THE PEARSON PRODUCT MOMENT

COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION, R

The Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

r is an index of relationship between two variables. The
independent variable can be represented by x while the
dependent variable can be represented by y. The value
of r is +1,zero to -1. If the value of r is +1 or -1, there is a
perfect correlation between x and y.

EXAMPLE:
Below are the midterm (x) and final (y) grades

PROBLEM:
If the line graph is going upward, the value of r is
positive. As the value of x increases the value of y Is there a significant relationship between the midterm
increases. Likewise, if the value of x decreases, the and final examinations of 10 students in mathematics?
value of y also decreases.
HYPOTHESIS:

H0: There is no significant relationship between the

midterm grades and the final examination/grades of 10
students in mathematics.
H1: There is a significant relationship between the
midterm grades and the final examination/grades of 10
students in mathematics.

STATISTICS:
Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation.

If the line graph is going downward, the value of

r is negative. As the value of x increases the
corresponding value of y decreases.

If the trend line graph cannot be established

either upward or downward, then r = 0, indicating that
there is no correlation between the x and y variables.
 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS

The simple linear regression analysis is used when there

is a significant relationship between x and y variables.
This is in predicting the value of x by using y.

y = a + bx
Where:
y = the dependent variable
x = the independent variable
a = the y intercept
b = the slope of the line

STATISTICS:
Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation.

COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION:

The coefficient of determination is r² times 100%. This

explains the extent to which the independent variable x
influences y or the extent to which y depends on x.

This 90.06% indicates that the final examination

grade depends on the midterm grades. Thus, the final EXAMPLE:
grade influenced by the midterm grade. Suppose the midterm report is x=88, what is the value of
the final grade?

SOLUTION:

There is a significant relationship between the X & Y.

Validation Test for Correlation (r) using t- test

The regression equation is, if X=88

Formula: y = a + bx
y = 6.25 + .971x
y = 6.25 + .971(88)
y = 6.25 + 85.45
y = 91.70 or 92 − final grade
 THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST, ALSO Computation:
CALLED THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS H-TEST

This test is used to compare 3 or more independent

groups. This is a nonparametric test which does not
require normal distribution. This is an alternative for the
F-test (ANOVA) in parametric tests.

Where:
H = Kruskal-Wallis test
n = the number of observation
12 = constant
3 = constant
1 = constant Conclusion:
Since the H-computed value of 10.458 is greater than
Example: the X² tabular value of 5.991 at .05 level of significance
Consider the examination scores of samples of high with 2 degrees of freedom, the research hypothesis is
school students who are taught in English using three accepted. This means that there is a significant
different methods: Method 1 (classroom instruction and difference in the average scores using the three different
language laboratory) Method 2 (only classroom methods of teaching English. It can also be concluded
instruction) Method 3 (only self study in language that the three methods are not equally effective.
laboratory). Use the H-test at .05 level of significance to _____________________________________________
test the null hypothesis that their means are not equal.
Consider the following data. THE CHI-SQUARE TEST

This test of difference between the observed and

expected frequencies. The Chi-square is considered a
unique test due to its 3 functions which are as follows:
● The test of goodness-of-fit
● The test homogeneity
● The test of independence

THE CHI-SQUARE TEST OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT

This is a test of difference between the observed

Problem: frequencies and expected frequencies.
Are there significant differences in the average scores
using the three different methods of teaching English?
X² = chi-square
Hypothesis: O= the observed frequencies
H0: There are no significant differences in the average E = the expected frequencies
scores using the three different methods of teaching.
H1: There are significant differences in the average Example:
scores using the three different methods of teaching. The theory of Mendel regarding crossing of peas is in
the ratio of 9:3:3:1, meaning 9 parts smooth yellow, 3
Level Of Significance: parts smooth green, 3 parts wrinkled yellow and 1 part
α = .05 wrinkled green. The researchers conducted an
df = h − 1 = 3 − 1 = 2 experiment and the result was that out of 560 peas, 310
X².05 = 5.991 were smooth yellow, 100 were wrinkled yellow, 110 were
smooth green and 40 were wrinkled green. Is there a
Statistics: significant difference between the observed and the
H-test expected? Use X² - test at .05 level of significance.
Problem: THE CHI-SQUARE OF INDEPENDENCE
Is there a difference between the observed (actual (ONE SAMPLE, TWO CRITERION VARIABLES)
experiment) and the expected (theory) frequencies?
Where:
Hypothesis: X² = the chi-square
H0: There is no significant difference between the O = the observed frequencies
observed and the expected frequencies. E = the expected frequencies
H1: There is significant difference between the
observed and the expected frequencies. Example:
Ninety individuals, male and female, were given a test in
Level Of Significance: psychomotor skills and their scores were classified into
α = .05 high and low. Using the x² − test of independence at .05
df = h−1 level of significance, the table shown as follows:
= 4−1
=3
X².05 = 7.815 tabular value

Statistics:
X² - test of goodness-of-fit

Computation: add the ratio 9:3:3:1 = 16 Problem:

Is there a significant relationship between sex and score
in psychomotor skill?

Hypothesis:
H0: There is no significant relationship between sex
and scores in psychomotor skill.
H1: There is a significant relationship between sex
and scores in psychomotor skill.

Level Of Significance:
α = .05
Then divide 560 by 16 = 35 df = c − 1 r − 1
For expected frequencies multiply =2−12−1
35 x 9 = 315 =1
2
35 x 3 = 105 x .05 = 3.841 tabular value
35 x 3 = 105
35 x 1 = 35 Statistics:
x2 - test of independence

Conclusion:
The chi-square computed value of 1.269 is lesser
than the chi-square of the tabulated value of 7.815 at .05
level of significance with 3 degrees of freedom, so the
null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no Computation for expected frequency:
significant difference between observed and the
expected frequencies. In other words, the theory of
Mendel holds true because the value of X² - test did not
warrant the rejection of the null hypothesis.
 Hypothesis:
H0: There is no significant difference between the
attitudes of the two political parties on the issue
of peace and order in Mindanao.
H1: There is a significant difference between the
attitudes of the two political parties on the issue
of peace and order in Mindanao.

Level Of Significance:
Conclusion: α = .05
The x2 −computed value of 10.292 is greater than df = (c − 1 r − 1)
2
x −tabular value of 3.841 at .05 level of significance with = (2 − 1 2 − 1)
one degree of freedom. This leads to the confirmation of =1
the research hypothesis which means that a significant x2 .05 = 3.841 tabular value
relationship exists between sex and scores in
psychomotor skill. It implies that the female’s high scores Statistics:
are more psychomotor skill than their male counterpart. x2 - test of homogeneity
_____________________________________________

THE CHI-SQUARE TEST OF HOMOGENEITY

This is concerned with two or more samples, with only

one criterion variable. This test is used to determine if
two or more populations are homogenous.

Where:
X2 = chi-square test
N = grand total
klmn = the product of the rows and columns.

Example:
To illustrate this, we can evaluate the attitude of a
sample of Lakas and Laban parties on the issue of
peace and order in Mindanao. To carry out such study, a
separate random sample of members of each party is
drawn from the nationwide population of Lakas and
Laban and each individual in both samples responds to
the scales. Scores are then “Favorable” or “Unfavorable”
categories. The following frequencies are obtained:

Conclusion:
Since the chi-square computed value of 4.604 is
greater than the chi-square tabular value of 3.481 at .05
level of significance with 1 degree of freedom, the
research hypothesis is accepted. This means that there
is a significant difference between the attitudes of the
two political parties on the issue of peace and order in
Problem: Mindanao. It implies that the Lakas group has favorable
Is there a significant difference between the attitudes of attitudes while those of the Laban group has unfavorable
the two political parties on the issue of peace and order on the said issue.
in Mindanao?