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PHYSICAL-SCIENCE-week 7 MODULE-11
PHYSICAL-SCIENCE-week 7 MODULE-11
Quarter 2 – Module 11
Various Light Phenomena
Physical Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 11: Various Light Phenomena
First Edition, 2020
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Welcome to the Physical Science for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Various Light Phenomena!
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Various Light Phenomena!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
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What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
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1
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to explain various phenomena,
such as:
a. your reflection on the concave and convex sides of a spoon looks
different;
b. mirages;
c. light from a red laser passes more easily though red cellophane than
green cellophane;
d. clothing of certain colors appears different in artificial light and in
sunlight;
e. haloes, sundogs, primary rainbows, secondary rainbows, and
supernumerary bows;
f. why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark;
g. why the sky is blue and sunsets are reddish
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What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
a. i only
b. ii only
c. both i and ii
d. neither i and ii
3. A secondary rainbow is ___ the primary rainbow and is ___ that the primary.
a. above . . . narrower
b. above . . . wider
c. below . . . narrower
d. below . . . wider
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5. Which of the following observations can be seen when you shine a red light
in a white paper with red and green dots?
i. White paper appears white.
ii. Red dots can be still be seen.
iii. Green dots appear black.
a. i only
b. iii only
c. i and iii
d. ii and iii
8. What principle is responsible when we see yellow to red skies in the early
morning or late afternoon?
a. Diffraction
b. Dispersion
c. Interference
d. Scattering
a. Diffraction
b. Mie scattering
c. Rayleigh scattering
d. Tyndall Effect
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10.When illustrating a ray diagram, you can draw the mirrored image by using
at least ___.
a. 4 lines
b. 3 lines
c. 2 lines
d. 1 line
Lesson
What’s In
This is a review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.
2. Destructive interference occurs if the waves are out of phase such that one
wave traveled an extra distance father, because the waves are not aligned.
3. Coherent sources occur when emissions come from a single light source,
having a constant phase relationship.
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4. Incoherent sources occur when emissions from the sources do not maintain
a constant phase relationship with each other over time.
9. Scattering of light is the phenomenon in which light rays get deviated from
its straight path on striking an obstacle.
11. Rayleigh scattering refers to the scattering of light off of the molecules of the
air
What’s New
1. Stand in a well-lit room or outside. Hold the spoon by the handle just like
you would when you are eating but flip it over so that the back of the spoon
is facing you. Look at yourself in the curved end, what do you look like?
2. Now turn the spoon so that the back of the spoon is still facing you but the
curved part is pointing at the ceiling or sky. Have another look at yourself.
3. Next, turn the spoon over and look at yourself in the front of the curved part
where the food normally goes. What do you see?
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Monster Sciences, “Activity 1: Changing Colour.”
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Activity 1.1. Spoon in and Spoon Out
Concave Convex
The shiny spoon is like a mini mirror, but with a curve in it. The front of the spoon
is a CONCAVE surface, and the back is a CONVEX surface.
2. Go into a room that is in complete darkness so that the only light that
appears in the room will be the light of the flashlight.
3. Turn on the flashlight and shine it on the printed paper with the dots.
Observe what you see on the paper.
4. Compare what you saw on the paper in the dark room to what is seen in a
normally lighted room.
Guide Questions:
1. What is the color of the white parts of the paper and why does it
appear so?
2. Can you see the red dots on the paper? Why do you think so?
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Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “Q & A: Why is your reflection upside
down in a spoon?”
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3. Can you see the green dots on the paper? Why do you think so?
What is It
Since the focal point is the midpoint of the line segment adjoining the vertex
and the center of curvature, the focal length would be one-half the radius of
curvature.
3
The Physics Classroom. “The Anatomy of a Curved Mirror.”
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Ray Diagram of Convex Mirrors in a Spoon4
The diagram at the right depicts a convex mirror. In Lesson 3, a convex
mirror was described as a portion of a sphere that had been sliced away. If
the outside of the sphere is silvered such that it can reflect light, then the
mirror is said to be convex. The center of that original sphere is known as
the center of curvature (C) and the line that passes from the mirror's surface
through the sphere's center is known as the principal axis. The mirror has a
focal point (F) that is located along the principal axis, midway between the
mirror's surface and the center of curvature. Note that the center of
curvature and the focal point are located on the side of the mirror opposite
the object - behind the mirror. Since the focal point is located behind the
convex mirror, such a mirror is said to have a negative focal length value.
A convex mirror is sometimes referred to as a diverging mirror due to the
fact that incident light originating from the same point and will reflect off the
mirror surface and diverge. The diagram at the right shows four incident
rays originating from a point and incident towards a convex mirror. These
four rays will each reflect according to the law of reflection. After reflection,
the light rays diverge; subsequently they will never intersect on the object
side of the mirror. For this reason, convex mirrors produce virtual images
that are located somewhere behind the mirror.
The image in the diagram above is a virtual image. Light does not actually
pass through the image location. It only appears to observers as though all
the reflected light from each part of the object is diverging from this virtual
image location. The fact that all the reflected light from the object appears to
diverge from this location in space means that any observer would
view a replica or reproduction when sighting along a line at
this location.
4
The Physics Classroom. “Reflection and Image Formation for Convex Mirrors.”
9
Mirages: Refraction in a Non-Uniform Medium5
A mirage is an optical phenomenon that creates the illusion of water and
results from the refraction of light through a non-uniform medium. Mirages
are most commonly observed on sunny days when driving down a roadway.
As you drive down the roadway, there appears to be a puddle of water on the
road several yards (maybe one-hundred yards) in front of the car. Of course,
when you arrive at the perceived location of the puddle, you recognize that
the puddle is not there. Instead, the puddle of water appears to be another
one-hundred yards in front of you. You could carefully match the perceived
location of the water to a roadside object; but when you arrive at that object,
the puddle of water is still not on the roadway. The appearance of the water
is simply an illusion.
Mirages occur on sunny days. The role of the sun is to heat the roadway to
high temperatures. This heated roadway in turn heats the surrounding air,
keeping the air just above the roadway at higher temperatures than that
day's average air temperature. Hot air tends to be less optically dense than
cooler air. As such, a non-uniform medium has been created by the heating
of the roadway and the air just above it.
While light will travel in a straight line through a uniform medium, it will
refract when traveling through a non-uniform medium. If a driver looks
down at the roadway at a very low angle (that is, at a position nearly one
hundred yards away), light from objects above the roadway will follow a
curved path to the driver's eye as shown in the diagram below.
5
The Physics Classroom. “Mirages.”
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So when you experience this sunny day phenomenon, your mind must
quickly make sense of how you can look downward at the roadway and see
an object located above the road. In the process of making sense of this
event, your mind draws upon past experiences. Searching the database of
stored experiences, your mind is interested in an explanation of why the eye
can sight downward at a surface and see an object that is located above the
surface. In the process of searching, it comes up with three possible
explanations based upon past experiences. Your mind subtly ponders these
three options.
1. There is a mirror on the road. Someone must have for some reason
placed a mirror on the road. The mirror is reflecting light and that is
why I see an image of the oncoming truck when I look downward at
the road.
2. There is a glass window on the road. My gosh, do you believe it!
Someone has left a glass window on the road. The glass window is
reflecting light and that is why I see an image of the oncoming truck
when I look downward at the road.
3. There is water on the road. It must have rained last night and there is
a puddle of water left on the road. The water is reflecting light and
that is why I see an image of the oncoming truck when I look
downward at the road.
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Of the three possible explanations of the image of the truck, only one makes
a lot of sense to the mind - there is water on the road. After all, while both
glass windows and mirrors can reflect light, nowhere in your mind's
database of past experiences is there an account of a mirror or glass window
being seen on a roadway. Yet there are plenty of times that a water puddle
has been observed to be present on a roadway. Smart person that you are,
you then concludes that there is a puddle of water on the road that is
causing you to see objects located above the road when you sight downward
at the road. The illusion is complete.
The white paper appears red because the color white is a reflection of all
wavelengths of light together, and therefore is able to reflect the red light
transmitted onto it, and also no other wavelengths of light are visible in the
darkened room.
The red dots cannot be seen because they are reflecting the same
wavelength of light that is being transmitted onto them. Since the red light
is the only light in the room, when it hits the red dots on the white paper the
only wavelength of light that is reflected back is red. There is no contrast
between two different colors caused by multiple wavelengths of light so the
colors cannot be distinguished from one another.
The green dots appear black in the red light because they absorb the red
light and have no other wavelength of light to reflect. A green dot appears
green in white light because when the light hits it, it absorbs all wavelengths
except for green, which is reflected. The color black occurs when all
wavelengths of light that hit an object are absorbed.
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Murray, Lauren. “Science Summary on Light.”
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Notes to the Learner7
Green cellophane will only allow green light to pass through it. The
cellophane absorbs other colors of light.
For example, green light will not pass through red cellophane. The green light is
absorbed by the red cellophane. However, green light will pass through green
cellophane.
As a general rule each color filter (e.g. glass or cellophane) will only allow light of
its own color to pass through.
7
Commonwealth of Australia, “Colour.”
8
Georgia State University. “Rainbows.”
13
If during a rain shower you can see the shadow of your own head, then you
are in position to see a rainbow if conditions are favorable. The rainbow
forms a circular arc around the anti-solar point, which is located at the
shadow of your head. You can search for the shadow of your head to find a
rainbow in a waterfall, or even in the spray from a hose or sprinkler.
The primary rainbow forms between about 40° and 42° from the antisolar
point. The light path involves refraction and a single reflection inside the
water droplet. If the drops are large, 1 millimeter or more in diameter, red,
green, and violet are bright but there is little blue. Such large droplets are
suggested by the rainbow at right.
As the droplets get smaller, red weakens. In fine mist, all colors except violet
may disappear. Even finer fog droplets, smaller than 0.05 mm, produce the
white rainbow or fog bow. The secondary rainbow involves two reflections
inside the falling droplets.
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Rainbows are not seen in midday since the whole 42° circle is below the
horizon at most latitudes. So rainbows tend to be seen most in the later
afternoon when a thundershower has passed and the sun from the west is
illuminating the receding edge of an eastwardly moving raincloud. It is
possible to see the entire circle of the rainbow from an airplane since there
can be falling droplets both above and below you.
The secondary rainbow is about 10° further out from the antisolar point
than the primary bow, is about twice as wide, and has its colors reversed.
9
Met Office, national meteorological service for the UK. “Why are clouds white?”
15
Cloud droplets scatter all wavelengths of visible light
creating the appearance of white clouds.
Cloud bases are often grey as a result of the same scattering that makes
them white. When light is scattered in a cloud it usually is sent back
upwards, or out to the sides of the cloud, making the tops and sides of the
cloud whiter than the base which receives less light.
This is more prominent in rain clouds because the cloud droplets are bigger,
thus scattering more light. This means that even less light from the Sun
reaches the bottom of the cloud, giving rain clouds their intimidating
appearance.
Because the tops of clouds have a constant source of white light, they are
always white! If you are ever on a plane, look out the window when you are
above the clouds, you will see that the tops of all the clouds will be a
brilliant white.
At sunrise or sunset, clouds can take on a red or orange color. This is
because during sunrise and sunset, the Sun is very low in the sky and so
light has to travel through more of the atmosphere. As a result more of the
blue light is scattered and deflected away allowing more red and yellow light
to reach the Earth.
Rayleigh scattering refers to the scattering of light off of the molecules of the
air, and can be extended to scattering from particles up to about a tenth of
the wavelength of the light. It is Rayleigh scattering off the molecules of the
air which gives us the blue sky.
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What’s More
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Activity 1.2
1. A spoon acts as a mirror, but with a curve in it. The front of the
spoon is a concave surface giving off an inverted image while the back
is a convex surface giving off an upright image. A diagram showing
this phenomenon is called a ray diagram.
3. Green cellophane will only allow green light to pass through it; a red
one will only allow red light to pass. The cellophane absorbs other
colors of light. That is why a red light can easily pass through a red
cellophane compared to a green cellophane
5. The primary rainbow forms between about 40° and 42° from the
antisolar point.
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6. The secondary rainbow is about 10° further out from the antisolar
point than the primary bow, is about twice as wide, and has its colors
reversed.
8. Rain clouds scatters more sunlight because they have bigger water
droplets. This means that less light from the Sun reaches the bottom
of the cloud, giving a gray appearance.
9. During sunrise and sunset, the Sun is very low in the sky and so
light has to travel through more of the atmosphere. As a result, more
of the blue light is scattered and deflected away allowing more red
and yellow light to reach the Earth. This is called Rayleigh scattering.
What I Can Do
2. Security
5. Car light
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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
a. i only
b. ii only
c. both i and ii
d. neither i and ii
a. Diffraction
b. Mie scattering
c. Rayleigh scattering
d. Tyndall Effect
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5. Which of the following observations can be seen when you shine a red
light in a white paper with red and green dots?
i. White paper appears white.
ii. Red dots can be still be seen.
iii. Green dots appear black.
a. i only
b. iii only
c. i and iii
d. ii and iii
8. When illustrating a ray diagram, you can draw the mirrored image by
using at least ___.
e. 4 lines
f. 3 lines
g. 2 lines
h. 1 line
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9. What principle is responsible when we see yellow to red skies in the
early morning or late afternoon?
a. Diffraction
b. Dispersion
c. Interference
d. Scattering
10. A secondary rainbow is ___ the primary rainbow and is ___ that
the primary.
a. above . . . narrower
b. above . . . wider
c. below . . . narrower
d. below . . . wider
14. This side of the spoon gives you an upright reflected image
15. This side of the spoon gives you an inverted reflected image.
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Answer Key
Assessment
1. C
2. D
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. D
9. C
10.D
11.C
12.D
13.C
14.B
15.A
What I Know
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. C
10.D
11.C
12.A
13.C
14.D
15.B
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What's More
1. CONCAVE
2. CONVEX
What Can I Do
1. The convex mirror is used as side-view mirror on the passenger’s side of a
car because it forms an erect and smaller image for the way behind the
car.
2. The convex mirror is suitable for convenient shop and big supermarket
and any other corner where need anti-thief.
3. Convex mirrors can be used as street light reflectors because they can
spread the light over a bigger area , They are put on the corners of roads
so that you can see any cars coming to avoid the collisions and they are
used as ceiling dome mirrors.
4. Concave mirrors are used in shaving to get an enlarged and erect image of
the face.
5. Concave mirrors are used in front lights of cars to reflect the light
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References
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