DWDM Principles

V1.1

Unitrans D&T Group

 content

WDM Overview

 Optical Fiber Transmission character

 Key technologies of DWDM

 Technical Specifications

2
Background

WDM

TDM

SDM

3
PDH, SDH and DWDM

G.692
DWDM

G.957 G.691

SDH
155M 622M 2.5G 10G

PDH

4
Relationship between DWDM
and Other Services

IP

SDH ATM IP Other

ATM

SDH Open Optical Interface

DWDM
Physical Fiber

5
WDM Definition
λ1 λ2 λN

λ1 λ1
λ2 λ2

λN λN
OA

OMU ODU

WDM technology is a fiber communication technology transmitting multiple

optical carriers with information (analog or digital) on one fiber.

6
WDM Classification

 CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

 DWDM : Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

7
DWDM Concept

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)

Power (dBm)

wavelength interval ：0.4～

～2nm

1529 - 1560nm λ(nm)

8
DWDM system
Optical Transmitter OLA Optical Receiver

Ch 1 λ1 λ1 Ch 1
OTU1 OMU OTU1

ODU
Input ┇ ┇ Output
BA LA PA
Ch N λs λs λs λs Ch N
OTUn OTUn
λn λn

OSC

OSC OSC

EMS

9
Common NE in DWDM System
Client side Line side
λ1
λn

λ1 Line side Line side

λn

OTM
λ1 λn λ1 λn
Line side
Line side
Client side

OADM

OLA
10
 Difference between DWDM and SDH
Electrical
Transmitter Receiver
Regenerator
λ1 TDM: Electrical Regenerator for
T R
Single Wavelength

Electrical Multiplex Electrical Demultiplex

λ1 λ2 λN

λ1 λ1
λ2 λ2
DWDM: Multi-wavelength on Single
Fiber, for Optical Amplification λN OA
λN

Optical Multiplexer Optical Demultiplexer

11
DWDM Features
Large transparent transmission capacity greatly saves fiber resources.

 Each wavelength can carry different signal: SDH 2.5Gbps, 10 Gbps,

ATM, IP.

 DWDM technology provides multiple virtual fiber channels in one

physical fiber channel.

12
DWDM Features
SDH

DWDM

Electrical Regenerator
Light Amplifier

Through super-long distance transmission technologies, the transmission cost is

reduced.

13
DWDM Development Trend

λ1 λ1
OTM λ2 λ2
λN λN

OADM
λi λi λk λk

OXC OXC

Full optical network is the development trend of optical transport network.

14
 content
 WDM Overview

Optical Fiber Transmission character

 Key technologies of DWDM

 Technical Specifications

15
Structure of Optical Fiber
Coating Cladding Core

n2 n1

Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding

and a plastic wear-resisting coating.

16
Transport characteristics of
optical fibers

 Attenuation (Loss)

 Dispersion

 Non-linear Effect

17
Attenuation

It is the reduction of signal strength or light power over the

length of the light-carrying medium. Fiber attenuation is

measured in decibels per kilometer (dB/km).

18
Attenuation

 Absorbency Attenuation

 Intrinsic Absorbency Attenuation

 Impurity Absorbency Attenuation

 Scattering Attenuation
 Additional attenuation

19
Division of Low-loss window
3.0
~140THz
2.5
~50THz
OH- absorption peak
2.0 OH- absorption
Loss (dB/km) peak

1.5

OH- absorption
1.0 peak

05
0.5
O E S C L
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Wavelength (nm)

O Band Original 1260-1360 nm

E Band Extended 1360-1460 nm
S Band Short 1460-1530 nm
C Band Conventional 1530-1565 nm
L Band Long 1565-1625 nm
U Band Ultralong 1625-1675 nm

20
 Feature Comparison between Low-Loss
Windows
Window I II III IV V

1310 (O 1360 ~ 1530 (E

Mark (nm) 850 1550 (C band) 1600 (L band) + S bands)
band)

Wavelength
range 600~900 1260~1360 1530~1565 1565~1625 1360~1530
(nm)

MMF/G.652/ G.652/G.653/ G.652/G.653/

Fiber type MMF Full-wave fiber
G.653 G.655 G.655

Short Short
distance distance
Applications Long distance and high rate
and low and low
rate rate

21
Dispersion
SMF
power power

time time
Input optical pulse Output optical pulse

As the optical pulse signals are transmitted for long

Dispersio
distance, the pulse wave shape spreads by time at the
n
fiber output end, this phenomenon is called dispersion.

22
Influence of Dispersion

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

Input
Time

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Output
Time

∆τ(ps) = D (ps/ nm*km) * S (nm) * L (km)

23
Kinds of Dispersion

1. Chromatic Dispersion

2. Polarization Mode Dispersion

24
Chromatic Dispersion

Optical signals of different wavelength have different speeds in

the optical fiber, and this will cause a phenomena called
dispersion.

Chromatic dispersion is the result of material dispersion,

waveguide dispersion, or profile dispersion.

25
Influences of Chromatic Dispersion
1) Pulse spreading
 A major influence of chromatic dispersion to system performance.
When transmission distance is longer than fiber dispersion length,
pulse spreading is too large. At this time, the system will have
serious inter-symbol interference and bit errors.

2) Chirp effect
 Dispersion not only results in pulse spreading but also makes
pulse generate phase modulation. Such phase modulation makes
different parts of the pulse make different offset from the central
frequency with different frequencies.

26
Chirp

 Chirps can arise e.g. during propagation in a medium due to

the effects of dispersion and nonlinearities.

 In laser diodes, the shift of the laser’s center wavelength during

single pulse durations.

27
Dispersion Tolerance

 Parameter of dispersion tolerance for laser source (Ds)

 Dispersion parameter for optical fiber (D)
 Longest transmission distance: Ds/D

Example

If Ds = 12800 ps/nm, SMF（G.652）

dispersion is D = 20 ps/km/nm，and then the longest transmission
distance of this optical source is 640km.

28
Polarization Mode Dispersion

This problem occurs because the fiber is not consistent along its
length. Due to bending and twisting, as well as temperature
changes, the fiber core is not exactly circular. The result is that the
modes in the fiber exchange power with each other in a random
fashion down the fiber length, which result in different group
velocities; the signal breaks up. In effect, the light travels faster on
one polarization plane than another.

29
Polarization Mode Dispersion

 Due to geometrical and pressure asymmetry, two polarization modes have

different transmission rates, resulting in delay and PMD.
 In digital transmission system, PMD will result in pulse separation and
pulse spreading, degrade transmission signal and limit transmission rate
of carriers.

30
Nonlinear Effects

1. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)

2. Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)

3. Four Wave Mixing (FWM)

4. Self-phase Modulation (SPM)

5. Cross-phase Modulation (XPM)

31
Single Phase Modulation (SPM)

Due to dependency relationship between refractive index and light intensity,

refractive index changes during optical pulse continuance, with pulse peak
phase delayed for both front and rear edges. With more transmission distance,
phase shift is accumulated continuously and represents large phase
modulation upon certain distance. As a result, spectrum spreading results in
pulse spreading, which is called SPM .

32
Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)
When two or more optical waves with different frequencies are
simultaneously transmitted in a non-linear media, the amplitude
modulation of each frequency wave will result in the corresponding
change of the fiber refractive index, resulting in non-linear phase
modulation of the optical wave with other frequencies, which is called
XPM.

33
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
P P

λ λ
Input Output

 SRS affect results in attenuation of signals with short wavelength and

reinforcement of signals with long wavelength.

34
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
(SBS)

Scattering Power

Output Power
Input Power

35
Four Wave Mixing (FWM)

 FWM refers to a physical process of energy exchange between multiple

optical carriers caused by the non-linear effect of fiber, when multiple
frequencies of optical carriers with high power are simultaneously
transmitted in the fiber.
 FWM results in optical signal energy attenuation in multiplexing channels
and channel crosstalk.

36
Common Types of SMF

G.652 : Dispersion non-shifted fiber, has a nominal zero-
dispersion wavelength in the 1310 and 1550 nm window.

G.653 : Dispersion-shifted fiber, zero dispersion at 1550 nm
window, easy to cause FWM.

G.655 : Non-zero dispersion fiber, used in 1550 nm window.
Less dispersion coefficient, dispersion limited transmission
distance can be hundreds of km; prevent FWM

37
 G.652
SMF 20
1.0 G.653
DSF
Attenuation (dB/km)

(ps/nm-km)
0.8 Attenuation
EDFA 10
Bandwidth

Dispersion (ps/nm
0.4 0
NZDF+
G.655+
0.2 -10
NZDF-
G.655-
0.1 -20
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Wavelength (nm)

38
 content
 WDM Overview

 Optical Fiber Transmission character

Key technologies of DWDM

 Technical Specifications

39
DWDM system

Optical Transmitter OLA Optical Receiver

Ch 1 λ1 λ1 Ch 1
OTU1 OTU1
OMU

ODU
Input ┇ ┇ Output
BA LA PA
λ λ λ λ
Ch N s Ch N
OTUn s s s OTUn
λn λn

OSC

OSC OSC

EMS

40
Key technologies of DWDM

 Optical source
 Optical Mutiplexer And Demultiplexer
 Optical Amplifiers
 The Supervision Of WDM System

41
Key technologies of DWDM

Requirements of Optical Source

1. Larger dispersion tolerance value;

2. Standard and stable wavelength.

42
Type of Optical Sources

 Laser Device (LD)

 Light-Emitting Diode (LED).

43
Types of Modulation

1. Direct Modulation

2. Indirect Modulation

44
Direct modulation

Electrical current Optical signal

 Output laser is controlled by input current

 Transmission rate≤2.5Gb/s
 Transmission distance≤100km

45
Electrical-absorption (EA)
LD EA

Voltage applied

 Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s >600km)

 Less chirp
 High Dispersion tolerance(2.5Gb/s :7200~12800ps/nm)
 High reliability

46
 （M-Z）
Mach-Zehnder external modulator（ ）

LD

 Long dispersion limited distance

 High cost
 Negligible chirp
 High dispersion tolerance

47
Comparison of Modulation
Types Direct EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Modulator

Max.dispersion toleration 1200~4000 7200~12800 >12800

(ps/nm)

Cost moderate expensive Very expensive

Wavelength Stability good better best

48
Wavelength Stabilization technology

 Temperature feedback control method

 Wavelength feedback control method

49
Optical Muliplexing and Demultiplexing
Technology

50
Optical Muliplexer and Demultiplexer

Multiplexer Demultiplexer

Fiber

51
Common Techniques Used

 Diffraction Grating

 Thin Film Filter (TFF)

 Array Waveguide (AWG)

 Coupling Type

52
Diffraction Grating
λ 1,2,3,...n

λ1
λ2
λ3
λ4
λn

Optical signals with different wavelengths have different reflecting angles on

grating, it divides and combines the optical signals with different wavelengths. It
has sound wavelength selection performance, capable of narrowing
wavelength interval to about 0.5 nm.

53
Thin Film Filter (TFF)
λ1,2,3,...n
λ1

λ3

λ2
λ5

λ4
λ7

λ6

It consists of dozens layers of dielectric films with different materials, different

refractive indexes and different thickness values. One layer features high
refractive index and the other layer features low refractive index, therefore
emerging a passband within certain wavelength range and a stopband within
other wavelength ranges.

54
Array Waveguide (AWG)

It is essentially a multistage, multi cross-connect wavelength coupler. The

delay lines between the two sides cause different phase shifts for different
wavelength and therefore different wavelengths from one input appear at
different outputs.

By coupling each input to all outputs and controlling the characteristics of the
coupling, a wavelength at any input can be coupled to a selected outputs.

55
Coupling Type
λ1

λ2

λ3

λ4

λ5
λ1，2，3……
λ6

λ7

λ8

It is a surface interactive device with two or more fibers which are closed to
each other and are properly melted.

56
 Relationship between DWDM
Systems and Typical OM/OD

Type of OM OD
OM/OD
Below 32 40 Above 80 Below 32 40 Above 80
wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths

Coupling _ _ _ _ _
√
Type
AWG √ √ _ √ √ _

TFF √ √ _ √ √ _
Diffraction _ _ _ _
√ √
Grating

57
Key Performance Indices
1. Multiplexing channel quantity
Represents the quantity of optical channels multiplexed/
demultiplexed made by the OM/OD, closely related to resolution
and isolation of the device.

2. Insertion loss
The attenuation effect of OM/OD to optical signals directly affects
system transmission distance.

3. Channel isolation
Represents the isolation distance between multiplexed optical
channels in the optical devices.

58
continuation
4. Reflection coefficient
The ratio between the reflection optical power and incidence
optical power at the input end of the OM/OD. Smaller coefficient
is preferable.
5. Bandwidth
Channel bandwidth at -0.5 dB describes the passband feature of
the OD.
Channel bandwidth at -20 dB describes the stopband feature of
the OD.

59
 Spectrum Requirements for OM/OD
Relative power

wavelength
：power equalization for each channel ;
Requirements：
better spectrum characteristic.
60
Optical Amplifier Technology

61
Optical Amplifier

Its development overcame the biggest barrier on high speed
long distance transmission - receiving optical power limit.

It amplifies all the wavelength at once and without optical-
electrical-optical conversion.

62
Classifications of Optical Amplifier

Resonance Type
Semiconductor OA {
{ {
Fiber amplifier
Progressive Wave Type

Lanthanon Doped FA
1550 nm fiber amplifier (EDFA)
{
1310 nm fiber amplifier (PDFA)
Raman FA (SRA)
Non-linear FA { Brillouin FA (SBA)

63
EDFA Composition
Erbium
Doped Fiber
Isolator Isolator
Coupler
PIN POUT

Used to suppress light Used to combine

reflection to ensure signal light with
The optical signal stimulates
stable working of the pump light
Pump the unstable Erbium ions to
optical amplifier
Laser release the excess energy as
photons in phase and at the
same wavelength.
Generates pump light that As this process continues
stimulates the erbium atoms down the fiber, the signal
to release their stored energy Pump light is typically
grows stronger.
as additional 1550 nm 1480 nm or 980 nm

64
Working Principle

N3~0

1550 nm N2
signal light

1550 nm
980 nm 1480nm stimulated
pump light emission

N1

65
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

λ1 λ1

λ2 λ2
O O
• M •
M •
• U U
• OLA OPA •
OBA OLA
λn λn

EDFA includes:
Optical Booster Amplifier (OBA) - high optical output power
Optical Line Amplifier (OLA) - compensate the loss of the transmission line
Optical Pre Amplifier (OPA) - low noise

66
Key Performance Indices
1. Gain (G)
The ratio between output optical signal power and input optical
signal power.

2. Noise Figure (NF)

The ratio between SNR at EDFA input end and SNR at output
end.

3. Bandwidth
The working wavelength range of DWDM system covers C and
L bands. The optical amplifier needs to amplify all the
multiplexing channel signals of the system, so its bandwidth
should be wide enough.

67
continuation

4. Gain flatness
The allowed fluctuation of EDFA gain within the specified
working band range. For the sake of sound flatness, aluminum
doped technology is usually used in the EDF.

5. Total input/output power range

The optical power range at the input/output end of the EDFA .

6. Input/output optical reflectance

The ratio between optical power at the EDFA input/output end
and reflection optical power.

68
Problems of EDFA

 Non-liner effect

 Bandwidth

 Optical surge

 Dispersion

69
Problems of EDFA

1. Non-linear effect
When the optical power is increased to a certain degree, fiber
non-linear effect will occur. Therefore, in the use of fiber
amplifier, it is required to control the value of the in-fiber
optical power in a single channel.

2. Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the range of the optical wavelength which
can be amplified flatly. The working wavelength range of the
EDFA in C band is 1530 nm ~ 1561 nm, and in L band is
1565 nm ~ 1625 nm.

70
continuation

3. Optical surge
Under normal condition, the erbium ions stimulated by the
pump light are carried off by the signal light, and thus
implement amplification of the signal light. If the signal light is
interrupted, the metastable ions still converge continuously, so
energy transient will occur leading to optical surge.

To solve this, Automatic Power Reduction (APR) or Automatic

Power Shutdown (APSD) function is implemented in the EDFA.

71
continuation

4. Dispersion

As transmission distance increase, the total dispersion increases

correspondingly. Therefore, the current-free relay segment in
WDM system cannot be prolonged limitlessly. We can prolong
the current-free relay distance of the multiplexing section through
dispersion compensation measures.

72
Supervision System Technology

73
Supervision System

Detection, control and management are basic requirements of
all network operations.

To ensure secure operation of DWDM system, physically, the
monitoring system is designed as an independent system
separated from working channels and devices.

Used to transmit the NE management and supervision
information related to DWDM system

74
Functions

1. Fault alarm

2. Fault location

3. Quality parameter supervision in the operation

4. Control over backup line upon line interruption

5. EDFA supervision.

75
Requirements of OSC
1. It cannot restrict the optical wavelengths (980 nm and 1480 nm) of
the pump light source in the optical amplifier.
2. It cannot restrict the transmission distance between two LAs.
3. It cannot restrict the services on the 1310 wavelength.
4. It should still be available upon failure of the LA.
5. OSC transmission is bidirectional to ensure the supervision
information can be received by the line terminal when one fiber is
broken.
6. OSC transmission segment can be dropped on each optical
amplifier relay station and DWDM system office station and added
with new supervision signals.

76
Optical Supervision Control (OSC)

OMU OBA OLA OLA OLA OPA ODU

OSC OSC OSC OSC OSC

ODU OMU

OPA OLA OLA OLA OBA

77
2M OSC

1510nm

Signal speed : 2.048Mb/s

Receiving sensitivity : -48dbm

Transmission power : 0 ~ -7 dbm

78
 content
 WDM Overview

 Optical Fiber Transmission character

 Key Technologies of DWDM

Technical Specifications

79
DWDM Technical Specifications

Integrated DWDM System

Open DWDM System

Working Wavelength

Main Optical Parameter

80
Integrated System & Open System
155MSDH Open
622MSDH G.692
2.5G SDH O
10G SDH
PDH T
IP U O
ATM
M
155MSDH
622MSDH G.692 U
2.5G SDH
10G SDH
PDH
IP
ATM
Integrated
OTU: Optical Transponder Unit
OMU: Optical Multiplexing Unit

81
Working Wavelength in 1550nm Window

 C Band: 1530nm~1565nm
 L Band: 1565nm~1625nm

82
Working Wavelength of DWDM System

8/16/32/40-wavelength system

 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm)

 Frequency range: 192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz
 Channel interval: 100 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±20 GHz (at rate lower than 2.5 Gbit/s);
±12.5 GHz (at rate 10 Gbit/s)

83
Wavelength Allocation of 40CH/100GHz
Interval on C Band
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)

1 192.1 1560.61
2 192.2 1559.79

3 192.3 1558.98

4 192.4 1558.17

5 192.5 1557.36

6 192.6 1556.55
7 192.7 1555.75

8 192.8 1554.94

9 192.9 1554.13

10 193.0 1553.33

11 193.1 1552.52
12 193.2 1551.72

13 193.3 1550.92

14 193.4 1550.12

15 193.5 1549.32
16 193.6 1548.51

17 193.7 1547.72

18 193.8 1546.92

19 193.9 1546.12

20 194.0 1545.32

84
Wavelength Allocation of 40CH/100GHz Interval
on C Band
21 194.1 1544.53

22 194.2 1543.73

23 194.3 1542.94

24 194.4 1542.14
25 194.5 1541.35

26 194.6 1540.56

27 194.7 1539.77

28 194.8 1538.98

29 194.9 1538.19
30 195.0 1537.40

31 195.1 1536.61

32 195.2 1535.82

33 195.3 1535.04

34 195.4 1534.25
35 195.5 1533.47

36 195.6 1532.68

37 195.7 1531.90

38 195.8 1531.12

39 195.9 1530.33
40 196.0 1529.55

85
Working Wavelength of DWDM System

80-wavelength system

 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm)

 Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz)
 Channel interval: 50 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±5 GHz

86
Wavelength Allocation of 80CH/50GHz
Interval on C Band
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)

1 196.05 1529.16
2 196.00 1529.55

3 195.95 1529.94

4 195.90 1530.33

5 195.85 1530.72

6 195.80 1531.12
7 195.75 1531.51

8 195.70 1531.90

9 195.65 1532.29

10 195.60 1532.68
11 195.55 1533.07

12 195.50 1533.47

13 195.45 1533.86

14 195.40 1534.25

15 195.35 1534.64
16 195.30 1535.04

17 195.25 1535.43

18 195.20 1535.82

19 195.15 1536.22

20 195.10 1536.61

87
Working Wavelength of DWDM System
160-wavelength system

 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm) + L band

(1565 nm ~ 1625 nm)
 Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz) + L band
(190.90 THz ~ 186.95 THz)
 Channel interval: 50 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±5 GHz

88
 －Power
Optical Parameter－
 Watt (W)
The unit of power. In optical transmission, power is small, hence, it is
expressed in milliwatt (mW).

 Decibel (dB)
The logarithmic ratio between the output power to the input power.
dB = 10log10 (POUTPUT / PINPUT)

 dBm
Measurement of power in decibels using 1mW as the reference point.
Power in dBm = 10log10 (P / 1mW)

89
Optical Parameter—Power

90
 －Attenuation
Optical Parameter－

Fiber

P1 P2

Fiber loss=P1/P2

91
 －Gain
Optical Parameter－

Amplifer

P1 P2

Amplifer Gain=P2/P1

92
 －OSNR
Optical Parameter－

 OSNR:Optical signal-to-noise ratio

 OSNR = Pout – 10log(M - L + 58 - NF) - 10logN

Pout: In-fiber optical power (dBm).

M: Number of multiplexing channels of the WDM system

L: Loss between any two optical amplifiers, that is, sectional loss (dB)

NF: Noise index of the EDFA.

N: Number of the EDFAs between optical multiplexer and optical de-multiplexer of the
WDM system.

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