AP Art History Exam

Review
Art History Exam
Mini quiz after each section up to Gothic

Review
Indigenous Americas
 Chavin Art
mixed human forms and animal forms/motifs
often symmetrical
carved low reliefs
architecture is dramatic with awesome views
and arranged to the cardinal points of the
compass

*Know*
1. plan
2. Lanzon stone
3. granite relief
sculpture
4. nose ornament
LanzÓn stone inside the
center room of the Old
Temple *note symmetry
nose ornament from Chavin
area
900-200 BCE
~2in x 1in
Peru (155m north of Lima)
gold alloy
 Mayan Art
very unusual idea of beauty
which is exaggerated in their art
and reliefs
sculpture is related to
architecture and were
commonly painted
chacmool (figure that is half
sitting, half lying on its back)
 Lady
Xoc
Lintel 25, structure 23, 681
CE
Patron: Lady Xoc
limestone
British Museum
 Aztec
Pre-Columbian

Art
Location: Central Mexico
existed 14-16th centuries
very violent and aggressive (human sacrifices and dismemberments)
Language: Nahuat was dominant in central Mexico by mid-1350s (chile
or chili, avocado, chocolate, coyote, peyote, guacamole)
Hernan Cortez defeated Moctezuma II (the last ruler of the Aztecs,
1502-1520)
Templo Mayor (Main Temple)
~1375-1520, rebuilt 6 times
~90’ high, covered in stucco
43,000 square feet (entire precinct),
Mexico City, Mexico
Discovered 1978 by electrical workers

Previous 6
builds
*Know*
1. Templo Mayor

2. Coyolxauhqui

3. Calendar Stone

4. Olmec style

mask
Coyolxauhqui “She of the Golden Bells”, 1469?
volcanic stone
10.7 feet in diameter, 11.8 inches thick, 18,739 pounds
Museum of the Templo Mayor
Discovered 1790 in the central plaza of
Mexico City, originally part of the
architecture of Templo Mayor)

Calendar Stone
1427 (rule of Itzcoatl who
took power in that year)
basalt
11.5 feet in diameter, 3.22 feet
thick, 24 tons
Museum of the Templo Mayor
National Anthropology
Museum, Mexico City
Olmec style mask
1500-1200 BCE
Jadeite, imported from the Gulf of
Mexico
10.2 x 8.6 x 3.1 cm
Burried in the Templo Mayor precinct
Museum of the Templo Mayor
 Incan
(Inka)
Pre-Columbian, height mid 15-16th c.

Art
Ashlar masonry (smooth like a jigsaw
puzzle, trapazoidial and brick)
Empire stretched from Chile to
Colombia –largest of the S. American
empires
No written language
 City of Cusco plan
c. 1440
Andes Mt. of Peru
(said to be in the shape of a Puma)

According to oral tradition…

-Fortress at the head
-Modern plaza in the belly
-Central square at the heart
Maize cobs
c. 1400-1533, sheet metal, gold and silver alloys
Technique: repousse (hammered metal)
life size
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
 North America
Pacific NW: Wood
SW: clay, plant fibres, wool
Plains with large animals: hides
Most tribes were nomadic except in
the SW (pueblos and cliff dwellings)

Style
Geometric designs on utilitarian objects
Highly decorated fabric with beading
Hide illustrations
Artists would adapt to European influences
Europeans became patrons and collectors
Bandolier bag, 1850
from the Lenape tribe of Eastern
Delaware (Eastern Woodlands)
beadwork on leather, cotton, wool,
velvet
68 x 47 cm
National Museum of the American Indian,
NY
Artist: Maria Martinez and Julian
Martinez
Black on black ceramic vessel
mid 20th century
Original Location: Tewa,
Puebloan, san Ildefonso Pueblo,
New Mexico (Southwest)
Location: Andrea Fisher Fine
Pottery
Cliff Palace
Ancestral Puebloan,
450–1300 CE
Sandstone, mortar, wood
beams
Mesa Verde National Park,
Colorado
The Pacific
Date
sNeolithic Art 8,000 BCE -- 3,000 BCE
Paleolithic Art 30,000 BCE – 8,000 BCE
25,000
BCE

5,000
BCE
Stone Ages
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic
Creation of pigments
Insight into rituals and connections to naturalism
and abstraction
Africa and Asia influences other areas
How do we know?
-Archeology, anthropology, art historians
Ideas that changed art… #1 Cave and Rock
Art
The oldest surviving paintings occur in caves in Europe. Produced
across a timespan of more than 30 millennia, and including examples
in Africa, Australia, and the Americas, cave and rock art is by far the
longest-lived form of artistic expression.

Oldest hand stencil in the world found in Indonesia,

39,000 years old! (according the Maine Aubert of Griffith
University, Australia)

Ideas that changed art by: Michael Bird

 Kaolinite

Charcoal

Ochre pigments

Great Hall of the Bulls

at Lascaux, France
15,000-13,000BCE
Rock painting
Stonehenge
Wiltshire, UK
2500-1600 BCE
Sandstone
Jade cong
From Liangzhu, China
3300-2200 BCE
Carved jade
Camelid sacrum in the shape of a
canine
From Tequixquiac, central
Mexico
14,000-7000 BCE
Bone
National Museum of
Anthropology, Mexico

Human male sacrum

QUIZ
Artists working on prehistoric caves used all of
the following tools to create their images EXCEPT

Scaffolds to reach higher areas in a cave

Paints made from ocher and natural materials
Brushes made from human hair
Flat stones used as palettes
QUIZ
Artists working on prehistoric caves used all of
the following tools to create their images EXCEPT

Scaffolds to reach higher areas in a cave

Paints made from ocher and natural materials
Brushes made from human hair
Flat stones used as palettes
QUIZ
Stylized animal forms appear in all of the
following EXCEPT

Terra-cotta fragment, Lapita

Apollo 11 stones
The Ambum Stone
Camelid Sacrum
QUIZ
Stylized animal forms appear in all of the
following EXCEPT

Terra-cotta fragment, Lapita

Apollo 11 stones
The Ambum Stone
Camelid Sacrum
 Prehistoric images of people wearing
QUIZ masks, such as the “Running Horned
Woman” indicate an ancient interest
in

Coronation of royalty & a

sophisticated power structure
Formal hierarchy of religious
leaders, including women
Ceremonial centers and
designated performers
Ritual presentations in which
humans paint their body
 Prehistoric images of people wearing
QUIZ masks, such as the “Running Horned
Woman” indicate an ancient interest
in

Coronation of royalty & a

sophisticated power structure
Formal hierarchy of religious
leaders, including women
Ceremonial centers and
designated performers
Ritual presentations in which
humans paint their body
QUIZ
The “beaker with ibex motifs” was found at a
site in the city of Susa, indicating that it was
used

As part of a burial tradition

In business transactions
In a domestic setting
For governmental correspondence
QUIZ
The “beaker with ibex motifs” was found at a
site in the city of Susa, indicating that it was
used

As part of a burial tradition

In business transactions
In a domestic setting
For governmental correspondence
Date Mesopotamian Art(Art of
the Near East)
s Need to know dates:
Sumeria: 3000 BCE
Babylon: 1900 BCE
Persia: 539 BCE
Statuettes of two worshipers
Artist unknown
ca. 2700 BCE
Patron (various individual
worshippers)
Gypsum inlaid with shell and black
limestone, male figure 2’ 6” high
from the Square Temple at Eshnunna
(modern Tell Asmar) Votive figures
Iraq Museum, Baghdad.
3 types of Narrative Devices1.
registers2. hierarchy of scale3. sequential
ordering of story
 Ziggurat of Ur
Reconstruction
drawing of the
Ziggurat of Ur

Bent Axis
 Predecessor to
Foreshortening –
Depth suggested
by an object at an
angle

How and why does

the Stele of the Code
of Hammurabi
contribute to cultural
understanding in the
ancient Near East?

Stele with law code of Hammurabi, from

Susa, Iran, ca. 1780 BCE. Basalt, 7’ 4”
high. Louvre, Paris.
Persepolis (royal
audience hall - apadana)

Reconstruction of apadana
with bull capitals
QUIZ
The Standard of Ur, an ancient Sumerian work,
shows that at an early date there was extensive
trading between peoples. All of the following
elements on this work were imported through trade
EXCEPT

Lapiz lazuli from Afghanistan

Shells from the Persian Gulf coast
Red limestone from India
Marble from Greece
QUIZ
The Standard of Ur, an ancient Sumerian work,
shows that at an early date there was extensive
trading between peoples. All of the following
elements on this work were imported through trade
EXCEPT

Lapiz lazuli from Afghanistan

Shells from the Persian Gulf coast
Red limestone from India
Marble from Greece
QUIZ
The White Temple and its ziggurat symbolize all of
the following EXCEPT

The gods required their buildings to be of

mudbrick to represent the importance of life
The gods live in a place high above the mortals
The gods live in relative seclusion at the top of
a ziggurat, approachable by only a few
The gods have a central role in daily life
QUIZ
The White Temple and its ziggurat symbolize all of
the following EXCEPT

The gods required their buildings to be of

mudbrick to represent the importance of life
The gods live in a place high above the mortals
The gods live in relative seclusion at the top of
a ziggurat, approachable by only a few
The gods have a central role in daily life
QUIZ
What is hierarchy of scale?
QUIZ
What is hierarchy of scale?

A system of representation that expresses a

person’s importance by the size or emphasis in
a work of art.

Give an example.
Date
s New
Old Kingdom:
Kingdom:
2500 BCE
1500 BCE
Amarna Period:
1333 BCE
Ancient Egypt
 Building the
Pyramids

Mastab Stepped Pyrami

Bilaterally Khafre enthroned, from Gizeh, Egypt,
symmetrical Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2520–2494 BCE. Diorite,
5’ 6” high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut,
Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, 18th Dynasty,
ca. 1473–1458 BCE.

Colonnades

Chamfered pillars
Death mask of
Tutankhamen, from the
innermost coffin in his tomb
at Thebes, Egypt, 18th
Dynasty, ca. 1323 BCE.
Gold with inlay of
semiprecious stones, 1’ 9
1/4” high. Egyptian
Museum, Cairo.
 Thoth
*Ibis headed god, Horus Osiris
Hu-Nefer The scribe *god of the
Ammit
*The dead underworld.
*Will devour
the sinner
Anubis Last judgment of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb Isis and
*Jackle-headed at Thebes, Egypt, 19th Dynasty, ca. 1290– Nephthys
god of mummification 1280 BCE. Painted papyrus scroll, 1’ 6”
high. British Museum, London.
-leads dead to the underworld
QUIZ
The painting of the last judgment of Hu Nefer show the

Eternal punishment proclaimed upon a damned

soul
Deceased being asked to account for the deeds in
his life
Might of the pharaoh in deciding life and death
Rules of conduct imposed on the lowly and mighty
alike
QUIZ
The painting of the last judgment of Hu Nefer show the

Eternal punishment proclaimed upon a damned

soul
Deceased being asked to account for the deeds in
his life
Might of the pharaoh in deciding life and death
Rules of conduct imposed on the lowly and mighty
alike
QUIZ
A dramatic change in Egyptian art took place
during the Amarna period under the reign of

Akhenaton
Ramses
Djoser
Hatshepsut
QUIZ
A dramatic change in Egyptian art took place
during the Amarna period under the reign of

Akhenaton
Ramses
Djoser
Hatshepsut
QUIZ
A dramatic change in Egyptian art took place
during the Amarna period under the reign of

Akhenaton
Ramses
Djoser
Hatshepsut
 550 BCE
480 BCE
Greek 450 ArtBCE
Archaic:
Severe: Classical:
350Late
BCE
250 BCE
Classical:Hellenistic:
Archaic
550 BCE- 6th c.
Artists: ???
Artworks: kouroi and korai
Descriptions: Idealization,
stylized, FRONTAL, rigid
Severe
480 BCE- 5th c.
Artists: Kritios
Artworks: Pedimental
sculpture of the Temple of
Aphaia and the Temple of
Defeat of the
Artemis, Kritios boy Persians
Descriptions: 
Contrapposto, movement
EGO BOOST
Pericles and the
Acropolis
Classical
450 BCE- 5th c.
Artists:
Phidias, Polyklitos, Myron
Artworks: Riace warrior,
Zeus/Poseidon,
Doryphoros, Diskobolos,
Nike Adjusting her
Sandal
Descriptions: Idealization,
unemotional,
PERFECTION, self-
contained
Late
Classical
350 BCE- 4th c.
Artists: Praxitiles, Scopas,
Lysippus Loss of the
Artworks: Aphrodite of Peloponnesian
Knidos, Hermes and the war
Infant Dionysus,
Apoxyomenos, Farnes 
Herakles Reality check
Descriptions:
NATURAL, humanized,
relaxed, elongation
Hellenistic
250 BCE- 3rd c.
Pythokritos, Polydorus,
Agesander, Athenodorus
Artworks: Dying Gaul,
Nike of Samothrace,
Barberini Faun, Seated
Boxer, Old Market Woman,
Laocoon and his Sons
Descriptions:
EMOTIONAL, dramatic,
exaggeration, movement,
individualistic
The Art of Ancient Rome
Monarchy (753-509 BCE- last Etruscan king, Tarquinius)
Republic (509-27 BCE- Republic ends with Marc Antony)
Early Empire (27 BCE- 96 CE- Augustus - Flavian Dynasty)
High Empire (96-192 CE- Antonine Dynasty)
Late Empire (192- 337 CE- ends with Constantine: 1st Christian emperor)

MONUMENTS
ENGINEERING
REALISM
INTERIOR SPACE
TEMPLES
 Concret
lime mortar,
e
volcanic sand,
build arches
cover large spaces
water, small stones
with barrel vaults,
Cheap groin vaults, and
Fast domes.
Strong
Easy to use
 Late Antiquity(Early
Christian Art)200 CE – 550 CENeed
to know date: 250/350 CE

First depiction of Christian stories not necessarily from

“Transformers: Born Again!”
the time that Jesus Christ lived
Santa Sabina
Rome, Italy, ca. 422-432.
Interior of Santa Sabina
Rome, Italy, ca. 422-432.
 central plan

Santa Costanza, interior

Rome, Italy, ca. 337-351
Christ as the Good Shepherd (on the entrance wall of
the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia)
Ravenna, Italy, ca. 425.
 Art of the ByzantiumRome in the
East“Formal, Frontal, Flat, &
Floating”

3 Golden Ages
527-726 Justinian's rule (527-565) to the beginning of the iconoclasm
843-1204 Relinquishment of the Iconoclasm to the Western Crusaders’
occupation of Constantinople (prohibited the worship of idols)
1261- 1453 The recapture of Constantinople to the fall of the city to the
Ottoman Turks in 1453
ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES and ISIDORUS OF MILETUS,Hagia Sophia (looking north), Constantinople
(Istanbul), Turkey, 532–537.
 Early Medieval Europe
EUROPE AFTER THE FALL OF ROME IN THE WEST

Hiberno-Saxon Art: 6th-8th centuries (British Isles)

Viking Art: 8th-11th centuries (Scandinavia)
Carolingian/Merovingian Art: 8th-9th centuries (France, Germany)
Ottonian Art: 10th-11th centuries (Germany)

Need to know dates

Carolingian: 80
Ottonian: 1000
Technique:
Cloisonn
e
Looped fibulaemid 6th c.
silver gilt with semiprecious
stones, orginally Visigothic
from Spain Cabinet de
Medailles, Paris
Cross Page of the Lindisfarne Gospels
(Book of Matthew), from Northumbria,
England, ca. 700. Tempera on vellum, 1’ 1
1/2” X 9 1/4”. British Library, London.
 HIBERNO-SAXONS
Book of Kells, consists of
all 4 gospels of the
New Testament.
Created by Celtic Monks

Figure 16-8 page 427 Chi-rho-iota (XPI)

page, folio 34 recto of the Book of Kells,
probably from Iona, Scotland, late eighth or
early ninth century. Tempera on vellum, 1’ 1”
X 9 1/2”. Trinity College Library, Dublin.
OTTONIAN

Bernward’s Door, doors with relief panels (Genesis, left door; life of
Christ, right door), commissioned by Bishop Bernward for Saint
Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany, 1015. Bronze, 16’ 6” high. Dom-
Museum, Hildesheim.
 Romanesque Art
Need to know date: 1100
“Build it (block by block) and they will come”
(think Wayne’s World or Field of Dreams)

“Build it” - All about churches

“block by block” - stone used for building, vault techniques, ‘blocky’
appearance of the Romanesque style
“they will come” – advent of Pilgrimage and the impact it had on the
scale of Romanesque churches and their location
Need for large scale
pilgrimage churches,
the growth of
architecture and
urban centers.
Figure 17-5 Plan of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, ca. 1070-1120 (after Kenneth John Conant).
Romanesque buttressing
Interior of Saint-
Sernin, Toulouse,
France, ca. 1070-1120.
Diagram of a Romanesque
Portal
 Gothic Art and
Architecture
The Great Age of the Cathedrals

NEED TO KNOW DATES

EARLY: 1140
HIGH: 1200
LATE: 1250 The quest for
height and
light!
“The Quest for Height
and Light”
heavenly city of
God
rib vaults and
pointed arches
allow for more
light
lux nova = new
light
1. Flexibility
2. Channels weight
downwards
3. Requires less buttressing
4. Opens walls for large
windows
5. Makes vaults appear
larger

Romanesque Gothic
QUIZ
Hiberno Saxon art refers to art produced in

Scandinavia
France
Germany
British Isles
QUIZ
Hiberno Saxon art refers to art produced in

Scandinavia
France
Germany
British Isles
QUIZ
A work that can characterized as having horror
vacui would be

Book of Kells
The equestrian statue of Charlemagne
Bernward’s doors
The Vienna Genesis
QUIZ
A work that can characterized as having horror
vacui would be

Book of Kells
The equestrian statue of Charlemagne
Bernward’s doors
The Vienna Genesis
QUIZ
Pages from a Medieval book are made from

Paper
Wood
Animal hide
Papyrus
QUIZ
Pages from a Medieval book are made from

Paper
Wood
Animal hide
Papyrus
QUIZ
Jesus is often depicted as a little man (”man baby”)
because

It indicates his affection for both children and

adults
It means that he is older than he seems
He wants to be old and young at the same time
His wisdom is suggested by his older
appearance
QUIZ
Jesus is often depicted as a little man (”man baby”)
because

It indicates his affection for both children and

adults
It means that he is older than he seems
He wants to be old and young at the same time
His wisdom is suggested by his older
appearance
QUIZ
Pilgrimages accounted for the architectural
development of

The campanile
Portal sculpture
The arcade
Radiating chapels
QUIZ
Pilgrimages accounted for the architectural
development of

The campanile
Portal sculpture
The arcade
Radiating chapels
QUIZ
Romanesque architecture can be characterized
as

Small, intimate, and warm

Soaring, vertical, and uplifting
Thick, heavy, and massive
Irregular, unbalanced, and asymmetrical
QUIZ
Romanesque architecture can be characterized
as

Small, intimate, and warm

Soaring, vertical, and uplifting
Thick, heavy, and massive
Irregular, unbalanced, and asymmetrical
QUIZ
The architectural achievement that, in part,
makes Gothic buildings so tall yet stable is the
use of

Rib vaults
Stained glass windows
A dome on pendentives
Ashlar masonry
QUIZ
The architectural achievement that, in part,
makes Gothic buildings so tall yet stable is the
use of

Rib vaults
Stained glass windows
A dome on pendentives
Ashlar masonry
14 century Italian Art
th

Proto-Renaissance/
Late Gothic

1300-1400
“Observe the bean sprout!!!”
 Fame!

The artist

Dark Ages
Personal growth
Economic growth

Humanism
Essentials in Identifying Artworks
TITLE
ARTIST, if known
DATE (century or decade)
MEDIUM
CULTURE/TIME PERIOD
Early Renaissance14th century
Artis
t
Cimabue
Titl
eMadonna Enthroned with
Angels and Prophets
Artis
t
Martini
Titl
eAnnunciation
Artis
t
Cambio
Titl
e
Florence
Cathedral
Artis
t
Giotto
Titl
e Madonna Enthroned
with Angels
Artis
t
Giotto
Titl
Lamentation
e

Mediu
fresco
m
Artis
Giotto
t

Last
Titl
e
Judgment

Mediu
fresco
m
Early Renaissance15TH CENTURY ART
Artis
t
Ghiberti
Titl
Gates
e of Paradise
Mediu
Cast
m bronze
Artis
t
Donatello
Titl
St.
e Mark

Mediu
m
Marble sculpture
Artis
t
Brunelleschi
Titl
e
Dome of the Florence
Cathedral
Artis
t
Botticelli
Titl
e
Birth of Venus
Mediu
m Tempera on
canvas
Artis
t
Masaccio
Titl
Holy
e Trinity

Mediu
fresco
m
Artis
t
Mantegna
Titl
eDead Christ
Mediu
Tempera
m on
canvas
Artis
t
Donatello
Titl
David
e

Mediu
m
bronze
Artis
t
Lippi
Titl
Madonna
e and Child
with Two Angels
Mediu
Tempera
m on
panel
Artis
t
Brunelleschi
Titl
Pazzi
e Chapel
High Renaissance16TH CENTURY ART
Ideas that changed art… #40
ANATOMY
Since antiquity, anatomical knowledge has enabled artists to create convincing representations of the human figure.
The idea that the painted or sculpted figure should reveal complexities within-truths beyond the reach of superficial
observation-reflected the scientific ambitions of Renaissance art. Viewers today are still mesmerized or shocked by art
that looks beneath the skin.
Artis
t
da Vinci
Titl
e
The Last Supper
Mediu
ffresco
mresco
Artis
t
da Vinci
Titl
e
Mona Lisa
Mediu
O
m il on
canvas
Artis
t
Michelangelo
Titl
e The Flood,
Sistine Chapel
Mediu
fresco
m
Artis
t
Michelangelo
Titl
Delphic
e Sibyl,
Sistine Chapel
Mediu
fresco
m
Artis
t
Michelangelo
Titl
eLast Judgment

Mediu
fresco
m
Artis
t
Raphael
Titl
eSchool of Athens

Mediu
fresco
m
Artis
t
Titian
Titl
Venus
e of Urbino
Mediu
O
m il on canvas
Artis
t
Michelangelo
Titl
Pieta
e

Mediu
Marble
m sculpture
Artis
t
Michelangelo
Titl
e
David
Mediu
Marble
m sculputre
Artis
t
Pontormo
Titl
e
Entombment
of Christ
Mediu
Oil
m on wood
 Artis
t
Bronzino
Titl
Venus,
e Cupid,
Folly, and Time
Mediu
Oil
m on canvas
Artis
t
Della Porta
IlTitl
e
Gesu facade
Northern Renaissance
What characteristics do walnuts have?

- Hard to crack
-

- Worth the effort

- Inside looks like a
brain
- Rich in oil
- Small
- Textured
Artis
t
van Eyck
Titl
e
Arnolfini and his
Bride
Mediu
m
Oil on
canvas
Centur
y15t
h
Artis
t
van Eyck
Titl
e
Ghent Altarpiece
(Closed)
Mediu
m
Oil on
panels
Centur
y16t
h
Artis
t
van Eyck
Titl
e
Ghent Altarpiece
(opened)
Mediu
m
Oil on
panels
Artis
t
Campin
Titl
e
Merode
Altarpiece
Mediu
m
Oil on
panel
Centur
y15t
h
Artis
t
Bosch
Titl
e
Garden of Earthly
Delights
Mediu
m
Oil on
panels
Centur
y16t
h
Artis
t
Durer
Titl
e
Four
Apostles
Mediu
m
Oil on
panels
Artis
t
Grunewald
Titl
e
Isenheim
Altarpiece
Mediu
m
Oil on
panels
Centur
y16t
h
Artis
t
Durer
Titl
e
Fall of
Man
Techniqu
e
etchin
g
Centur
y16t
h
Artis
tPieter
Bruegel,
The Elder
Titl
e
Return of the
Hunters
Mediu
m
Oil on
canvas
Centur
y16t
h
Artis
tLucasCranach,
The Elder
Titl
e
Allegory of Law and
Grace
Techniqu
e
woodcu
t
Centur
y16t
h
 Look up
(lots of
painted
ceilings)
“If it’s not Levels:
Baroque, don’t Symbolism
fix it!” (17 c.)
th

Life (vanitas still lifes) (chiaroscuro &

tenebrism) Landscapes
Counter Reformation is the Catholic response to the Protestant information
30 Years War Treaty of Westphalia grants
freedom of religious choice
Monarchs around the world were displacing Rome’s political power
Slowly starting to see the secularization of Europe. Brought about by
scientific thought and discovery
Wider patronage = artists gaining individual reputations = $$$
 New Spain
Mi
x
of
in
di
ge
no
us
ar
t
fo
r
m
s
wi
th
Eu
ro
pe
 *Named for Antonio de Mendoza, viceroy (a
ruler exercising authority in a colony on
behalf of a sovereign) of New Spain.
Wanted to record Aztec history and send it
to Emperor Charles V in Spain.

Artist: Unknown indigenous people

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza
circa 1542 (20 years after the conquest)
Pigment on paper
Oxford University
“Asiel, fear of IDEAL Latin American
God” Baroque art
GUNS, ANGELS, & FASHION
arquebus = rifle

Artist: Master of Calamarca

(Jose Lopez de los Ríos)
Angel with Arquebus (Asiel Timor Dei
Circa 1680s, viceroyalty of Peru
(Lima)
Oil on canvas
National Art Museum, Bolivia
Siege with the Belgrade Hunting Scenes
-Ottoman-Turks encroaching on Europe
 *Mary appeared to
the Native
Americans on the
Tepayac hill, a
shrine sacred to a
pre-Columbian
goddess =
patronness of of
New Spain
ENCONCHADO
(concha = shell)

Miguel Gonzalez
Virgin of Guadalupe
1698
Oil on canvas on wood with mother of pearl
LACMA
 Casta painting: from New
Spain showing mixed
race couples,
focusing on the
dominance of the
European as superior

Att. Juan Rodriguez

Spaniard and Indian Produce a
Mestizo
Circa 1715
Oil on canvas
Private collection, London
Servant
carrying baby
Escudo: a framed
painting worn below
the neck

Miguel Cabrera
Portrait of Sor Juana Ines de la
Cruz
1750
Oil on canvas
Private collection, London
Rococo
Exterior – simple & plain
Interior - style of interior design

Late Baroque Naturalistic: small stones, shells, plant forms

1730 feminine - delicate undulating lines

silver & gold against white background
small lively relief sculptures – cupids, clouds

Paintings:
mostly small
Fête galante- themes of love
frivolity, playful intrigue, sensual
mostly pastel colors
delicately curving forms
dainty figures

*Sue Obard
 The Taste for the Natural
Examine the philosophy of Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, in contrast to Voltaire, his interest in
the ‘natural’ as opposed to the ‘artificial,’ and
artistic expression of these ideas.
Different styles of the “natural” in France,
England, the United States, and in Italy.
Choices of ‘ordinary’ life, the natural world,
and sentimentality as subjects in art.

Thomas Gainsborough, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 1787.

Oil on canvas, approx. 7’2”x5’. National Gallery of Art, Washington.
 Neoclassic
al
(France)
Discovery of Herculaneum and Pompeii
create an interest in classical art.

revival in 191800
Formal elements of classical art and their
th
century art and architecture.
Adaptation of classical and mythological
subject matter in Neoclassical art.
Neoclassic
al
(America)
Virtues portrayed:
Morality
Idealism
Patriotism
Civic Virtue
Duty not emotion
Greco-Roman influence
Rationality and order Monticello
Romanticis
P. I. N. E. 1830

m
Past – longing for the medieval past, pre-industrial Europe (Gothic
architecture will be revived)
Irrational/ Inner mind / Insanity – Romantic artists depict the human
psyche and topics that transcend the use of reason. One Romantic
artist, Gericault chose to do portraits of people in an insane asylum.
Nature – longing for the purity of nature, which defies human
rationality
Emotion/ Exotic – Romantics favored emotion and passion over
reason. Exotic themes and locales were also popular because they did
not adhere to European emphasis on rationality.
 Modernism and Realism
What is “Modernism” and “Realism” and the
rejection of Renaissance illusionistic space.
Change in the use of art – especially photography
and printmaking -- to provide social commentary.
Continuation of Science and fact over faith.
Colonization of “primitive” worlds
Artists expressed a constant state of learning and
aspiring for the “infinite” as well as subjective
feelings. (Often “broke the rules”)  DIVERSITY
IN ART!

Need to know date: 1850

Manet,Olympia
Realism
Courbet,The Stone
BreakersRealism
Manet,Luncheon on the Gra
Realism/Impressionism (tran
Daumier,
Nadar
Raising
Photography
Realism
Muybridge,
Horse in
Motion
Realism
Velasco,The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside
of Santa IsabelRealism
 Impressionism
Interest in sensation, impermanence, and the
“fleeting moment” (often recreational activities) as
it was expressed in their art.
Importance of light and color theory in the work of
the Impressionists. (review Intro chapter)
Plein-air painting (outdoor painting)
Art was objective and personal
First Impressionist Exhibition held in Spring 1874
Weren’t called “Impressionists” until 1877
Limited use of black

1874
Monet,Impression: Sunrise
Monet,Sainte Lazare Sta
Degas,The Rehearsal
Impressionism
Cassatt,The Coiffure
Impressionism
 Post-Impressionism
Differences in emotional expression and subject choices
between the Impressionists and the Post-Impressionists.

1886 The Post-Impressionists experiment with form and

color
Recognize the individuality of the Post-Impressionist
artists and the styles each one developed.

Back to picture making rather than copying

nature.
van Gogh and Gauguin = Formal elements
Seurat and Cezanne = Analytical
Toulouse-Lautrec,At the
Impressionism
van Gogh,Starry NightP
Impressionism
 Symbolism
Examine the issues of imagination, fantasy, and
formal changes in the art of the Symbolists.
Understand the expression of “modern psychic
life” in the art of the Symbolists- reaction against
science and technology.

Sculptors began to depart from copying

nature/real world.
Wealthy patron began to commission works of art
as decoration for their homes.
avant- garde- pushing the boundaries or being
ahead of their time.

1890s
“fin de siecle” (end of the century)
extravagant and desired opulent
Munch (MOO-nk),The
Scream/The Cry
Symbolism
Decorative Art: Arts and Crafts Movement
and Art Nouveau
Examine the ideas of Ruskin and Morris in shaping
the Arts and Crafts Movement.
Understand the interest in aesthetic functional
objects in the Arts and Crafts Movement.
Examine the preference for high-quality artisanship
and honest labor.
Examine the organic forms of Art Nouveau in art and
architecture.

Heavily influenced by organic and floral

shapes/designs
Klimt,The Kiss
Symbolism
Gaudi,Sagrada
FamiliaArt Nouveau
 Modernism 1900-1945 ish
Impact of war and economic instability as catalysts for
change in art.
Patrons are intellectual and members of the avant-garde
Embraced modernism Gertrude Stein

The rejection of representational art and pictorial

illusionism in favor of abstraction and spatial distortion.
Primitivism  appealed to modern European artists
Chronological placement of artistic movements and how
some movements influenced others
Armory Show of 1913 (horrified American audiences)
Abandonment of Paris  New York City
 The Art of the Fauves (Wild Beasts) 1907
Fauves’ interest in color and in the altering of space.
Non traditional use of colors
Art of the Fauves first gained attention at the Salon d’Automne of
1905 in Paris
Artists did not work closely together and only lasted
a very short time period  development of personal
styles.
Directness of the Impressionists but using intense
color juxtapositions for expression.
Color = structural, expressive, aesthetic
Other important Fauvists were Kees van Dongen, Charles Camoin, Henri-Charles
Manguin, Othon Friesz, Jean Puy, Louis Valtat, and Georges Rouault. These were
joined in 1906 by Georges Braque and Raoul Dufy.
The German Expressionists
(1907)
2 styles of the German Expressionists:

Die Brücke (The Bridge) formed in Dresden, 1905

Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) formed in Munich, 1911
Use of line, color, space, and emotion in the work
Various influences on the work of the German Expressionists.
Modernism
Primitive art (Africa/Asia) – wanted to adopt a more natural
state
Nietzsche's book, Thus Spoke Zarathustra uses the bridge as a
metaphor for the connection between the barbarism of the
past and the modernity of the future.
 Evolution of Cubism, 1910
Pablo Picasso’s development as an
artist up to the seminal works that
preceded his Cubist work
Gertrude Stein made significant
contributions to avant-garde artists Picasso, 1881 - 1973

like Picasso and Matisse

Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
collaborated in the development
of Cubism
Primitivism has strong influence on
Picasso
Cubist use of line, shape as well as
space and color
Analytic and Synthetic
 Photo Secession,
1902 to Georgia
Alfred Stieglitz (married
O’Keeffe), owned Gallery 291. It
was the most progressive gallery
in the US. Showcased his
photographs next to the European
avant-garde and American artists.
Diagonals and lines as frames
Steerage (area for passengers
with super cheap tickets)

Alfred Stieglitz,
The Steerage, 1907,
photograph, 33.5cm x 26.4cm
(J. Paul Getty Museum)
 “Dada” literally means “hobby horse”
Dada, 1916 (movement only lasted about 6 years)
Founded in Zurich, 1916, by a group of refugees
of WWI
Spread throughout Germany, to France and
US
Emphasis on spontaneity and intuition.
Wanted to “waken the imagination”
Issues of anarchy and chance as they apply to
form and content in visual art.
Rejection of convention in Dada and its
reaction to world events.

As Hugo Ball (created the Dada Manifesto)

expressed it, “For us, art is not an end in itself…but it is
an opportunity for the true perception and criticism of the
times we live in.”
 The Amory Show,
1913
Took place in NYC’s 69 Regiment Armory
th

building
Artists: ~ 150 artists featured including,
Matisse, Picasso, Duchamp, Braques,
Brancusi, Cassatt, Cezanne, Corbet, Degas,
Daumier, Delacoix, Gaugin, van Gogh,
Goya, Hopper, Kandinsky, Whistler, Seurat,
Rousseau, Renoir
Show continued to Chicago and Boston
Effects:
+ American artists learned of new movements in
Paris
+ Progressive art became “a force to be
reckoned with”
- Initially perceived as a joke, not well received
 Surrealism
Surrealists were influenced by Dada
Andre Breton wrote the first Surrealist Manifesto in 1924
Used many improvisational techniques
Inner world of the psyche, realm of the fantasy (Freud)
Dreams connect us all

”If you play

at genius,
you become Dali, date unknown Magritte, date unknown Kahlo, Rivera, 1929
 Europe 1920-1945
Utopian Ideals
Suprematism- Russia De Stijl- Holland
Constructivism- Russia Symbolized by Mondrian
Experimental with Peak height 1917-1930s
architectural materials Completely abstract. Titles reflect
abstract nature.
Architecture didn’t have Only 6 colors used: black, white,
precise facades gray, red, blue, yellow
Influenced by Cubism Only perpendicular lines. NO
Drama DIAGONALS
Photomontage Bauhaus- Germany
 Europe 1920-1945
Utopian Ideals
Bauhaus- Germany
Bauhaus was a school for architecture and
interior design.
Opened in 1919 until the Nazis in 1933.
Taught all forms of art
Technology was embraced
Students were encouraged to understand all
forms of art and how all forms of art could
be accepted and seen as interesting
Influenced by DeStijl and Constructivism
 David Pearson describes organic
architecture to…
Natural and Organic Forms
"Let the design:
1. be inspired by nature and be

Wright, 1957 sustainable, healthy, conserving,

and diverse.
Desire for natural and organic 2. unfold, like an organism, from the
forms in sculpture and seed within.
architecture.
3. exist in the "continuous present"
Harmony between architecture and and "begin again and again".
“human habitation”
4. follow the flows and be flexible and
Term “Organic Architecture” adaptable.
coined by FLW
5. satisfy social, physical, and spiritual
3 important factors: needs.
site (location) 6. "grow out of the site" and be unique.
furnishing 7. celebrate the spirit of youth, play
building and surprise.
8. express the rhythm of music and the
 Post Modernism:
Shift of the Western art center

1945 <
and the growing interests in
multiculturalism in art.
Paris to New York as a result of
world events during the after
World War II.
Theories of Modernist formalism
and their rejection in
Postmodernism.
Various Modernist and
Postmodernist styles, artists,
and representative works of art.
Cultural and self-criticism
inherent in Postmodern art and
architecture.
 Abstract Expressionism
Abstract Expressionism as the first major avante-garde art style to be
developed in the United States.
Two main processes of Abstract Expressionism, gestural abstraction
and chromatic abstraction
Pollock and De Kooning generally considered gestural abstraction
painters (action painters)
Newman, Rothko and Frankenthaler are recognized as chromatic
abstraction painters

Pollock De Kooning Rothko

Minimalism
and
Sculpture Memorials
Emerged in the 60s
Sleek, geometric Vietnam War Memorial,
How does Washington DC
Formal elements of function dictate
Minimalism, a
predominantly
the form?
sculptural How have
movement and its memorials
emphasis on changed over
objecthood.
time?
Are Minimalism and
Post-Painterly Meant to honor or
Abstraction valid forms glorify?
of art? 9/11 Memorial, NYC
Themes: scarring,
healing, family,
 Pop Art 1960s
Mass media, advertisements,
consumerism

"Pop Art is: popular, transient, expendable, low-cost, mass-produced, young, witty, sexy,
gimmicky, glamorous, and Big Business"
Yayoi Kusama,Narcissus
Garden, 1966
Installation, mirror balls,
Venice

Happenin
Coined in the 50s

g Performance art
Usually planned but has elements of improvisation including
audience
*Flashmobs*
 African Art
Throughout continent: wide variety of
materials, similarities in themes (mostly
family/ancestors, fertility- environment and
life
Relied heavily on oral traditions (unsigned,
undated works). Artworks were collected by
Europeans and Islamic peoples
Men = wood carvers, weavers
Women = painters, textiles, ceramics,
weavers
Architecture is built to remain cool but hard
to maintain
Usually made of mudbrick, rarely stone structures
(Conical tower of Great Zimbabwe) >
African Sculpture
Geometric forms
Figures are usually disproportionate
Large heads, emphasized body parts
Various types of materials
Wood is most commonly used for sculpture
Ivory is used to show rank/status
Metal shows strength and only used for
royalty associated artworks
 Art in China
Cultures, traditions, languages as diverse
as Europe or Africa
Calligraphy is the most central artistic
expression
Artists who created “art for art’s sake”
were called LITERATI and considered
scholars
Artworks are often associated with a
particular philosophy: Daoism and
Confucianism
Daosim = more nature based in search of self
expression, means “The Way”
Confucianism = model for an ideal person,
traditional
Sculpture in China
Focus on grandeur and scale (all of high
quality)
Large stone carved or living rock Buddhas
Terracotta Army of Emperor Shi Huangdi
Also specialized in miniatures
Jade objects/jewelry
Excelled in pottery (porcelain)
Produced by the coiling method or
by a potters wheel and is “thrown”
Architecture in China
From a stupa to a pagoda
One design/shape and repeatedly built on top
of each layer getting smaller and smaller
Courtyard style: much like Versaille in
that you have the elite or court of the
royal and meant to keep lower class or
outside world away.
Usually a large complex with multiple
buildings/rooms for various functions
Painted wood is the most common
building material with tiled roofs
Columns support roof, not walls (there
just for protection)
 Art in Japan
Long, stable history without outside
invaders isolates traditions
Commodore Perry opened Japan in 1854
Influence of Japanese art in Europe
Ukiyo-e prints  Cassatt  art for the middle
class
Artists usually have studios with
assistants within the family.
Asst. creates the paper and ink
Master draws
Asst. fills in with color
Japanese Tea Ceremony (ritual)
Like performance art but highly sophisticated
Purity, harmony, respect, tranquility
Architecture in Japan
Influence of Zen Buddhism in all aspects of
life
Rejects worldliness, centered on self-control
Meditation  Enlightenment
Usually only 1-story
Raw wooden and meant to be one with
nature
Bringing outdoors in
Long eaves (overhangs) to create shade
Simple interiors with screens to divide or
open rooms, straw mats
Zen Gardens
Carefully arranged stones, plants, gravel/sand
and raked in special designs
 Central
India South and SE Asia
Long history of rulers as major patrons of
art
Often artists will design with assistant
carrying out vision  uniformity
Major influence of Buddhism
Goal is Englightenment
Buddha is NOT a god
India has a long history of invasions and
therefore a great influence from many
different groups
Treatment of drapery even though imagery is
Gandhara the same
(Pakistan,
NW India, Major figures: Bodhisattvas (helpers) and
Afghanista yakshis/yakshas (nature spirits, also
n
 The 4 Noble Truths and The 8-Fold Path
Right understanding
1. Life is suffering. Right thought
2. Suffering is caused Right speech
by desire.
Right action
3. Desire can be Right livelihood
overcome.
Right effort
4. Follow the 8 Fold
Path to Right mindfulness
Enlightenment Right concentration
*following this path will
lead to Nirvana
halo of enlightenment
ushnisha
urna
elongated ears
mudra- Abhaya (no fear)
chakra

Buddha (born 6th-5th c.) used be

aniconic until 1st century CE
Buddhist Architecture
Stupas - Earthen mounds  shrines with no interior
Reliquary (holds the relic of the Buddha, 8
originals)
Circumambulate around (east, follows the sun)

Cosmic connections
AXIS MUNDI
At the top is a harmika
(gate) which holds the yasti
(connects the Buddha, the
Law and the Community of
Monks)
Toranas are the gateways 
leaving all worldly desires
behind once through
Hindu Art “Religions of Hindustan (India)”
Polytheism, many different practices
Mean to lead a life of good deeds
Break cycle of reincarnation
Sculpture and architecture are ONE
Usually set in pairs (mithuna)
Shiva (god of creation and destruction)
Images of dancing
Most common materials are stone or
metal (bronze)
Temples are houses for gods
Interior has a cella or “womb” with cult deity
Outside has a hypostyle hall of worshippers
Temples are usually part of larger
complexes (Angkor Wat, capital of
Medeival Cambodia, 9thc.)