Project On Brain Drain - Group A
Project On Brain Drain - Group A
Project On Brain Drain - Group A
DRAIN’’
H.L COLLEGE OF
COMMERCE
Academic Year 2022-2023
CERTIFICATE
Sr. No Roll University Name Signature
No. Seat No.
1. 621 Kella Vanshita Hitendra
2. 620 Jadeja Urvashiba Dharmendrasinh
3. 120 Vadher Krunal Ratilalbhai
4. 633 Patel Parth Yatinbhai
5. 629 Soni Kajal Jitendrabhai
6. 623 Padsala Krunal Rasikbhai
7. 627 Prajapati Janki Natvarlal
8. 115 Patel Jinal Narendrabhai
9. 123 Senva Akshay Nanjibhai
10. 108 Bavaliya Vishal Bharatbhai
This is to certify that following students of the third year Bachelor of
Commerce have worked satisfactorily for the group project- “A STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS ON BRAIN DRAIN” in the subject of STATISTICS - X – CE –
304(B) as a part of their course curriculum for the academic year 2022-2023.
External Examiner
APPENDIX
Acknowledgement
Literature review
Introduction
Research methodology
Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
"We would like to extend our heartfelt appreciation to our professor and mentor,
Dr. Parag Shah, for his tireless efforts and unwavering support throughout the
project. His wealth of knowledge, expertise and guidance have been instrumental
in making this project a success.
We would also like to extend our gratitude to Dr. Hiren Doshi, Prof. P.M. Parmar
(Head of Department of Statistics) and our Principal, Dr. Mona Kelshikar Ma'am,
for their invaluable contributions to this project. Their support and encouragement
have been a source of inspiration to us and have helped us to overcome any
obstacles that came our way.
The success of this project would not have been possible without the support of
our mentors, leaders and teammates.
Their commitment to excellence has been a driving force behind our efforts and
has inspired us to push the boundaries. We are grateful for their unwavering
support and look forward to continue our work with them in the future. Thanks for
your contributions to this project and for helping us to make a positive impact in
the world.
LITERATURE REVIEW
India is one of the largest sources of highly skilled workers in the world,
and has experienced significant levels of brain drain in recent decades. One
of the major reasons for this phenomenon is the lack of job opportunities
and low salaries in certain industries in India, which drives skilled workers
to seek employment abroad.
References:
“Indian Brain Drain: A Study of Issues, Concerns and Challenges” by Sanjiv P.
Sahni and Archana Dureja, published in the International Journal of Humanities
and Social Science Research in 2011
“Addressing the Brain Drain in India: A Roadmap for Action” by the National
Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) in 2021
INTRODUCTION
• Brain Drain is becoming the burning issue in India. On every other day,
we hear that someone is moving to Canada, U.S.A, U.K, etc. in our
neighbourhood.
• So, Brain drain is the process through which a country loses its most
educated and talented workers to other countries through migration.
• It can also be defined as the loss of the academic and technological
labour force through the moving of human capital to more favourable
geographic, economic, or professional environments.
Causes of brain drain can be categorized into push factors and pull factors.
The push factors are negative characteristics of the home country that
form the impetus for intelligent people to migrate from their home
country. In addition to unemployment and political instability, some other
push factors are the absence of research facilities, employment
discrimination, economic underdevelopment, lack of freedom, and poor
working conditions. Some of the reasons are explained below:
Societal pressure: Indian youth are becoming more liberal and personal
with their life, and the society here is yet to come to terms with the kind
of lifestyle. Hence, the pressure to live a certain way among the Indian
society is curbing the freedom of choice of today’s youths, encouraging
them to seek western countries where the society is more liberal and non-
interfering.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Also, we shared it in our groups and in this way, data was collected
randomly by using simple random and convenient sampling.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Age Group:
Age Group
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
18-20 20-23 23-25 Above 25
Gender:
Row Labels Count of Gender
Female 249
Male 350
58.43% of the respondents were male and around 41.57% of the respondents
were female.
Caste:
Row Labels Count of Caste
Hindu 86
Jain 34
Others 219
Patel 201
Vaishnav 59
Caste
250
219
201
200
150
100 86
59
50 34
0
Hindu Jain Others Patel Vaishnav
Around 70.12% of the respondents were from Patel and other caste, while
people belonging to Jain caste were the least ie 5.68%.
City:
Row Labels Count of City
Ahmedabad 372
Others 173
Surat 54
Majority of the people have annual income less than 6 lakhs i.e. 60.27% and
Course:
Row Labels Count of Course
B. Com 216
B. Sc 62
B. Tech/ B. E 66
BBA 65
Medical 43
Others 147
only 4.34% of the respondents have
Course
250
216
200
147
150
100
62 66 65
50 43
0
B. Com B. Sc B. Tech/ B.E BBA Medical Others
46.92% of the students were currently pursuing B. Com and B.B.A and around
28.55% students were from B. Sc, B. Tech and medical field.
P.T.G.A.(Planning to go abroad)
48.91% No
51.09%
Yes
293 people were planning to go abroad while 306 people are thinking of
pursuing their further Row Labels Count of P.T.G. A studies in India only.
No 306
Yes 293
Purpose:
Row Labels Count of Purpose
Bachelors 39
Masters 197
Others 12
Professional courses 45
Purpose
250
197
200
150
100
39 45
50
12
0
Bachelors Masters Others Professional
courses
Majority of the respondents (around 82.59%) are planning to go abroad for their
masters and for pursuing professional courses after completing their bachelors
in India and it can also be seen that very less respondents move abroad for their
bachelors.
Field:
Row Labels Count of Field
Accounting and 36
Finance
Engineering 48
Management 109
Medicine 27
Others 73
Country:
Row Labels Count of Country
Australia 40
Canada 129
Germany 10
Others 15
UK 55
USA 44
Country
130
110
90
70
50
30
10
Australia Canada Germany Others UK USA
Total 40 129 10 15 55 44
Canada is the most preferred country by the students who are planning to move
abroad (44.03%), while very less students preferred to move to Germany for
their respective purposes (3.41%).
Cross – Tabs
Age group – Gender:
170
130
90
50
10
18-20 20-23 23-25 Above 25
No 170 112 18 6
Yes 148 117 21 7
Around 90.44% of the people who are planning to move abroad belonged to 18-
23 age group while only 9.56% of the people from above 23 age categories are
planning to move abroad.
PTGA
Gender No Yes Grand
Total
Female 142 107 249
Male 164 186 350
Gender - P.T.G.A
400
350
300
186 Yes
250
No
200 107
150
100 164
142
50
0
Female Male
Only 53 respondents are planning to settle in the foreign country. Out of the
other 240 respondents, 76 will not even return to India after completing their
studies. Around 68.60% females might return to India after completing their
purpose abroad and around 68.18% males might return to India. Hence, it can
be said that the proportion of males and females who might return to India is
almost the same.
Caste - P.T.G.A
140 129 126
120
100 90
No
80 75
Yes
60
60
40 31
26 28
20
20 14
0
Hindu Jain Others Patel Vaishnav
Majority of people from Patel caste are planning to go abroad i.e. 62.69% and
people from Hindu caste are the least who are planning to move abroad i.e.
30.23%.
PTGA
City No Yes Grand
Total
Ahmedabad 190 182 372
Others 104 69 173
Surat 12 42 54
City - P.T.G.A
325
225
125
25
Ahmedabad Others Surat
No 190 104 12
Yes 182 69 42
PTGA
Annual Family No Yes Grand
Income Total
Less than 6 203 158 361
lakhs
6 - 9 lakhs 55 83 138
9 - 12 lakhs 23 22 45
12 - 24 lakhs 16 13 29
Above 24 lakhs 9 17 26
Annual income - P.T.G.A
250
203
200
158
150 No
Yes
100 83
55
50
23 22 16 13 17
9
0
Less than 6 6 - 9 lakhs 9 - 12 lakhs 12 - 24 lakhs Above 24
lakhs lakhs
82.25% of the people who are planning to go abroad have their annual income
below 9 lakhs, while the rest 17.75% of the people who are moving abroad have
their annual family above 9 lakhs.
PTEL
Annual Family No Yes Grand
Income Total
Less than 6 38 120 158
lakhs
6 - 9 lakhs 19 64 83
9 - 12 lakhs 5 17 22
12 - 24 lakhs 8 5 13
Above 24 9 8 17
lakhs
Annual income - P.T.E.L
140
120
120
100
80 No
64 Yes
60
38
40
19 17
20
8 9 8
5 5
0
Less than 6 6 - 9 lakhs 9 - 12 lakhs 12 - 24 lakhs Above 24 lakhs
lakhs
Amongst the people who are moving abroad, 73.04% students are planning to
take an educational loan. It can be concluded that people who have their annual
income below 9 lakhs have more tendency to take an educational loan. While
there are less chances of students who take an educational loan whose income is
above 9 lakhs.
PTGA
Course No Yes Grand
Total
B. Com 133 83 216
B. Sc 34 28 62
B. Tech/ B. E 27 39 66
BBA 20 45 65
Medical 22 21 43
Others 70 77 147
Course - P.T.G.A
140 133
120
100
83
77 No
80 70 Yes
60
45
39
40 34
28 27
20 22 21
20
0
B. Com B. Sc B. Tech/ B.E BBA Medical Others
Around 45.56% of the students who are currently pursuing either B. Com or
B.B.A are planning to go abroad, while around 51.46% of the students who are
currently pursuing either B. Sc or B. Tech or M.B.B.S are planning to go abroad
for their further studies.
PTEL
Fees No Yes Grand
Total
Below 10 lakhs 31 45 76
10-20 lakhs 25 88 113
20-30 lakhs 18 56 74
30-40 lakhs 1 11 12
40-50 lakhs 2 6 8
Above 50 lakhs 2 8 10
Grand Total 79 214 293
Fees(abroad) - P.T.E.L
88
90
80
70
56
60
45 No
50
Yes
40 31
25
30
18
20 11
6 8
10 1 2 2
0
Below 10 10-20 lakhs 20-30 lakhs 30-40 lakhs 40-50 lakhs Above 50
lakhs lakhs
Majority of the courses abroad have their fees between 10-20 lakhs. As the fees
increases, more students prefer to take an educational loan. Around 77.88%
students prefer to take an educational loan if their fees is between 10-20 lakhs,
91.67% students if their fees is between 30-40 lakhs and 80% students prefer to
take a loan if their fees is above 50 lakhs.
Plots
P.T.G. A
Annual family income No Yes Total
12 - 24 lakhs 16 13 29
6 - 9 lakhs 55 83 138
9 - 12 lakhs 23 22 45
Above 24 lakhs 9 17 26
Less than 6 lakhs 20 158 361
3
χ² Tests
Value df P
χ 13.8 4 0.008
²
N 599
P.T.G. A
Course Yes No Total
B. Com 83 133 216
Others 77 70 147
B. Sc 28 34 62
B. Tech/ B. E 39 27 66
BBA 45 20 65
Medical 21 22 43
χ² Tests
Value df p
χ 24.0 5 < .001
²
N 599
Here, p= <0.001 and p<0.05 so we reject the null hypothesis
Plots
χ² Tests
Value Df p
χ 34.3 4 < .00
² 1
N 599
Here, p=<.001 and p< 0.05, so we reject our null hypothesis and conclude that
caste plays a role in decisions regarding moving abroad.
Plots
χ² Tests
Value df p
χ 0.00456 1 0.94
² 6
N 240
Plots
Alternative hypothesis: All the countries are not equally preferred for moving
abroad.
Proportion Test
χ² Goodness of Fit
χ² df p
18 5 < .001
9
i.e., All countries are not equally preferred for moving abroad.
Alternative Hypothesis: Annual family income of people who are not planning
to go abroad is more than the annual income of people who are planning to go
abroad. i.e., µ(no)>µ(yes)
Assumption check:
W p
Annual 0.68 < .001
income 8
Here, p=<0.001 and p<0.05. So, the low p-value suggests that the data is not
normally distributed.
Statistic p
Annual income Mann-Whitney U 40402 0.982
Here p=0.982 and p>0.05 so, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
It can be concluded that the annual family income of people who are
planning to go abroad is more than or equal to the annual income of people
who are not planning to go abroad.
Caste
P.T.G.A.
No Yes Grand
Total
Jain 21 23 44
Others 129 90 219
Patel 115 145 260
Vaishnav 41 35 76
[Here, we have divided people belonging to Hindu caste and have added them
to Jain, Patel and Vaishnav caste in their respective ratios.
z-statistic: -1.6153
p-value: 0.1052
Here, p=0.1052 and p>0.05 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Hence, it
can be concluded that the proportion of people belonging to Jain and Vaishnav
caste is equal among those who are planning to go abroad.
Row Count of
Labels Country
Australi 40
a
Canada 129
German 10
y
Others 15
UK 55
USA 44
Here, sample 1 denotes people choosing UK and sample 2 denotes people
choosing USA while moving abroad.
Course P.T.G.A.
Row Labels No Yes Grand
Total
B. Com 133 83 216
B. Sc 34 28 62
B. Tech/ B. E 27 39 66
BBA 20 45 65
Medical 22 21 43
Others 70 77 147
Correlation Matrix
Fees abroad Fees in India
Fees abroad Pearson's r —
p-value —
Fees in Pearson's r 0.373 —
India
p-value 1.000 —
Here p=1 and p>0.05 so, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. It can be said that
there is a positive correlation between fees in India and fees abroad.
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Calculate Fitting straight line - Curve fitting using Least square method
2011 -0.4
2012 -0.384
2013 -0.369
2014 -0.374
2015 -0.38
2016 -0.385
2017 -0.391
2018 -0.396
2019 -0.383
2020 -0.369
2021 -0.356
2022 -0.342
2023 -0.329
∑xy = a∑x+b∑x2
0a+182b=0.686
Solving these two equations using Elimination method,
13a=-4.858
and 182b=0.686
∴182b=0.69
13a=-4.858→(1)
182b=0.686→(2)
⇒13a=-4.858
−4.858
⇒a= 13
⇒a= -0.3737→(3)
⇒182b=0.686
0.686
⇒b= 182
⇒b=0.0038→(4)
y=-0.3737+0.0038x
∴y=-0.3737+0.0038(X-2017)
y(2024)=-0.3737+0.0038(2024-2017)
∴y(2024)=-0.3737+0.0038(7)
∴y(2024)=-0.3737+0.0264
∴y(2024)=-0.3473
y (2025) = -0.3737+0.0038(2025-2017)
∴y (2025) = -0.3737+0.0038(8)
∴y (2025) = -0.3737+0.0304
∴y (2025) = -0.3433
y (2026) = -0.3737+0.0038(2026-2017)
∴y (2026) = -0.3737+0.0038(9)
∴y (2026) = -0.3737+0.0342
∴y (2026) =-0.3395
y (2027) = -0.3737+0.0038(2027-2017)
∴y (2027) = -0.3737+0.0038(10)
∴y (2027) = -0.3737+0.038
∴y (2027) = -0.3357
y (2028) =-0.3737+0.0038(2028-2017)
∴y (2028) =-0.3737+0.0038(11)
∴y (2028) =-0.3737+0.0418
∴y (2028) =-0.3319
(11) Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA):
Null Hypothesis: Income in different countries do no differ significantly.
Normality Test:
Kruskal-Wallis
χ² df p
Annual income random value 17.4 5 0.00
4