

Shks dhnptlr pr`vkcls n suiinry `j whnt hns alle wrkttle ke thl jklbc `j

Nethr`p`b`oy nec T`dk`b`oy spldkjkdnbby `e thl t`pkds thnt iy rlslnrdh t`udhls `e jne

kcletkty nec thl ilnekeo `j alkeo n jne. Ns iletk`elc alj`rl, thl stuckls `e p`p dubturl

sudh ns jne stuckls wlrl clvnbulc nec cllilc trkvknb ke ndnclikd rlslnrdh (F`ydl nec

]nrks, 1=>1). H`wlvlr, thr`uoh thks dhnptlr, K hnvl nttliptlc t` sh`w thl ketlrpbnys

altwlle thl rlnbi `j G-p`p jnes nb`eo wkth thl s`dk`b`okdnb

s `dk`b`okdnb lxpbnentk`e. H`wlvlr, kt
kt

1=
dne nbs` al e`tkdlc thnt thl j`rlkoe stuckls `e G-p`p jnes stkbb `uteuialrlc th`sl thnt

wlrl c`el b`dnbby. Shlrlj`rl, iy stucy nkis t` jkbb thl onp `j rlslnrdh t` shlc bkoht `e

thl phle`ile`e `j kcletkty nec thl ilnekeo `j Inbnysknes G-p`p jnes ket` ndnclikd

nttletk`e.

1>
 DHN]SLQ SHQLL ILSH@C@B@O[

N systlintkd nec th`r`uoh nenbysks `j thl ilth`c`b`oy pr`dlcurl wns incl t`

ndhklvl thl `afldtkvls `j iy rlslnrdh. Ke thks dhnptlr, K lxpb`rl h`w thl j`rintk`e `j

jne‛s kcletkty nec thl ilnekeo `j alkeo n G-p`p jne hns blc il t` dh``sl thl
G-p`p jne‛s
pnrtkdubnr ilth`cs. Shks dhnptlr nbs` clsdrkals thl rntk`enbl alhkec thl dh`kdl `j thlsl

ilth`cs t` sh`w h`w thly nrl nppr`prkntl a`th j`r thl thl`rltkdnb ueclrpkeekeos `j

s`dknb rlslnrdh nec j`r b``gkeo nt G-p`p jne prndtkdls. Ke pnrtkdubnr, K uslc n qunbktntkvl

nppr`ndh ns olelrnbby kt wns clvlb`plc ke thl s`dknb sdkledls jklbc t` lenabl rlslnrdhlrs

t` stucy s`dknb nec dubturnb phle`ile`e (Elwine, 1=>4). Shks stucy rlonrcs jne ns n

uekt `j nenbysks whkdh K o`t ket` lndh `j thlkr lxplrkledls, vklws, vnbuls nec bkjlstybls

ns n G-p`p jne. Ne ketlrprltntkvl jrnilw`rg

jr nilw`rg whkdh d`edlrelc wkth ilnekeo nec sllgs

t` ueclrstnec pl`pbl's alhnvk`ur ks nbs` alle uslc ke thks rlslnrdh. Shks dhnptlr ks

ckvkclc ket` thrll sldtk`es6 >) pnrtkdkpnets 1) cntn d`bbldtk`e,

d`bbldt k`e, nec 4) cntn nenbysks. Ke thl

jkrst sldtk`e `j thks dhnptlr, K lxpbnke thl drktlrkn `j iy rlqukrlc pnrtkdkpnets nec thl

snipbkeo thnt K uslc t` slbldt iy snipbl jr`i thl tnrolt p`pubntk`e ueclr stucy. _hkbl

ke thl sld`ec sldtk`e, K clsdrkal tw` `j iy rlslnrdh kestruilets6 pnrtkdkpnet `aslrvntk`e

nec slik-strudturlc ke-clpth ketlrvklws. Jkenbby, ke thl thkrc sldtk`e, K cksduss thl

pr`dlss `j nenbyskeo thl cntn ke iy stucy.

]nrtkdkpnets

J`r thks rlslnrdh, K hnvl uslc purp`skvl snipbkeo ns thl rlslnrdh `afldtkvls

rlqukrlc iy fucoilet ay dh``skeo thl ilialrs `j thl p`pubntk`e t` pnrtkdkpntl ke thl

stucy (Cuc`vsgky, 1=>1). ]urp`skvl snipbkeo ks `el `j thl i`st d`ii`e snipbkeo

tldhekquls ke whkdh n or`up `j pnrtkdkpnets ks prl-slbldtlc ay thl rlslnrdhlr ndd`rckeo

11
t` rlblvnet drktlrkn rlonrckeo thl rlslnrdh suafldt (Cuc`vsgky, 1=>1). Ke thks stucy, K

wns e`t b``gkeo ilrlby j`r n G-p`p jne t` pnrtkdkpntl aut th`sl wh` nrl ndtkvlby

kev`bvlc ke jnes' ndtkvktkls sudh ns f`kekeo thl jne lvlet, o`keo t` thl d`edlrt, d`bbldtkeo

nbauis, `r c`keo s`eos nec cnedl d`vlr. Shks rlqukrls il t` usl iy ge`wblcol nec

fucoilets t` kcletkjy thlsl pl`pbl

pl`pbl t` sntksjy thl ellcs `j thks stucy. K nbs` uslc se`wanbb

snipbkeo ns thlrl wlrl n jlw pnrtkdkpnets thnt nrl ketr`cudlc ay `thlr pnrtkdkpnets. Shl

snipbl skzl j`r thks rlslnrdh stucy d`eskst `j 8 G-p`p jnes. Shks snipbl ketletk`enbby

d`eskstlc `j pnrtkdkpnets thnt nol nr`uec 1= t` 1< ylnrs `bc whkdh nrl rlonrclc ns y`ueo

ncubts (\ektlc Entk`es, >;8>). Shl purp`sl `j j`duskeo `e `el or`up `j pnrtkdkpnets

wh` shnrl n skikbnr nol or`up nec andgor`uec ks t` olt thl rlprlsletntkvl jkeckeos j`r

thks pnrtkdubnr nol or`up.

Snabl > Cli`ornphkd Andgor`uec `j ]nrtkdkpnets

Enil Nol Qlbntk`eshkp H`ilt`we @ddupntk`e \ekvlrskty
Ttntus
Nthkrnh 13 Tkeobl ]ubnu ]keneo Ttuclet \ekvlrskty N

Ikik 13 Ke n rlbntk`eshkp Glcnh Ttuclet \ekvlrskty N

Bnen 14 Ke n rlbntk`eshkp ]lrng Ttuclet \ekvlrskty N

Tnarken 14 Tkeobl Gunbn Buipur Ttuclet \ekvlrskty A

T`ekn 14 Tkeobl Gunbn Buipur Ttuclet \ekvlrskty D

Oken 1< Inrrklc Tlbneo`r _rktlr -

Nbynek 13 Tkeobl Glbnetne Ttuclet \ekvlrskty C

Dnecy 13 Tkeobl ]lrng Ttuclet \ekvlrskty L

Shl cli`ornphkd andgor`uec `j pnrtkdkpnets ks kbbustrntlc ke cltnkb ke Snabl >

na`vl. K uslc psluc`eyis j`r thl enils `j pnrtkdkpnets nec uekvlrsktkls t` inketnke thl

14
d`ejkcletknbkty `j thl cntn pr`vkclc ay thl pnrtkdkpnets. Nbi`st nbb `j thl pnrtkdkpnets

nrl skeobl wkth tw` `j thli nrl ke n rlbntk`eshkp nec `eby `el pnrtkdkpnet ks rlp`rtlcby

inrrklc. @thlr pnrtkdkpnets nrl thl stuclets ke b`dnb uekvlrsktkls nec i`st `j thli nrl

14 nec 13 ylnrs `bc. Shl d`eslquledls `j uskeo se`wanbb snipbkeo rlsubtlc ke 4 `ut `j

8 pnrtkdkpnets whkdh ks Nthkrnh, Ikik, nec Bnen, dnil jr`i thl skikbnr ndnclikd

andgor`uec whkdh nbb `j thli nrl stuclets ke uekvlrskty N. Nthkrnh wns thl `el thnt

ketr`cudlc il t` a`th Ikik nec Bnen. Shl rlinkekeo pnrtkdkpnets stucklc ke thlkr

rlspldtkvl uekvlrsktkls bnalbblc ns \ekvlrskty A, \ekvlrskty D, \ekvlrskty C, nec

\ekvlrskty L. K nbs` put iy nttletk`e `e h`w `ddupntk`e kejbuledlc thl prndtkdls `j

thlsl G-p`p jnes. K cltlrikelc thnt thlrl ks ne ketlrpbny

k etlrpbny altwlle ld`e`ikd, s`dknb, nec

dubturnb dnpktnb ns nroulc ay A`urcklu (>;83) wkthke thl G-p`p jne d`iiuekty. J`r thnt

rlns`e, K hnc ketlrvklw Oken, n 1< ylnrs `bc jne wh` ks durrletby w`rgkeo ns n wrktlr t`

jurthlr cksduss thl prlvk`usby iletk`elc d`edlpt ke iy jkeckeos.

Cntn D`bbldtk`e

Shl cntn d`bbldtk`e tldhekquls ke thks rlslnrdh stucy nrl pnrtkdkpnet `aslrvntk`e

nec slik-strudturlc ke-clpth ketlrvklws. Shlrl wlrl tw` phnsls ke thl cntn d`bbldtk`e

pr`dlss ke thks stucy whkdh nrl >) thl jkrst phnsl6 pnrtkdkpnet `aslrvntk`e nec 1) thl
sld`ec phnsl6 slik-strudturlc ke-clpth ketlrvklw. Ke thl jkrst phnsl, thl cntn d`bbldtk`e

wns d`ecudtlc ke Fneunry 1=1=. _hkbl thl sld`ec phnsl `j cntn d`bbldtk`e wns

d`ecudtlc ke Jlarunry 1=1= nec d`ipbltlc ke thl ikccbl `j Inrdh 1=1=.

13
]nrtkdkpnet @aslrvntk`e
@aslrvntk`e

Ke Fneunry 1=1=, iy prlsledl ke _KEELQ's — n G-p`p a`y or`up d`edlrt ke

Nxkntn Augkt Fnbkb nec jne lvlet nt GB Tletrnb hns nbb`wlc il t` pnrtkdkpntl nec `aslrvl

jne's prndtkdls curkeo thl lvlet ke whkdh th`usnecs `j thl nttleclls wlrl G-p`p jnes.
Gunbn Buipur wns dh`sle ns thl ol`ornphkdnb nrln ke whkdh thl stucy wns d`ecudtlc

aldnusl i`st y`ueo pl`pbl lspldknbby ke thl dnpktnb dkty hnvl cli`estrntlc ne

kedrlnskeoby hkoh blvlb `j kev`bvlilet wkth dlblarktkls. Shks ks aldnusl `j pbndls sudh

ns d`edlrt stnckui, nkrp`rt, nec inbbs thnt nrl b`dntlc ke Gunbn Buipur ks n o``c pbndl

t` d`bbldt G-p`p dlblarktkls-rlbntlc cntn ns i`st `j thl illt nec orllt slssk`e, ilckn

ketlrvklw, nbaui bnuedhkeo, i`vkl pr`i`tk`es `r r`nc t`ur nrl usunbby hlbc ke thl inke

dkty bkgl Gunbn Buipur. Kt pr`vkcls ne nbtlrentkvl j`r il t` leonol wkth tnroltlc nol

nec or`up `j pnrtkdkpnets wh` lef`y sudh blksurl nec letlrtnkeilet.

Ndd`rckeo t` \i (1=>3), thl `aslrvntk`e ilth`c ks lxtrlilby usljub nec

lssletknb ke thl slesl thnt thks rlslnrdh nppr`ndh nbb`ws lxpb`rkeo thl cyenikds `j

or`ups `j pl`pbl spldkjkdnbby ke thl bkjl `j jnes. N G-p`p d`edlrt nec jne lvlet ke Gunbn

Buipur wns dh`sle ns thl b`dntk`e j`r `aslrvntk`e ns n d`edlrt ks thl alst pbndl whlrl

i`st G-p`p jnes nrl onthlrlc. Alskcls thnt, d`edlrts nec jne lvlet nbs` pr`vkclc

`pp`rtuektkls j`r thl jnes t` shnrl nec ckspbny thlkr pnssk`e j`r G-p`p. \i (1=>3) nbs`

clsdrkalc h`w thl pnrtkdkpnet `aslrvntk`e nt thl d`edlrt

d `edlrt hlbplc t` lxnikel thl kcletkty

`j G-p`p jne6

"Jnes nrrkvlc lnrby nec whkbl thly wlrl wnktkeo j`r thl
t hl c``rs t` `ple,
thly tnbglc wkth lndh `thlr ke thl qulul. Jr`i tkil t` tkil thly
stnrtlc t` dhnet s`il `j thl Ako Aneo's hkt euialrs sudh ns 'Jnetnstkd

1<
 Anay'. Shlkr jrklecby dnsunb dhnt, wkth `thlr jne
j ne ilialrs ke thl qulul,
ckspbnylc n thkeby cksoukslc d`ipltktkvl cli`estrntk`e `j thlkr
ge`wblcol `j G-p`p ke olelrnb nec pnrtkdubnr G-p`p kc`bs. T`il `j
thli nbs` ckspbny vnrk`us ktlis `j ilrdhnecksl nec ili`rnakbkn jr`i
`thlr G-p`p lvlets thly nttleclc." (p. 4<).

J`r thks rlslnrdh, K nbs` kcletkjy jnes' plrj`rintkvkty nt thl d`edlrt nec jne lvlet

ke tlris `j jnshk`e, bneounol, ndtkvktkls, ketlrndtk`es wkth jlbb`w jnes. Shl ckrldt

lxplrkledl hlbplc il t` onke keskoht ket` thl jne's alhnvk`ur. Ke nccktk`e t` thnt, K nbs`

uslc jklbc e`tls nec ph`t`ornphs thnt wlrl tngle curkeo thl `aslrvntk`e ns rlslnrdh cntn.

\eclr e` dkrduistnedls ckc thlsl kestruilets dnusl cksturanedl `r ketrusk`e t` ney `j

thl jnes ns K `eby t``g ph`t`s `r vkcl`s `j `afldts sudh ns p`stlrs nec aneelrs,

ilrdhnecksls, jnes' ph`t` nrln nec d`edlrt's levkr`eilet

levkr `eilet ke olelrnb.

Tlik-strudturlc Ke-clpth Ketlrvklw

Shl sld`ec phnsl whkdh ks thl slik-strudturlc ke-clpth ketlrvklw stnrtlc ke

Jlarunry 1=1= uetkb thl ikccbl `j Inrdh 1=1=. Shks cntn d`bbldtk`e
d`bbldt k`e t``g na`ut ne h`ur

t` tw` h`urs t` al d`ipbltlc j`r lndh pnrtkdkpnet. Kt wns iy o`nb t` onke n spldkjkd nec

drktkdnb plrspldtkvl t` neswlr a`th `j thl rlslnrdh qulstk`es. Ketlrvklwkeo slbldtlc

keckvkcunbs ks n vlry kip`rtnet ilth`c `jtle uslc ay qunbktntkvl rlslnrdhlrs. Shl

rntk`enbl ks t` lenabl il t` jkec `ut whnt ks `e thl pnrtkdkpnet's ikec, whnt ckc thly

thkeg, nec h`w thly jllb na`ut s`ilthkeo (Elwine, 1=>4). N t`tnb euialr `j 8

pnrtkdkpnets wlrl slbldtlc ns prlvk`usby iletk`elc.

Ns ne keskclr rlslnrdhlr, iy ge`wblcol nec lxplrkledls `e thks suafldt nsslss

il e`t `eby curkeo thl ketlrvklw slssk`e aut nbs` thl tldhekdnb nspldts `j thl rlslnrdh

1:
sudh ns jkeckeo thl pnrtkdkpnets, clnbkeo nec olttkeo d`eslet jr`i thli, ingkeo

npp`ketilets, nec slttkeo up thl pbndls j`r ketlrvklw. Iy pnrtkdkpnets ke thks rlslnrdh

wlrl slbldtlc thr`uoh thl G-p`p-rlbntlc d`etlets `e thlkr puabkd s`dknb ilckn ndd`uets

whkdh ks Kestnorni. K d`etndtlc thli vkn ckrldt ilssnol nec `edl thly nrl wkbbkeo t`

pnrtkdkpntl, wl cldkclc `e thl pbndl nec tkil `j thl illtkeo. I`st `j thl ketlrvklws

wlrl d`ecudtlc ke puabkd pbndls sudh ns nt G-p`p jne lvlet ns thly prljlrrlc thl slesl

`j sldurkty nec d`ij`rt ke thl puabkd spndl. H`wlvlr, cul t` prndtkdnb d`estrnkets sudh

ns thl D@ZKC->; pneclikd, K hnvl d`ecudtlc s`il `j thl ketlrvklws vkn ph`el dnbb.

D`edlrekeo thl lthkdnb d`eskclrntk`es rlonrckeo jnes wh` pnrt``g ke iy

rlslnrdh, K `atnkelc thlkr kej`rilc d`eslet alj`rl nuck`tnpkeo ketlrvklws. Shl

pnrtkdkpnets wlrl nbs` okvle thl `ptk`e t` sgkp `r rljusl t` neswlr qulstk`es nec d`ubc

wkthcrnw jr`i iy stucy nt ney tkil. Shl rld`rclc nuck` nec ph`t`ornphs nrl glpt

d`ejkcletknb nec wkbb al clstr`ylc njtlr jkvl ylnrs `j thks stucy. Shl ketlrvklw kev`bvlc

thl usl `j slik-strudturlc qulstk`es, whkdh wns uslc ns n oukclbkel curkeo thl ketlrvklw

slssk`e (rljlr Nppleckx). T`il qulstk`es wlrl prlpnrlc anslc `e thl bktlrnturl t`

neswlr thl rlslnrdh `afldtkvls, aut thlrl nrl nbs` n jlw nccktk`enb qulstk`es incl

curkeo thl ketlrvklws thnt K thkeg nrl rlblvnet j`r iy jkeckeos. Curkeo thl ketlrvklw, K

nbs` nv`kc blnckeo qulstk`es nec onvl thl pnrtkdkpnets n dhnedl t` rldnp nec dbnrkjy
dbnrkj y thlkr

p`kets.

Cntn Nenbysks

Cntn nenbysks kev`bvls ingkeo slesl `j thl pnrtkdkpnets' keput nec b``gkeo j`r

pnttlres nec d`eeldtkeo thli (Elwine, 1=>4). Ke thks stucy, K uslc thlintkd nenbysks

t` lxpb`rl iy rlslnrdh jkeckeos. Shlintkd nenbysks ks n o``c nppr`ndh t` jkec `ut na`ut

1?
pl`pbl's lxplrkledls nec vnbuls jr`i
j r`i n slt
s lt `j qunbktntkvl
qun bktntkvl cntn (Dnubjklbc, 1=1=). Shus,

thks ilth`c `j nenbysks wns slle ns suktnabl j`r thks stucy ns thl nki `j thl rlslnrdh

qulstk`es ks t` stucy `e thl j`rintk`e `j G-p`p jne's kcletkty ns wlbb ns thl ilnekeo `j

alkeo n G-p`p jne j`r thl pnrtkdkpnets.

Shlintkd nenbysks wns lipb`ylc ke thks rlslnrdh ay skx stlps whkdh nrl >)

jnikbknrkzntk`e `j thl trnesdrkpts, 1) d`ckeo nec kcletkjykeo thlils, 4) olelrntkeo

thlils, 3) rlvklwkeo thlils, <) cljkekeo nec enikeo thlils nec :) wrktkeo up nec

rlbntl t` thl s`dk`b`okdnb keskohts anslc `e prlvk`us stuckls. Njtlr d`ipbltkeo thl cntn

d`bbldtk`e, K bkstle t` thl rld`rclc nuck` nec ineunbby trnesdrkalc lvlry 8 ketlrvklws.

\p`e trnesdrkakeo thl rlsp`esls, K hkohbkohtlc nec f`ttlc c`we thl rldurrlet thlils ay

pnrtkdkpnets. Elxt, K clsdrkalc thl jkeckeos nec uslc thl qu`tls jr`i thl ketlrvklws ke

prlsletkeo iy nenbysks. K nbs` rlvksktlc thl hkohbkohts t` prlvlet iksskeo skoekjkdnet `r

`r

ketlrprltlc thl cntn ke ckjjlrlet wnys. @edl K nssurlc

nssu rlc wkth iy jkeckeos, K rlbntl thl d`cls

wkth thl rlblvnet nethr`p`b`okdnb nec s`dk`b`okdnb d`edlpts ns wlbb ns prlvk`us stuckls.

J`r kestnedl, t` neswlr thl jkrst rlslnrdh `afldtkvls, thl thlils wlrl clrkvlc jr`i thl

wny jne splngs, jne s`dknbkzlc, jne's purdhnsl ketletk`e

ketletk `e nec alhnvk`ur, nec thl wny jne

crlssls. _hkbl thl thlils j`r thl sld`ec

s ld`ec rlslnrdh qulstk`e nrl6 thl slesl `j alb`eokeo,

tnblet, nec dnpnakbktkls, lsdnpksi ns wlbb ns thl iletnb nec li`tk`enb nttndhilet wkth

kc`bs. Shlsl thlils bntlr hnvl j`rlor`ueclc iy cksdussk`e ke thl nenbysks dhnptlrs.

18
 DHN]SLQ J@\Q G]@] JNET‛ KCLESKS[

Ke thks dhnptlr, K wkbb al cksdusskeo `e h`w G-p`p jnes lxprlss thlkr kcletkty.

Shks dhnptlr ks ckvkclc ket` j`ur sldtk`es6 (>) bneounol, (1) jnec`i nec jrklecshkp, (4)

d`esuilrksi, nec (3) jnshk`e. Ke thl jkrst sldtk`e, K cksdusslc h`w thl G`rlne bneounol

shnpls G-p`p jnes' kcletkty. K ni e`t `eby j`duskeo `e thl usnol `j G`rlne bneounol

olelrnbby aut nbs` `e s`il lxdbuskvl tlris thnt hnvl alle uslc wkclby ay G-p`p jnes.

Ke thl sld`ec sldtk`e, K wkbb lxpb`rl thl elw nec lxkstkeo jrklecshkp altwlle G-p`p

jnes. E`rinbby, jnes plrj`ri thlkr kcletkty ke n d`iiuekty dnbblc jnec`i ay shnrkeo

ketlrlst vnbuls altwlle thli. Kt ks nbs` kip`rtnet t` hkohbkoht thnt alkeo n G-p`p jne

iny dhneol thlkr d`esuilrksi pnttlre. Jnes' d`esuilrksi ndtkvktkls iny syia`bkzl

thlkr kcletkty wkthke thl G-p`p jnes d`iiuekty. Elxt, K wkbb cksduss h`w jnshk`e d`ubc

shnpl thl jnes' kcletkty. Jnshk`e ks e`t `eby na`ut thl wny pl`pbl crlss aut nbs`

nss`dkntls wkth dubturl, e`ris, rlprlsletntk`es ns wlbb ns s`dknb r`bls nec kcletkty.

Shlrlj`rl, ke thks dhnptlr, iy j`dus `e jnes' kcletkty neswlrs thl jkrst rlslnrdh qulstk`e

`j thks stucy whkdh ks thl d`estrudtk`e `j G-p`p jnes' kcletkty.

Shr`uoh`ut thks dhnptlr, K uevlkb jnes' jnv`urnakbkty t`wnrcs G-p`p thnt hns

tngle thli t` olt uslc t` G`rlne dubturl, lspldknbby `e bneounol. I`st G-p`p jnes

clspktl thlkr entk`enbkty nec lthekdkty cljkektlby wkbb clvlb`p thlkr G`rlne bneounol

sgkbbs jkrst. Njtlr alkeo nabl t` ueclrstnec anskd G`rlne w`rcs, thly stnrt

d`iiuekdntkeo wkth `thlrs wh` hnvl skikbnr ketlrlsts. Shks lvletunbby j`ris n s`bkc

rlbntk`eshkp altwlle jnes, uetkb thly

t hly rlonrc thlislbvls t` al n pnrt `j n or`up `r jnec`i.

Alskcls, jnes nrl nbs` li`tk`enbby i`tkvntlc thr`uoh thl leonolilet wkth thlkr kc`bs

whkdh hnvl nbs` kejbuledlc thli t` d`esuil ney G-p`p rlbntlc d`ii`cktkls. E`rinbby,

1;
thly wkbb splec thlkr i`ely nec lelroy `e thl d`edlrt tkdglts, jne-illtkeo,

ilrdhnecksl nec nbauis. T`il jnes nbs` kevlst thlkr i`ely ke thl jnshk`e kecustry ns

thly wnet t` kiktntl thlkr jnv`urktl kc`bs. Jr`i thks, wl dne d`edbucl thnt G-p`p jnes

nrl i`rl lxprlsskvl na`ut vksunb stntlilets ke thlkr kcletkty. Jurthlri`rl, K wkbb lxpbnke

ke i`rl cltnkb na`ut thl rlbntk`eshkp altwlle thlsl nspldts nec jnes' kcletkty ke thl

upd`ikeo sldtk`es.

Blnrekeo thl G`rlne Bneounol

Ke thks jkrst sldtk`e, K wkbb b``g cllplr ket` h`w bneounol d`ubc shnpl thl jnes'

kcletkty. Kt ks kip`rtnet t` hkohbkoht thnt bneounol hns n vktnb r`bl ke kcletkjykeo ne

keckvkcunb. Anbcwke (>;;?) hns stntlc thnt bneounol ks thl i`st drudknb gly t` kcletkty.

Kt ks n syia`b `j ckjjlrlet s`dknb kcletktkls whkdh nbs` hns uslc t` drlntl n pnrtkdubnr

kcletkty. Shks dne al slle ay h`w pl`pbl ndr`ss thl w`rbc orllt nec splng ckjjlrletby.

H`wlvlr, "bkeoukstkd vnrkntk`e ks e`t ilrlby `rkokentlc jr`i vnrk`us ol`ornphkdnb

tlrrkt`rkls aut splnglrs d`estrudt nec clvlb`p thlkr bkeoukstkd kcletktkls ay thl kej`rilc

slbldtk`e `j thl pr`plr bneounol vnrkltkls" (Thnhrlanangk, 1=>8, pnrn. 1). Bneounol ks

n s`dknb prndtkdl thnt hns alle d`estrudtlc ay n vnrklty `j rlbntk`eshkps. Shl ketlrrlbntk`e
ketlrrlbnt k`e

altwlle bneounol nec

nec kcletkty dne al slle ke ney gkec `j s`dknb rlbntk`eshkps sudh ns ke
n ike`rkty or`up bkgl Njrkdne Nilrkdne (Qkdgj`rc, >;;?), n d`iiuekty ke n vkrtunb

w`rbc (B`dgl, 1===) `r lvle n or`up `j elrc okrbs ke hkoh sdh``bs (Audh`btz, >;;;).

_hkbl ke thks stucy, K j`dus `e thl G`rlne bneounol whlrl K albklvl kt dne kejbuledl thl

j`rintk`e `j kcletkty ni`eo G-p`p jnes. Ke T`dk`bkeoukstkds nec Bkeoukstkd

Nethr`p`b`oy, jnes nrl usunbby d`eskclrlc ns n splldh d`iiuekty. Kt ks n tlri t`

4=
clsdrkal n or`up `j pl`pbl wh` shnrl thl snil bneounol, splldh dhnrndtlrkstkds, nec

wnys `j ketlrprltkeo d`iiuekdntk`e (E`rcqukst, 1=>;).

G-p`p ks wlbb-ge`we j`r kts p`pubnrkty `e thl ketlrentk`enb blvlb nec insskvl

jne ansl. Shus, n skoekjkdnet euialr `j G-p`p jnes d`eskst `j e`e-entkvl G`rlne

splnglrs. H`wlvlr, thl G`rlne bneounol ks d`eskstletby slle nec uslc altwlle jnes.

Shks phle`ile`e ks skikbnr t` thl b`dnb G-p`p jnes kedbuckeo pnrtkdkpnets ke thks

rlslnrdh. G-p`p jnes hnvl clvlb`plc nec ked`rp`rntlc thlkr wnys `j rlcljkekeo nec

uskeo G`rlne v`dnaubnry nbs` bneounol prndtkdls (Dr`w, 1=>;). Shks G`rlne bneounol

prndtkdls hlbp G-p`p

G -p`p jnes ketlrndt wkth lndh `thlr na`ut thlkr jne d`etlets ns wlbb ns

kc`bs thlislbvls. Jnv`urnakbkty t`wnrcs G-p`p hns blc jnes t` al i`rl jnikbknr wkth

G`rlne dubturl. J`r lxnipbl, thl hlrktnol, j``c, bkjlstybl, nec i`st kip`rtnetby, thl

bneounol. Ns `el pnrtkdkpnet snkc, hlr ketlrlst ke G-p`p hns tliptlc hlr t` blnre thl

G`rlne bneounol.

_hle thl pnrtkdkpnets wlrl nsglc kj thly dne ueclrstnec thl G`rlne bneounol,

K j`uec `ut thnt nbb `j thli dne nt blnst ueclrstnec G`rlne w`rcs. I`rl`vlr, i`st `j

thl pnrtkdkpnets dne lvle rlnc G`rlne wrktkeo whkdh ge`we ns Hneoub. Shly skipby

onvl il lxnipbls bkgl neeyl`eohnsly` (Hlbb`), gkcnrky``` (_nkt up!), ubfkinnnn (C`

e`t dry), snrneohnl (K b`vl y`u), a`o`shkpp` (K ikss y`u), `tt`gl (whnt sh`ubc K c`!)

nec dhl`s`eohniekcn (K ni s`rry). T`iltkils whle thly d`ubc e`t ueclrstnec thl jubb

sletledls, thly dne stkbb olt ne kcln `j whnt kt ks nbb na`ut olelrnbby aldnusl `j thl anskd

w`rcs thnt thly hnvl ge`we. I`rl`vlr, kt ks lnsklr t` pkdg up w`rcs `ut `j thl G`rlne

v`dnaubnry ns thly wntdh thlkr kc`bs `e iuskd sh`ws, vnrklty pr`ornis, G-crnins, bkvl

strlnikeo, nec `thlr jne d`etlets cnkby. Shks ks skikbnr t` A`urcklu (>;??) d`edlpt `j

4>
hnaktus. A`urcklu wh` wr`tl wkclby na`ut bneounol nec bkeoukstkd hns d`eskclrlc

bneounol ns n prndtkdl rnthlr thne ne nastrndt systli. Bneounol ks n hnaktunb s`dknb

ndtkvkty thnt ingls up `ur cnkby bkvls. Shus, hnaktus "rljlrs t` thl physkdnb lia`ckilet

`j dubturnb dnpktnb, t` thl cllpby keornkelc hnakts, sgkbbs, nec cksp`sktk`es thnt wl p`sslss

cul t` `ur bkjl lxplrkledls" (Q`utblcol, 1==:, pnrn. >). Alskcls, i`st `j thl pnrtkdkpnets

hnvl blnrelc G`rlne bneounols ay thlislbvls, lvle n jlw `j thli nrl ketlrlstlc t`

ler`b ke n j`rinb dbnss. Nthkrnh nec Oken pnrtkdubnrby

pnr tkdubnrby shnrlc thnt6

NSHKQNH6 K `eby t``g G`rlne - Blvlb > nt iy uekvlrskty. Ns K ni

durrletby ke iy jkenb ylnr, K c` e`t hnvl tkil t` d`etkeul wkth thl elxt
blvlb. Ke thl juturl, K wkbb blnre ay iyslbj aldnusl K nbrlncy hnvl anskd
ge`wblcol `j thl G`rlne bneounol.

OKEN6 K hnvl nbrlncy rlokstlrlc j`r n dbnss thks upd`ikeo Nprkb. K

wnet t` blnre G`rlne ns pnrt `j iy f`a. Ns n wrktlr, kt ks aleljkdknb
j`r il kj K p`sslss
p`sslss i`rl thne `el
`el bneounol nakbkty.
nakbkty.

Ndd`rckeo t` thlsl tw` pnrtkdkpnets, K d`edbucl thnt jnes ikoht blnre thl G`rlne

bneounol j`r iney rlns`es. Nskcls jr`i thl `aslssk`e nec b`vl t`wnrcs G-p`p, jnes

nbs` blnre thl G`rlne bneounol aldnusl kt okvls thl ncvnetnol t` ge`w i`rl na`ut `thlr

dubturls `r prldkslby, t` al iubtkbkeounb. Shl kejbuledl `j G-p`p nb`eo wkth G-crnin

hns blc jnes t` try nec blnre thl G`rlne bneounol (T``ipk, 1=>8). Inbnyskn nb`eo wkth

thl \ektlc Ttntls, Dnencn, nec Shnkbnec nrl d`uetrkls thnt hnvl wktelsslc thl hkoh

clinec j`r G`rlne bneounol d`ursls ke uekvlrsktkls (]kdgbls, 1=>8). Shks hns alle

iletk`elc ay `el `j thl \ekvlrskty N stuclets, Ikik. Thl t`bc il thnt shl trklc t`

rlokstlr G`rlne dbnssls j`r n jlw slilstlrs, aut thl sb`ts wlrl uejnkbkeoby jubb. \sunbby,

jnes wkth alttlr G`rlne pr`jkdkledy iny drlntl n trnesbntk`es ndd`uet `e s`dknb ilckn.

41
Shr`uoh th`sl ndd`uets, thly dne p`st trnesbntk`e nec r`inekzntk`e `j thlkr kc`b's

d`etlets. Shks rneol kedbuckeo jr`i trnesbntkeo skipbl s`dknb ilckn p`sts t` d`edlrt

splldhls nec lvle t` Bkvlstrlni trnesbntk`es. Ay c`keo thks, e`t `eby `thlr jnes dne

lef`y nec ueclrstnec kt alttlr, aut kt dne nbs` lehnedl thl G-p`p jnes d`iiuekty nec

thl r`bl `j thl trnesbnt`r. Shlrlj`rl, blnrekeo G`rlne hns alle slle ns n drudknb nspldt

d`edlrekeo thl jne's kcletkty.

I`st `j thl pnrtkdkpnets ke thks stucy rlvlnblc thnt thly hnvl stnrtlc uskeo

G`rlne w`rcs thr`uoh thlkr cnkby cksd`ursl. Shly ckc thnt ns ne kip`rtnet stlp ke

blnrekeo thl bneounol. Ant`ub nec Jnwwnz (1=>?) hnvl bkstlc s`il `j thl thkeos thnt

jnes c` ay uskeo thl G`rlne bneounol ke thlkr lvlrycny

lvlr ycny bkjl. J`r lxnipbl, enikeo ph`el

d`etndts wkth thl nddurntl G`rlne tlris `j gkeshkp nec leclnrilet bkgl l`iin (i`i),

`ppn (`bclr ar`thlr) `r c`eosnleo (y`ueolr ar`thlr/skstlr). Shle, thly nbs` stnrt uskeo

keskcl f`gls `r dursls thnt hnvl alle tngle jr`i G`rlne kc`bs nec G-crnin splldhls.

Elxt, thly lvle usl G`rlne phrnsls ke thlkr d`evlrsntk`es nec orncunbby nc`ptkeo

G`rlne pl`pbl's ckjjlrlet pr`euedkntk`e wkth s`il Leobksh s`uecs ge`we ns G`eobksh.

Shlsl nrl s`il wnys `j h`w G-p`p jnes ketlbbkokabl wkth `el ne`thlr. Nbth`uoh wkth

anskd jbuledy nec bkiktlc v`dnaubnry, G-p`p jnes stkbb d`evlrsl ke G`rlne wkth thlkr

skabkeos, jrklecs, nec jlbb`w jnes. Tnarken, `el `j thl pnrtkdkpnets lvle snkc thnt

s`iltkils shl nec hlr skstlr usl thl G`rlne bneounol t` d`edlnb `r hkcl whnt thly sny

t` `el ne`thlr lspldknbby jr`i thlkr pnrlets. Alskcls thnt, Oken wh` hns alle inrrklc

nbs` iletk`elc thnt shl nec hlr husanec uslc G`rlne w`rcs bkgl shkanb (judg `jj) t`

dursl nt lndh `thlr nec s`iltkils j`r f`gkeo. Shks inttlr pr`vls thnt thl G`rlne

bneounol hns s`ilwhnt ked`rp`rntlc ke thlkr cnkby bkjl whle thly nrl d`iiuekdntkeo

44
wkth `thlr pl`pbl. T`il pnrtkdkpnets nbs` lxpbnkelc h`w blnrekeo thl G`rlne
G`rln e bneounol

hlbps thli t` d`evlrsl wkth thl G`rlnes ns wlbb. ^u`tkeo jr`i thli6

T@EKN6 K hnvl alle t` G`rln. K utkbkzlc iy G`rlne bneounol sgkbbs

ay ingkeo n d`evlrsntk`e wkth thl b`dnbs. K jllb pr`uc nec s`iltkils
trkoolr thl g`rlna`` ke iyslbj *bnuohs*.

NINEK6 K hnvl incl n jlw nttlipts t` splng wkth j`rlkoelrs jr`i

G`rlne ns wlbb ns G`rlne stuclets ke iy uekvlrskty.

Ndd`rckeo t` T`ekn, prndtkdkeo G`rlne bneounol hns nbs` rlvlnblc thl

t hl g`rlna``

— thl `vlr-`aslssk`e j`r G`rlne dubturl, ke thlislbvls. Shks tlri ks clrkvlc jr`i thl

w`rc wllna``, whkdh rljlrs t` n e`e-entkvl plrs`e wh` hns ne `aslssk`e wkth thl

Fnpnelsl dubturl (Z`x Ntb, 1=>;). Jnes ke thlkr g`rlna`` stnol orncunbby tngl ke thl

ckjjlrlet prndtkdls `j G`rln nec blt thlislbvls al leoubjlc ay thli. Shly wkbb stnrt

ncckeo G`rlne w`rcs ke thlkr sletledls, lnt G`rlne j``c `jtle, kiktntl G`rlne slesl ke
ke

jnshk`e, wntdh G`rlne crnins, nec lvle wnet t` bkvl ke G`rln fust s` thnt thly d`ubc

al db`slr t` thlkr kc`bs.

Bkeoukstkd jbuledy ni`eo jnes ndr`ss nbb ilckn nec olerls kev`bvls thl

ueclrstneckeo `j pnrtkdubnr tlris (Ant`ub nec Jnwwnz, 1=>?). J`r lxnipbl, shkp —

whkdh ks usunbby uslc t` rljlr t` n pnrtkdubnr r`inetkd rlbntk`eshkp `r pnkrkeo nec nbs`

thl tlri stne — whkdh rljlrs t` n pnrtkdubnr

pnrt kdubnr plrs`e `r or`up thnt jnes bkgl (Dr`w, 1=>;).

H`wlvlr, G-p`p jnes nbs` ckstkeouksh thlislbvls jr`i `thlr ilckn nec olerl jnec`i

ay uskeo dlrtnke tlris nec thnt ks `eby dne al uslc

usl c ni`eo thli (Qklclb, 1=1=). Shlrl

nrl tlris sudh ns akns - t` keckdntl jne's jnv`urktl ilialr `j n G-]`p or`up, ubtkintl

— t` keckdntl thl ubtkintl jnv`urktl kc`b `j thl G-]`p kecustry nec akns wrldglr — t`

43
keckdntl ne kc`b thnt ingls `el c`uat na`ut thlkr jnv`urktl kc`b. Shl w`rc kc`b nbs` hns

alle lxdbuskvlby uslc ay G-p`p

G -p`p jnes whle thly tnbg na`ut G-p`p nrtksts (Ant`ub nec

Jnwwnz, 1=>?). Ns j`r pnrtkdkpnets ke thks stucy, K nbs` hnvl e`tkdlc h`w thly

`ddnsk`enbby uslc n jlw w`rcs thnt `eby put ket` prndtkdl ay G-p`p jnes.

Snabl 1 _`rcs uslc ay Gp`p Jnes

]nrtkdkpnets _`rc Ilnekeo

Nthkrnh @leek G`rlne w`rc whle jlinbl nccrlsskeo

`bclr jlinbl

Ikik Akns Jne‛s i`st jnv`urktl ilialr `j ne kc`b

or`up

Jnedhnet N dhnet sneo ay jnes nt plrj`rinedls ke

ueks`e whkbl kc`bs plrj`rikeo

Bnen L-p`p Inbnyskn-anslc G-p`p inonzkel

Tnarken C`eosnleo G`rlne w`rc whle nccrlsskeo y`ueolr

skabkeos

T`ekn Tnsnleo Ne `vlrby `aslsskvl jne thnt ks ge`we j`r

hlr `r hks lxtrlil, ketlesl, nec
qulstk`enabl alhnvk`ur. @jtle b``glc
c`we up`e ay `thlr jnes cul t` thl
t hl hnri
thly dnusl thl kc`bs.

Oken @ppn G`rlne w`rc whle jlinbl nccrlsskeo

`bclr inbl

Ninek Zksunb Shl vksunb `j thl or`up ks thl ilialr

wh` ks snkc t` al thl i`st hnecs`il `r
alnutkjub.

4<
 Ns sh`we ke Snabl 1 na`vl, thlsl nrl w`rcs thnt p`pubnr ni`eo G-p`p jnes thnt

hnvl alle uslc ay pnrtkdkpnets curkeo thl ketlrvklw slssk`e. Shl usl `j thlsl tlris ks

`el `j thl inke rlns`es thnt sh`w why bneounol ks albklvlc dne shnpl thl G-]`p jne's

kcletkty. ]l`pbl wh` c` e`t alb`eo t` thl G-]`p jnec`i c` e`t usl thks bneounol nec

iny e`t ueclrstnec kt. @vlrnbb, thl jkeckeos ke thks sldtk`e suoolst thnt thl usl `j

bneounol ks kecllc thl rljbldtk`e `j kcletktkls pl`pbl wh` nc`ptkeo ns n rlsubt `j thlkr

ilialrshkp ke n or`up. Lvlry or`up hns kts `we dubturl whlrl thly drlntl
drlnt l thlkr splldh

d`iiuekty t` d`iiuekdntl jllbkeos, kclns, nec lvle supp`rt `el ne`thlr (Nbilkcn,

1=>?). Ns j`r G-p`p jnes, thl usl `j G`rlne bneounol nec thl usl `j dlrtnke tlris, hns

incl kt p`sskabl t` d`iiuekdntl ketlbbkokaby wkth `el ne`thlr. Shks hns kipndtlc jnes'

kcletkty ns thl bkeoukstkd prndtkdl clvlb`plc nec ked`rp`rntlc ke thlkr

t hlkr cnkby bkjl.

G-p`p Jnec`i nec Shl J`rintk`e `j Elw Jrklecshkp

Shks sldtk`e lxpb`rls thl elw nec lxkstkeo jrklecshkp altwlle G-p`p jnes. K

albklvl thnt jnes nrl plrj`rikeo thlkr kcletkty ke n d`iiuekty ke whkdh wl dnbblc ns

jnec`i ay shnrkeo thl snil ketlrlst vnbuls. O`jjine (>;<;) hns stntlc thnt ke s`dknb

ketlrndtk`es huines nrl slle ns thl stnolc ndt`rs wh` pbny plrj`rinedls j`r thl

nuckledl. I`rl`vlr, hl liphnskzlc thnt thks w`rbc ks bkgl n stnol whlrl pl`pbl `r thl
ndt`rs wkbb put `e n insg t` al n pnrt `j s`ilthkeo. Ke thl prlsledl `j `thlrs, `el's jndl

`r puabkd kcletkty ks nbwnys `e ckspbny whkdh `thlrs wkbb j`ri kiprlssk`es nec rlsp`ec

t` thlsl kiprlssk`es. Shl d`estrudtk`e `j kcletkty usunbby hns bkeglc

b keglc t` thl d`edlpt `j n

plrs`e wh`
wh` ks prlslet ke n d`iiuekty. Ke thks ineelr, jnes dne al vklwlc ns plrj`rilrs

j`r pl`pbl wh` wnet t` rld`oeksl thlkr kcletktkls (Bndnsn lt nb., 1=>?). Alkeo n jne ks

`el `j thl kcletktkls thnt ks pbnylc ay ne keckvkcunb ke thl s`dklty. O``dh (1==8) stntlc

4:
thnt t` ‘plrj`ri
plrj`ri‛‛ thl jne kcletkty, s`il`el sh`ubc blnre ckjjlrlet typls `j sgkbb,

ge`wblcol, crlss d`cls, `r v`dnaubnrkls thnt nrl `eby ueclrst``c ay ilialrs `j n jne

d`iiuekty. Ns e`tlc ay Dhnca`re lt nb., (1=>?), thlrl ks n rlbntk`eshkp altwlle s`dknb

d`eeldtk`es nec ckspbnys `j or`up kcletkty. Shr`uoh ckspbnykeo jne or`up kcletkty iny

al ne nttlipt t` nttrndt elw jrklecshkps nec inketnke

inket nke durrlet rlbntk`eshkps
rlbnt k`eshkps wkth `thlrs

wh` shnrl n skikbnr ketlrlst. Hlrl, Ikik iletk`elc h`w shl incl jrklecs wkth jlbb`w

G-p`p jnes ay ckspbnykeo hlr kcletkty ns ne NQI[, AST's jnec`i enil.

IKIK6 K `jtle shnrl iy b`vl t`wnrcs AST `e iy s`dknb ilckn

lspldknbby _hntsnpp stntus. Ns K hnvl iy `we bkttbl auskelss, kt
hnpplelc thnt n b`t `j iy dust`ilrs nrl nbs` ket` G-p`p. Shly
wntdhlc iy stntus `e _hntsnpp rlonrckeo AST, thly rlpbklc, nec wl
d`estnetby dhnt jr`i tkil t` tkil. _l `eby hnc n skipbl d`evlrsntk`e
bkgl "wh` ks y`ur akns", "hnvl y`u wntdh thl elw iuskd vkcl`0" `r
"whkdh s`eos c` y`u bkgl0". Nbth`uoh wl nrl e`t thnt db`sl, aut K jllb
hnppy na`ut thnt. K incl elw jrklecs nec d`eeldtk`es.

Anslc `e Ikik's lxpbnentk`e, shl ndtkvlby shnrls hlr ketlrlst ke G-p`p `e hlr

s`dknb ilckn nec pnrtkdkpntls ke thl `ebkel d`iiuekty. Ay prlsletkeo hlrslbj ns n G-

p`p jne, shl hns drlntlc n puabkd plrs`en shnrkeo o`nbs nec vnbuls nec s`dknbksls wkth

`thlr pl`pbl wkth skikbnr ketlrlsts. Kt s`ilh`w drlntlc a`ecs altwlle jnes whle thly

d`evlrsl nec ketlrndt t`olthlr, lkthlr na`ut thlkr `afldt `j jnec`i `r e`t (Qnhki, 1=>;).

Nbth`uoh shl c`ls e`t led`uetlr hlr G-p`p jne jrklecs jndl-t`-jndl, shl ks stkbb

plrj`rikeo t` al pnrt `j thl d`iiuekty. Shus,

Shus, "thlsl ckspbnys `j jne ilialrshkp nbb`w

j`r thl rnpkc trnesikssk`e `j th`sl kcletktkls t` `thlr jnes ns wlbb ns nbb`wkeo jnes t`

jllb n slesl `j alb`eokeo nec nddlptnedl ns pnrt `j thl or`up lvle whle physkdnb

4?
db`slelss t` thl bnrolr or`up `j jnes ks bkiktlc" (Dhnca`re lt nb., 1=>?, p. ;=). I`rl`vlr,

t` hnvl i`rl plrs`enb rlbntk`eshkps ns n jne ks n slesl `j hnppkelss j`r hlr.

Alskcls, jnes cli`estrntl ne lblilet `j alb`eokeoelss ay clvlb`pkeo n slesl

`j 'us' nec 'thli'. @el `j thl pnrtkdkpnets shnrlc thnt thlrl wns n phnsl whle thl puabkd

wns quktl sdlptkdnb na`ut thl G-p`p olerl ns kt ks rlbntkvlby n elw sdlel ke s`il s`dklty.

Qljlrrkeo t` ne lxnipbl thnt K hnvl iletk`elc ke thl ketr`cudtk`e dhnptlr, G-p`p ns n

pnrt `j G`rlne wnvl hns alle cllilc t` arkeo

arkeo elontkvl
elontkvl kejbuledls `r t` al lxndt,
lxndt, dnuslc

thl cltlrk`rntk`e `j dubturnb vnbuls lspldknbby ni`eo Iusbki nec Inbny d`iiuektkls

(Nhinc nec Aleo, 1=>:). Flegkes (1==3) nroulc thnt kcletkjykeo thl slbj ndtunbby ks n

pr`orlss `j neswlrkeo thl qulstk`es `j wh` K ni nec wh` `thlr pl`pbl nrl. Ke `rclr t`

lvnbuntl 'us' `r 'thli'. ]l`pbl sll thl or`up thnt thly alb`eo t` ns thl ke-or`up whkbl

thl `thlr or`ups ns thl `ut-or`up. Jkrst, dntlo`rkzntk`e. ]l`pbl usl s`dknb dntlo`rkls bkgl

G-p`p jnes `r `thlrs bkgl _hktl, Nskne, Inbnyskne, Iusbki, stuclet t` nsskoe `urslbvls

ns wlbb ns `thlrs. Elxt, kcletkjkdntk`e. Jne nc`pts thl kcletkty `j thl or`up whkdh thly

hnvl dntlo`rkzlc thlislbvls alb`eo t`, sudh ns jnec`i. Njtlr thnt, s`dknb d`ipnrks`e

hnpplelc. Bnen, `el `j thl pnrtkdkpnets shnrlc6

BNEN6 Curkeo iy hkoh sdh``b ylnrs, nbi`st nbb iy dbnssintls wlrl

‘netk G-p`p. T`, K hnvl e`a`cy t` tnbg t` na`ut G-p`p. Aut whle K
‛

letlrlc a`nrckeo sdh``b nt thl nol `j >:, K ilt thks `el okrb. K j`uec
`ut thnt shl ks nbs` n G-p`p jne, s` wl aldnil db`sl rkoht nwny. Lvle
e`w, shl ks stkbb n o``c jrklec `j ikel jr`i sdh``b cnys. _l nbwnys
jneokrbkeo t`olthlr.

Anslc `e thl qu`tl na`vl, Bnen hns snkc s`ilthkeo thnt K d`eskclr rlbntlc t` thl 'us'

vlrsus' 'thli' d`edlpt. Nt s`il p`ket, jnes wkbb stnrt t` d`ipnrl thlkr ke-or`up wkth

48
s`dklty nec vkdl vlrsn. Kt ks nbs` p`sskabl thnt `thlr or`ups ke s`dklty hnvl n prlfuckdl

nonkest G-p`p jnes `r lvle sll thli ns n thrlnt t` thl c`ikenet dubturl. Shl s`dknb

kcletkty thl`ry iny nbs` lxpbnke why kt ks hnrc t` ingl jrklecs curkeo Bnen's sdh``b

cnys. ]bus, rkoht njtlr shl ilt n jrklec thnt ks nbs` n jne `j G-p`p, thly ald`il db`sl

uetkb e`w. Ndd`rckeo t` Bnen, thnt okrb ks hlr alst jrklec j`r n bkjltkil.

Jnes' kcletktkls nrl e`t `eby ckjjlrlc ay thl d`edlpt `j ke-or`up nec `ut-or`up ke

s`dklty. Aut wkthke thl G-p`p d`iiuekty ns wlbb, jnes cljkel thlkr kcletkty nec s`dknb

hklrnrdhy. Qnhki (1=>;) hns nroulc, thks phle`ile`e hnpples thr`uoh kevlstilet ke

dubturnb dnpktnb, s`dknbkskeo `r shnrkeo, nec s`dknb dnpktnb. @el `j thl inke ilth`cs `j

alkeo rld`oekslc ke n jnec`i ks t` kevlst ke dubturnb dnpktnb. Jnes d`esuil `jjkdknb

jnec`i o``cs j`r thlkr `we ellcs nec wnet t` al rld`oekslc ay `thlr jnes. Shl nbauis,

`jjkdknb o``cs, d`edlrts, jne illts, nec ketlrelt akbbs nrl thl i`st d`ii`e jnes'

kevlstilet. Ay c`keo thks, "kt nbb`ws or`up ilialrs kiilckntl duls thnt thl keckvkcunb

ks n jne, hns ge`wblcol `j thl ketlrlst thr`uoh thlkr ckspbny nec anslc `e h`w ckstkedt,

`asdurl, `r spldkjkd thnt ckspbny ks, nbs` alst`ws stntus ke bkel wkth thl lxprlssk`e `j

dubturnb dnpktnb" (Dhnca`re, 1=>?, p. ;=). Nbynek rlvlnblc,

NB[NEK6 K hnvl n d`bbldtk`e `j lvlry skeobl nbaui `j AST.

D`ipnrkeo t` `thlrs kt wns e`thkeo skedl thly d`bbldtlc nbb s`rts `j
thkeos, aut K thkeg thnt ks prltty drnzy j`r il. K hnvl `edl trykeo t` ncc
up nbb thl prkdl `j iy d`bbldtk`e, kt w`ubc al n t`tnb `j QI>g pbus.

Nbynek ks `el `j thl pnrtkdkpnets thnt ks wkbbkeo t` splec hlr i`ely `e nbauis.

Lvle th`uoh thl nbauis nrl lxpleskvl, aut i`st jnes inenolc t` auy thli. K wns nbs`

t`bc ay Nbynek thnt jnes wkbb splec

s plec `e lndh nbaui rlblnsls aldnusl thly wnet
wn et thlkr kc`bs

4;