Stratified Epithelia L 2

Tissue of the body
Curriculum: Phase 1/ Semester 2/ TOB/

Session 1,Lecture 2
Lecturer: teacher -1- Dr. Hameda Abdul-AI
Mahdi
Degrees: MSc/Ph.D. Histology
Email: [email protected]
Selected references
• Histology Textbooks ‘Basic Histology’,
Junqueira,13 th Edition.
• ‘Colour Atlas of Histology’ Gartner and Hiatt

Lecture 1
Stratified Epithelium
Lecture objectives
 Explain the position, structure and function of the

compound epithelia .
 Describe the ways in which epithelia are classified,
explaining what is meant by the classification terminology,
 Stratified squamous nonkeratinized and nonkeratinized.
 Stratified cuboidal,
 Stratified columnar.
 Describe Intercellular Adhesion & Other Junctions of
epithelia
 Explain Specializations of the Apical Cell Surface
Describe the ways in which epithelia are classified,
explaining what is meant by the classification terminology,
Classified according to the cell shape of the

superficial layer into :-
1- Squamous
2- cuboidal
3- columnar
4- transitional
Explain the position, structure and function of the
compound epithelia .
Stratified Epithelial Tissue

Stratified epithelium has more than one layer. It is found in
areas of high abrasion such as the skin or the lining of the
wet area .
Cell division occurs in cells near the basement membrane,
pushing older cells toward the surface. Cells lost by abrasion
at the surface are replaced by cells underneath.
Example: the human skin contains stratified epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium having :
 Several layers of cells.
 Highly resistant to irritation
 Found as two types:
 Keratinized in a touch with a dry environment.
 Non-Keratinized in a touch with a dry environment.
Locations of Stratified of Squamous Epithelium
nonkeratinized :
 Parts of GIT included:
• Mouth or Oral cavity, Anal canal
 parts of reproductive system included:
• glans of penis in males .
• vagina of females
Keratinized in Skin
A) Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium :-
Lines wet cavities ( mouth , esophagus and vagina )
In such areas where water loss is not a problem the
flattened cells of the epithelium surface layer are
living cells , retaining their nuclei .

A) Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium :-
A) Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium
basal cells
Note how cells at the surface are very flattened as opposed to the
nearly columnar basal cells. Surface cells are continuously lost and
replaced by cell division in deeper layers
B-Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
The cells become irregular in shape and flatten as

they accumulate keratin in the process of
keratinization and are moved progressively closer to
the surface where they become thin , metabolically
inactive squames of keratin lacking nuclei this surface
layer of cells helps protect against water loss across
this epithelium
B) Keratinized
Stratified Squamous Keratinised Epithelia
Locations include:
- Surface of skin
- Limited distribution in oral cavity
Functions include:
- Protection against abrasion and physical
trauma
- Prevents water loss
- Prevents ingress of microbes
- Shields against UV light damage
Keratin
Keratinized
Keratin
Stratified Squamous Keratinised Epithelia

Stratified cuboidal epithelium
consists of several layers of cells in which the top

layer is cube-shaped.. Function is mainly protective.
Location:-
Testis tubules; vesicular (Graafian) follicles of ovary.
Ducts of sweat glands; sebaceous glands
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
consists of several layers of cells in which the
top layer is rectangular. Also uncommon.
Usually basal layers are shortened, irregular
polyhedral cells. It protects and mucus
secreting .
Its found in the conjunctiva lining the eyelids .
Stratified Transitional (urinary) Epithelia
Stratified Transitional (urinary) Epithelia

Locations include:
- Renal calyces (singular = calyx)
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
Functions include:
- Distensibility
- Protection of underlying tissue from toxic
chemicals
Stratified Transitional (urinary) Epithelia Urothelium
Explain Specializations of the Apical
Cell Surface
Surface Specializations of the Epithelia cells
For transport For absorption For production
Microvilli Keratinization
Cilia
Stereocilia
Cilia
Cilia are surface projections

from cells which permit
movement of materials /
objects over the surface of the
epithelium.
In this section of (part of the
lining of the fallopian tubes) it
can be seen that not all of the
cells are ciliated.
C
Thin epoxy section of the trachea showing cilia (C) on a

pseudostratified columnar epithelium (arrows).
Note how the goblet cells (G) between the epithelial cells lack cilia.
Microvilli
Microvilli (MV) are finger-like

projections from the apical surface
of (usually columnar) epithelial
cells.
They increase the surface area of
the cell surface and are found in
areas involved with absorption
such as the small intestine and
proximal convoluted tubule of the
brush border
kidney.
In these two areas they are often
referred to as a “brush border”
goblet cell
brush border
Stereocilia
Stereocilia are very long, modified microvilli and concerned with

absorptive functions. They are chiefly found in parts of the male
reproductive tract.
Stereocilia
pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
Stereocilia
Keratinisation
Characteristically found in the

skin, this adaptation is for
protection.
The thickness of the keratin
layer varies (depth of it here
indicated by two arrows) in
different sites.
It is thickest in the sole of the
foot and thinnest on the outer
surface of the lip.
Keratin
mitotic figures
Keratinised stratified epithelium from the skin. Note how the basal layers are folded
forming papillae. These serve to attach the epithelium to the underlying tissues. In
inset note the mitotic figures; cells lost at the surface of both forms of stratified
squamous epithelium are replaced by division of cells in the basal layers.
consists of several layers of cells in which the
top layer is rectangular. Also uncommon.
Usually basal layers are shortened, irregular
polyhedral cells. It protects and mucus
secreting .
Its found in the conjunctiva lining the eyelids .
Describe Intercellular Adhesion &
Other Junctions of epithelia
Cell Junctions
Anchoring
Occluding Communication
Adherent Junctions
Focal Junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Cell Junctions Function
OCCLUDING Prevent diffusion of substances between adjacent cells.
ADHERENT Link actin filament network between adjacent cells
FOCAL CONTACTS Link actin filaments of a cell to extracellular matrix
DESMOSOMES Link intermediate filament networks of adjacent cells
HEMIDESMOSOMES Connect intermediate filament network of cell to t he

extracellular matrix
COMMUNICATING Allow selective diffusion of molecules between

adjacent cells
Junctional Complexes
The EM shows some of the

cell / cell junctions found
between epithelial cells.
Where different junctions
occur close together as
between these two intestinal
epithelial cells they are
known as junctional
complexes.
Zonula Occludens
Zonula adherens
Desmosome

Stratified Epithelia L 2

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Tissue of the body

Curriculum: Phase 1/ Semester 2/ TOB/

• Histology Textbooks ‘Basic Histology’,

• ‘Colour Atlas of Histology’ Gartner and Hiatt

 Explain the position, structure and function of the

Classified according to the cell shape of the

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

Lines wet cavities ( mouth , esophagus and vagina )

In such areas where water loss is not a problem the

flattened cells of the epithelium surface layer are

living cells , retaining their nuclei .

The cells become irregular in shape and flatten as

Stratified Squamous Keratinised Epithelia

consists of several layers of cells in which the top

Stratified Transitional (urinary) Epithelia

For transport For absorption For production

Cilia are surface projections

Thin epoxy section of the trachea showing cilia (C) on a

Microvilli (MV) are finger-like

Stereocilia are very long, modified microvilli and concerned with

Characteristically found in the

ADHERENT Link actin filament network between adjacent cells

FOCAL CONTACTS Link actin filaments of a cell to extracellular matrix

DESMOSOMES Link intermediate filament networks of adjacent cells

HEMIDESMOSOMES Connect intermediate filament network of cell to t he

COMMUNICATING Allow selective diffusion of molecules between

The EM shows some of the

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